Hale O Pi'ilani Heiau, near Hāna on Maui

An illustration of a heiau at Kealakekua Bay at the time of James Cook's third voyage, by William Ellis.

A heiau is a Hawaiian temple. Many types of heiau existed, including heiau to treat the sick (heiau hōʻola), offer first fruits, offer first catch, start rain, stop rain, increase the population, ensure health of the nation, achieve success in distant voyaging, reach peace, and achieve success in war (luakini). Only the luakini was dedicated through human sacrifice.^[1] There are two types of luakini. They were called the ʻohiʻa ko and hakuʻohiʻa.^[2]

Heiau were made in different architectural styles depending upon their purpose and location. At the official end of Hawaiian religion in 1819, many were deliberately destroyed, while others were allowed to fall into disrepair. Some structures have been fully restored today.

Architecture[link]

Heiau were made in different shapes depending upon their purpose. They could be rectangular, square, or rounded.^[3] Some consisted of simple earth terraces, while others were elaborately constructed stone platforms. They could be placed on hills, cliffs, level earth, valleys and on the coastline touching the sea.^[3] Some koʻa or fishing shrines were built underwater. Heiaus of the people varied in size. Large heiaus were built by prominent people while small heiaus were built by the humble.^[4]

American missionary Hiram Bingham described a heiau he saw on route hiking between the summits of Mauna Kea and Hualalai. Made of piled lava rock, it was a square of 100 feet (30 m), with walls eight feet high and four feet thick. A doorway led through the middle of the north wall. Eight pyramids surrounded the outside of the temple. Made of piled lava rock, they were 12 feet (3.7 m) in diameter and 12 to 15 feet (4.6 m) high.^[5]

Heiau types[link]

The luakini poʻokanaka were large heiaus. Only the Aliʻi nui of an island or moku could use this type of heiau. Other chiefs or the makaʻainana that built this type of heiau were considered rebels. This type of heiau was usually built alongside coastlines, in the interior of the land, or on mountain sides.^[2]

Preserved sites[link]

The heiau most commonly preserved are war temples of the later period of history (e.g. Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site). They are composed of large stone platforms with various structures built upon them. The structures were used to house priests, sacred ceremonial drums, sacred items, and cult images representing the gods associated with that particular temple. There were also altars (Ahu) on which to offer sacrifices (plant, animal and human). The heiau were sacred places; only the kahuna (priests) and certain sacred ali'i (high chiefs) were allowed to enter.

The largest heiau currently known to exist, Hale O Pi'ilani Heiau, is a massive, three-acre platform with fifty foot retaining walls located in Hāna on Maui. Built for Pi'ilani, it dates back to the 13th century.^[6]

Agricultural heiau, called generally Hale-o-Lono for the god of fertility, can be found today on Oʻahu at Makaha (Kaneaki heiau - fully restored) and in Hawaii Kai (Pahua heiau - partially restored). The ruins of a healing heiau, Keaiwa ("the mysterious") are located at the entrance to Keaiwa State Park in ʻAiea.^[7]

Puʻuhonua o Honaunau, in South Kona on the island of Hawaiʻi, itself is a place of refuge, but it includes a heiau complex within it.

Because the land of heiau was sacred, it was not unusual for successive generations to add to original structures and for the purposes of the heiau to change over time. An example is Ulupo heiau in Kailua on Oʻahu, which is said to have been built by the menehune, that is, a long time ago, and is thought to have been used first as an agricultural heiau and later as a luakini.^[8]

Destruction[link]

The kapu or 'ʻai kapu system was abolished in October, 1819 by Liholiho, Kamehameha II. The abolition of the kapu system ended the use of heiau as places of worship and sacrifice. A period referred to as the 'Ai Noa or "free eating" followed. Missionaries arrived in 1820, and most of the aliʻi converted to Christianity, including Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani, but it took 11 years for Kaʻahumanu to proclaim laws against ancient religious practices. All heiau were officially abandoned; most were destroyed over the years. Often they were broken up and plowed under to make way for fields of sugar cane. However, some of the families who were responsible for the heiau have continued the tradition of caring for them to this day.

List[link]

This article is incomplete. Please help to improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2012)

Hawaii

• Puʻukoholā Heiau
• Moʻokini Heiau
• ʻAhuʻena Heiau
• Mailekini Heiau
• Hale o Kapuni Heiau

Maui

• Loaloa Heiau
• Hale O Piʻilani Heiau
• Haleki'i-Pihana Heiau State Monument

Oahu

• Ulupo Heiau
• Hoʻolonopahu Heiau
• Kaneʻaki Heiau
• Pahua Heiau
• Keaiwa Heiau
• Puʻu o Mahuka Heiau

Kauai

• Wailua River State Park

Niihau

• Kauwaha Heiau
• Pahau Heiau
• Pueo Heiau
• Kaunupou Heiau
• Kaunuapua Heiau
• Puhi Ula Heiau

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Pukui, Mary Kawena; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (1986) [1957]. Hawaiian Dictionary (Revised ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0703-0. 

