The North American F-86 Sabre (sometimes called the Sabrejet) was a transonic jet fighter aircraft. Produced by North American Aviation, the Sabre is best known as America's first swept wing fighter which could counter the similarly-winged Soviet MiG-15 in high speed dogfights over the skies of the Korean War. Considered one of the best and most important fighter aircraft in the Korean War, the F-86 is also rated highly in comparison with fighters of other eras.[3] Although it was developed in the late 1940s and was outdated by the end of the 1950s, the Sabre proved versatile and adaptable, and continued as a front-line fighter in numerous air forces until the last active operational examples were retired by the Bolivian Air Force in 1994.
Its success led to an extended production run of more than 7,800 aircraft between 1949 and 1956, in the United States, Japan and Italy. Variants were built in Canada and Australia. The Canadair Sabre added another 1,815 airframes, and the significantly redesigned CAC Sabre (sometimes known as the Avon Sabre or CAC CA-27), had a production run of 112. It was by far the most-produced Western jet fighter, with total production of all variants at 9,860 units.[1]
North American had produced the highly successful propeller-powered P-51 Mustang in World War II, which saw combat against some of the first operational jet fighters. By late 1944, North American proposed its first jet fighter to the U.S. Navy which became the FJ-1 Fury. It was an unexceptional transitional jet fighter which had a straight wing derived from the P-51.[4][5] Initial proposals to meet a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) requirement for a medium-range, single-seat, high-altitude jet-powered day escort fighter/fighter bomber were drafted in mid-1944.[6] In early 1945, North American Aviation submitted four designs.[6] The USAAF selected one design over the others, and granted North American a contract to build three examples of the XP-86 (eXperimental Pursuit). Deleting specific requirements from the FJ-1 Fury, coupled with other modifications, allowed the XP-86 to be lighter and considerably faster than the Fury, with an estimated top speed of 582 mph (937 km/h), versus the Fury's 547 mph (880 km/h).[6] Despite the gain in speed, early studies revealed the XP-86 would have the same performance as its rivals, the XP-80 and XP-84. It was also feared that, because these designs were more advanced in their development stages, the XP-86 would be canceled.
Crucially, the XP-86 would not be able to meet the required top speed of 600 mph (970 km/h);[7] North American had to quickly come up with a radical change that could leapfrog it over its rivals. The North American F-86 Sabre was the first American aircraft to take advantage of flight research data seized from the German aerodynamicists at the end of the war.[8] This data showed that a thin swept wing could greatly reduce drag and delay compressibility problems which had bedeviled even prop-powered fighters such as the Lockheed P-38 Lightning approaching the speed of sound. By 1944, German engineers and designers had established the benefits of swept wings based on experimental designs dating back to 1940. Study of the data showed that a swept wing would solve their speed problem, while a slat on the wing's leading edge which extended at low speeds would enhance low-speed stability.
Because development of the XP-86 had reached an advanced stage, the idea of changing the sweep of the wing was met with resistance from some senior North American staff. Despite stiff opposition, after good test results were obtained in wind tunnel tests, the swept-wing concept was eventually adopted. Performance requirements were met by incorporating a 35° swept-back wing, using NACA 4-digit modified airfoils, using NACA 0009.5-64 at the root and NACA 0008.5-64 at the tip.[9] with an automatic slat design based on that of the Messerschmitt Me 262 and an adjustable stabilizer.[10][11][12] It should be noted that many Sabres had the "6-3 wing" (a fixed-leading edge with 6 inches extended chord at the root and 3 inches extended chord at the tip) retrofitted after combat experience was gained in Korea.[10][13] This modification changed the wing airfoils to the NACA 0009-64 mod at the root and the NACA 0008.1-64 mod at the tip.[9]
Delays caused by the major redesign meant that manufacturing did not begin until after World War II. The XP-86 prototype, which would lead to the F-86 Sabre, was rolled out on 8 August 1947.[14] At the controls of George Welch, the maiden flight occurred on 1 October 1947[15] from Muroc Dry Lake (now Edwards AFB), California.[8][14]
The United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command had F-86 Sabres in service from 1949 through 1950. The F-86s were assigned to the 22nd Bomb Wing, the 1st Fighter Wing and the 1st Fighter Interceptor Wing.[16] The F-86 was the primary U.S. air combat fighter during the Korean War, with significant numbers of the first three production models seeing combat.
The F-86 Sabre was also produced under license by Canadair, Ltd as the Canadair Sabre. The final variant of the Canadian Sabre, the Mark 6, is generally rated as having the highest capabilities of any Sabre version made anywhere.[17][N 1]
The F-86A set its first official world speed record of 670 miles per hour (1,080 km/h) in September 1948.[18]
Several people involved with the development of the F-86, including the chief aerodynamicist for the project and one of its other test pilots, claimed that North American test pilot George Welch had unofficially broken the sound barrier in a dive with the XP-86 while on a test flight on 1 October 1947.[19] Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier on 14 October 1947 in the rocket-propelled Bell X-1 during level flight, making it the first true supersonic aircraft.[20] Five years later, on 18 May 1953, Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to break the sound barrier, flying a "one-off" Canadian-built F-86 Sabre Mk 3, alongside Chuck Yeager.[2] Col. K. K. Compton won the 1951 Bendix air race in an F-86A with an average speed of 553.76 mph.
