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• 
  Opera
  Opera (English plural: operas; Italian plural: opere) is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.
  Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. It started in Italy at the end of the 16th century (with Jacopo Peri's lost Dafne, produced in Florence around 1597) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Schütz in Germany, Lully in France, and Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. In the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, except France, attracting foreign composers such as Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s. Today the most renowned figure of late 18th century opera is Mozart, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas, especially The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte, as well as The Magic Flute, a landmark in the German tradition.
  
  wn.com/Opera
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  Wrocław
  Wrocław ( /ˈvrɒtswəf/; Polish pronunciation: [ˈvrɔt​͡swaf] ( listen); German: Breslau [ˈbʁɛslaʊ̯] ( listen); Czech: Vratislav), situated on the River Oder (Polish: Odra), in Lower Silesia. It is the largest city in western Poland.
  Wrocław was the historical capital of Silesia, and today is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Over the centuries, the city has been part of either Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia, or Germany, and has been part of Poland since 1945 as a result of border changes after World War II. According to official figures for 2010, its population is 632,996, making it the fourth largest city in Poland.
  Wrocław is one of the hosts of UEFA Euro 2012, and has been selected as a European Capital of Culture for 2016. In 2017, Wrocław will host the World Games, a competition in 37 non-olympic sport disciplines.
  The city's name was first recorded, in Latin, in the form "Wrotizlava", in the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg, which mentions it as a seat of a newly installed bishopric in the context of the Congress of Gniezno. The first municipal seal stated Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie. A simplified name is given, in 1175, as Wrezlaw, Prezla or Breslaw. The Czech spelling was used in Latin documents as Wratislavia or Vratislavia. At that time, Prezla was used in Middle High German, which became Preßlau. In the middle of the 14th century the Early New High German (and later New High German) form of the name Breslau began to replace its earlier versions.
  
  wn.com/Wrocław
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  Württemberg
  The Kingdom of Württemberg (German: Königreich Württemberg) was a state that existed from 1806 to 1918, located in the area that is now Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The kingdom was a continuation of the Duchy of Württemberg, which came into existence in 1495. Prior to 1495, the ruling house of Württemberg had consisted of counts ruling only a fragment of the Duchy of Swabia, which had dissolved after the death of Conrad I in 1268.
  The border of the Kingdom of Württemberg, as defined in 1813, was situated between 47°34' and 49°35' North and 8°15' and 10°30' East. The greatest distance north-south was 225 km and the greatest east-west was 160 km. The border had a total length of 1800 km. The total area of the state was 19,508 km².
  It shared a boundary on the East with Bavaria, and on the other three sides with Baden, with the exception of a short distance on the south, where it bordered Hohenzollern and Lake Constance.
  Württemberg, once a Duchy within the Holy Roman Empire, on 1 January 1806 Duke Frederick II assumed the title of king as King Frederick I, abrogated the constitution and united old and new Württemberg. Subsequently he placed the property of the church under the control of the kingdom, whose boundaries were also greatly extended by the process "mediatisation".
  
  wn.com/Württemberg

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  Adam Müller
  Adam Heinrich Müller (30 June 1779 – 17 January 1829) was a German publicist, literary critic, political economist, theorist of the state and forerunner of economic romanticism.
  Müller was born in Berlin. It was intended that he should study Protestant theology, but from 1798 he devoted himself in Göttingen to the study of law, philosophy, and natural science. He was a student of Gustav Hugo. Returning to Berlin, he was persuaded by his friend Friedrich Gentz to take up political science. He had early formed a close intimacy with Gentz, his elder by 15 years; and this connection exercised an important influence both on his material circumstances and his mental development in after life. The two men differed widely in character and in their fundamental principles, but agreed, at least in their later period, in their practical political aims, and the friendship was only terminated by death.
  Müller worked for some time as referendary in the Kurmärkische Kammer in Berlin. Müller's relations with the Junker party and his co-operation with them in their opposition to Hardenberg's reforms made any public employment in Prussia impossible for him. He travelled in Sweden and Denmark, spent about two years in Poland, and then went to Vienna, where he was converted to the Catholic faith on 30 April 1805. Through Gentz he became acquainted with Metternich, to whom he was useful in the preparation of state papers.
  
