Amiga

Saturday, 09 February 2013

Why use Amiga in 2011? (AmigaOS 4, MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3.9)

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Australia
Australia ( /əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.

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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km² (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.

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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (ⁱ/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.

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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.

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France
France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.

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Intel
Coordinates: 37°23′16.54″N 121°57′48.74″W / 37.3879278°N 121.9635389°W / 37.3879278; -121.9635389
Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC) is an American multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation headquartered in Santa Clara, California, United States and the world's largest and highest valued semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue. It is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel Corporation, founded on July 18, 1968, is a portmanteau of Integrated Electronics (though a common misconception is that "Intel" is from the word intelligence^{[citation needed]}). Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Though Intel was originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names.

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Italy
Italy ⁱ/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km² (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.

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Japan
Japan ⁱ/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.

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NASA
Coordinates: 38°52′59″N 77°0′59″W / 38.88306°N 77.01639°W / 38.88306; -77.01639
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's mission statement has been to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research." On September 14, 2011, NASA announced that it had selected the design of a new Space Launch System that it said would take the agency's astronauts farther into space than ever before and provide the cornerstone for future human space exploration efforts by the U.S.
NASA was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on October 1, 1958. U.S. space exploration efforts have since been led by NASA, including the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Commercial Crew vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program (LSP) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches.

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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.

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Slovenia
Slovenia (ⁱ/sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, Slovene: Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija]) is a Slavic nation state, situated in South-Central Europe, at the crossroad of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast, and Hungary to the northeast. It covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi) and has a population of 2.05 million. It is a parliamentary republic, member of the European Union and NATO. Relative to its geography, history, economy, culture, and language, it is a very diverse country distinguished by a transitional character. It is characterised by a high economic and social level. Its capital and largest city is Ljubljana.
The territory of Slovenia is mainly hilly or mountainous and has an exceptionally high landscape and biological diversity and a mosaic structure, which are a result of natural attributes and the long-lasting presence of humans. Four major European geographic units interweave here: the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Mediterranean, with a small portion of coastline along the Adriatic Sea, and the Pannonian Plain. The climate is temperate and significantly influenced by the variety of territory, with a strong interaction of the continental climate, the sub-Mediterranean climate and Alpine climate across most of the country. The country is one of the water-richest in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karstic underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest.

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Spain
Spain (ⁱ/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.

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Sweden
Sweden (ⁱ/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.

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Trademark
A trademark, trade mark, or trade-mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities.
A trademark may be designated by the following symbols:
A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of these elements. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these standard categories, such as those based on color, smell, or sound.
The owner of a trademark may initiate legal proceedings for trademark infringement to prevent unauthorized use of that trademark. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark in order to pursue this type of action. A few countries, including the United States, recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken for trademark that is in use but not registered. In the United States, registration is not required, but it increases the legal protections offered to the trademark holder.

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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.

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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Jugoslavija; Cyrillic: Југославија) was a country in the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century which was established three times under differing forms of government.
The first country to be known by this name was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which before 3 October 1929 was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was established on 1 December 1918 by the union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia (the Kingdom of Montenegro was annexed on 13 November 1918, and the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris gave international recognition to the union on 13 July 1922). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941, and because of the events that followed, was officially abolished in 1943 and 1945.
The second country with this name was the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement during World War II. It was renamed to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the largest Yugoslav state, as Istria, Rijeka and Zadar were added to the new Yugoslavia after the end of World War II.

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Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol (August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisement that flourished by the 1960s. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became a renowned and sometimes controversial artist. The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives. It is the largest museum in the United States of America dedicated to a single artist.
Andy Warhol's artwork ranged in many forms of media that include hand drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, silk screening, sculpture, film, and music. He was a pioneer in computer-generated art using Amiga computers that were introduced in 1985, just before his death in 1987. He founded Interview Magazine and was the author of numerous books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism: The Warhol Sixties. Andy Warhol is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement. His studio, The Factory, was a famous gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals, drag queens, playwrights, Bohemian street people, Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy patrons. Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions, books, and feature and documentary films. He coined the widely used expression "15 minutes of fame". Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable. The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$100 million for a 1963 canvas titled Eight Elvises. The private transaction was reported in a 2009 article in The Economist, which described Warhol as the "bellwether of the art market". Warhol's works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold.

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Calvin Harris
Adam Richard Wiles (born 17 January 1984), better known by his stage name Calvin Harris, is a Scottish DJ, singer, songwriter, and record producer. His gold-selling debut album, I Created Disco, was released in 2007 and contained the top ten singles "Acceptable in the 80s" and "The Girls". His second studio album, Ready for the Weekend (2009), reached number one in the UK Album Chart and includes the chart-topper "I'm Not Alone", the UK top five hit "Ready for the Weekend", and the singles "Flashback" and "You Used to Hold Me".
A remix album titled L.E.D. Festival was released in July 2010 as a free album in the August issue of Mixmag. Harris is currently working on his third studio album—due for release in 2012—which has produced the singles "Awooga", "Bounce", "Feel So Close", and "Let's Go". He has written and produced records for other recording artists including Kylie Minogue, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Dizzee Rascal, Rihanna (on the international chart topper "We Found Love"), and Kesha.

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Dave Haynie
Dave Haynie is the former Commodore International chief engineer on high end and advanced projects. He is still quite vocal in the Amiga community.
Dave was born David Bruce Haynie on May 23, 1961, in Summit, New Jersey, United States. He moved to Colts Neck, New Jersey, in 1966, where he lived out his childhood with his three younger sisters. A few early Heathkit projects, and, at the age of 12, a run-in with his dad's borrowed HP desktop calculator changed his life forever. From 12 years on, he taught himself programming, initially on timeshare systems from his dad's account at Bell Laboratories. Later on, he wrote programs on his best friend Scott Scherer's Commodore PET 2001, the first home computer he had seen up close.^{[citation needed]}
He left for college at Carnegie Mellon University in 1979. Four years later, he graduated with a double BS in Electrical Engineering and Mathematics.^{[citation needed]}
He started work at Commodore in 1983 as an engineer under Bil Herd. His first project was to help complete the TED systems comprising Plus/4, C16 and more. After completing the Commodore 128 Bil Herd left the company and Dave Haynie was promoted to chief engineer in the low-end group. After Commodore acquired Amiga, Dave Haynie ended up primary engineer on the expandable A2000 computer. Later, he joined Bob Welland on the A2620 CPU module, and launched the follow-up A2630 the year thereafter. These were delivered in the A2500/20 (1989) and A2500/30 (1989).^{[citation needed]}

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Debbie Harry
Deborah Ann "Debbie" Harry (born July 1, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter and actress, best known for being the lead singer of the punk rock and new wave band Blondie. She has also had success as a solo artist, and in the mid-1990s she performed and recorded as part of The Jazz Passengers. Her acting career spans over thirty film roles and numerous television appearances.
Harry was born in Miami, Florida, and adopted by Catherine Harry and Richard Smith, gift shop proprietors in Hawthorne, New Jersey. She attended Hawthorne High School, where she graduated in 1963. She graduated from Centenary College in Hackettstown, New Jersey, with an Associate of Arts degree in 1965.^{[citation needed]} Before starting her singing career she moved to New York City in the late 1960s and worked as a secretary at BBC Radio's office there for one year. Later, she was a waitress at Max's Kansas City, a go-go dancer in Union City, New Jersey, discothèque,^{[citation needed]} and a Playboy Bunny.
Deborah Harry began her musical career in the late '60s with the folk rock group The Wind in the Willows, that recorded one album for Capitol Records. Harry then joined The Stilettos, with Elda Gentile and Amanda Jones, in 1974. The Stilettos included her eventual boyfriend and Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. When Harry and Stein left the Stilettos, they formed Angel and the Snake, with Tish and Snooky Bellomo. Shortly thereafter, Harry and Stein formed Blondie, naming it for the term of address men often yelled at Harry when she bleached her hair. Blondie quickly became regulars at Max's Kansas City and CBGB in New York City. After a debut album in 1976, commercial success followed in the late 1970s to the early 1980s, first in Australia and Europe, then in the United States.

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Dick Van Dyke
Richard Wayne "Dick" Van Dyke (born December 13, 1925) is an American actor, comedian, writer, and producer with a career spanning six decades. He is the older brother of Jerry Van Dyke and father of Barry Van Dyke. Van Dyke starred in the films Bye Bye Birdie, Mary Poppins and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and in the TV series The Dick Van Dyke Show and Diagnosis: Murder. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Blvd.
Van Dyke was born in West Plains, Missouri, to Loren (nickname "Cookie") and Hazel (born McCord) Van Dyke, but he grew up in Danville, Illinois. He is the older brother of actor Jerry Van Dyke, who is best known for his role on the TV series Coach. His grandson, Shane Van Dyke, is also an actor, and directed Titanic II. He is of Dutch descent on his father's side, and his mother was a descendant of Mayflower passenger Peter Browne from England.

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Jay Miner
Jay Glenn Miner (May 31, 1932 – June 20, 1994) was a famous American integrated circuit designer, known primarily for his work in multimedia chips and as the "father of the Amiga". He received a BS in EECS from UC Berkeley in 1959.
Miner started in the electronics industry with a number of designs in the medical world, including a remote-control pacemaker.
He moved to Atari in the late 1970s. One of his first successes was to combine an entire breadboard of components into a single chip, known as the TIA. The TIA was the display hardware for the Atari 2600, which would go on to sell millions. After working on the TIA he headed up the design of the follow-on chip set that would go on to be the basis of the Atari 8-bit family of home computers, known as ANTIC and CTIA.
In the early 1980s Jay, along with other Atari staffers, had become fed up with management and decamped. They set up another chipset project under a new company in Santa Clara, called Hi-Toro (later renamed to Amiga Corporation), where they could have some creative freedom. There, they started to create a new Motorola 68000-based games console, codenamed Lorraine, that could be upgraded to a computer. To raise money for the Lorraine project, Amiga Corp. designed and sold joysticks and game cartridges for popular game consoles such as the Atari 2600 and ColecoVision, as well as an odd input device called the Joyboard, essentially a joystick the player stood on. Atari continued to be interested in the team's efforts throughout this period, and funded them with $500,000 in capital in return for first use of their resulting chipset.

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Jean Giraud
Jean Henri Gaston Giraud (8 May 1938 – 10 March 2012) was a French comics artist, working in the French tradition of bandes dessinées. Giraud earned worldwide fame, predominantly under the pseudonym Mœbius, and to a lesser extent Gir (used for the Blueberry series), the latter appearing mostly in the form of a boxed signature at the bottom of the artist's paintings. Esteemed by Federico Fellini, Stan Lee and Hayao Miyazaki among others, he received international acclaim. He has been described as the most influential bandes dessinées artist after Hergé.
Among his most famous works are the Western comic series Blueberry he co-created with writer Jean-Michel Charlier, one of the first Western anti-heroes to appear in comics. Under the pseudonym Moebius he created a wide range of science fiction and fantasy comics in a highly imaginative and surreal almost abstract style, the most famous of which are Arzach, the Airtight Garage of Jerry Cornelius, and The Incal. Blueberry was adapted for the screen in 2004 by French director Jan Kounen. In 1997, Moebius and cocreator Alejandro Jodorowsky sued Luc Besson for using The Incal as inspiration for his movie The Fifth Element, a lawsuit which they lost.

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Jeri Ellsworth
Jeri Ellsworth (born 1974) is an American entrepreneur and self-taught computer chip designer. She is best known for creating a Commodore 64 emulator within a joystick, in 2004, called Commodore 30-in-1 Direct to TV. That "computer in a joystick" could run 30 video games from the early 1980s, and was very popular during the 2004 Christmas season, at peak selling over 70,000 units in a single day via the QVC shopping channel. Ellsworth currently lives in Oregon.
Ellsworth was born in Yamhill, Oregon, and grew up in the town of Dallas, Oregon, where she was raised by her father, a local Mobil service station owner. At a young age,^{[citation needed]} she persuaded her father to let her use a Commodore 64 computer which had been originally purchased for her brother. She taught herself to program by reading the C64's manuals. While at high school, she drove dirt-track race cars with her father, and then began designing new models in his workshop, eventually selling her own custom race cars. This allowed her to drop out of high school to continue the business.

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Laurence Gartel
Laurence Gartel (born June 5, 1956) is an American artist.
His work has been exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, USA, Joan Whitney Payson Museum, Long Beach Museum of Art, Princeton Art Museum, PS 1, Norton Museum and in the permanent collections of the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of American History and the Bibliothèque Nationale.
Born and raised in New York City, Gartel had the opportunity to teach Andy Warhol how to use the Amiga Computer, went to School of Visual Arts, with fellow art student, graffiti artist Keith Haring, where he earned his BFA degree majoring in Graphics, and started his electronic career working side by side with Nam June Paik at Media Study/Buffalo in upstate New York. Gartel had many associations with musicians such as Debbie Harry (Blondie) Sid Vicious (Sex Pistols), Stiv Bators (Dead Boys) Johnny Thunders (New York Dolls), Ace Frehley (Kiss) and Wendy O Williams (Plasmatics). Gartel has created artwork for such Pop Culture stars such as Justin Timberlake and Britney Spears.