The F-86 was produced as both a fighter-interceptor and fighter-bomber. Several variants were introduced over its production life, with improvements and different armament implemented (see below). The XP-86 was fitted with a General Electric J35-C-3 jet engine that produced 4,000 lbf (18 kN) of thrust. This engine was built by GM's Chevrolet division until production was turned over to Allison.[21] The General Electric J47-GE-7 engine was used in the F-86A-1 producing a thrust of 5,200 lbf (23 kN) while the General Electric J73-GE-3 engine of the F-86H produced 9,250 lbf (41 kN) of thrust.[22] The fighter-bomber version (F-86H) could carry up to 2,000 lb (907 kg) of bombs, including an external fuel-type tank that could carry napalm.[23] Unguided 2.75 in (70 mm) rockets were used on some of the fighters on training missions, but 5 inch (127 mm) rockets were later carried on combat operations. The F-86 could also be fitted with a pair of external jettisonable jet fuel tanks (four on the F-86F beginning in 1953) that extended the range of the aircraft. Both the interceptor and fighter-bomber versions carried six 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns with electrically-boosted feed in the nose (later versions of the F-86H carried four 20 mm (0.79 in) cannons instead of machine guns). Firing at a rate of 1,200 rounds per minute,[24] the .50 in (12.7 mm) guns were harmonized to converge at 1,000 ft (300 m) in front of the aircraft, using armor-piercing (AP) and armor-piercing incendiary (API) rounds, with one armor-piercing incendiary tracer (APIT) for every five AP or API rounds. The API rounds used during the Korean War contained magnesium, which were designed to ignite upon impact but burned poorly above 35,000 ft (11,000 m) as oxygen levels were insufficient to sustain combustion at that height. Initial planes were fitted with the Mark 18 manual-ranging computing gun sight. The last 24 F-86A-5-Nas and F-86E were equipped with the A-1CM gunsight-AN/APG-30 radar which used radar to automatically compute the range of a target. This would later prove to be a significant advantage against MiG opponents over Korea.[citation needed]
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Three F-86s flying in formation over Korea in 1954
The F-86 entered service with the United States Air Force in 1949, joining the 1st Fighter Wing's 94th Fighter Squadron "Hat-in-the-Ring" and became the primary air-to-air jet fighter used by the Americans in the Korean War. While earlier straight-winged jets such as the F-80 and F-84 initially achieved air victories, when the swept wing Soviet MiG-15 was introduced in November 1950, it immediately outperformed all UN-based aircraft. In response, three squadrons of F-86s were rushed to the Far East in December.[25] Early variants of the F-86 could not outturn, but they could outdive the MiG-15, although the MiG-15 was superior to the early F-86 models in ceiling, acceleration, rate of climb and zoom. With the introduction of the F-86F in 1953, the two aircraft were more closely matched, with many combat-experienced pilots claiming a marginal superiority for the F-86F. MiGs flown from bases in Manchuria by Red Chinese, North Korean, and Soviet VVS pilots were pitted against two squadrons of the 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing forward-based at K-14, Kimpo, Korea.[25]
Many of the American pilots were experienced World War II veterans, while the North Koreans and the Chinese lacked combat experience, thus accounting for much of the F-86's success.[26] However, United Nations pilots suspected many of the MiG-15s were being flown by experienced Soviet pilots who also had combat experience in World War II. Former Communist sources now acknowledge Soviet pilots initially flew the majority of MiG-15s that fought in Korea, and dispute that more MiG-15s than F-86s were shot down in air combat. Later in the war, North Korean and Chinese pilots increased their participation as combat flyers.[27][28] The North Koreans and their allies periodically contested air superiority in MiG Alley, an area near the mouth of the Yalu River (the boundary between Korea and China) over which the most intense air-to-air combat took place. The F-86E's all-moving tailplane was more effective at speeds near or exceeding the speed of sound, so the plane could safely recover from a sonic dive, where the MiG-15 could not safely exceed Mach 0.92, an important advantage in near-sonic air combat. Far greater emphasis has been given to the training, aggressiveness and experience of the F-86 pilots.[26] American Sabre pilots were trained at Nellis, where the casualty rate of their training was so high they were told, "If you ever see the flag at full staff, take a picture." Despite rules-of-engagement to the contrary, F-86 units frequently initiated combat over MiG bases in the Manchurian "sanctuary."[27] The hunting of MiGs in Manchuria would lead to many reels of gun camera footage being 'lost' if the reel revealed the pilot had violated Chinese airspace.
The needs of combat operation balanced against the need to maintain an adequate force structure in Western Europe led to the conversion of the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing from the F-80 to the F-86 in December 1951. Two fighter-bomber wings, the 8th and 18th, converted to the F-86F in the spring of 1953.[29] No. 2 Squadron, South African Air Force also distinguished itself flying F-86s in Korea as part of the 18 FBW.[30]
By the end of hostilities, F-86 pilots were credited with shooting down 792 MiGs for a loss of only 78 Sabres, a victory ratio of 10:1.[31] More recent research by Dorr, Lake and Thompson has claimed the actual ratio is closer to 2:1.[32] The Soviets claimed to have downed over 600 Sabres,[33] together with the Chinese claims, although these are thought by some to be an overcount as they cannot be reconciled with the 78 Sabres recorded as lost by the US.[34] A recent RAND report[35] made reference to "recent scholarship" of F-86 v MiG-15 combat over Korea and concluded that the actual kill:loss ratio for the F-86 was 1.8:1 overall, and likely closer to 1.3:1 against MiGs flown by Soviet pilots. Of the 41 American pilots who earned the designation of ace during the Korean war, all but one flew the F-86 Sabre, the exception being a Navy Vought F4U Corsair night fighter pilot.
In addition to its distinguished service in Korea, USAF F-86s also served in various stateside and overseas roles throughout the early part of the Cold War. As newer Century Series fighters came on line, F-86s were transferred to Air National Guard (ANG) units or the air forces of allied nations. The last ANG F-86s continued in U.S. service until 1970.
Taiwan's F-86F 6408 in Military Airplanes Display Area
The Republic of China Air Force of Taiwan was an early recipient of surplus USAF Sabres. From December 1954 to June 1956, the ROC Air Force received 160 ex-USAF F-86F-1-NA through F-86F-30-NA fighters. By June 1958, the Nationalist Chinese had built up an impressive fighter force, with 320 F-86Fs and seven RF-86Fs having been delivered.[citation needed]
Sabres and MiGs were shortly to battle each other in the skies of Asia once again in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. In August 1958, the Chinese Communists of the People's Republic of China attempted to force the Nationalists off of the islands of Quemoy and Matsu by shelling and blockade. Nationalist F-86Fs flying CAP over the islands found themselves confronted by Communist MiG-15s and MiG-17s, and there were numerous dogfights.