Further reading[link]

• Isabella Aiona Abbott (1992). Lāʻau Hawaiʻi: Traditional Hawaiian Uses of Plants. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 0-930897-62-5. 
• Te Rangi Hīroa (1957). Religion. Arts and Crafts of Hawaii, No. 45. XI. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 0-910240-34-5. 

Alekoko "Menehune" fishpond

The Hawaiian people practiced aquaculture through development of fish ponds (Hawaiian: loko iʻa), the most advanced fish husbandry among the original peoples of the Pacific. These fishponds were typically shallow areas of a reef flat surrounded by a low lava rock wall (loko kuapa) built out from the shore. Several species of edible fish (such as mullet) thrive in such ponds, and Hawaiians developed methods to make them easy to catch. The Hawaiian fishpond was primarily a grazing area in which the fishpond keeper cultivated algae; much in the way a cattle rancher cultivates grass for his cattle.^[1] The porous lava walls let in seawater (or sometimes fresh or brackish water, as in the case of the "Menehune" fishpond near Līhuʻe, Kauaʻi), but prevent the fish from escaping. Fishponds were located next to the mouth of a scram, so by opening a sluice gate the pondkeeper provided the fish with water rich in nutrients that had passed through inland, terraced pondfields and returned to the stream.^[1]

Several fishponds have been restored in recent years. Although fishponds were developed on most islands, the largest number were found in Keʻehi Lagoon, Pearl Harbor, and Kāneʻohe Bay on Oʻahu, and along nearly the entire south shore of Molokaʻi. Few remain today, although Molokaʻi offers the best opportunities to view a Hawaiian loko. Three different styles of fish ponds are being reconstructed at the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi. The non-profit ʻAoʻao O Na Loko Iʻa O Maui is restoring Kalepolepo Fishpond also known as Koʻieʻie in Kīhei using a mixture of volunteers and skilled stonemasons.

See also[link]

• Fish farming
• Heʻeia

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Farber, Joseph M (1997) Ancient Hawaiian fishponds: can restoration succeed on Molokaʻi? Cornell University. ISBN 978-0-9659782-0-0.
• Kamakau, Samuel M. (1992), The Works of the People of Old, Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press, ISBN 0-910240-18-3 .
• James, Van (2001), Ancient Sites of Maui, Molokai'i and Lana'i, Honolulu, HI: Mutual Publishing, pp. 73–76, ISBN 1-56647-529-5 .
• Losch, Tracie Kuʻuipo (2008), Hawaiʻi: Center of the Pacific, University of Hawaiʻi Leeward Community College: XanEdu Custom Publishing, pp. 234–235, ISBN 1-58152-579-6 .

v t e Fishponds of Maui County Kanaha Pond State Wildlife Sanctuary (Maui) • Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge (Maui) • Kalepolepo Fishpond (Maui) • Ka Iwi o Pele (Maui) • Loko o Mokuhinia (Maui) • Molokai Fishponds (Molokaʻi ) • Naha Fishpond (Lānaʻi )

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Elmer "Sonny" Lim is a Hawaiian musician and slack key guitar player from Waimea (Kamuela) on the Big Island of Hawaii. Sonny is part of the musical Lim Family, which is also famous in the 50th State.

Sonny's father, Elmer Lim Sr., who was a Paniolo (Hawaiian cowboy) on the famed Parker ranch and later worked for the ranch himself. In this respect, Sonny carries on the slack key tradition born amongst Waimea Cowboys over a hundred years earlier. Like Ledward Kaapana, however, Sonny learned primarily from Kaapana's uncle, Kalapana slack key master Fred Punahoa, who moved in with Sonny's family for several weeks to teach him.

In addition to playing with the Lim Family, Sonny played with the Makaha Sons of Ni’ihau (using the stage name "Kohala") in the late-1970s, and he has shared the stage with many other Hawaiian artists such as Cyril Pahinui.

He can be heard on the Grammy Award-winning anthology album, "Slack Key Guitar Volume 2", as well as his solo debut album, "Slack Key Guitar: The Artistry of Sonny Lim," which was a Grammy Award finalist although it did not win.

Both albums available on Palm Records.

External links[link]

• Sonny Lim Bio on Palm Records' Website