  wn.com/Adam_Müller
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  Adam Oehlenschläger
  Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger (14 November 1779 – 20 January 1850) was a Danish poet and playwright. He introduced romanticism into Danish literature.
  He was born in Vesterbro, then a suburb of Copenhagen, on November 14,1779. His father, a Schleswiger by birth, was at that time organist, and later became keeper, of the royal palace of Frederiksberg; he was a very brisk and cheerful man. The poet's mother, on the other hand, who was partly German by extraction, suffered from depression, which afterwards deepened into melancholy madness.
  Oehlenschläger and his sister Sofia were allowed their own way throughout their childhood, and were taught nothing, except to read and write, until their twelfth year. At the age of nine, Oehlenschläger began to make fluent verses. Three years later, while walking in Frederiksberg Gardens, he attracted the notice of the poet Edvard Storm, and the result of the conversation was that he received a nomination to the college called Posterity's High School, an important institution of which Storm was the principal. Storm himself taught the class of Scandinavian mythology, and thus Oehlenschläger received his earliest bias towards the poetical religion of his ancestors.
  
  wn.com/Adam_Oehlenschläger
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  Adolphe Adam
  Adolphe Charles Adam (24 July 1803 – 3 May 1856) was a French composer and music critic. A prolific composer of operas and ballets, he is best known today for his ballets Giselle (1844) and Le corsaire (1856, his last work), his operas Le postillon de Lonjumeau (1836), Le toréador (1849) and Si j'étais roi (1852, often regarded as his finest work), and his Christmas carol "Minuit, chrétiens!" ("O Holy Night") (1847). Adam was also a noted teacher. Léo Delibes was among his pupils.
  Adolphe Adam was born in Paris to Louis Adam (1758–1848), who was also a composer, as well a professor at the Paris Conservatoire. His mother was the daughter of a physician. As a child, Adolphe Adam preferred to improvise music on his own rather than study music seriously. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1821, where he studied organ and harmonium under the celebrated opera composer François-Adrien Boieldieu. Adam also played the triangle in the orchestra of the Conservatoire; however, he did not win the Prix de Rome and his father did not encourage him to pursue a music career.
  
  wn.com/Adolphe_Adam
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  Alessandro Manzoni
  Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Manzoni (7 March 1785 – 22 May 1873) was an Italian poet and novelist. He is famous for the novel The Betrothed (orig. Italian: I Promessi Sposi) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. The novel is also a symbol of the Italian Risorgimento, both for its patriotic message and because it was a fundamental milestone in the development of the modern, unified Italian language.
  Manzoni was born in Milan, Italy, on 7 March 1785. Pietro, his father, aged about fifty, belonged to an old family of Lecco, originally feudal lords of Barzio, in the Valsassina. The poet's maternal grandfather, Cesare Beccaria, was a well-known author, and his mother Giulia had literary talent as well. The young Alessandro spent his first two years of life in cascina Costa in Galbiate and he was wet-nursed by Caterina Panzeri, as attested by a memorial plate affixed in the place. In 1792 his parents broke their marriage and his mother began a relationship with the highbrow Carlo Imbonati, moving to England and later to Paris. For this reason, their son was brought up in several religious institutes. Alessandro Manzoni was a slow developer, and at the various colleges he attended he was considered a dunce. At fifteen, however, he developed a passion for poetry, and wrote two sonnets of considerable merit. Upon the death of his father in 1805, he joined the freethinking household of his mother at Auteuil, and spent two years mixing with the literary set of the so-called "ideologues", philosophers of the 18th-century school, among whom he made many friends, notably Claude Charles Fauriel. There too he imbibed the anti-Catholic creed of Voltairianism.
  
  wn.com/Alessandro_Manzoni
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  Alexander Pushkin
  Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин, tr. Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin; IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr sʲɪˈrɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn] ( listen); 6 June [O.S. 26 May] 1799 – 10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1837) was a Russian author of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature.
  Born into the Russian nobility in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen, and was widely recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo.
  While under the strict surveillance of the Tsar's political police and unable to publish, Pushkin wrote his most famous play, the drama Boris Godunov. His novel in verse, Eugene Onegin, was serialized between 1825 and 1832.
  Notoriously touchy about his honour, Pushkin fought a total of twenty-nine duels, and was fatally wounded in such an encounter with Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès. D'Anthès, a French officer serving with the Chevalier Guard Regiment, had been attempting to seduce the poet's wife, Natalya Pushkina. Pushkin's early death at the age of 37 is still regarded as a catastrophe for Russian literature.
  