During these battles, the Nationalist Sabres introduced a new element into aerial warfare. Under a secret effort designated Operation Black Magic, the U.S. Navy had provided the ROC with the AIM-9 Sidewinder, its first infrared-homing air-to-air missile, which was just entering service with the United States. A small team from VMF-323, a Marine FJ-4 Fury squadron with later assistance from China Lake and North American Aviation, initially modified 20 of the F-86 Sabres to carry a pair of Sidewinders on underwing launch rails and instructed the ROC pilots in their use flying profiles with USAF F-100s simulating the MiG-17. The MiGs enjoyed an altitude advantage over the Sabres, as they had in Korea, and Communist Chinese MiGs routinely cruised over the Nationalist Sabres, only engaging when they had a favorable position. The Sidewinder took away that advantage and proved to be devastatingly effective against the MiGs.[36]
The combat introduction of the Sidewinder took place in a battle on 24 September 1958 when ROC Sabres succeeded in destroying 10 MiGs and scoring two probables without loss to themselves.[citation needed] In one month of air battles over Quemoy and Matsu, Nationalist pilots tallied a score of no less than 31 MiGs destroyed and eight probables, against a loss of two F-84Gs and no Sabres. The data comes from Nationalist Air Force filmed data.[citation needed]
PAF F-86 Sabres in formation
In 1954, Pakistan began receiving the first of a total of 120 F-86F Sabres. Many of these aircraft were the F-86F-35 from USAF stocks, but some were from the later F-86F-40-NA production block, made specifically for export. Many of the −35s were brought up to −40 standards before they were delivered to Pakistan, but a few remained −35s. The F-86 was operated by nine PAF squadrons at various times: Nos. 5, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 26 Squadrons.
During the 22-day Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 the F-86 became the mainstay of the PAF, although the Sabre was no longer a world-class fighter, since fighters with Mach 2 performance were now in service. Many sources state the F-86 gave the PAF a technological advantage. PAF scored 91 air kills in 1965 which were primarily due to this aircraft.[37][38]
Waleed with his F-86 Sabre Jet
During the war, the United States barred sales of military equipment to Pakistan and the F-86 fleet was almost grounded due to lack of spare parts. Pakistan managed to procure around 90 Canadair CL-13 Sabre Mk 6 illegally from West Germany through Iran, these formed the backbone of the operations during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. The F-86 proved vulnerable to the diminutive Folland Gnat, which proved to be fast, nimble and hard to see. The IAF Gnats, given the nickname "Sabre Slayer," claimed to have downed seven PAF Sabres.[39][40][N 2]
In the air-to-air combat of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the PAF Sabres claimed to have shot down 15 IAF aircraft, comprising nine Hunters, four Vampires and two Gnats.[39] India, however, admitted a loss of 14 combat aircraft to the PAF's F-86s.[41] The F-86s of the PAF had the advantage of being armed with AIM-9B/GAR-8 Sidewinder missiles whereas none of its Indian adversaries had this capability. Despite this, the IAF claimed to have shot down four PAF Sabres in air-to-air combat.[40] This claim is disputed by the PAF who admit to having lost seven F-86 Sabres during the whole 23 days but only three of them during air-to-air battles.[39]
The top Pakistani ace of the conflict was Sqn Ldr Muhammad Mahmood Alam, who ended the conflict claiming 11 kills. In air-to-air combat Pakistan Air Force F-86 Flying Ace Sqn Ldr Muhammad Mahmood Alam shot down five Indian Aircraft in less than a minute.[42][43][44] These five kills were all against Indian Air Force (IAF) Hawker Hunter Mk.56 fighters, which were export versions of the Hawker Hunter Mk.6.
The PAF Sabres performed well in ground attack with claims of destroying around 36 aircraft on the ground at Indian airfields at Halwara, Kalaikunda, Baghdogra, Srinagar and Pathankot.[39][45][46][47] India only acknowledges 22 aircraft lost on the ground to strikes partly attributed to the PAF's F-86s and its bomber Martin B-57 Canberra.[41]
Pakistani F-86s were also used against advancing columns of the Indian army when No. 19 Squadron Sabres engaged the Indian Army using 5 in (127 mm) rockets along with their six .50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns. According to Pakistan reports, Indian armor bore the brunt of this particular attack at Wagah.[47] The Number 14 PAF Squadron earned the nickname "Tailchoppers" in PAF for their F-86 operations and actions during the 1965 war.[46]
The Canadair Sabres (Mark 6), acquired from ex-Luftwaffe stocks via Iran, were the mainstay of the PAF's day fighter operations during the Bangladesh Liberation War 1971, and had the challenge of dealing with the threat from IAF.[citation needed] Despite having acquired newer fighter types such as the Mirage III and the Shenyang F-6, the Sabre Mark 6 (widely regarded as the best "dog-fighter" of its era[48]) along with the older PAF F-86Fs, were tasked with the majority of operations during the war, due to the small numbers of the Mirages and combat unreadiness of the Shenyang F-6.[49] In East Pakistan only one PAF F-86 squadron (14th Squadron) was deployed to face the formidable IAF Soviet MiG-21s and the Sukhoi Su-7 and the numerical superiority of the IAF. At the beginning of the war, PAF had eight squadrons of F-86 Sabres.[50]
Despite these challenges, the PAF F-86s performed well with Pakistani claims of downing 31 Indian aircraft in air-to-air combat including 17 Hawker Hunters, eight Sukhoi Su-7 "Fitters", one MiG 21, and three Gnats[51] while losing seven F-86s.[52] India however claims to have shot down 11 PAF Sabres for the loss of 11 combat aircraft to the PAF F-86s.[53] The IAF numerical superiority overwhelmed the sole East Pakistan Sabres squadron (and other military aircraft)[54][55] which were either shot down, or grounded by Pakistani Fratricide as they could not hold out, enabling complete Air superiority for the Indian Air Force.[56]
In the Battle of Boyra, the first notable air engagement over East Pakistan (Bangladesh), India claimed four Gnats downed three Sabres while Pakistan acknowledges only two Sabres were lost while one Gnat was shot down.[49] As per official Pakistan accounts, 24 Sabres were lost in the war: 13 due to enemy action and 11 disabled by PAF forces to keep them out of enemy hands,[52] while 28 Sabres were lost per Indian accounts: 17 due to IAF action and 11 disabled by the PAF on the ground to keep them out of enemy hands.[57] Five of these Sabres, however, were recovered in working condition and flown again by the Bangladesh Air Force.[57][58][59]
After this war, Pakistan slowly phased out its F-86 Sabres and replaced them with Chinese F-6 (Russian MiG-19 based) fighters. The last of the Sabres were withdrawn from service in PAF in 1980.[49] F-86 Sabres nevertheless remain a legend in Pakistan and are seen as a symbol of pride.[citation needed] They are now displayed in Pakistan Air Force Museum and in the cities in which their pilots lived.