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Marilyn Monroe
Norma Jeane Mortensen Baker (June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962), professionally recognized as Marilyn Monroe, was an American actress, model, and singer, who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s and early 1960s.
After spending much of her childhood in foster homes, Monroe began a career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946 with Twentieth Century-Fox. Her early film appearances were minor, but her performances in The Asphalt Jungle and All About Eve (both 1950) drew attention to her. By 1953, Monroe had progressed to a leading role in Niagara (1953), a melodramatic film noir that dwelt on her seductiveness. Her "dumb blonde" persona was used to comic effect in subsequent films such as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953) and The Seven Year Itch (1955). Limited by typecasting, Monroe studied at the Actors Studio to broaden her range. Her dramatic performance in Bus Stop (1956) was hailed by critics and garnered a Golden Globe nomination. Her production company, Marilyn Monroe Productions, released The Prince and the Showgirl (1957), for which she received a BAFTA Award nomination and won a David di Donatello award. She received a Golden Globe Award for her performance in Some Like It Hot (1959). Monroe's last completed film was The Misfits, co-starring Clark Gable with screenplay by her then-husband, Arthur Miller.

wn.com/Marilyn_Monroe
Max Tundra
Ben Jacobs, more commonly known by the stage name Max Tundra, is an English multi-instrumental musician, singer and music producer. His work is predominantly electronic music but incorporates non-electronic styles and instruments. Other than his full length albums, he has also done remix work for bands of varying genres including Franz Ferdinand, Architecture in Helsinki, Kid606 and the Pet Shop Boys.
Max Tundra was born in the United Kingdom and grew up taking piano lessons, but mostly enjoyed playing television theme songs and music from adverts. As a teenager, he bought a Commodore Amiga 500 and began exploring electronic music with it.Warp Records received one song he recorded titled "Children at Play" and released it as a single in 1998. Following this single his debut album Some Best Friend You Turned Out to Be was released by Domino Records in the United Kingdom in 2000.
The instrumental record was followed up with Mastered by Guy at the Exchange which was his first album to use vocals. Max Tundra explained "When I was writing Some Best Friend, I thought of all sorts of weird and wonderful machines and instruments I could use to make noises, but singing never occurred to me. I had never considered using my voice on any Max Tundra record ever, but hey, I like to keep things varied, so this time round I figured what the hell!"Mastered By Guy At The Exchange received positive reviews, including being named the 12th top album of the year on Pitchfork Media's list of top 50 albums of 2002.

wn.com/Max_Tundra
Rolf Harris
Rolf Harris, CBE, AM (born 30 March 1930) is an Australian musician, singer-songwriter, composer, painter and television personality.
Born in Perth, Western Australia, Harris was a champion swimmer before studying art. He moved to England in 1952, where he started to appear on television programmes on which he drew the characters. He also began a musical career initially with the piano accordion. He wrote the famous song "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport", and when performing in Canada he introduced his popular routine around his song "Jake the Peg". He often uses unusual instruments in his performances: he plays the didgeridoo, has been credited with the invention of the wobble board, a rhythmic percussion instrument, and was associated with the Stylophone, a small electronic keyboard instrument.
From the 1960s he has become a popular television personality, presenting shows including Rolf's Cartoon Club, Animal Hospital and various programmes about serious art. In late 2005 he painted an official portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, which was the subject of a special episode of Rolf on Art.

wn.com/Rolf_Harris
Susumu Hirasawa
Susumu Hirasawa (平沢進, Hirasawa Susumu^?, born April 2, 1954 in Tokyo, Kantō region) is a Japanese electropop artist and composer.
In 1972, he enrolled at Tokyo Designer Gakuin College. From 1972 to 1978, he performed in his first band Mandrake, a progressive rock group influenced by King Crimson and Yes. In 1979 he formed a New Wave synth-rock & techno-pop band called P-Model, along with two former members of Mandrake. They released a string of albums through the 1980s, and in 1989, Hirasawa began releasing solo work, while also continuing to work with the reactivated P-Model beginning in 1992. The P-Model project continued until 1999; in 2004 Hirasawa started a new unit known as Kaku P-Model, which is effectively a solo continuation of P-Model.
Hirasawa uses Amiga computers extensively in his work, using applications such as Scala, Bars and Pipes, and OctaMED in the production of his music. One of the factors that set him apart from other Japanese electronic artists is ever-changing production techniques. For 2001's Solar Ray album, his recording studio was powered completely by solar energy.

wn.com/Susumu_Hirasawa
Todd Rundgren
Todd Harry Rundgren (born June 22, 1948) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter and record producer. Hailed in the early stage of his career as a new pop-wunderkind, supported by the certified gold solo double LP Something/Anything? in 1972, Todd Rundgren's career has produced a diverse range of recordings as solo artist, and during the seventies and eighties with the band Utopia. He has also been prolific as a producer and engineer on the recorded work of other musicians.
During the 1970s and 1980s, Rundgren engineered and/or produced many notable albums for other acts, including Straight Up by Badfinger, Stage Fright by The Band, We're an American Band by Grand Funk Railroad, Bat Out of Hell by Meat Loaf, and Skylarking by XTC. In the 1980s and 1990s his interest in video and computers led to Rundgren's "Time Heals" being the eighth video played on MTV, and "Change Myself" was animated by Rundgren on commercially available Amiga Computers.
His best-known songs include "Hello It's Me" and "I Saw the Light" which have heavy rotation on classic rock radio stations, and "Bang the Drum All Day" featured in many sports arenas, commercials, and movie trailers. Although lesser known, "Couldn't I Just Tell You" has had a major influence on artists in the power pop musical genre.

wn.com/Todd_Rundgren
Tom Berenger
Tom Berenger (born May 31, 1949) is an American actor known mainly for his roles in action films.
Berenger's father was a printer for the Chicago Sun-Times. Berenger has a sister, Susan. He picked "Berenger" as his professional name, after a school friend, because there was already a "Tom Moore" in the Actors' Equity Association. He graduated from Rich East High School in Park Forest, Illinois, in 1967. Berenger studied journalism at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, but decided to seek an acting career following his graduation. The Tom Berenger Acting Scholarship Fund was established in 1988 by Tom Berenger to award Theatre students for excellence in performance. He worked first in regional theatre and moved to New York City in the 1970s.Is of Irish heritage.
Berenger worked in soap operas and had a starring role on One Life to Live. His feature film debut was the lead in Rush It (1976), an independent film now mostly forgotten except for those of its cast members who went on to greater renown. In 1977, Berenger had a small but noticeable role as a murderer in Looking for Mr. Goodbar. In 1978, he had a starring role in In Praise of Older Women for Avco-Embassy Pictures. In 1979, he played Butch Cassidy in Butch and Sundance: The Early Days, a role he got in part because of his resemblance to Paul Newman, who played the character in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969). These early roles highlighted Berenger's ability to play both villains and heroes.

wn.com/Tom_Berenger
Tom Fulp
Thomas Michael "Tom" Fulp (born April 30, 1978) is the co-owner of video game company The Behemoth, and the creator and administrator of Newgrounds, a popular website for sharing Flash files. He co-created the Flash game Alien Hominid, which was later ported to consoles, and the console game Castle Crashers.
Fulp was born and raised in Perkasie, Pennsylvania, and attended Pennridge High School, where he graduated in 1996. It was also where he got into making flash animations and made little short films for his class. He later attended Drexel University, in Philadelphia, where during his freshman year he got interested in rave parties and became a DJ for a short span of time.
Tom's older brother, Wade Fulp, is in charge of user administration on Newgrounds. Tom married April Fulp on May 12, 2007, and his son, Liam Fulp was born on March 25, 2009. Their second son, Adam Fulp was born in July 2011.

wn.com/Tom_Fulp

100 Amiga games in 10 minutes!

www.c64audio.com - buy the music used in this video from that awesome site! Lots of other ...

published: 09 Jun 2007

author: laffer35

Why use Amiga in 2011? (AmigaOS 4, MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3.9)

Following on from a video I recorded in 2009: youtu.be This video shows the latest incarna...

published: 07 May 2011

author: techguruuk

Retro Hardware - Amiga A500 - TGS

Retro hardware takes you on a tour of all the best parts of vintage gaming. In this episod...

published: 30 Apr 2012

author: The Game Station

Commodore Amiga 1200 Review

Happy 20th birthday to the Amiga 1200! The Amiga 1200, or A1200 (code-named 'Channel Z'), ...

published: 05 Nov 2012

author: techguruuk

LGR - Amiga 500 Computer System Review

The Amiga is the stuff of pure legend. The A500 in particular is often looked back on with...

published: 11 Oct 2010

author: phreakindee

Rey Ruiz, Amiga

Rey Ruiz, Amiga...

published: 10 Mar 2009

author: lostpoetry

Amiga mia

published: 05 Jan 2010

author: WarnerMusicMexico

Miguel Bose - Amiga

Una de las mejores canciones de Miguel Bose......

published: 27 Mar 2008

author: wendynb31

Alejandro Sanz-Amiga Mia

this one is for the ladies. great song....

published: 02 Sep 2007

author: slideshowvids

Yuridia y Yahir.- Amiga

Yuridia y Yahir Amiga...

published: 15 Mar 2009

author: googleacademia

Amiga - Miguel Bose

Amiga - Miguel Bose...

published: 21 May 2009

author: La Razón De Mi Locura

Animated Amiga Tribute by Eric Schwartz

The song "Still Alive" is a little past it's prime today, and in fact I could have had thi...

published: 03 Apr 2008

author: feralstorm

Alexander Acha - Amiga (Video Oficial)

published: 29 Jun 2011

author: AlexanderAchaOficial

Miguel Bose - amiga

published: 06 Jul 2012

author: OficialMiguelBose

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color bgr_color_content font_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20130209102128/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/amiga&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
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photo: US Army / Chief Warrant Officer 4 Daniel McClinton

File - An air weapons team of two AH-64D Apaches from the 1st "Attack" Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Air Cavalry Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, come in for a landing at Camp Taji, Iraq, after completing a reconnaissance mission in the skies over Baghdad, Iraq, Nov. 16, 2007.

Since the Iraq War Was Wrong, So Too Was the Surge

WorldNews.com

06 Feb 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "The art of war is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin." Sun Tzu, "The Art of War," 4th Century BCE. During confirmation hearings for the next U.S. Defense Secretary, it was appalling to observe several senators haggling with Chuck Hagel over whether the surge during the disastrous U.S.-Iraqi preemptive war and military occupation was a success or not ... The U.S....(size: 6.2Kb)

photo: AP / Mehr News Agency, Sajjad Safari

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said talks with the US would solve nothing

Iran: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Rejects Direct Talks With U.S.

Huffington Post

07 Feb 2013

Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, strongly rejected proposals for direct talks with U.S. TEHRAN, Iran -- Iran's supreme leader Thursday strongly rejected proposals for direct talks with United States, apparently quashing suggestions for a breakthrough dialogue on the nuclear standoff and potentially other issues ... Vice President Joe Biden ... "Talks will not solve any problems," Khamenei said in a statement ... Like ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)

photo: Creative Commons / Adam Moss

Route 27 in Highland Park during the February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard. Upon entering Highland Park, Route 27 becomes two-lane Raritan Avenue, intersecting County Route 622 (River Road) and continuing through the downtown area of Highland Park.

Blizzard threatens New England; 1 to 2 feet feared

The Tribune San Luis Obispo

07 Feb 2013

Juror in Texas case wishes he heard more evidence. 12 minutes ago. Blizzard threatens New England; 1 to 2 feet feared. 17 minutes ago. UN. US air raids kill hundreds of Afghan children. 27 minutes ago. Ohio Amish set for sentencing in beard attacks. 44 minutes ago. Add-ons let semi-autos fire like military weapons. 1 hour ago. Deals!. View All. . . . . . ... St ... ....(size: 15.7Kb)

photo: AP / World Vision

The destroyed Venga village following a Tsunami Wednesday Feb. 6, 2013, in Temotu province, Solomon Islands.

Solomon Islands tsunami: Death toll rises to nine

NZ Herald

07 Feb 2013

Aid workers struggled to reach remote, tsunami-ravaged villages in the Solomon Islands on Thursday, as the death toll rose with more bodies found in wrecked homes and debris in the South Pacific island chain ... Around 100 homes across five villages were damaged or destroyed ... Three more bodies were found Thursday, but Herming said details of how those victims died were not immediately available ... - AP. ....(size: 1.9Kb)

photo: USAF / Senior Airman Larry E. Reid Jr.

File - An MQ-1B Predator unmanned aircraft takes off for a training mission at Creech Air Force Base, Nev.

Lawmakers to get classified info on drone strikes targeting U.S. citizens

Chicago Sun-Times

07 Feb 2013

Updated. February 7, 2013 12.29AM. WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama has directed the Justice Department to give Congress’ intelligence committees access to classified legal advice providing the government’s rationale for drone strikes against American citizens working with al-Qaida abroad, a senior administration official and Democratic lawmakers said Wednesday ... The unclassified memo says it is legal for the government to kill U.S ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)

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Wreck-It Ralph cameos we’d love to see in Disney’s latest animation

The Independent

07 Feb 2013

Wreck-It Ralph, a new animated comedy from Disney, is all about a disgruntled videogame villain who gets tired of his lot and decides to try and find out what life is like in some other games in the arcade he calls home ... Zool (Amiga, 1992). Originally appearing on the Amiga way back in 1992, Zool was the titular star of the Sonic The Hedgehog wannabe platformer, as well as a ninja from the Nth dimension ... Rygar (Arcade, 1986) ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)

Video game cameos we’d love to see in Disney’s latest animation

The Independent

07 Feb 2013

PSN Update: 'Alien Breed', 'Sleeping Dogs', 'F1 Race Stars'

Digital Spy

06 Feb 2013

The free PlayStation Plus games are joined by Amiga classic Alien Breed, which is available to download on PS3 and Vita for £6.49 ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)

Spin Doctors vuelven con un disco de blues bajo el brazo

U~T San Diego

06 Feb 2013

Madrid, 6 feb (EFE) ... "En los orígenes del grupo, intentamos hacernos un hueco actuando en clubes de blues de Nueva York, donde querían que hiciéramos versiones ... La cadena de radio M80 en la que ayer ofrecieron un breve recital acústico les dedicará un programa especial este domingo y en septiembre participarán en la segunda edición del Festival de la Luz, que organiza en Boimorto (A Coruña) su amiga Luz Casal ... Javier Herrero ... Videos ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)

Virginia's Blue Laws Still Prohibit Cohabitation, Oral Sex And Sex In A Car

Huffington Post

03 Feb 2013

Only one or two centuries late, Virginia lawmakers have decided it is none of their business if unmarried couples share a roof ... Also ... Anyway ... Mindi y David Rice al parecer pasaron una "noche de fiesta" inyectándose drogas y teniendo un trío sexual con una amiga. Tras dormir un poco, Mindi despertó y vio a David teniendo sexo con la amiga - SIN ELLA ... Un hombre en Munich quiso huir de su hogar cuando una amiga le pedía mucho sexo....(size: 11.8Kb)

What Games Are: Should Sony Move Beyond PlayStation?