  wn.com/Alexander_Pushkin
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  Alexandre Herculano
  Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo (born March 28, 1810 in Lisbon – died September 13, 1877 in Santarém), was a Portuguese novelist and historian.
  Herculano's family had humble origins. One of his grandfathers was a foreman stonemason in the royal employ. Herculano received his early education, comprising Latin, logic and rhetoric, at the Necessidades Monastery, and spent a year at the Royal Marine Academy studying mathematics with the intention of entering on a commercial career. In 1828 Portugal fell under the absolute rule of D. Miguel, and Herculano, becoming involved in the unsuccessful military pronunciamento of August 1831, had to leave Portugal clandestinely and take refuge in England and France. In 1832 he accompanied the Liberal expedition to Terceira Island as a volunteer, and was one of D. Pedro's famous army of 7500 men who landed at the Mindelo and occupied Oporto. He took part in all the actions of the great siege, and at the same time served as a librarian in the city archives. He published his first volume of verses, A Voz de Propheta, in 1832, and two years later another entitled A Harpa do Crente.
  
  wn.com/Alexandre_Herculano
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  Alfred Brendel
  Alfred Brendel KBE (born 5 January 1931) is an Austrian pianist, born in Czechoslovakia and a resident of the United Kingdom. He is also a poet and author.
  Brendel was born in Wiesenberg, Czechoslovakia, now Loučná nad Desnou, Czech Republic, to a non-musical family. They moved to Zagreb when Brendel was six, and later to Graz, where they lived during World War II, towards the end of which the 14-year old Brendel was sent to Yugoslavia to dig trenches. However, he developed frostbite and was taken to hospital. Brendel began piano lessons when he was six with Sofija Deželić, and at 14 he studied piano with Ludovica von Kaan and composition in the Graz Conservatory for the next two years, but otherwise had little formal music education.
  After the war, Brendel composed music, as well as continuing to play the piano and to paint. However, he never had more formal piano lessons and although he attended masterclasses with Edwin Fischer and Eduard Steuermann, he was largely self-taught.
  
  wn.com/Alfred_Brendel
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  Almeida Garrett
  João Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida Garrett, Viscount of Almeida Garrett (February 4, 1799 – December 9, 1854) was a Portuguese poet, playwright, novelist and politician. He is considered to be the introducer of the Romanticism in Portugal. He is regarded as one of history's greatest romantics and a true revolutionary and humanist.
  Garrett was born João Leitão da Silva in Porto, the son of António Bernardo da Silva Garrett (1740–1834), a Fidalgo of the Royal Household and Knight of the Order of Christ whose mother was the daughter of an Irish father born in exile in France and an Italian mother born in Spain, and his wife (m. 1796) Ana Augusta de Almeida Leitão (b. Porto, c. 1770). At an early age, around 4 or 5 years old, Garrett changed his name to João Baptista da Silva Leitão, adding a name from his godfather and altering the order of his surnames.
  In 1809, his family fled the second French invasion carried out by Soult's troops, seeking refuge in Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira Island, Azores. While in the Azores, he was taught by his uncle, Dom Frei Alexandre da Sagrada Família (Faial, Horta, May 22, 1737 – Terceira, Angra do Heroísmo, April 22, 1818), also a freemason, then the 25th Bishop of Angra (1816–1818) and former Bishop of Malaca and Timor; his two other uncles were Manuel Inácio da Silva Garrett, Archdeacon of Angra, and Inácio da Silva Garrett, also a clergyman of Angra. In childhood, his mulatto Brazilian nanny Rosa de Lima taught him some traditional stories that later influenced his work.
  
  wn.com/Almeida_Garrett
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  Alois Senefelder
  Johann Alois Senefelder (6 November 1771 – 26 February 1834) was a German actor and playwright who invented the printing technique of lithography in 1796.
  Born Aloys Johann Nepomuk Franz Senefelder in Prague where his actor father was appearing on stage. He was educated in Munich and won a scholarship to study law at Ingolstadt. The death of his father in 1791 forced him to leave his studies to support his mother and eight siblings, and he became an actor and wrote a successful play Connoisseur of Girls.
  Problems with the printing of his play Mathilde von Altenstein caused him to fall into debt, and unable to afford to publish a new play he had written, Senefelder experimented with a novel etching technique using a greasy, acid resistant ink as a resist on a smooth fine-grained stone of Solnhofen limestone. He then discovered that this could be extended to allow printing from the flat surface of the stone alone, the first planographic process in printing.
  He joined with the André family of music publishers and gradually brought his technique into a workable form, perfecting both the chemical processes and the special form of printing press required for using the stones. He called it "stone printing" or "chemical printing", but the French name "lithography" became more widely adopted. And with the composer Franz Gleißner he started a publishing firm in 1796 using lithography.
  