Based at AB2-Bissau/Bissalanca in 1961–1964, some F-86Fs were deployed in Guinea in 1961 where they were used in ground attack and close support operations. These aircraft formed “Detachment 52”, equipped with eight F-86Fs (serials: 5307, 5314, 5322, 5326, 5354, 5356, 5361 and 5362) of the Esquadra 51, based at the Base Aérea 5, in Monte Real, Portugal. In August 1962, 5314 overshot the runway during emergency landing with bombs still attached on underwing hardpoints and burned out. F-86 5322 was shot down by enemy ground fire on 31 May 1963; the pilot ejected safely and was recovered. Several other aircraft suffered combat damage, but were repaired.
In 1964, 16 F-86Fs based at Bissalanca returned to mainland due to U.S. pressure. They had flown 577 combat sorties, of which 430 were ground attack and close air support missions. During these operations, one FAP Sabre was shot down and another crashed.
The Philippine Air Force first received the Sabres in the form of F-86Fs in 1957. Replacing the North American P-51 Mustang as the Philippine Air Force's primary interceptor. F-86s first operated from Basa Air Base, known infamously as the Nest of Vipers where the 5th Fighter Wing of the PAF was based. Later on, in 1960, the PAF acquired the F-86D as the first all weather interceptor of the PAF. The most notable use of the F-86 Sabres was in the Blue Diamonds aerobatic display team which operated eight Sabres until the arrival of the newer, supersonic Northrop F-5. The F-86s were subsequently phased out of service in the 1970s as the F-5 Freedom Fighter and Vought F-8 Crusaders became the primary fighters and interceptors of the Philippine Air Force.
The most notable F-86 pilot of the PAF is Antonio Bautista who was a Blue Diamonds pilot and a decorated officer for his actions on 9 January 1974.
During the Korean War, the Soviets were searching for an intact U.S. F-86 Sabre for evaluation/study purposes. Their search was frustrated, largely due to the U.S. military's policy of destroying their weapons and equipment once they had been disabled or abandoned; and in the case of U.S. aircraft, USAF pilots destroyed most of their downed Sabres by strafing or bombing them. However, on one occasion an F-86 was downed in the tidal area of a beach and subsequently was submerged, preventing its destruction. The aircraft was ferried to Moscow and a new OKB was established to study the F-86, which later became part of the Sukhoi OKB. The Soviets studied and copied the optical gunsight and radar from the captured aircraft to produce the ASP-4N gunsight and SRC-3 radar. Installed in the MiG-17, the gunsight system would later be used against American fighters in the Vietnam war. [N 3]The F-86 studies also contributed to the development of aircraft aluminum alloys (V-95 etc.).[61]
The old but nimble MiG-17 had become such a serious threat against the Republic F-105 Thunderchief over North Vietnam that the U.S. Air Force created project "Feather Duster" to test which tactics supersonic American fighters could use against fighters like the MiG-17. Air National Guard F-86H units proved to be an ideal stand-in for the Soviet jets. One pilot remarked that "In any envelope except nose down and full throttle", either the F-100 or F-105 was inferior to the F-86H in a dogfight.[62][63]
Family tree of Sabre & Fury variants
- XF-86
- three prototypes, originally designated XP-86, North American model NA-140
- YF-86A
- this was the first prototype fitted with a General Electric J47 turbojet engine.
- F-86A
- 554 built, North American model NA-151 (F-86A-1 block and first order of A-5 block) and NA-161 (second F-86A-5 block)
- DF-86A
- A few F-86A conversions as drone directors
- RF-86A
- 11 F-86A conversions with three cameras for reconnaissance
- F-86B
- 188 ordered as upgraded A-model with wider fuselage and larger tires but delivered as F-86A-5, North American model NA-152
- F-86C
- original designation for the YF-93A, two built, 48–317 & 48–318,[64] order for 118 cancelled, North American model NA-157
- YF-86D
- prototype all-weather interceptor originally ordered as YF-95A, two built but designation changed to YF-86D, North American model NA-164
- F-86D
- Production transonic all-weather search-radar equipped interceptor originally designated F-95A, 2,506 built. The F-86D had only 25 percent commonality with other Sabre variants, with a larger fuselage, larger afterburning engine, and a distinctive nose radome.See North American F-86D Sabre.
- F-86E
- Improved flight control system and an "all-flying tail" (This system changed to a full power-operated control with an "artificial feel" built into the aircraft's controls to give the pilot forces on the stick that were still conventional, but light enough for superior combat control. It improved high speed maneuverability); 456 built, North American model NA-170 (F-86E-1 and E-5 blocks), NA-172, essentially the F-86F airframe with the F-86E engine (F-86E-10 and E-15 blocks); 60 of these built by Canadair for USAF (F-86E-6)
- F-86E(M)
- Designation for ex-RAF Sabres diverted to other NATO air forces
- QF-86E
- Designation for surplus RCAF Sabre Mk. Vs modified to target drones
- F-86F
- Uprated engine and larger "6–3" wing without leading edge slats, 2,239 built; North American model NA-172 (F-86F-1 through F-15 blocks), NA-176 (F-86F-20 and −25 blocks), NA-191 (F-86F-30 and −35 blocks), NA-193 (F-86F-26 block), NA-202 (F-86F-35 block), NA-227 (first two orders of F-86F-40 blocks comprising 280 aircraft which reverted to leading edge wing slats of an improved design), NA-231 (70 in third F-40 block order), NA-238 (110 in fourth F-40 block order), and NA-256 (120 in final F-40 block order); 300 additional airframes in this series assembled by Mitsubishi in Japan for Japanese Air Self-Defense Force. Sabre Fs had much improved high speed agility, coupled with a higher landing speed of over 145 mph (233 km/h). The F-35 block had provisions for a new task: the nuclear tactical attack with one of the new small "nukes" ("second generation" nuclear ordnance). The F-40 had a new slatted wing, with a slight decrease of speed, but also a much better agility at high and low speed with a landing speed reduced to 124 mph (200 km/h). The USAF upgraded many of previous F versions to the F-40 standard.