Seeking Alpha

03 Feb 2013

by Tadhg Kelly. So then. February 20th. New York City. Big news. This, it seems, is what the content of a viral video aired this week by Sony (SNE) promises. Slowly we saw the signature four shapes of the PS controller slide into view while spark trails coursed over their frames. The intended message (presumably) was cometh the hour, cometh the PlayStation 4. Sony has struggled in the PS3 years ... Nor Commodore with the Amiga ... Here's hoping not....(size: 6.3Kb)

Super Bowl XLVII: Baltimore Ravens v San Francisco 49ersLive

BBC News

03 Feb 2013

Live text commentary as the Baltimore Ravens take on the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XLVII at the New Orleans Superdome. To get live updates & watch our video coverage you must enable Javascript. Watch Super Bowl ... 3 February 2013 Share this page. print. Get involved ... Live Reporting. In Summary ... From arguing over whose turn is it on the Amiga to who has the biggest bedroom, sibling rivalry is part and parcel of growing up ... Ouch ... ....(size: 16.9Kb)

Alien Breed reaches Euro PSN on Feb. 6, NA Feb. 12

Joystiq

01 Feb 2013

The game will feature 30 levels, including 18 levels from the original Amiga versions and 12 new levels ... As a top down, multiscrolling, shoot'em up, it remains one of the all-time Amiga classics. Amiga Computing – 91% - "Alien Breed is a game worth selling your family for.". CU Amiga – 90% - "it looks like Team17 have come up with a winner."....(size: 3.7Kb)

Museum sought to house computer collection

Otago Daily Times

01 Feb 2013

A Dunedin man has spent more than $100,000 on 1980s electronics and wants internet entrepreneur Kim Dotcom to finance a museum to exhibit the collection ... ''The museum will be part retro and part historic.'' ... The collection filled five rooms of his Dunedin home and ranged from a Commodore Pet to an Amiga 500, he said ... Most of his collection had been bought online ... - shawn.mcavinue@odt.co.nz. ....(size: 2.2Kb)

Museum sought to house collection

Otago Daily Times

31 Jan 2013

Daniela Romo es la conductora de sueños en un nuevo concurso de talentos

U~T San Diego

30 Jan 2013

Miami, 30 ene (EFE). — La actriz y cantante mexicana Daniela Romo vuelve a la televisión, pero no con una telenovela, sino como conductora de "Lo que más quieres", un nuevo concurso de talento que se transmite a través de la cadena Univisión. Esto nada tendría de inusual si no fuera porque Romo se describe como "muy poco amiga" de los programas tipo reality que actualmente inundan la programación televisada ... Comentarios () ... Videos ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)

Infantile Writer Releases Book

All Africa

29 Jan 2013

[ANGOP]Lisbon -The Angolan infantile writer ......(size: 0.2Kb)

El infierno de los trastornos alimenticios

U~T San Diego

28 Jan 2013

Era mediodía cuando Sonia recibió una llamada del hospital, su amiga Mariana se había convulsionado en el baño del supermercado frente a la universidad y estaba en emergencias. Ésta no era la primera vez que Sonia (este nombre y el de su amiga son ficticios para salvaguardar su privacidad) veía a su amiga convulsionarse y aunque Mariana no lo aceptaba, todos en la escuela sabían que sufría de un desorden alimenticio....(size: 10.1Kb)

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This article is about the family of home computers. For other uses, see Amiga (disambiguation).

File:Amiga Logo 1985.svg

The former Amiga logo, as used by Commodore-Amiga Inc.

The Amiga 1000 (1985) was the first model released.

The Amiga is a family of personal computers marketed by Commodore in the 1980s and 1990s. The first model was launched in 1985 as a high-end home computer and became popular for its graphical, audio and multi-tasking abilities. The Amiga provided a significant upgrade from 8-bit computers, such as the Commodore 64, and the platform quickly grew in popularity among computer enthusiasts. The best selling model, the Amiga 500, was introduced in 1987 and became the leading home computer of the late 1980s and early 1990s in much of Western Europe. In North America success was more modest. The Amiga went on to sell approximately six million units.^[1] Second generation Amiga systems (the A1200 and the A4000) were released in 1992. However, poor marketing and failure to repeat the technological advances of the first systems meant that the Amiga quickly lost its market share to competing platforms, such as the fourth generation game consoles, Apple Macintosh and IBM PC compatibles.^[1]

Based on the Motorola 68000 series of microprocessors, the machine sports a custom chipset with graphics and sound capabilities that were unprecedented for the price, and a pre-emptive multitasking operating system called AmigaOS.

Although early Commodore advertisements attempted to cast the computer as an all-purpose business machine, the Amiga was most commercially successful as a home computer, with a wide range of games and creative software.^[2]^[3] It was also a less expensive alternative to the Apple Macintosh and IBM-PC as a general-purpose business or home computer. The platform became particularly popular for gaming and demoscene activities. It also found a prominent role in the desktop video, video production, and show control business, leading to affordable video editing systems such as the Video Toaster. The Amiga's native ability to simultaneously play back multiple digital sound samples made it a popular platform for early "tracker" music software. The relatively powerful processor and ability to access several megabytes of memory led to the development of several 3D rendering packages, including LightWave 3D and Aladdin 4D.

Since the demise of Commodore, various groups have marketed successors to the original Amiga line. Genesi sold PowerPC based hardware running AmigaOS compatible MorphOS. Eyetech sold PowerPC based hardware under the AmigaOne brand from 2002 to 2005, and Acube sells the AmigaOS 3 compatible Minimig systems with a MC68000 compatible CPU and AmigaOne compatible Sam440 and Sam460 systems with PowerPC processors. MorphOS is continued on Apple hardware. There is also open source successor, AROS for Amiga and x86 hardware.

History [link]

Main article: History of the Amiga

“	"The Amiga was so far ahead of its time that almost nobody--including Commodore's marketing department--could fully articulate what it was all about. Today, it's obvious the Amiga was the first multimedia computer, but in those days it was derided as a game machine because few people grasped the importance of advanced graphics, sound, and video. Nine years later, vendors are still struggling to make systems that work like 1985 Amigas. --Byte Magazine, August 1994	”

Development of the Amiga began in 1982 with Jay Miner, developer of the Atari 800 chip set, as the principal hardware designer of Amiga Corporation. It was initially intended to be a next generation video game machine, but was redesigned as a general purpose computer after the North American video game crash of 1983.^[4]^[5] A prototype of the full computer was shown to the public for the first time at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in 1984.^[6] In order to bring the design to market Commodore International bought Amiga Corporation and funded development. The first model was released in 1985 as simply "The Amiga from Commodore", later to be retroactively dubbed the Amiga 1000. The following year the Amiga product line was expanded with the introduction of two new models: the Amiga 2000 for high-end graphics and business use, and the Amiga 500 for home use. Commodore later released other Amiga models, both for low-end gaming use and high-end productivity use.

In 1994, Commodore filed for bankruptcy and its assets were purchased by Escom, a German PC manufacturer, who created the subsidiary company Amiga Technologies. They re-released the A1200 and A4000T, and introduced a new 68060 version of the A4000T. However, Escom in turn went bankrupt in 1997. The Amiga brand was then sold to another PC manufacturer, Gateway 2000, which had announced grand plans for it. However, in 2000, Gateway sold the Amiga brand without having released any products. The current owner of the trademark, Amiga, Inc., licensed the rights to sell hardware using the Amiga or AmigaOne brand to computer vendors Commodore USA, Eyetech Group, Ltd. and A-Eon Technology CVBA. Unofficial AmigaOne clones were developed by Italian hardware company, Acube.

Hardware [link]

At its core, the Amiga has a custom chipset consisting of several coprocessors, which handle audio, video and direct memory access independently of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). This architecture freed up the Amiga's processor for other tasks and gave the Amiga a performance edge over its competitors, particularly in terms of video-intensive applications and games.^[7]

The general Amiga architecture uses two distinct bus subsystems, namely, the chipset bus and the CPU bus. The chipset bus allows the custom coprocessors and CPU to address "Chip RAM". The CPU bus provides addressing to other subsystems, such as conventional RAM, ROM and the Zorro II or Zorro III expansion subsystems. This architecture enables independent operation of the subsystems. CPU expansion boards may provide additional custom buses. Additionally, "busboards" or "bridgeboards" may provide ISA or PCI buses.^[7]

Central processing unit [link]

The Motorola 68000 series of microprocessors was used in all Amiga models from Commodore. While the 68000 family has a 32-bit design, the 68000 used in several early models is generally referred to as 16-bit.^[8]^[9] The 68000 has a 16-bit external data bus so must transfer 32 bits of data in two consecutive steps, a technique called multiplexing — all this is transparent to the software, which was 32-bit from the beginning. The 68000 could address 16 MB of physical memory. Later Amiga models featured full 32-bit CPUs with a larger address space and instruction pipeline facilities. Commodore's design choice to remain with the 68000 architecture ensured that code was backward-compatible across the Amiga line.

CPU upgrades were offered by both Commodore and third-party manufacturers. Most Amiga models can be upgraded either by direct CPU replacement or through expansion boards. Such boards often featured faster and higher capacity memory interfaces and hard disk controllers.

Towards the end of Commodore's time in charge of Amiga development there were suggestions that Commodore intended to move away from the 68000 series to higher performance RISC processors, such as the PA-RISC.^[10]^[11] However, these ideas were never developed before Commodore filed for bankruptcy. Despite this, third-party manufacturers designed upgrades featuring a combination of 68000 series and PowerPC processors along with a PowerPC native micro-kernel and software.^[12] Later Amiga clones featured PowerPC processors only.

Custom chipset [link]

The custom chipset at the core of the Amiga design appeared in three distinct generations, with a large degree of backward-compatibility. The Original Chip Set (OCS) appeared with the launch of the A1000. OCS was eventually followed by the modestly improved Enhanced Chip Set (ECS) in 1990 and finally by the 32-bit Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA) in 1992. Each chipset consists of several coprocessors which handle graphics acceleration, digital audio, direct memory access and communication between various peripherals (e.g., CPU, memory and floppy disks). In addition, some models featured auxiliary custom chips which performed tasks such as SCSI control and display de-interlacing.

Graphics [link]

File:HAM6example.png

A 4096 color HAM picture created with Photon Paint in 1989.

All Amiga systems can display full-screen animated graphics with 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 (EHB Mode) or 4096 colors (HAM Mode). Models with the AGA chipset (A1200 and A4000) also have non-EHB 64, 128, 256 and 262144 (HAM Mode) color modes and a palette expanded from 4096 to 16.8 million colors. The Amiga chipset can genlock — adjust its own screen refresh timing to match an NTSC or PAL video signal. When combined with setting transparency, this allows an Amiga to overlay an external video source with graphics. This ability made the Amiga popular for many applications, and provides the ability to do character generation and CGI effects far more cheaply than earlier systems. Some frequent users of this ability included wedding videographers, TV stations and their weather forecasting divisions (for weather graphics and radar), advertising channels, music video production, and 'desktop video'. The NewTek Video Toaster was made possible by the genlock ability of the Amiga.

In 1988 the release of the Amiga A2024^[13] fixed-frequency monochrome monitor with built-in framebuffer and flicker fixer hardware provided the Amiga with a choice of high-resolution graphic modes (1024×800 for NTSC and 1024×1024 for PAL).

Sound [link]

The sound chip, named Paula, supports four sound channels (two for the left speaker and two for the right) with 8-bit resolution for each channel and a 6-bit volume control per channel. The analog output is connected to a low-pass filter, which filters out high-frequency aliases when the Amiga is using a lower sampling rate (see Nyquist limit). The brightness of the Amiga's power LED is used to indicate the status of the Amiga’s low-pass filter. The filter is active when the LED is at normal brightness, and deactivated when dimmed (or off on older A500 Amigas). On Amiga 1000 (and very first Amiga 500 and Amiga 2000 model), the power LED had no relation to the filter's status, a wire needed to be manually soldered between pins on the sound chip to disable the filter. Paula can read directly from the system's RAM, using direct memory access (DMA), making sound playback without CPU intervention possible.

Although the hardware is limited to four separate sound channels, software such as OctaMED uses software mixing to allow eight or more virtual channels, and it was possible for software to mix two hardware channels to achieve a single 14-bit resolution channel by playing with the volumes of the channels in such a way that one of the source channels contributes the most significant bits and the other the least.

The quality of the Amiga's sound output, and the fact that the hardware is ubiquitous and easily addressed by software, were standout features of Amiga hardware unavailable on PC platforms for years. Third-party sound cards exist that provide DSP functions, multi-track direct-to-disk recording, multiple hardware sound channels and 16-bit and beyond resolutions. A retargetable sound API called AHI was developed allowing these cards to be used transparently by the OS and software.

Kickstart firmware [link]

Main article: Kickstart (Amiga)

Kickstart is the bootstrap firmware. Its purpose is to initialize the Amiga hardware and core components of AmigaOS and then attempt to boot from a bootable volume, such as a floppy disk or hard disk drive. Most models come equipped with Kickstart on an embedded ROM chip.

Peripherals [link]

8-bit sound sampling hardware for the Amiga

The Amiga was one of the first home computers for which inexpensive sound sampling and video digitization accessories were available. As a result of this and the Amiga's audio and video capabilities the Amiga became a popular system for editing and producing both music and video.

Many expansion boards were produced for Amiga computers to improve the performance and capability of the hardware, such as memory expansions, SCSI controllers, CPU boards, and graphics boards. Other upgrades include genlocks, Ethernet cards, modems, sound cards and samplers, video digitizers, extra serial ports, and IDE controllers. Additions after the demise of Commodore company are USB cards.

The most popular upgrades were memory, SCSI controllers and CPU accelerator cards. These were sometimes combined into the one device.