  wn.com/Alois_Senefelder
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  Aloysia Weber
  Maria Aloysia Louise Antonia Weber (c. 1760 – 8 June 1839) was a German soprano, remembered primarily for her association with the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
  Born in either Zell im Wiesental or Mannheim, Aloysia Weber was one of the four daughters of the musical Weber family. Her three sisters were soprano Josepha Weber (1758–1819), who premiered the role of the Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute; Constanze Weber the wife of Mozart; and Sophie Weber. Her first cousin was the composer Carl Maria von Weber.
  Aloysia grew up in Mannheim and later moved to Munich in 1778, where she made her operatic debut. Her salary at the Court Theater was 1000 florins per year; her father made 600. The following year she was engaged to sing in the National Singspiel in Vienna, a project of the Emperor Joseph II; the family moved together to Vienna in September, where the father worked briefly as a ticket-taker, but he died suddenly only a month after their arrival.
  Aloysia continued in a fairly successful singing career in Vienna over the next two decades.
  
  wn.com/Aloysia_Weber
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  Aloysius Bertrand
  Louis-Jacques-Napoléon “Aloysius” Bertrand (20 April 1807 – 29 April 1841) was a French poet instrumental in the introduction of the prose poem into French literature and is credited with inspiring later Symbolist poets . He wrote a collection of poems entitled Gaspard de la nuit, after which composer Maurice Ravel wrote a suite of the same name, based on the poems "Scarbo", "Ondine", and "Le Gibet".
  Bertrand was born in Ceva, Piedmont, Italy (then a part of Napoleonic France) and his family settled in Dijon in 1814. There he developed an interest in the Burgundian capital. His contributions to a local paper lead to recognition by Victor Hugo and Sainte-Beuve. He lived in Paris shortly with little success. He returned to Dijon and continued writing for local newspapers. Gaspard was sold in 1836 but it wasn't published until 1842 after his death of tuberculosis. The book was rediscovered by Charles Baudelaire and Stéphane Mallarmé. It is now considered a classic of poetic and fantastic literature. He died in Paris.
  
  wn.com/Aloysius_Bertrand
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  Antoine Wiertz
  Antoine Joseph Wiertz (22 February 1806 – 18 June 1865) was a Belgian romantic painter and sculptor.
  Born in Dinant from a relatively poor family, he entered the Antwerp art academy in 1820. Thanks to his protector Pierre-Joseph de Paul de Maibe, a member of the Second Chamber of the States-General, king William I of the Netherlands awarded an annual stipend to Wiertz from 1821 onwards. Between November 1829 and May 1832, he stayed in Paris, where he studied the old masters at the Louvre.
  In 1828, Wiertz took part in the Grand Concours, also known as Concours de Rome, but came out only second. He landed the prestigious Prix de Rome only at his second attempt in 1832, which enabled him to go to Rome, where he resided from May 1834 until February 1837. Upon his return, he established himself in Liège with his mother.
  During his stay in Rome, Wiertz worked on his first great work, Les Grecs et les Troyens se disputant le corps de Patrocle ("Greeks and Trojans fighting for the body of Patrocles", finished in 1836), on a subject borrowed from canto XVII of Homer's Iliad. It was exhibited in Antwerp in 1837, where it met with some success. Wiertz submitted the work for the Paris Salon of 1838, but it arrived too late and was refused.
  
  wn.com/Antoine_Wiertz
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  Anton Reicha
  Anton (Antonín, Antoine) Reicha (Rejcha) (26 February 1770 – 28 May 1836) was a Bohemia-born, later naturalized French composer. A contemporary and lifelong friend of Beethoven, Reicha is now best remembered for his substantial early contribution to the wind quintet literature and his role as a teacher – his pupils included Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz. Reicha was also an accomplished theorist and wrote several treatises on various aspects of composition. Some of his theoretical work dealt with experimental methods of composition, which he applied in a variety of works such as fugues and études for piano and string quartets.
  Reicha was born in Prague into a family of a town piper. His father died when Reicha was just 10 months old, and his mother was uninterested in the boy's education. At the age of 10 the young composer ran away from home, and was subsequently raised and educated in music by his uncle Josef Reicha. When the family moved to Bonn, Josef secured for his nephew a place at the Hofkapelle, but for Reicha this was not enough. He studied composition secretly, against his uncle's wishes, and entered the University of Bonn in 1789. When Bonn was captured by the French in 1794, Reicha had to flee to Hamburg, where he made his living by teaching harmony and composition, and studied mathematics and philosophy. Between 1799 and 1801 he lived in Paris, trying to achieve recognition as an opera composer, without success. In 1801 he moved to Vienna, where he studied with Salieri and Albrechtsberger and produced his first important works. His life was once again affected by war in 1808, when he had to leave Vienna. Reicha settled in Paris, where he spent the rest of his life teaching composition; in 1818 he was appointed professor at the Conservatoire.
  