- F-86F-2
- Designation for 10 aircraft modified to carry the M39 cannon in place of the M3 .50 caliber machine gun "six-pack". Four F-86E and six F-86F were production-line aircraft modified in October 1952 with enlarged and strengthened gun bays, then flight tested at Edwards Air Force Base and the Air Proving Ground at Eglin Air Force Base in November. Eight were shipped to Japan in December, and seven forward-deployed to Kimpo Airfield as "Project GunVal" for a 16-week combat field trial in early 1953. Two were lost to engine compressor stalls after ingesting excessive propellant gases from the cannons.[65] [N 4]
- QF-86F
- About 50 former Japan Self-Defense Forces (JASDF) F-86F airframes converted to drones for use as targets by the U.S. Navy
- RF-86F
- Some F-86F-30s converted with three cameras for reconnaissance; also 18 Japan Self-Defense Forces (JASDF) aircraft similarly converted
- TF-86F
- Two F-86F converted to two-seat training configuration with lengthened fuselage and slatted wings under North American model NA-204
- YF-86H
- Extensively redesigned fighter-bomber model with deeper fuselage, uprated engine, longer wings and power-boosted tailplane, two built as North American model NA-187
- F-86H
- Production model, 473 built, with Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS) and provision for nuclear weapon, North American model NA-187 (F-86H-1 and H-5 blocks) and NA-203 (F-86H-10 block)
- QF-86H
- Target conversion of 29 airframes for use at United States Naval Weapons Center
- F-86J
- Single F-86A-5-NA, 49-1069, flown with Orenda turbojet under North American model NA-167 – same designation reserved for A-models flown with the Canadian engines but project not proceeded with
- See: FJ Fury for production figures of U.S. Navy versions.
Two types based on the U.S. F-86F were built under licence by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) in Australia, for the Royal Australian Air Force as the CA-26 (one prototype) and CA-27 (production variant). The RAAF operated the CA-27 from 1956 to 1971.[66] Ex-RAAF Avon Sabres were operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force (TUDM) between 1969 and 1972. From 1973 to 1975, 23 Avon Sabres were donated to the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU); five of these were ex-Malaysian aircraft.
The CAC Sabres included a 60% fuselage redesign, to accommodate the Rolls-Royce Avon Mk 26 engine, which had roughly 50% more thrust than the J47, as well as 30 mm Aden cannons and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. As a consequence of its powerplant, the Australian-built Sabres are commonly referred to as the Avon Sabre. CAC manufactured 112 of these aircraft.
CA-27 marques:
- Mk 30: 21 built, wing slats, Avon 20 engine.
- Mk 31: 21 built, 6–3 wing, Avon 20 engine.
- Mk 32: 69 built, four wing pylons, F-86F fuel capacity, Avon 26 engine.
Main article:
Canadair SabreThe F-86 was also manufactured by Canadair in Canada as the CL-13 Sabre to replace its de Havilland Vampires, with the following production models:
- Sabre Mk 1
- one built, prototype F-86A
- Sabre Mk 2
- 350 built, F-86E-type, 60 to USAF, three to RAF, 287 to RCAF
- Sabre Mk 3
- one built in Canada, test-bed for the Orenda jet engine
- Sabre Mk 4
- 438 built, production Mk 3, 10 to RCAF, 428 to RAF as Sabre F 4
- Sabre Mk 5
- 370 built, F-86F-type with Orenda engine, 295 to RCAF, 75 to Luftwaffe
- Sabre Mk 6
- 655 built, 390 to RCAF, 225 to Luftwaffe, six to Colombia and 34 to South Africa
- NAA built a total of 6,297 F-86s and 1,115 FJs,
- Canadair built 1,815,
- Australian CAC built 112,
- Fiat built 221, and
- Mitsubishi built 300;
- for a total Sabre/Fury production of 9,860.
|
F-86A |
F-86D |
F-86E |
F-86F |
F-86H |
F-86K |
F-86L |
| Program R&D cost |
4,707,802 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Airframe |
101,528 |
191,313 |
145,326 |
140,082 |
316,360 |
334,633 |
|
| Engine |
52,971 |
75,036 |
39,990 |
44,664 |
214,612 |
71,474 |
|
| Electronics |
7,576 |
7,058 |
6,358 |
5,649 |
6,831 |
10,354 |
|
| Armament |
16,333 |
69,986 |
23,645 |
17,669 |
27,573 |
20,135 |
|
| Ordnance |
|
419 |
4,138 |
3,047 |
17,117 |
4,761 |
|
| Flyaway cost |
178,408 |
343,839 |
219,457 |
211,111 |
582,493 |
441,357 |
343,839 |
| Maintenance cost per flying hour |
|
|
135 |
451 |
|
|
187 |
Note: The costs are in approximately 1950 United States dollars and have not been adjusted for inflation.[2]
- Source: F-86 Sabre Jet: History of the Sabre and FJ Fury[67]
- Acquired 28 F-86Fs, 26 September 1960, FAA s/n CA-101 through CA-128. The Sabres were already on reserve status at the time of the Falklands War but were reinstated to active service to bolster air defences against possible Chilean involvement. Finally retired in 1986.
- 5 F-86F Sabres delivered, no operational unit
- Acquired 10 F-86Fs from Venezuelan Air Force October 1973, assigned to Brigada Aérea 21, Grupo Aéreo de Caza 32, they were reported to have finally been retired from service in 1994, making them the last Sabres on active front line service anywhere in the world.