Early CPU accelerator cards feature full 32-bit CPUs of the 68000 family such as the Motorola 68020 and Motorola 68030, almost always with 32-bit memory and usually with FPUs and MMUs or the facility to add them. Later designs feature the Motorola 68040 and Motorola 68060. Both CPUs feature integrated FPUs and MMUs. Many CPU accelerator cards also had integrated SCSI controllers.

Phase5 designed the PowerUP boards (Blizzard PPC and CyberStorm PPC) featuring both a 68k (a 68040 or 68060) and a PowerPC (603 or 604) CPU, which are able to run the two CPUs at the same time (and share the system memory). The PowerPC CPU on PowerUP boards is usually used as a coprocessor for heavy computations (a powerful CPU is needed to run MAME for example, but even decoding JPEG pictures and MP3 audio was considered heavy computation at the time). It is also possible to ignore the 68k CPU and run Linux on the PPC (project Linux APUS), but a PowerPC native AmigaOS promised by Amiga Technologies GmbH was not available when the PowerUP boards first appeared.^[14]

24-bit graphics cards and video cards were also available. Graphics cards are designed primarily for 2D artwork production, workstation use, and later, gaming. Video cards are designed for inputting and outputting video signals, and processing and manipulating video.

Perhaps the most famous video card in the North American market was the NewTek Video Toaster. This was a powerful video effects board which turned the Amiga into an affordable video processing computer which found its way into many professional video environments. Due to its NTSC-only design it did not find a market in countries that used the PAL standard, such as in Europe. In PAL countries the OpalVision card was popular, although less featured and supported than the Video Toaster. Low-cost time base correctors (TBCs) specifically designed to work with the Toaster quickly came to market, most of which were designed as standard Amiga bus cards.

Various manufacturers started producing PCI busboards for the A1200 and A4000, allowing standard Amiga computers to use PCI cards such as Voodoo graphic cards, Sound Blaster sound cards, 10/100 Ethernet cards, and TV tuner cards. Other manufacturers produced hybrid boards which contained an Intel x86 series chip, allowing the Amiga to emulate a PC.

PowerPC upgrades with Wide SCSI controllers, PCI busboards with Ethernet, sound and 3D graphics cards, and tower cases allowed the A1200 and A4000 to survive well into the late nineties.

Expansion boards were made by Richmond Sound Design that allow their show control and sound design software to communicate with their custom hardware frames either by ribbon cable or fiber optic cable for long distances, allowing the Amiga to control up to eight million digitally controlled external audio, lighting, automation, relay and voltage control channels spread around a large theme park, for example. See Amiga software for more information on these applications.

Other popular devices:

Trumpcard 500 Zorro-II SCSI interface.
A590 SCSI hard disk controller.^[15]
A3070 SCSI tape backup unit with a capacity of 250 MB.^[16]
A2065 Ethernet Zorro-II interface. The first Ethernet interface for Amiga; uses the AMD Am7990 chip.^[17]^[18] The same interface chip is used in DECstation as well.
Ariadne Zorro II Ethernet interface using AMD Am7990.^[18]
A4066 Zorro II Ethernet interface using SMC 91C90QF.^[18]^[19]
X-Surf from Individual Computers using Realtek 8019AS.^[18]
A2060 Arcnet.^[20]
A1010 Floppy drive. Consists of an 3,5" DD, 300 rpm, 250 kbit/s drive unit connected via DB-23 connector. Track-to-track delay is on the order of ~94 ms. The default capacity is 880 kB. Many clone drives were available, and products such as CatWeasel makes it possible to read and write Amiga and other special disc formats on standard x86 PCs.^[21]
NE2000 compatible PCMCIA ethernet cards for Amiga 600 and Amiga 1200^[22]

Networking [link]

Amiga had three networking interface APIs:

AS225 - Is the official Commodore TCP/IP stack API with hardcoded drivers in revision 1 (AS225r1) for the A2065 Ethernet and the A2060 Arcnet interfaces.^[20] In revision 2 (AS225r2) the SANA-II interface was used.
SANA-II — Is a standardized API for hardware of network interfaces. It uses an inefficient buffer handling scheme, and lacks proper support for promiscuous and multicast modes.
Miami Network Interface (MNI) - Is an API that doesn't have the problems which SANA-II suffers from. It requires AmigaOS v2,04 or higher.

Different network media was used:

Type	Speed	Example
Ethernet	10/100 Mbit/s	A2065^[17]
ARCNET	2.5 Mbit/s	A560,^[23] A2060^[24]
Floppy disk controller	250 kbit/s	Amitrix: Amiga-Link^[25]
Serial port	≤ 115.2 kbit/s
Parallel port	~1600 kbit/s	Village Tronic: Liana^[26]
Token ring	1.5 Mbit/s	Nine Tiles: AmigaLink (9 Tiles)^[27]
AppleTalk / LocalTalk	230,4 - 460 kbit/s	PPS-Doubletalk^[28]

Models and variants [link]

Main article: Amiga models and variants

The original Amiga models^[29] were produced from 1985 to 1996. They are, in order of appearance: 1000, 2000, 500, 1500, 2500, 3000, 3000UX, 3000T, CDTV, 500+, 600, 4000, 1200, CD32, and 4000T. The PowerPC based AmigaOne was later produced from 2002 to 2005. Some companies have also released Amiga clones.

Commodore Amiga [link]

The Amiga 500 (1987) was the best selling model.^[30]

The Amiga 4000 (1992) was the last desktop computer made by Commodore.

The first Amiga model, the Amiga 1000, was launched in 1985 as a high-end home computer and became popular for its impressive graphics, video and audio capabilities. In 2006, PC World rated the Amiga 1000 as the seventh greatest PC of all time, stating "Years ahead of its time, the Amiga was the world's first multimedia, multitasking personal computer".^[31]

Following the A1000, Commodore updated the desktop line of Amiga computers with the Amiga 2000 in 1987, the Amiga 3000 in 1990, and the Amiga 4000 in 1992, each offering improved capabilities and expansion options. However, the best selling models were the budget models, particularly the highly successful Amiga 500 (1987) and the Amiga 1200 (1992). The Amiga 500+ (1991) was the shortest lived model, replacing the Amiga 500 and lasting only six months until it was phased out and replaced with the Amiga 600 (1992), which in turn was also quickly replaced by the Amiga 1200.^[32]

The CDTV, launched in 1991, was a CD-ROM based all-in-one multimedia system. It was an early attempt at a multi-purpose multimedia appliance in an era before multimedia consoles and CD-ROM drives were common. Unfortunately for Commodore, the system never achieved any real commercial success.

Commodore's last Amiga offering before filing for bankruptcy was an attempt to capture a portion of the highly competitive 1990s console market with the Amiga CD32 (1993), a 32-bit CD-ROM games console. Though discontinued after Commodore's demise it met with moderate commercial success in Europe.

Following purchase of Commodore's assets by Escom in 1995, the A1200 and A4000T continued to be sold in small quantities until 1996, though the ground lost since the initial launch and the prohibitive expense of these units meant that the Amiga line never regained any real popularity.

Several Amiga models contained references to songs by the rock band The B-52's. Early A500 units, at least, had the words "B52/ROCK LOBSTER"^[33] silk-screen printed onto their printed circuit board, a reference to the popular song "Rock Lobster" The Amiga 600 referenced "JUNE BUG" (after the song "Junebug") and the Amiga 1200 had "CHANNEL Z" (after "Channel Z").^[34]

Most original casing was made from ABS plastics which may become brown with time. This can be reversed by using the public domain chemical mix "Retr0bright".

AmigaOS 4 systems [link]

Main article: AmigaOS 4

AmigaOS 4 (OS4) is designed for PowerPC Amiga systems and currently runs on both Amigas equipped with CyberstormPPC or BlizzardPPC accelerator boards, and on the PPC Teron series based AmigaOne computers built by Eyetech under license by Amiga Inc. AmigaOS 4.0 had been available only in developer pre-releases for numerous years until it was officially released in December 2006. Due to the nature of some provisions of the contract between Amiga Inc. and Hyperion Entertainment (the Belgian company which is developing the OS), the commercial AmigaOS 4 had been available only to licensed buyers of AmigaOne motherboards.

AmigaOS 4.0 for Amigas equipped with PowerUP accelerator boards was released in November 2007. The most recent release AmigaOS is 4.1.^[35]

Since the AmigaOne, Amiga hardware production has slowed; however Acube Systems has entered an agreement with Hyperion under which it has ported AmigaOS 4 to its Sam440ep and Sam460ex line of PowerPC-based motherboards.^[36] In 2009 version for Pegasos II from Genesi/bPlan GmbH was released in co-operation with Acube Systems.^[37]

Amiga hardware clones [link]

Long-time Amiga developer MacroSystem entered the Amiga-clone market with their DraCo nonlinear video edit system. It appears in two versions, initially a tower model and later a cube. DraCo expanded upon and combined a number of earlier expansion cards developed for Amiga (VLabMotion, Toccata, WarpEngine, RetinaIII) into a true Amiga-clone powered by Motorola's 68060 processor. The DraCo can run AmigaOS 3.1 up through AmigaOS 3.9. It is the only Amiga-based system to support FireWire for video I/O. DraCo also offers an Amiga-compatible ZORRO-II expansion bus and introduced a faster custom DraCoBus, capable of 30 MB/sec transfer rates (faster than Commodore's ZORRO-III). The technology was later used in the Casablanca system, a set-top-box also designed for non-linear video editing.

In 1998, Index Information released the Access, an Amiga-clone similar to the Amiga 1200, but on a motherboard which could fit into a standard 5¼" drive bay. It features either a 68020 or 68030 CPU, with a redesigned AGA chipset, and runs AmigaOS 3.1.

In 1998, former Amiga employees (John Smith, Peter Kittel, Dave Haynie and Andy Finkel to mention few) formed new company called PIOS. Their hardware platform, PIOS One, was aimed at Amiga, Atari and Macintosh users. The company was renamed to Met@box in 1999 until it folded.^[38]

The NatAmi (short for Native Amiga) hardware project began in 2005 with the aim of designing and building an Amiga clone motherboard that is enhanced with modern features.^[39] The NatAmi motherboard is a standard Mini-ITX-compatible form factor computer motherboard, powered by a Motorola/Freescale 68060 and its chipset. It is compatible with the original Amiga chipset, which has been inscribed on a programmable FPGA Altera chip on the board. The NatAmi is the second Amiga clone project after the Minimig motherboard, and its history is very similar to that of the C-One mainboard developed by Jeri Ellsworth and Jens Schönfeld. From a commercial point of view, Natami's circuitry and design are currently Closed Source.^{[citation needed]} One goal of the NatAmi project is to design an Amiga-compatible motherboard that includes up-to-date features but that does not rely on emulation (as in WinUAE), modern PC Intel components, or a modern PowerPC mainboard. As such, NatAmi is not intended to become another evolutionary heir to classic Amigas (such as with AmigaOne or Pegasos computers). This "purist" philosophy essentially limits the resulting processor speed but puts the focus on bandwidth and low latencies. The developers also recreated the entire Amiga chipset, freeing it from Classic Amiga legacy limitations such as two megabytes of audio and video graphics RAM as in the AGA chipset, and rebuilt this new chipset by programming a modern FPGA Altera Cyclone IV chip. Later, the developers decided to create from scratch a new software-form processor chip, codenamed "N68050" that resides in the physical Altera FPGA programmable chip.^[40]

In 2006, two new Amiga clones were announced, both using FPGA based hardware synthesis to replace the Amiga OCS custom chipset. The first, the Minimig, is a personal project of Dutch engineer Dennis van Weeren. Referred to as "new Amiga hardware",^[41] the original model was built on a Xilinx Spartan-3 development board, but soon a dedicated board was developed. The minimig uses the FPGA to reproduce the custom Denise, Agnus, Paula and Gary chips as well as both 8520 CIAs and implements a simple version of Amber. The rest of the chips are an actual 68000 CPU, ram chips, and a PIC microcontroller for BIOS control.^[41] The design for Minimig was released as open source on July 25, 2007. In February, 2008, an Italian company Acube Systems began selling Minimig boards. A third party upgrade replaces the PIC microcontroller with a more powerful ARM processor, providing more functionality such as write access and support for hard disk images. The minimig core is being ported to the FPGArcade "Replay" board. The Replay uses a larger FPGA which will support the AGA chipset and a 63030 soft core. The Replay board is designed to emulate many older computers and classic arcade machines.

The second is the Clone-A system announced by Individual Computers. As of mid 2007 it has been shown in its development form, with FPGA-based boards replacing the Amiga chipset and mounted on an Amiga 500 motherboard.^[42]

In 2011 by ArcadeRetroGaming, called the Multiple Classic Computer, which emulates the Commodore 64. Support for Amiga software is planned.^[43]

Emulation [link]

Main article: Amiga emulation

Like many popular but discontinued platforms, the Amiga has been the target of various emulation projects so that software developed for the Amiga can be run on other computer platforms without the original hardware. Such emulators attempt to replicate the functionality of the Amiga architecture in software. As mentioned above, attempts have also been made to replicate the Amiga chipset in FPGA chips.^[44]

One of the most challenging aspects of emulation is the design of the Amiga chipset, which relies on cycle-critical timings. As a result, early emulators did not always achieve the intended results though later emulator versions can now accurately reproduce the behavior of Amiga systems.

Operating systems [link]

AmigaOS [link]

Main article: AmigaOS

“	"[AmigaOS] remains one of the great operating systems of the past 20 years, incorporating a small kernel and tremendous multitasking capabilities the likes of which have only recently been developed in OS/2 and Windows NT. The biggest difference is that the AmigaOS could operate fully and multitask in as little as 250 K of address space. --John C. Dvorak, PC Magazine, October 1996.^[45]	”

AmigaOne X1000 running AmigaOS 4.1

AmigaOS is a single-user multitasking operating system. It was developed first by Commodore International, and initially introduced in 1985 with the Amiga 1000. Original versions run on the Motorola 68000 series of microprocessors, while AmigaOS 4 runs only on PowerPC microprocessors. At the time of release AmigaOS put an operating system that was well ahead of its time into the hands of the average consumer. It was one of the first commercially available consumer operating systems for personal computers to implement preemptive multitasking.

Another notable feature was the combined use of both a command-line interface and graphical user interface. AmigaDOS was the disk operating system and command line portion of the OS and Workbench the native graphical windowing, icons, menu and pointer environment for file management and launching applications. Notably, AmigaDOS allowed long filenames (up to 107 characters) with whitespace and did not require file extensions. The windowing system and user interface engine which handles all input events is called Intuition.^[46]

The multi-tasking kernel was called Exec. It acts as a scheduler for tasks running on the system, providing pre-emptive multitasking with prioritised round-robin scheduling. It enabled true pre-emptive multitasking in as little as 256 kB of free memory.^[47]

Like other operating systems of the time, the OS lacks memory protection. This was because the 68000 CPU does not include a memory management unit and therefore there is no way to enforce protection of memory.^[48] Although this speeds and eases inter-process communication (programs can communicate by simply passing a pointer back and forth), the lack of memory protection made the AmigaOS more vulnerable to crashes from badly behaving programs, and fundamentally incapable of enforcing any form of security model since any program had full access to the system. A co-operational memory protection feature was implemented in AmigaOS 4 and could be retrofitted to old AmigaOS systems using Enforcer or CyberGuard tools.

The problem was somewhat exacerbated by Commodore's initial decision to release documentation relating not only to the OS's underlying software routines, but also to the hardware itself, enabling intrepid programmers who cut their teeth on the Commodore 64 to POKE the hardware directly, as was done on the older platform. While the decision to release the documentation was a popular one and allowed the creation of fast, sophisticated sound and graphics routines in games and demos, it also contributed to system instability as some programmers lacked the expertise to program at this level. For this reason, when the new AGA chipset was released, Commodore declined to release low-level documentation in an attempt to force developers into using the approved software routines.

Influence on other operating systems [link]

AmigaOS directly or indirectly inspired the development of various operating systems. MorphOS and AROS clearly inherit heavily from the structure of AmigaOS as explained directly in articles regarding these two operating systems. AmigaOS also influenced BeOS, which featured a centralized system of Datatypes, similar to that present in AmigaOS. Likewise, DragonFlyBSD was also inspired by AmigaOS as stated by Dragonfly developer Matthew Dillon who is a former Amiga developer.^[49]^[50] WindowLab and amiwm are among several window managers for the X Window System seek to mimic the Workbench interface.^{[citation needed]}

Unix and Unix-like systems [link]

Commodore-Amiga produced Amiga Unix, informally known as Amix, based on AT&T SVR4. It supports the Amiga 2500 and Amiga 3000 and was included with the Amiga 3000UX. Among other unusual features of Amix is a hardware-accelerated windowing system which can scroll windows without copying data. Amix is not supported on the later Amiga systems based on 68040 or 68060 processors.

Other, still maintained, operating systems are available for the classic Amiga platform, including Linux and NetBSD. Both require a CPU with MMU such as the 68020 with 68851 or full versions of the 68030, 68040 or 68060. There is also a version of Linux for Amigas with PowerPC accelerator cards. Debian and Yellow Dog Linux can run on the AmigaOne.

There is an official, older version of OpenBSD. The last Amiga release is 3.2. Minix 1.5.10 also runs on Amiga.^[51]

Emulating other systems [link]

Main article: Emulation on the Amiga

The Amiga is able to emulate other computer platforms ranging from many 8-bit systems such as the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Nintendo Game Boy, Nintendo Entertainment System, Apple II and the TRS-80, up to platforms such as the IBM PC, Apple Macintosh and Atari ST. MAME (the arcade machine emulator) is also available for Amiga systems with PPC accelerator card upgrades.

Amiga software [link]

Main article: Amiga software

In the late 1980s and early 1990s the platform became particularly popular for gaming, demoscene activities and creative software uses. During this time commercial developers marketed a wide range of games and creative software, often developing titles simultaneously for the Atari ST due to the similar hardware architecture. Popular creative software included, 3D rendering (ray-tracing) packages, bitmap graphics editors, desktop video software, software development packages and "tracker" music editors.

Until the late 1990s the Amiga remained a popular platform for non-commercial software, often developed by enthusiasts, and much of which was freely redistributable. An on-line archive, Aminet, was created in 1992 and until around 1996 was the largest public archive of software, art and documents for any platform.

Marketing [link]

File:Amiga-90sLogo.gif

Logo used by Commodore in the US during the late 1980s

File:Recent Amiga.svg

Amiga Technologies logo incorporating the 'Boing Ball' (1996)

Name [link]

The name Amiga was chosen by the developers specifically from the Spanish word for a female friend,^[52] and because it occurred before Apple and Atari alphabetically. It also conveyed the message that the Amiga computer line was 'user friendly' as a pun or play on words.^[53]

Logos [link]

The first official Amiga logo was a rainbow-colored double checkmark. In later marketing material Commodore largely dropped the checkmark and used logos styled with various typefaces.

Though it was never adopted as a trademark by Commodore, the 'Boing Ball' has been synonymous with Amiga since its launch. It became an unofficial and enduring theme after a visually impressive animated demonstration at the 1984 Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1984 showing a checkered ball bouncing and rotating. Following Escom's purchase of Commodore in 1996, the Boing Ball theme was incorporated into a new logo.^[54]

Advertising [link]

Early Commodore advertisements attempted to cast the computer as an all-purpose business machine, though the Amiga was most commercially successful as a home computer.^[2]^[3] Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s Commodore primarily placed advertising in computer magazines and occasionally in national newspapers and on television.

Amiga community [link]

After Commodore went bankrupt in 1994, there remained a very active Amiga community, which continued to support the platform long after mainstream commercial vendors abandoned it. The most popular Amiga magazine, Amiga Format, continued to publish editions until 2000, some six years after Commodore filed for bankruptcy. Another magazine, Amiga Active, was launched in 1999 and was published until 2001. Several magazines are in publication today, notably Amiga Future,^[55] which is available in both English and German; Bitplane.it,^[56] a bi-monthly magazine in Italian; and AmigaPower,^[57] a long-running French magazine.

In spite of declining interest in the platform there was a bi-weekly specialist column in the UK weekly magazine Micro Mart. There is also a web site,^[58] that has served as a community discussion and support resource since the 1994 bankruptcy. Other popular English-language fora also exist, particularly Amigaworld.net^[59] and English Amiga Board.^[60]

Notable historic uses [link]

The Amiga series of computers found a place in early computer graphic design and television presentation. Below are some examples of notable uses and users:

Season 1 and part of season 2 of the television series Babylon 5 were rendered in LightWave 3D on Amigas.^[61]^[62] Other television series using Amigas for special effects included SeaQuest DSV^[63] and Max Headroom.^[64]

In addition, many other celebrities and notable individuals have made use of the Amiga:^[65]

Andy Warhol was an early user of the Amiga and appeared at the launch^[66] where he made a computer artwork of Debbie Harry.^[67] Warhol used the Amiga to create a new style of art made with computers, and was the author of a multimedia opera called "you are the one" which consists of an animated sequence featuring images of actress Marilyn Monroe assembled in a short movie with a soundtrack. The video was discovered on two old Amiga floppies in a drawer in Warhol's studio and repaired in 2006 by the Detroit Museum of New Art.^[68] The pop artist has been quoted as saying: "The thing I like most about doing this kind of work on the Amiga is that it looks like my work in other media."^[69]^[70]
A pioneer of the Digital Art movement, Laurence Gartel, along with Jeff Bruette,^[71] personally taught Andy Warhol how to use the Amiga and relevant software.^[72]
Actor Dick Van Dyke was a self-described "rabid" user of the Amiga, although he has since switched to other platforms and sold most of his Amiga equipment.^[73]^[74]
Amigas were used in various NASA laboratories to keep track of multiple low orbiting satellites, and were still used up to 2003/04 (dismissed and sold in 2006). This is another example of long lifetime reliability of Amiga hardware, as well as professional use. Amigas were also used at Kennedy Space Center to run strip-chart recorders, to format and display data, and control stations of platforms for Delta rocket launches.^[75]
Artist Jean "Moebius" Giraud credits the Amiga he bought for his son as a bridge to learning about "using paint box programs".^[76] He uploaded some of his early experiments to the file sharing forums on CompuServe.
Tom Fulp is noted as saying he used the Amiga as his first computer for creating cartoons and animations.^[77]
London Transport Museum developed their own interactive multi-media software for the CD32. The software included a walkthrough of various exhibits and a virtual tour of the museum.^[78]
The "Weird Al" Yankovic film UHF contains a computer animated music video parody of the Dire Straits song "Money for Nothing", titled "Money For Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies". According to the DVD commentary track, this spoof was created on an Amiga home computer.^[79]
Rolf Harris used an Amiga to digitize his hand-drawn art work for animation on his television series, Rolf's Cartoon Club.
Todd Rundgren's video "Change Myself" was produced with Toaster and Lightwave.
An Amiga 1000 can be seen in the movie Disorderlies in the background running a heart animation.
An Amiga 4000 was in Michael Jackson's movie Ghosts. At the left of the screen, an Amiga monitor and keyboard can be easily seen at the end credit. (at exactly 38:40)
Scottish pop artist Calvin Harris composed his debut album I Created Disco with an Amiga 1200.^[80]
Susumu Hirasawa, a Japanese Electropop-artist is known for using Amigas to compose and perform music.
Electronic musician Max Tundra also created his three albums with an Amiga 500.^[81]
A black Commodore Amiga 1200 was seen on an episode of Bones, used as evidence to lead to a murder suspect. A clip of this show hosted on YouTube became infamous because of the high number of errors in such a minor mention. Among many other errors, an IBM 5150 (the first PC) was shown as its floppy drive, and it was described as using "a homemade operating system" with a "6800 chipset".^[82]
Tom Berenger's character Gary Simmons uses an Amiga 500 for his KKK network in the 1988 movie Betrayed.
Amiga 500 motherboards were used, in conjunction with a Laserdisc player and Genlock device, in arcade games manufactured by American Laser Games.^[83]
A custom Amiga 4000T motherboard was used in the HDI 1000 medical ultrasound system built by Bothell, Washington based Advanced Technology Labs (now part of Philips Medical Systems).^[84]

Media [link]

References [link]