- Acquired two F-86Fs from Spanish Air Force (s/n 2027/2028), one USAF F-86F (s/n 51-13226) and other six Canadair Mk.6; assigned to Escuadron de Caza-Bombardero.
- Acquired 14 F-86Fs in 1960.[68]
- Acquired unknown number of F-86Fs[68]
- Acquired five F-86Fs[68]
- Received first 179 Canadair Sabre MK 4 (F-86E) and later 121 FIAT-produced F-86Ks and acquired between 1955 and 1958, plus 120-ex USAF F-86Ks. They saw service in the following Gruppi Caccia (Fighter Groups): 6, 17 and 23 Gruppo of 1 Aerobrigata, 21º and 22 Gruppo of 51 Aerobrigata, 12 Gruppo of 4 Aerobrigata, 313 Aerobatics Training Team (Frecce Tricolori).
- Acquired 180 U.S. F-86Fs, 1955–1957. Mitsubishi built 300 F-86Fs under license 1956–1961, and were assigned to 10 fighter hikōtai or squadrons. JASDF called F-86F the "Kyokukō" (旭光, Rising Sunbeam) and F-86D the "Gekkō" (月光, Moon Light). Their Blue Impulse Aerobatic Team, a total of 18 F-models were converted to reconnaissance version in 1962. Some aircraft were returned to the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, California, as drones.
- Acquired 115 F-86Fs, 1957–1958; and assigned to seven Norwegian Squadrons, Nos. 331, 332, 334, 336, 337, 338 and 339.
- Acquired 102 U.S.-built F-86F-35-NA and F-86F-40-NAs, last of North American Aviation's production line, 1954–1960s.
- Acquired 26 U.S.-built F-86Fs in 1955, assigned to Escuadrón Aéreo 111, Grupo Aéreo No.11 at Talara air force base. Finally retired in 1979.
- Acquired 50 F-86Fs in 1957. Retired in early 1970s.
- Acquired 50 U.S.-built F-86Fs, 1958, including some from USAF's 531st Fighter Bomber Squadron, Chambley, Portugal.
- Acquired 320 U.S.-built F-86Fs,7 RF-86Fs,18 F-86Ds, The 18 F-86Ds back to U.S. military and US send 6 to Republic of Korea Air Force,8 to Philippine Air Force in 1966.
, Finally retired in 1977.
- Acquired 16 U.S.-built F-86Fs in 1958, and three Fs from Norway in 1966; and assigned to RSAF No. 7 Squadron at Dharhran.
- Acquired on loan 22 U.S.-built F-86F-30s during the Korean War and saw action with 2 Squadron SAAF.
- Acquired 122 U.S.-built F-86Fs and RF-86Fs, beginning 20 June 1955; and assigned to ROKAF 10th Wing.
- Acquired 270 U.S.-built F-86Fs, 1955–1958; designated C.5s and assigned to 5 wings: Ala de Caza 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6. Retired 1972.
- Acquired 40 U.S.-built F-86Fs, 1962; assigned to RTAF Squadrons, Nos. 12 (Ls), 13, and 43.
- Acquired 15 used U.S.-built F-86F in 1969.
- Acquired 12 U.S.-built F-86Fs.
- Acquired 30 U.S.-built F-86Fs, October 1955 – December 1960; and assigned to one group, Grupo Aéreo De Caza No. 12, three other squadrons.
- Acquired 121 Canadair CL-13s and F-86Es, operating them in several fighter aviation regiments between 1956 and 1971.
According to the FAA there are 50 privately owned and registered F-86s in the US, including Canadair F-86 Sabres.[69][N 5]
- Colonel Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, USAF test pilot and Apollo 11 astronaut
- Captain Joseph C. McConnell (16 victories), USAF 51 FIW, who later died in a crash at Edwards Air Force Base testing the F-86H
- Major James Jabara (15 victories), USAF 4 FIW
- Captain Manuel "Pete" Fernandez, (14.5 victories), USAF 4 FIW
- Major George Davis (14 victories), USAF 4 FIW, awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously
- Brigadier General James Robinson Risner (eight victories), USAF awarded the Air Force Cross, later Vietnam War POW
- Colonel Francis S. "Gabby" Gabreski (six and one-half victories), USAF 51 FIW commander, top European U.S. ace in World War II
- Colonel Ralph "Hoot" Gibson (five victories), USAF 4 FIW
- Captain Iven Kincheloe (five victories) USAF 51 FIW, test pilot selected to fly the North American X-15
- Colonel Harrison R. Thyng (five victories), USAF 4 FIW commander
- Major John Glenn, a U.S. Marine Corps exchange pilot with the USAF 51 FIW (3 victories). First American astronaut to orbit the Earth, later a U.S. Senator from Ohio.
- Lieutenant Colonel Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom, astronaut in the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs, died in a fire during testing for the Apollo mission.
- Second Lieutenant Gene Kranz, NASA flight director for Gemini and Apollo and assistant flight director on Project Mercury- flew with 69th FBS in South Korea
- Colonel Walker "Bud" Mahurin, USAF 51st Fighter Group commander and World War II ace
- Squadron Leader Andy Mackenzie, DFC. RCAF Second World War fighter ace (8.5 victories); taken POW when his F-86 was shot down while flying with the USAF 51 FIW in Korea in 1952.[70]
- Captain James Horowitz (1 victory), USAF 4 FIW, novelist and author of The Hunters under the pen name James Salter
- Flying Officer Shaheed Waleed Ehsanul Karim, Pakistan Air Force, youngest Sabre pilot (first flew Sabres when he was 18).
- Sqn Ldr(Major, later Air commodore[Brigadier General]) M. M. Alam, Pakistan Air Force, became a flying ace by shooting down five Indian Air Force fighters within one minute in the 1965 Indo-Pak war. He was awarded the Sitara-e-Jurat ("The star of courage") and bar.[43][44][71]
- Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Bautista of the Philippine Air Force received the Distinguished Conduct Star for his valor and bravery in providing close air support to ground forces. In his F-86 he conducted five strafing passes at treetop level and two bombing runs. He died in an ensuing gun battle after his ejection.
- Captain James Kinchen, USAF Plattsburgh NY, SAC.
- Major Rudolf Anderson, Jr. USAF (unit unknown). Shot down in 1962 while flying an U-2 over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- Colonel (later General) John C. Meyer, USAF 4th FIW commander at the start of the Korean War, who led the first combat missions of the F-86. 2 victories (added to 24 aerial victories and 13 1/2 strafing kills in World War II). Later Vice Chief of Staff of the USAF and Commander in Chief of Strategic Air Command.
Data from The North American Sabre[72]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 37 ft 1 in (11.4 m)
- Wingspan: 37 ft 0 in (11.3 m)
- Height: 14 ft 1 in (4.5 m)
- Wing area: 313.4 sq ft (29.11 m²)
- Empty weight: 11,125 lb (5,046 kg)
- Loaded weight: 15,198 lb (6,894 kg)
- Max. takeoff weight: 18,152 lb (8,234 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × General Electric J47-GE-27 turbojet, 5,910 lbf (maximum thrust at 7.950 rpm for five min) (26.3 kN)
- Fuel provisions Internal fuel load: 437 US gallons (1,650 L)), Drop tanks: 2 200 US gallons (760 L) JP-4 fuel
Performance
- Maximum speed: 687 mph (1,106 km/h) at sea level at 14,212 lb (6,447 kg) combat weight
also reported 678 mph (1,091 km/h) and 599 at 35,000 feet (11,000 m) at 15,352 pounds (6,960 kg). (597 knots (1,106 km/h) at 6446 m, 1,091 and 964 km/h at 6,960 m.)
- Stall speed: 124 mph (power off) (108 knots (200 km/h))
- Range: 1,525 mi, (2,454)
- Service ceiling: 49,600 ft at combat weight (15,100 m)
- Rate of climb: 9,000 ft/min at sea level (45.72 m/s)
- Wing loading: 49.4 lb/ft² (236.7 kg/m²)
- lift-to-drag: 15.1
- Thrust/weight: 0.38
Armament
- Guns: 6 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns (1,602 rounds in total)
- Rockets: variety of rocket launchers; e.g: 2 Matra rocket pods with 18 SNEB 68 mm rockets per pod
- Bombs: 5,300 lb (2,400 kg) of payload on four external hardpoints, bombs were usually mounted on outer two pylons as the inner pairs were plumbed for 2 200 US gallons (760 L) drop tanks which gave the Sabre a more useful range. A wide variety of bombs could be carried (max standard loadout being 2 1,000 lb bombs plus two drop tanks), napalm canisters and could have included a tactical nuclear weapon.
- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Related lists
- Notes
- ^ Quote: "The Canadair Sabre Mk 6 was the last variant and considered to be the 'best' production Sabre ever built."
- ^ Note: The Pakistan Air Force disputes this claim and accepts the loss of only three F-86 Sabres at the hands of the Gnats.
- ^ The MiG-17 was a development of the MiG-15 upgraded with a more advanced wing and afterburner. (the Sabre's all-flying tail would not be employed until the supersonic MiG-19) The MiG-17 would prove to be a deadly foe in Vietnam in the 1960s against more advanced U.S. supersonic opponents; some such as the F-4 Phantom actually lacked the guns and radar gunsight introduced by the F-86.[60]
- ^ MiG Alley: Sabres Vs. MiGs Over Korea. was researched by North American tech rep John L. Henderson. The aircraft were F-86E-10s: 51-2303, -2819, -2826 and -2836; and F-86F-1's 51-2855, −2862, −2867, −2868, −2884 and −2900.
- ^ Although privately registered in the US, two F-86s are actually owned by an individual for display purposes only in a private museum collection.[69]
- Citations
- ^ a b Winchester 2006, p. 184.
- ^ a b c Knaack 1978, p. 52.
- ^ "MiG-15 'Fagot'." mnangmuseum.org. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ Goebel, Greg. "Sabre Ancestor: FJ-1 Fury." vectorsite.net. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ "FJ-1 Fury." globalsecurity.org. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b c Werrell 2005, p. 5.
- ^ Werrell 2005, p. 6.
- ^ a b "North American F-86." Aviation History On-line Museum. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage." ae.illinois.edu, 15 October 2010. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ a b Blair, Mac. "Evolution of the F-86" AIAA Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design Symposium, 18 March 1980.
- ^ Radinger and Schick 1996, p. 15.
- ^ Willy and Schick 1996, p. 32.
- ^ Bevan, Duncan. "F-86 Sabre wings explained." tripod.com. Retrieved: 7 June 2011.
- ^ a b Werrell 2005, pp. 9–10.
- ^ "North American F-86 Sabre (Day-Fighter A, E and F Models)." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 7 June 2011.
- ^ "Planes of Perrin, North American F-86L "Dog Sabre." perrinairforcebase.net. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Joos 1971, p. 3.
- ^ "History of the F-86 Sabre Jet." Boeing. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Wagner 1963, p. 17.
- ^ "Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology, 1945–1949." NASA. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Leyes 1999, pp. 243, 530.
- ^ Goebel, Greg. "F-86E Through F-86L." faqs.org. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "North American F-86H Sabre (Fighter-Bomber)." nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Dunlap 1948, pp. 310–311.
- ^ a b Thompson, Warren. "Sabre: The F-86 in Korea." Flight Journal, December 2002. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ a b "Fact Sheet: The United States Air Force in Korea." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 7 June 2011.
- ^ a b " 'Bud' Mahurin." acepilots/com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Zampini, Diego. "Lt. Col. George Andrew Davis." acepilots.com, 8 July 2011. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "USAF Organizations in Korea, Fighter-Interceptor 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing." Maxwell Air Force Base. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ McGregor, Col. P. M. J. "The History of No 2 Squadron, SAAF, in the Korean War." rapidttp.com. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ Thompson and McLaren 2002
- ^ Dorr, Robert F., Jon Lake and Warren E. Thompson. Korean War Aces. London: Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-85532-501-2.