^ ^a ^b Jeremy Reimer. "Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/total-share.ars. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
^ ^a ^b YouTube.com, Commodore advert 1987 - Celebrities
^ ^a ^b YouTube.com, Commodore advert 1987 - TV spot version of 20-minute presentation
^ Gareth Knight. "Amiga Lorraine". Amiga History Guide. http://www.amigau.com/aig/prototypes/lorraine.html. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
^ AmigaForever.com, Amiga Forever - Amiga Games
^ Amiga Demos Its New Machine. http://books.google.com/books?id=yC4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA39&ots=CtmypWJGu2&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false.
^ ^a ^b Commodore-Amiga, Inc. (1991). Amiga Hardware Reference Manual. Amiga Technical Reference Series (Third ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-56776-8.
^ Knight, Gareth. "The One for 16-bit Games". Amiga History Guide. http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/oneamiga1.html. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
^ "Amiga Reviews: Zzap 16-Bit Gaming". http://amigareviews.classicgaming.gamespy.com/s_snippe.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
^ Haynie, Dave (October 18, 1992), Architecture Specification for Acutiator, Commodore International Services Corporation, Technology Division, http://www.thule.no/haynie/research/acutiatr/docs/acu1.pdf
^ Dave Haynie (1995.01.24). "CBM's Plans for the RISC-Chipset". Gareth Knight. http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/haynie3drisc.html. Retrieved January 31, 2010. "The initial schedule of 18 months was for the Hombre game machine hardware. There's no real OS here, just a library of routines, including a 3D package, which would probably be licensed. The Amiga OS was not to have run on this system in any form."
^ The Big Book of Amiga Hardware AmigaHardware.MarioMisic.de, AmigaHardware.MarioMisic.de
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^ ^a ^b "empty". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=905. 090426 amiga-hardware.com
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Amiga Hardware Database — Expansion cards". http://amiga.resource.cx/exp/search.pl?amiga=3000&cat=eth. 090426 amiga.resource.cx
^ "Amiga Hardware Database - Photo Gallery of Ameristar Technologies A4066". http://hardware.amiga.hu/photos/photo2.pl?id=a4066&pg=1&res=hi&lang=en. 100701 hardware.amiga.hu
^ ^a ^b "Networking FAQ". http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/networkfaq.html#AmiTCP. 090426 amigahistory.co.uk
^ "Diskdrives used by Commodore". amiga-stuff.com. December 12, 2003. http://www.amiga-stuff.com/hardware/diskdrives.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "PCMCIA Network Card driver". http://aminet.net/package/driver/net/cnetdevice.
^ "Commodore: A560". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=903. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "Commodore: A2060". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=904. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "Amitrix: Amiga-Link". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=899. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "Village Tronic: Liana". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=1590. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "Nine Tiles: AmigaLink (9 Tiles)". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=1436. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "PPS (Progressive Peripherals & Software): DoubleTalk". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=918. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ Knight, Gareth (1997–2003). "Amiga history guide". http://www.amigau.com/aig/comamiga.html. Retrieved September 29, 2007
^ AmigaHistory.co.uk, Commodore-Amiga Sales Figures
^ Editors, The (August 12, 1981). "PC World, The 25 Greatest PCs of All Time". Pcworld.com. http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,126692-page,8-c,systems/article.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ Gareth Knight (July 1, 2004). "Commodore Amiga 500". Amigahistory.co.uk. http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/a500plus.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "RollerFink.de". http://www.rollerfink.de/wp-content/rollerfink.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/img_1518.JPG. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ Knight, Gareth (1997–2006). "References to B52 songs on Amiga Motherboards". http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/b52board.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
^ It's alive!: Ars reviews AmigaOS 4.1, Ars Technica, September 22, 2008.
^ OEM Version of AmigaOS 4.1 for Sam440ep imminent, Acube Systems, September 17, 2008
^ AmigaOS 4.1 for Pegasos II, Hyperion Entertainment, January 31, 2009
^ "PIOS One". http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/pios/pios1.html.
^ "Выпущен прототип новой модели компьютеров Amiga (ФОТО)" (in Russian). Российское информационное агентство «Новый Регион». Версия 2.0. Feb 13, 2011. http://www.nr2.ru/technology/320289.html. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
^ "12 questions to... Natami Team - part 1". Polski Portal Amigowy. April 28, 2011. http://www.ppa.pl/artykul-12.questions.to..Natami.Team.part.1-3_32_1334.html. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "HetNet.nl". Home.hetnet.nl. http://home.hetnet.nl/~weeren001/minimig.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "SiliconSonic.de". SiliconSonic.de. http://siliconsonic.de/news/news118_e.htm. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "Multiple Classic Computer (MCC) Plays Commodore 64 and More". http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/node/3436. Retrieved 7 10 2011.
^ ""Minimig available" announcement by Acube Systems" (in (Italian)). Acube-systems.biz. http://www.acube-systems.biz/index.php?page=news&id=23. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ From PC Magazine, October 22, 1996 Inside Track By John C. Dvorak
^ Mical, Robert J.; Deyl, Susan (1987). Amiga Intuition Reference Manual. Amiga Technical Reference Series. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-201-11076-8.
^ Holloway, Tim. "Byte Magazine on the Amiga Exec". http://www.cunningham-lee.com/misc/amiga_exec.html. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
^ "Adding Memory Protection (MP) to the Amiga". groups.google.com. http://groups.google.com/group/comp.sys.amiga.advocacy/msg/7d0bf445a2c22d67?hl=en&. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
^ Re: User-Space Device Drivers, Matthew Dillon, Dragonfly Kernel mailing list, February 28, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
^ Re: You could do worse than Mach ports, Matthew Dillon, Dragonfly Kernel mailing list, July 17, 2003. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
^ Minix Comp Wisdon
^ Gareth Knight. "The Twists and Turns of the Amiga Saga". Amiga History Guide. http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/ahistory.html. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
^ DeMaria and Wilson (2003) High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games p. 109 ISBN 0-07-223172-6
^ Ryan Czerwinski (December 31, 2001). "Dr. Ryan Czerwinski of Merlancia Industries explains the origin of the Amiga Boing ball and checkmark". Amiga Network News. http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/originsboing.html. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
^ Andreas Magerl. "Amigafuture.de". Amigafuture.de. http://www.amigafuture.de. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "Bitplane.it" (in (Italian)). Bitplane.it. http://www.bitplane.it. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "Amigapower.free.fr". Amigapower.free.fr. http://amigapower.free.fr/. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "Amiga.org". Amiga.org. July 28, 2010. http://www.amiga.org/index.php. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "AmigaWorld.net". AmigaWorld.net. http://www.amigaworld.net. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "EAB.abime.net". EAB.abime.net. http://eab.abime.net/. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "The Lurker's Guide to Babylon 5". Midwinter.com. August 12, 1997. http://www.midwinter.com/lurk/making/effects.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ An Interview with Ron Thornton, October 16, 1995. "Effects are designed on an accelerated Amiga 2000 with a Video Toaster board in it, using LightWave 3-D and Modeler 3-D."
^ "Interview with Matt Gorner". Newtek-europe.com. October 24, 2003. http://www.newtek-europe.com/uk/community/lightwave/gorner/1.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "'Max Headroom' on TechTV". G4tv.com. April 23, 2002. http://www.g4tv.com/techtvvault/features/37823/Max_Headroom_on_TechTV.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ For other notable users see Famous Amiga Users at AmigaHistory.
^ "Amiga Andy article". Artnode online. http://www.artnode.org/text/andywarhol/index.html.
^ Andy Warhol paints Debbie Harry on an Amiga, Uploaded by theisotope on March 7, 2008 on YouTube.
^ "Artdaily article about the discovery and repair of "you are the one"". Artdaily. http://www.artdaily.com/section/news/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=18091. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
^ "Interview with Andy Warhol" (PDF). Amiga World Magazine. http://www.artnode.org/text/andywarhol/amigandy.pdf. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
^ Cynthia Goodman. "The Digital Revolution: Art in the Computer Age". Art Journal, Vol 49 No 3, Computers and Art: Issues of Content (Autumn, 1990) pp. 248-252. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3249%28199023%2949%3A3%3C248%3ATDRAIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
^ Amigaworld, January 1986: Retrieved May 2009
^ "Galleriiizu.com". Galleriiizu.com. July 7, 2007. http://www.galleriiizu.com/currentexhibition.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ "Dick van Dyke at SIGGRAPH". http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/08/11/443.aspx. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
^ Katie Hafner (June 22, 2000). "The Return of a Desktop Cult Classic (No, Not the Mac)". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/06/circuits/articles/22amig.html?oref=login. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
^ "Reportage: l'Amiga à la NASA". obligement.free.fr. http://obligement.free.fr/articles/amiganasa.php.
^ "Moebius". Wired. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.01/moebius.html.
^ Tol Fulp interview^{[dead link]}
^ Gareth Knight. "CD32: The Hyper-Museum Project". Amigahistory.co.uk. http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/press/indexcd32.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ UHF DVD commentary track
^ "Calvin Harris". June 6, 2007. http://www.scala-london.co.uk/scala/event.php?id=656. Retrieved August 10, 2008.
^ "Track Reviews on Cokemachineglow". cokemachineglow. June 6, 2007. http://www.cokemachineglow.com/track_review/3960. Retrieved November 29, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "YouTube - Bones S03E07 Amiga clip". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xazjgsx4SJw.
^ "American Laser Games Tech Center". Dragon's Lair Project. http://www.dragons-lair-project.com/tech/pages/alg.asp. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
^ "United States Patent Application 20070106157". http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=20070106157.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070106157&RS=DN/20070106157.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Commodore Amiga

Famous Amiga Uses
Amiga, Inc.
Amiga Hardware Database - details of Amiga hardware
Big Book of Amiga Hardware - Big Book of Amiga Hardware
Amiga Lorraine: finally, the next generation Atari? John J. Anderson, Creative Computing, April 1984
On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore Bagnall, Brian (2005), Variant Press, ISBN 0-9738649-0-7.
The Amiga Guru Book by Ralph Babel, Self Published by Ralph Babel for Commodore and Amiga in 1989, 1993 (German), (English)
Amiga.org - community forums and support
FC-Jungle Memories.. Amiga Mods in MP3, author's cut
www.cracktros.com Amiga Crackintro and Trainer Database in HD Video, biggest and most complete resource.
[1] An interactive Amiga games database with screenshots, reviews, ratings, docs, cheats, walkthroughs, downloads, videos, emulators, music and a forum.
Amiga 500 emu examples of the WinUAE usability (Polish)

v t e List of Commodore microcomputers

6502-based (8-bit)	KIM-1 Commodore PET Commodore CBM-II Commodore VIC-20 Commodore 64 Commodore SX-64 Commodore Educator 64 Commodore 16 Commodore Plus/4 Commodore 128

68000-based (16-bit / 32-bit)	Amiga 1000 Amiga 500 Amiga 2000 (Amiga 2500) Amiga 1500 Amiga CDTV Amiga CD32 Amiga 3000 (Amiga 3000UX Amiga 3000T) Amiga 500 Plus Amiga 600 Amiga 1200 Amiga 4000 Amiga 4000T

PowerPC Based	AmigaOne AmigaOne X1000

AmigaOS

Amiga technologies

Amiga GUIs

File systems

OS versions

68k-based	1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 (beta) 2.0, 2.04, 2.05, 2.1 3.0, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9

PowerPC-based	4.0 4.1

Software packs

Other software

Influenced

v t e Amiga companies

Property owner	Amiga, Inc.

Original developer	Amiga Corporation

Mainly hardware	ACube Systems Srl A-EON Technology

Mainly software	Hyperion Entertainment Genesi

Other companies - Former	Amiga, Inc. (South Dakota) Commodore International Escom Eyetech Gateway, Inc. Phase5 Xetec

Amiga hardware (history)

Amiga models

680x0 based	Amiga CD32 Commodore CDTV Amiga 500 Amiga 500 Plus Amiga 600 Amiga 1000 Amiga 1200 Amiga 1500 Amiga 2000 Amiga 2500 Amiga 3000 Amiga 3000T Amiga 3000UX Amiga 4000 Amiga 4000T

PowerPC based	AmigaOne AmigaOne X1000

Unofficial 68k models

Unofficial models

Amiga prototypes

Amiga chipsets

Other hardware

v t e Amiga magazines

United States	.info Ahoy Amiga Amazing Computing Amigadget Amiga plus Amiga Sentry Amiga World Amiga World Tech Journal AX and Graf/X Compute's Amiga Resource AC's Tech AC's Guide Amiga Computing (US edition) Amiga Informer Lightwave Pro NewTekniques Robocity Scientific Amigan Video Toaster User	File:Boingball.png

United Kingdom	Amazing Computing (UK edition) Amiga Action Amiga Active Amiga CD32 Amiga CD32 Gamer Amiga Computing Amiga Format Amiga Mart Amiga Power Amiga Survivor Amiga Shopper Amiga User International CU Amiga Just Amiga Monthly ST/Amiga Format The One Your Amiga

Germany	Amiga DOS Amiga Fun Amiga Fever Amiga Future Amiga Games Amiga Joker Amiga Magazin Amiga Magazin Sonderheft Amiga Play Extra Amiga Plus Amiga Power (Germany) Amiga Public Domain Amiga Praxis Amiga Special Amiga Welt Kickstart Joystick

Australia/New Zealand	Amiga Downunder Australian Commodore and Amiga Review Australian Amiga Gazette OzAmiga Professional Amiga User Magazine

Canada	Amigo Times Transactor

Czech Republic	Amiga Review

Denmark	Amiga Advis Det Nye Computer

France	Amiga Domaine Public Amiga Dream Amiga News aMiGa=PoWeR Amiga Revue

Italy	Enigma Amiga Run (Enigma Amiga Life) Amiga Magazine Computer Gazette

Spain	Amiga Agora Amiga.Info Amiga World

Slovenia	Amiga Master

Sweden	Amiga Info Svenska Amiga Magazin Dator

Yugoslavia	Amiga Style Warp Amiga Svet

Disk magazine	Miggybyte Grapevine

All magazines are defunct

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2009)

Rey Ruiz

Background information
Birth name	Reinerio Ruiz
Born	(1966-06-21) June 21, 1966 (age 46) La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
Genres	Salsa
Years active	1992–present
Website	www.ReyRuiz.com

Rey Ruiz (Reinerio Ruiz born June 21, 1966 in La Lisa, Havana, Cuba) is a salsa singer from Cuba.^[1] Ruiz reached international fame across Latin America, Europe and among Hispanic music fans in the United States.

1 Biography
2 See also
3 References
4 External links

Biography [link]

Rey Ruiz demonstrated an interest in becoming a salsa singer since he was a small child. Aside from an apparently normal childhood, Ruiz made his debut as a performer at a very young age; he was often showcased on Cuban television as a child, singing typical children's songs. Ruiz had his parents' full support, he was later on enrolled in Havana's Conservatorio de Música school. Eventually, Ruiz made his way to headlining a show at the Habana Libre Hotel. (The former Havana Hilton, renamed to Havana Libre after Castro's revolution).

Rey Ruiz performed in the well known "Cabaret Tropicana" music group. During a Cabaret Tropicana tour in the Dominican Republic, Ruiz defected, leaving the group to join some friends in the United States. Once established there, Ruiz began to gain fame as a solo salsa singer.

It took Ruiz three years after he arrived in the United States for him to release his first CD. The self-titled "Rey Ruiz" was produced by Sony Records and it earned Ruiz celebrity in such places as Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Panama and Venezuela. The album also earned Ruiz a number of billboard and Premios Lo Nuestro awards, and it was a platinum album. Rey Ruiz was named the "salsa singer of the year" for 1993 by a prestigious salsa music magazine and was known for hits such as "No Me Acostumbro" and "Amiga".

Ruiz's initial success as a singer translated into small screen success as well, as he was hired by Pepsi, Miller beer and his studio company, Sony, to film commercials announcing their brand. Ruiz's second album was a various artists' compilation dedicated to salsa singers from the 1960s and 1970s. The tribute album was named "Los Soneros de Hoy". loosely translated into "Today's (salsa) performers".

Also in 1993, Ruiz released his second album. "Mi Media Mitad" ("My Other Half") was a large hit in the United States and in Europe, once again, making the Billboard hits list in the States, and topping the European charts. "Mi Media Mitad" became Ruiz's second consecutive platinum album, and it helped make Ruiz popular in Colombia as well, with a single, "Si te Preguntan" ("If They Ask You") becoming a major hit song. Soon after that album's release, Ruiz made his debut at New York's Madison Square Garden.

Ruiz's third album, "En Cuerpo y Alma" ("Body and Soul"), was released in 1995. This was Ruiz's third platinum album in a row; his songs "Estamos Solos" ("We Are Alone") and "Vuelve de Nuevo Conmigo" ("Return Once Again With Me") were international hits, and many salsa experts consider this album to be Ruiz's most important release.

In 1996, with the collaboration of famed Colombian songwriter Omar Estefano and of Ricardo Quijano, Ruiz released his fourth consecutive platinum album, named "Destino" ("Destiny"). One of the most publicly acclaimed songs in that album was "Miénteme Otra Vez" ("Lie to me Again").

His next album, 1997's "Porque es Amor' ("Because it is Love") failed to have the commercial success Ruiz's four previous releases had, ending Ruiz's streak of platinum albums at four. It did, however, contain three major hit songs, including the title song, as well as "Mi Angel" ("My Angel") and "Tú no Sabes" ("You Don't Know").

In 1998, Ruiz released a greatest hits CD, named "Exitos del Rey" ("Rey's Hits", a name which can also be interpreted as "The King's hits", since Rey means king in Spanish). By then, Ruiz owned a recording company; his next album, "Ya Ves Quien Soy" ("Now You See Who I Am"), becoming one of the first CDs to be released by Ruiz's Luna Negra ("Dark Moon") record label.

"Ya Ves Quien Soy" was another commercial success for Ruiz, particularly in Brazil. Ruiz collaborated with Brazilian singer José Augusto in this album, when the pair recorded a duet song, "Siempre Mía" ("Always Mine").

In 2000, Ruiz joined the Bohemia Records label, releasing "Fenomenal" ("Phenomenal") under that label. In 2004, he released Mi Tentacion.

In 2008 Ruiz fulfilled a lifetime dream by performing on stage with some of his closest musical colleagues at the Adrian Arsht Center for the Performing Arts in Miami. Along with Grammy Winner Arturo Sandoval, Objectivo Fama winner Marlon and Los Tres de La Habana, this musical collaboration was recorded for a soon to be released DVD. Ruiz signed on to a new recording contract which brings him back to his original label Sony/BMG with a highly anticipated album being produced by Cuco Pena one of Puerto Rico's premier musical producers and also credited for producing a Grammy Award Winning Album for Marc Anthony.

References [link]

^ Brennan, Sandra. "Biography: Rey Ruiz". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rey-ruiz-p41327/biography. Retrieved 19 February 2011.

External links [link]

www.ReyRuiz.com Official site
musicofpuertorico.com's page on Ruiz

Persondata
Name	Ruiz, Rey
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	June 21, 1966
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Ruiz

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (January 2008)

For other people named Eric Schwartz, see Eric Schwartz (disambiguation).

Eric Schwartz is an American folk singer/songwriter known for his often humorous, sexually explicit lyrics, as in the songs "Clinton Got A Blowjob" and "Who Da Bitch Now". His video, "Keep Your Jesus Off My Penis" has been downloaded over a million times. He cites Dr. Demento as an inspiration. He graduated from Tufts University with a degree in biology and worked as an actor and guitarist, before moving to Greenwich Village to begin his songwriting career. He has played several times at the Kerrville Folk Festival and was a finalist in the songwriting contest in 2001. He was at winner of the Falcon Ridge Folk Festival Emerging Artist Showcase. He now lives in Los Angeles, California.

Discography [link]

That's How It's Gonna Be (1999)
Pleading The First: Songs My Mother Hates (2000)
Sunday Blue (2002)
Self-Bootleg (2003)
Redder than Ever (2006)

External links [link]

Official web site

Persondata
Name	Schwartz, Eric
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

This article on a singer-songwriter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

http://wn.com/Eric_Schwartz

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schwartz

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Alexander Acha
Birth name	Alexander Acha Alemán
Born	(1985-01-25) January 25, 1985 (age 27) Mexico City, Mexico
Genres	Latin Pop
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Labels	Warner Music Mexico
Website	www.alexanderacha.com.mx

Alexander Acha Alemán (born January 25, 1985 in Mexico City, Distrito Federal) is a Latin Grammy winning Mexican singer-songwriter.

The son of Mexican pop singer Emmanuel, Alexander Acha is also a pianist and a Berklee College of Music alum. He was raised as a devout Roman Catholic and he still attends the Mass at the Church.^[1] His debut album Voy (2008) reached gold status in his native country, with Te Amo being his first single.^[2] On November 5, 2009 he won the Latin Grammy for Best New Artist.

References [link]

^ "Alexander Acha back with Christiane?" (in Spanish). Quién.com. 2009-08-25. http://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2009/08/25/alexander-acha-de-vuelta-con-christiane. Retrieved 2010-10-20. "Alexander Acha se mostró muy devoto y católico.("Alexander Acha is a very devout Catholic.")" .
^ Alexander Acha - Billboard.com

External links [link]

Official Website

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Kany García	Latin Grammy Award for Best New Artist 2009	Succeeded by Alex Cuba

Persondata
Name	Acha Alemán, Alexander
Alternative names
Short description	Mexican singer-songwriter
Date of birth	January 25, 1985
Place of birth	Mexico City, Mexico
Date of death
Place of death

35px	This article about a Mexican singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article about a Mexican musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This article on a classical pianist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

http://wn.com/Alexander_Acha

http://es.wn.com/Alexander Acha

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Acha

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Alejandro Sanz
Alejandro Sanz at the Tony Bennett Birthday Gala on September 17, 2011.
Background information
Birth name	Alejandro Sánchez Pizarro
Born	(1968-12-18) December 18, 1968 (age 43)
Origin	Madrid, Spain
Genres	Latin pop
Occupations	Singer, songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano
Years active	1988–present
Labels	Warner Music Benelux
Associated acts	Juanes, Shakira, Alicia Keys, Calle 13
Website	AlejandroSanz.com

Alejandro Sanz (born Alejandro Sánchez Pizarro on December 18, 1968) is a Spanish singer-songwriter and musician. For his work, Sanz has won a total of fifteen Latin Grammy Awards and three Grammy Awards. He has won the Latin Grammy for Album of the Year three times, more than any other artist. Throughout his career, he has released a total of ten studio albums and six DVDs. The singer is noted for his flamenco-influenced ballads, but he has also experimented with rock, salsa, and hip hop.

Born in Madrid, Sanz began playing guitar at age seven, taking influence from his family's flamenco roots. He released his debut album at age sixteen, although he did not gain commercial success until his second release, Viviendo Deprisa. His next two records, Si Tú Me Miras and 3 also fared well commercially, but it was his 1997 breakthrough album Más that garnered international success. El Alma al Aire followed in 2000, selling more than a million copies in its first week.

In 2002, he became the first Spanish artist to record an MTV Unplugged album. His collaboration with Shakira on the single "La Tortura" reached number one on several charts worldwide. His albums No Es lo Mismo (2003) and El Tren de los Momentos (2006) showed Sanz experimenting with more diverse styles of music, while his most recent release, Paraíso Express (2009) served as a return to form for the musician. He signed to Universal Music Group in 2011 and is reported to be working on his tenth studio album.

1 Early life
2 Recording career
3 Musical style
4 Personal life
5 Discography
- 5.1 Studio albums
6 External links
7 References

Early life [link]

Sanz was born in Madrid, Spain, on December 18, 1968, the youngest son of María Pizarro and Jesús Sánchez.^[1] He grew up in the high-crime neighborhood of Moratalaz in eastern Madrid.^[2] Sanz recalled that "Back then, kids grew up on the street...I was a bit like the group troubadour; the one who played the guitar and sang. That kept me out of a lot of trouble."^[2] Sanz's father, a door-to-door book salesman, played guitar professionally, which inspired seven-year-old Sanz to learn to play the instrument.^[1]^[3] He pursued the instrument with an intensity that eventually frustrated his mother, who broke his guitar one morning after his playing kept the family from sleeping.^[3]

He was exposed to traditional flamenco music as a child while vacationing each summer in his parents' native Andalucía in southern Spain.^[3] Originally, Sanz intended to become a flamenco performer, but he found the music teachers to be overly strict. Commenting on his early experiences, Sanz explained, "Flamenco can be very hard on beginners. If you lose the rhythm, they toss you out with, 'You're no good, boy!' They're very strict and very cruel. But it's also a marvelous education, because you either learn to play or else."^[3] He felt that he could not compete with his peers, and decided to focus on creating pop music with flamenco influences, viewing flamenco to be a "lifestyle" better suited to others.^[4]

Recording career [link]

1989–96: First four albums [link]

As a teenager, Sanz performed in various venues in his hometown. He became acquainted with Miguel Ángel Arenas, a music industry executive who had signed several popular Spanish groups such as Mecano.^[1] Arenas helped Sanz find work, eventually leading to a record deal with the Spanish label Hispavox.^[1] In 1989, sixteen-year-old Sanz released his debut album, Los Chulos Son Pa' Cuidarlos under the name of Alejandro Magno (Spanish for "Alexander the Great").^[4] The record, which fused techno and flamenco, was met with critical and commercial indifference, and today Sanz views the record to be "insignificant".^[3] However, the album is now considered to be a collector's item.^[1] In an attempt to promote Los Chulos Son Pa' Cuidarlos, he performed at strip clubs, playing short sets between acts.^[3] This proved to be unsuccessful and Sanz took a break from music, choosing to study business administration.^[3] He also took a job at a recording studio in which he wrote material for other artists. He persuaded Arenas to send demos of his songs to record companies, which led to being signed by Warner Music Latina.^[3] At this time, he began performing under his current name.^[1]

Sanz's rise to fame began in 1991, when he released his first album from Warner, Viviendo Deprisa. The record and the songs "Pisando Fuerte" and "Se le Apagó la Luz" helped him gain a dedicated fan base in Spain.^[5] In 1993, he released Si Tú Me Miras shortly followed by a live album, titled Básico. That same year, he recorded a song entitled "Mi Primera Canción" with flamenco pioneer Paco de Lucía, whom Sanz idolized as a child.^[6] He released his third studio album, 3, in 1995. In addition to Spanish, 3 was also released in Italian and Portuguese.^[7] "La Fuerza del Corazón", the first single released from 3, was his first song to chart internationally.^[1] All three albums proved to be successful, reaching multi-platinum status in Spain.^[1]

[edit] 1997–2002: Más, El Alma al Aire, and MTV Unplugged

Sanz spent two years in Milan, Italy to work on a follow-up for 3.^[8] For the album, he wished to create a "true fusion" of many different sounds, and began studying the saxophone and piano in addition to guitar.^[8] In 1997, Sanz released his fifth studio album, Más, a record containing ballads strongly influenced by flamenco, pop, and tropical rhythms.^[9]

	Alejandro Sanz "Corazón Partío" (1997) noicon The single "Corazón Partío", from Más, draws influence from flamenco music and has been described as a "powerhouse ballad".^[10]^[11] It is considered to be Sanz' breakthrough song, and "changed the course" of the singer's career.^[1]^[10]
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Driven by the singles "Corazón Partío", "Y, ¿Si Fuera Ella?", "Amiga Mía", "Aquello Que Me Diste", and "Siempre Es de Noche", Más sold more than two million copies in Spain and was certified 22× Platinum in the country, making it the best-selling album in Spanish history.^[1]^[4]^[12]^[13] The album remained on the Billboard Latin Albums chart for 74 weeks, and one year after the record's release, Sanz was granted an Ondas Award for Best Song for "Corazón Partío".^[14]^[15] According to David Cazares of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel, the album "made Sanz an international star on the strength of the pop-salsa hit 'Corazón Partío', a song on the lips of fans from Spain to Cuba and the United States."^[5] Following the success of the album, Sanz began touring in United States for the first time.^[4]

This record is important because it represents me choosing what I want to do...You're always learning things about music if you want to, and you can apply it to what you want to do. It has a rhythmic complexity and a proximity to flamenco, however it's less obvious.

“

”

– Sanz, speaking about El Alma al Aire in 2001.^[16]

His fifth album, El Alma al Aire, released September 26, 2000, featured Sanz exploring diverse genres of music, including jazz, R&B, soul and tango.^[5] In Spain, the album sold more than one million copies in the first week, breaking the record of one million copies sold in four months, also set by Sanz with his previous album, Más.^[17]^[18] At the 2001 Latin Grammy Awards, Sanz walked away with four awards: Best Pop Male Vocal Album and Album of the Year for El Alma al Aire, and Record of the Year and Song of the Year for the title track from the album.^[19] Later that year, El Alma al Aire was released in a special edition including Sanz's duets with Irish band The Corrs. In October 2001, Sanz collaborated with Michael Jackson and various other artists on the Spanish version of the charity single "What More Can I Give", which benefited the victims of the September 11 attacks.^[17]^[20]

In 2002, Sanz recorded MTV Unplugged at the Gusman Center for the Performing Arts in Miami, Florida.^[4] He was the first Spanish artist to record and release an MTV Unplugged album.^[21] For Sanz, the recording of the album "changed the way I do my music. It was a rediscovery of how to perform, and also how to record, music with live musicians. That was the spirit of the music in its pure form, though [it is ironic] that the more people who are playing, the more simple it is."^[4] With the MTV Unplugged, he garnered three Latin Grammy Awards (Album of the Year, Recording of the Year and Song of the Year for "Y Sólo Se Me Ocurre Amarte").^[22]

[edit] 2003–07: No Es lo Mismo and El Tren de los Momentos

On September 2, 2003, Sanz released his sixth studio album, No Es lo Mismo. On this record, Sanz took a more political approach than he had on previous releases. The song "Sandy a Orilla do Mundo" discusses oil spills on the Spanish coast, while "Labana" tells the story of people fleeing from Cuba on makeshift rafts.^[23] The album won four awards at the 2004 Latin Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and Record of the Year.^[24] Sanz was unable to attend the event and his awards were accepted by presenters and colleagues.^[24] Also in 2004, he became the first Spanish musician to give a lecture at Harvard University, speaking about Hispanic culture at the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies.^[25]

Alejandro Sanz performing in Managua, Nicaragua on November 1, 2007.

In 2005, Sanz collaborated with Shakira on her song "La Tortura". Co-written by Sanz, the song became an international hit, breaking the record for the most weeks at the number one spot on the Hot Latin Songs chart.^[26] The song exposed Sanz to a more diverse audience, and helped build anticipation for his next release.^[1] The first single from the album El Tren de los Momentos, "A la Primera Persona", became his first song to enter the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 100 on the chart.^[1]^[27] The record was also noted for its guest appearances, which featured Shakira, Juanes, Alex González of Maná, and Residente of Calle 13.^[1]

In the spring of 2007, Sanz suffered a mental breakdown and took two months off in the middle of a world tour at the request of his doctor. The breakdown was caused by several events in his personal life, including the death of his father in 2005, his separation with Mexican model and actress Jaydy Mitchel, and his announcement that he had a three-year-old son outside of his marriage with Mitchel.^[28] He commented on the situation, saying "You have to put things in perspective. It was stress, something that had never affected me, but this time, yes, it did. So I had to pay. A doctor told me to stop for a couple of months to recuperate completely."^[28] Sanz spent time in therapy, a time which "helped [him] a lot" and gave him "more power" to perform.^[28]

In a press conference in late 2007, he criticized Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, calling him "undemocratic" in the wake of a petition made by Venezuelan citizens to prevent Chávez from running for re-election.^[5]^[29] Sanz further stated "If they gave me 3 million signatures to stop singing, I would stop singing immediately."^[29] Supporters of Chávez subsequently gathered 230,000 signatures in response to Sanz' comments.^[29]

[edit] 2008–present: Paraíso Express

Sanz performing on May 28, 2008.