- ^ Sewell, Stephen L. "Russian Claims from the Korean War 1950–53." korean-war.com. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ Zhang, Xiaoming. Red Wings over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58544-201-1.
- ^ Stillion, John and Scott Perdue. "Air Combat Past, Present and Future." Project Air Force, Rand, August 2008. Retrieved: 11 March 2009.
- ^ Robbins, Robby. "323 Death Rattlers." inreach.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Hussain, Air Commodore Jamal (Ret'd) J. "Excellence in Air Combat: PAF's Forte." Pakistan's Defence Journal. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Pakistan's Air Power." Flight International, 5 May 1984, p. 1208 via FlightGlobal.com, Retrieved: 22 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Claims and Counter Claims." PakDef.Info. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b Rakshak, Bharat. "IAF Kills in 1965." bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "1965 Losses." bhart-rakshak.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Fricker, John. Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965. http://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ.
"... before we had completed more than of about 270 degree of the turn, at around 12 degree per second, all four Hunters had been shot down."
- ^ a b "1965 India Pakistan Air War."Pakistan Air Force official website. Retrieved: 30 June 2011
- ^ a b Tufail, Air Cdre M. Kaiser. "Alam’s Speed-shooting Classic." defencejournal.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "A Hero Fades Away." Defence Journal, Feb–Mar. 1999. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Tail Choppers: Birth of a Legend." Defence Journal, December 1998. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Devastation of Pathankot." Defence Journal, September 2000. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Canadair CL-13 Sabre." Royal Canadian Air Force. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ a b c Kerr, Gwen. "The Canadair Sabre Goes to War." Pakistan Air Force. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ ""India and Pakistan: Over the Edge." TIME, 13 December 1971. Retrieved: 11 March 2009.
- ^ "PAF Kills and claims in 1971." Pakdef.info. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "PAF Losses in 1971." Pakdef.info. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "IAF Losses in 1971." Bharat Rakshak.com." Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "1971 Indo-Pakistani war." subcontinent.com. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ "Bangladesh, The Liberation War." memory/loc.gov. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ Singh et al. 2004, p. 30.
- ^ a b "Aircraft Losses in Pakistan −1971 War." bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "History of the Bangladesh Air Force." baf.mil. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ "Defense: Airforce." Virtual Bangladesh. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ Davies 2009, p. 21.
- ^ "Soviet Sabre." capturedplanes.tripod.com. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ Michel 2007, p. 333.
- ^ Davis, Larry H. "We interview Les Waltman." Sabre-pilots.org. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ "North American YF-93A Fact Sheet." nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved: 20 Augusut 2010.
- ^ Thompson and McLaren 2002, pp. 139–155.
- ^ "Sabre." RAAF Museum. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Dorr 1993, pp. 65–96.
- ^ a b c Baugher, Joe. "F-86 Foreign Service." USAAC/USAAF/USAF Fighter and Pursuit Aircraft: North American F-86 Sabre. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "FAA Registry: F-86." FAA. Retrieved: 17 May 2011.
- ^ "S/L Andy MacKenzie RCAF (Ret)." Sabre Jet Classics, Volume 10, Number 1, Winter 2003.
- ^ Pushpindar, Singh. Fiza ya: Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force. New Delhi: Himalayan Books, 1991. ISBN 81-7002-038-7.
- ^ Wagner 1963, p. 145.
- Bibliography
- Allward, Maurice. F-86 Sabre. London: Ian Allen, 1978. ISBN 0-7110-0860-4.
- Curtis, Duncan. North American F-86 Sabre. Ramsbury, UK: Crowood, 2000. ISBN 1-86126-358-9.
- Davies, Peter. USN F-4 Phantom II vs VPAF MiG-17: Vietnam 1965-72. Oxford, UK: Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84603-475-6.
- Dorr, Robert F.F-86 Sabre Jet: History of the Sabre and FJ Fury. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishers, 1993. ISBN 0-87938-748-3.
- Dunlap, Roy F. Ordnance Went Up Front. Plantersville, South Carolina: Samworth Press, 1948.
- Jenkins, Dennis R. and Tony R. Landis. Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters. North Branch, Minnesota, USA: Specialty Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58007-111-6.
- Joos, Gerhard W. Canadair Sabre Mk 1–6, Commonwealth Sabre Mk 30–32 in RCAF, RAF, RAAF, SAAF, Luftwaffe & Foreign Service. Kent, UK: Osprey Publications Limited, 1971. ISBN 0-85045-024-1.
- Käsmann, Ferdinand C.W. Die schnellsten Jets der Welt: Weltrekord- Flugzeuge (in German). Oberhaching, Germany: Aviatic Verlag-GmbH, 1994. ISBN 3-925505-26-1.
- Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems, Volume 1, Post-World War Two Fighters, 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- Leyes, Richard A. and William A. Fleming. The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. (Library of Flight Series) Washington, DC: AIAA, 1999. ISBN 978-1-56347-332-6.
- Michel, Marshall L., III. Clashes: Air Combat Over North Vietnam, 1965-1972. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-59114-519-6.
- Radinger, Willy and Walter Schick. Me 262: Entwicklung und Erprobung des ertsen einsatzfähigen Düsenjäger der Welt, Messerschmitt Stiftung (in German). Berlin: Avantic Verlag GmbH, 1996. ISBN 3-925505-21-0.
- Singh, Sarina et al. Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway. London: Lonely Planet Publications, 2004. ISBN 0-86442-709-3.
- Swanborough, F. Gordon. United States Military Aircraft Since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963. ISBN 0-87474-880-1.
- Thompson, Warren E. and David R. McLaren. MiG Alley: Sabres vs. MiGs Over Korea. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58007-058-2.
- United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
- Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes – Second Edition. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1968. ISBN 0-370-00094-3.
- Wagner, Ray. The North American Sabre. London: Macdonald, 1963. No ISBN.
- Werrell, Kenneth P. Sabres Over MiG Alley. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2005. ISBN 1-59114-933-9. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=G8mwGZ6Vdc4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=F-86&hl=en&ei=b6eWTfXXFYjqvQPzy_DjCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Westrum, Ron. Sidewinder. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1999. ISBN 1-55750-951-4.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.
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