To promote his new record, Paraíso Express, Sanz started a campaign in which fans could create a video about their definition of paradise and upload it to his YouTube channel.^[30] Artists such as Shakira, Laura Pausini and Paulina Rubio also participated.^[30] On November 10, 2009, Sanz released Paraíso Express. This record was described as a return to form for Sanz, focusing more on melody as opposed to the experimentation he pursued on his previous two albums.^[31] He commented that "On this album, I first composed the melody and then the lyrics. It is more of a rock album than my past releases, with more elegant and positive lyrics and a happier and more rhythmic spirit."^[32]

The bilingual single "Looking for Paradise" featuring Alicia Keys reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.^[33] At the 2010 Latin Grammy Awards, the album was nominated Album of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Album, while the single "Desde Cuándo" received both Record and Song of the Year nominations.^[34] On February 15, 2011, Sanz announced that he would be signing with Universal Music Group after twenty years with Warner.^[35]

Musical style [link]

Sanz is known for his distinctive raspy vocals, which he attributes to his flamenco roots, crediting singer Camarón de la Isla as a major influence.^[36]^[37] His song "Sí, He Cantado Mal" (Yes, I Have Sung Badly) from No Es lo Mismo references this, with Sanz saying "I'm laughing a little at myself so that I can laugh at other things. Sometimes, I'm harder on myself than any music critic can be. I'm laughing at that."^[36] Throughout his youth, Sanz was heavily influenced by English-language heavy metal groups such as Iron Maiden and Dio, referring to himself as a "heavy metal radical".^[36] He also feels that living in the city of Cadiz had a major impact on his musical style, where "Any 7-year-old kid you find knows how to play guitar, play the cajón, knows how to sing. When the family comes together we start to sing. In a way it's not just music, it's culture."^[37]

Early in his career, his music generally consisted of romantic ballads. However, in the late 1990s, his collaborations with other artists greatly expanded his musical style.^[1] On No Es lo Mismo, he experimented with rock, salsa, and hip hop.^[4] While recording the album, he noted that he often entered the studio with a rough idea for a song and the guest artists would "contaminate it with their rhythms...in a good way."^[23] El Tren de los Momentos continued this pattern of musical experimentation, featuring diverse genres such as funk, jazz, and country.^[38] Despite this, Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic described his musical evolution by saying "Even as Sanz broadened his style over the years, he never ventured far from his strength: romantic songs, generally ballads, tinged with flamenco and sung wholeheartedly with his distinct voice."^[1]

Personal life [link]

Sanz with Shakira and King Juan Carlos I of Spain.

Sanz married Mexican fashion model and actress Jaydy Michel in Bali on December 30, 1999, but this marriage was never legally recognized in either of their home countries. Sanz felt that having a legally recognized marriage was unnecessary: "My wife is my wife and I am her husband. For me, that has enough validity...I am married with the heart."^[39] The couple separated in 2005.^[28] Their daughter, Manuela Sánchez Michel, was born in 2001. Sanz later had a son named Alexander with Valeria Rivera, a Puerto Rican fashion designer.^[40]

Sanz welcomed his third child in New York, a boy named Dylan (b. July 2011), the first child from his relationship with girlfriend and former assistant, Raquel Perera.^[41] Sanz chose flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucía to be the godfather to his son. Sanz and Perera are godparents to David Bisbal's daughter, Ella.^[42] On May 23, 2012, Sanz married Raquel Perera in a private ceremony in Barcelona.^[43]

In addition to music, Sanz enjoys painting, which he often does while trying to create ideas for new songs.^[44] He explains that painting "teaches you that taking risks rarely leads to failure. In fact, from the moment you assume a risk, you have succeeded."^[3]

Discography [link]

Main article: Alejandro Sanz discography

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alejandro Sanz

Alejandro Sanz's Official Site (Spanish)
Alejandro Sanz's Official Red (Spanish)
Alejandro Sanz Biography (Spanish)

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Birchmeier, Jason. "Alejandro Sanz – Biography". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://allmusic.com/artist/alejandro-sanz-p29408/biography. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "The place where Sanz's songs are born". El Pais (Prisacom). October 29, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Gurza, Augustin (October 19, 2003). "Not content to be stuck in success". Los Angeles Times (Eddy Hartenstein). http://articles.latimes.com/2003/oct/19/entertainment/ca-gurza19. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Harrington, Richard (April 23, 2004). "Alejandro Sanz finds his voice". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cózares, David (April 18, 2004). "A Singer On A Soapbox". South Florida Sun-Sentinel (Tribune Company). http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2004-04-18/entertainment/0404141050_1_alejandro-sanz-latin-pop-warner-music. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
^ Brown Rodríguez, Alberto (April 30, 1998). "Alejandro Sanz exhibe Más calidad" (in Spanish). Mundo Hispanico.
^ Carrillo, Miguel (April 29, 2010). "Paquita la del Barrio, Alejandro Sanz to perform at San Manuel". El Chicano Weekly.
^ ^a ^b Rubio Rosell, Carlos (July 12, 1997). "Hay mas de Alejandro Sanz" (in Spanish). El Norte.
^ Holston, Mark (September 14, 1998). "Music". Hispanic Magazine.
^ ^a ^b Cobo, Leila (February 17, 2001). "Spaniard Sanz a Unique Grammy Pick". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://books.google.com/books?id=KBQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
^ Lannert, John (January 31, 1998). "Latin Notas". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://books.google.com/books?id=iQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=alejandro+sanz+corazon+partio+ballad&source=bl&ots=jt-BIC1bWa&sig=NX4cRsLH-vWmjUi24zXwo3TSgqM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TSV6T9OTBI_QiAK_vMV1&ved=0CB4Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=alejandro%20sanz%20corazon%20partio%20ballad&f=false. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
^ "Top 100 Albumes" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. http://promusicae.es/files/listassemanales/albumes/historial/TOP%20100%20ALBUMES%2006_46.pdf. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
^ "International – Sanz Of Time". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 110 (25): 64. June 20, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=-w0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=intitle:billboard+%22mas%22+%22alejandro+sanz%22+%22best+selling%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JVdMT7TtOamlsALf7LAB&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
^ "Alejandro Sanz – Más – Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/album/alejandro-sanz/mas/261082#/album/alejandro-sanz/mas/261082. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
^ "Spain Set for Two Music Award Shows". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. November 14, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=HwoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=alejandro+sanz+ondas+award+best+songs&source=bl&ots=sQJizTWpc3&sig=caRogS-tDfg7TjE_PYW38Lk4YJM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=slwgT9fWNuSciQKVzZ3HCw&sqi=2&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=alejandro%20sanz%20ondas%20award%20best%20songs&f=false. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
^ Burr, Ramiro (February 11, 2001). "Top European crooners aim for North America". San Antonio Express News (Hearst Corporation).
^ ^a ^b Moss, Corey (October 30, 2001). "Latin Grammys Honor Christina's Spanish, Ricky's Moves". MTV News. Viacom. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1450434/aguilera-wins-at-latin-grammys.jhtml. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ Llewellyn, Howell (November 25, 2000). "Sanz Sweeps Awards". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://books.google.com/books?id=jBEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=alejandro+Sanz+amigo+award&source=bl&ots=6ffZ1R0wHA&sig=xIBX0cbr6zxmXgaP0Kk8CQLtq8s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AVAgT9vFLqOgiQLE3d33Cw&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=alejandro%20Sanz%20amigo%20award&f=false. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Saraceno, Christina (October 30, 2001). "Christina Wins Latin Grammy". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/christina-wins-latin-grammy-20011030. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
^ vanHorn, Teri (October 22, 2001). "'NSYNC Join Jackson's Charity Single; Mariah, Celine Sing In Spanish". MTV News. Viacom. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1450268/nsync-join-jacksons-charity-single.jhtml. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "Spanish star: Alejandro Sanz performs in Miami on Saturday". South Florida Sun-Sentinel (Tribune Company). July 30, 2010. http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-07-30/entertainment/sfl-ent-to-do-alejandro-sanz-073010_1_el-alma-al-aire-spanish-star-alejandro-sanz. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
^ Klein, James (June 20, 2008). "The New CD and DVD of Julieta Venegas: "MTV Unplugged"". La Prensa San Diego.
^ ^a ^b Clark, Michael D. (May 6, 2004). "Alejandro Sanz sings a political tune on new album". Houston Chronicle (Hearst Corporation). http://www.chron.com/entertainment/music/article/Alejandro-Sanz-sings-a-political-tune-on-new-album-1976360.php. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Piccoli, Sean (September 2, 2004). "No-show Takes The Award Show". South Florida Sun-Sentinel (Tribune Company). http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2004-09-02/news/0409020001_1_latin-grammys-pop-vocal-album-alejandro-sanz. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
^ Deitz, Roger (September 20, 2004). "Róndine Alcalá Publicist". The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education (Paramus).
^ Aguila, Justino (September 27, 2011). "Shakira Is Latin Grammy Person of the Year". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/shakira-is-latin-grammy-person-of-the-year-1005371382.story#/news/shakira-is-latin-grammy-person-of-the-year-1005371382.story. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
^ "Alejandro Sanz – La Primera Persona Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/song/alejandro-sanz/la-primera-persona/8408994. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Levin, Jordan (December 24, 2007). "Recovered from breakdown, Alejandro Sanz finds power". Chicago Tribune (Tribune Company). http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-12-24/features/0712210587_1_alejandro-sanz-latin-grammy-world-tour. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Llewellyn, Howell (September 10, 2010). "Alejandro Sanz Appeals to Hugo Chavez". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/alejandro-sanz-appeals-to-hugo-chavez-1004113883.story#/news/alejandro-sanz-appeals-to-hugo-chavez-1004113883.story. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Cobo, Leila (September 13, 2009). "Welcome to Paradise". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://books.google.com/books?id=qv0RTzpwJFQC&pg=PT27&lpg=PT27&dq=alejandro+sanz+raspy&source=bl&ots=LML1RYx50V&sig=cl_5NkXHgk1WZsV2Q4oq7tkegIo&hl=en&ei=kP-3TtHvEcbniALWr_xu&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=alejandro%20sanz%20raspy%20range&f=false. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
^ Cobo, Leila (December 1, 2009). "Alejandro Sanz, "Paraiso Express"". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/new-releases/alejandro-sanz-paraiso-express-1004049914.story#/new-releases/alejandro-sanz-paraiso-express-1004049914.story. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
^ Herrera, Monica (September 22, 2009). "Alejandro Sanz Recruits Alicia Keys, Sets Date For 'Paradise'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/alejandro-sanz-recruits-alicia-keys-sets-1004014876.story#/news/alejandro-sanz-recruits-alicia-keys-sets-1004014876.story. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Lynch, Emma (January 6, 2010). "Alejandro Sanz still has it after 20 years". La Voz Bilingüe.
^ Junco, Maite (September, 9 2010). "Alejandro Sanz and Juan Luis Guerra tops in Latin Grammy nods". NY Daily News (Mortimer Zuckerman). http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-09-09/entertainment/27074942_1_latin-grammys-juan-luis-guerra-jorge-drexler. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
^ Cobo, Leila (February 15, 2011). "Alejandro Sanz Signs With Universal". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/genre/latin/alejandro-sanz-signs-with-universal-1005036172.story. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Associated Press (July 25, 2004). "Alejandro Sanz shows attitude; Singer introduces flamenco-inspired pop sound to U.S.". Telegraph Herald (Woodward Communications, Inc.).
^ ^a ^b Morales, Ed (January 19, 2008). "SONIDOS LATINOS: Sanz still looking to expand his horizons". Newsday (Cablevision). http://www.newsday.com/columnists/other-columnists/sonidos-latinos-sanz-still-looking-to-expand-his-horizons-1.574305. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
^ Birchmeier, Jason. "El Tren de los Momentos – Review". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://allmusic.com/album/el-tren-de-los-momentos-r930771/review. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
^ Garay, Adriana (March 23, 1999). "Se une con el corazón" (in Spanish). El Norte.
^ Castillo, Amaris (July 13, 2011). "Alejandro Sanz Welcomes New Son!". Latina. Latina Media Ventures, LLC. http://www.latina.com/entertainment/buzz/alejandro-sanz-welcomes-new-son. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ "Spanish pop star announces birth of third child". inewsone. July 14, 2011. http://www.inewsone.com/2011/07/14/spanish-pop-star-announces-birth-of-third-child/62932. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
^ "Alejandro Sanz: 'Aunque haya nacido en Nueva York y se llame Dylan, mi hijo tendrá un padrino muy flamenco, Paco de Lucía'". Hola!. August 7, 2011. http://www.hola.com/musica/2011080753971/alejandro-sanz-dylan/. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
^ "Comunicado Oficial: La foto oficial de la boda de Alejandro Sanz y Raquel Perera". May 29, 2012. http://www.bekia.es/celebrities/noticias/foto-oficial-boda-alejandro-sanz-raquel-perera/. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
^ Elfman, Doug (May 14, 2004). "The Sounds of Sanz". Las Vegas Review-Journal (Stephens Media). http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2004/May-14-Fri-2004/weekly/23702757.html. Retrieved February 17, 2012.

v t e Alejandro Sanz

Studio albums	Los Chulos Son Pa' Cuidarlos Viviendo Deprisa Si Tú Me Miras 3 Más El Alma al Aire No Es lo Mismo El Tren de los Momentos Paraíso Express

Live albums	Básico MTV Unplugged El Tren de los Momentos: En Vivo Desde Buenos Aires

Compilations	Discografía Completa: Edición Especial Gira 98 Lo Esencial de... Alejandro Sanz Grandes Éxitos 1991–2004

Related articles	Discography Albums

Persondata
Name	Sanz, Alejandro
Alternative names
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Date of birth	December 18, 1968
Place of birth
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[edit] 1997–2002: Más, El Alma al Aire, and MTV Unplugged

[edit] 2003–07: No Es lo Mismo and El Tren de los Momentos

[edit] 2008–present: Paraíso Express

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