  wn.com/Anton_Reicha
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  Antoni Malczewski
  Antoni Malczewski (3 June 1793 – 2 May 1826) was an influential Polish romantic poet, known for his only work, "a narrative poem of dire pessimism", Maria (1825).
  At the times, prominent and scandalizing was his autodestructive romance with married woman, Zofia Rucińska, who suffered from mental illness.
  Malczewski was born to a wealthy family in either Volhynia or Warsaw, and attended school in Krzemieniec (modern-day Kremenets, Ukraine), but did not graduate. He joined the army of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw during the Napoleonic Wars in 1811, and remained in the army of Congress Poland under Emperor Alexander from 1815. He was wounded in the foot in a duel in 1816 and so had to leave the army.
  After leaving the army, he spent several years traveling through western Europe, staying some time in Paris, climbing Mont Blanc in 1818, and spending a good portion of his inherited fortune. He returned to his estate in Volhynia in 1821, where he began an ill-fated affair with a married woman and began writing. He moved to Warsaw in 1824, where he published the poetic novel Maria at his own expense in 1825, and died in poverty the next year in unclear circumstances.
  
  wn.com/Antoni_Malczewski
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  Bedřich Smetana
  Bedřich Smetana (Czech pronunciation: [ˈbɛdr̝ɪx ˈsmɛtana] ( listen); 2 March 1824 – 12 May 1884) was a Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style which became closely identified with his country's aspirations to independent statehood. He is thus widely regarded in his homeland as the father of Czech music. Internationally he is best known for his opera The Bartered Bride, for the symphonic cycle Má vlast ("My Fatherland") which portrays the history, legends and landscape of the composer's native land, and for his First String Quartet From My Life.
  Smetana was naturally gifted as a pianist, and gave his first public performance at the age of six. After his conventional schooling, he studied music under Josef Proksch in Prague. His first nationalistic music was written during the 1848 Prague uprising, in which he briefly participated. After failing to establish his career in Prague, he left for Sweden, where he set up as a teacher and choirmaster in Gothenburg, and began to write large-scale orchestral works. During this period of his life Smetana was twice married; of six daughters, three died in infancy.
  
  wn.com/Bedřich_Smetana
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  Benno Moiseiwitsch
  Benno Moiseiwitsch CBE (22 February 1890 – 9 April 1963) was a Ukrainian-born British pianist.
  Born in Odessa, Ukraine, Moiseiwitsch began his studies at age seven at the Odessa Music Academy. He won the Anton Rubinstein Prize when he was just nine years old. He later took lessons from Theodor Leschetizky in Vienna. He first appeared in London in 1909 and made his American debut in 1919. He settled in England and took British citizenship in 1937.
  Moiseiwitsch was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1946, for his consistent contributions during the Second World War, performing hundreds of recitals to servicemen and charities.
  He married Daisy Kennedy, an Australian concert violinist, and had two daughters, Sandra and the set designer, Tanya Moiseiwitsch.
  He was a friend of Nikolai Medtner and commissioned the Piano Concerto No. 3 "Ballade" (1940-43).
  Moiseiwitsch was particularly known for his interpretations of the late Romantic repertoire, especially the works of Sergei Rachmaninoff (who was an admirer of his playing and referred to Moiseiwitsch as his "spiritual heir"). At the piano, Moiseiwitsch was noted for his elegance, poetry, lyrical phrasing, brilliance, rhythmic freedom, and relaxed virtuosity.
  
  wn.com/Benno_Moiseiwitsch
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  Benny Goodman
  Benjamin David “Benny” Goodman (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader; widely known as the "King of Swing".
  In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman led one of the most popular musical groups in America. His January 16, 1938 concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City is described by critic Bruce Eder as "the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history: jazz's 'coming out' party to the world of 'respectable' music."
  Goodman's bands launched the careers of many major names in jazz, and during an era of segregation, he also led one of the first well-known racially-integrated jazz groups. Goodman continued to perform to nearly the end of his life, including exploring his interest in classical music.
  Goodman was born in Chicago, the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire, who lived in the Maxwell Street neighborhood. His father was David Goodman, a tailor from Warsaw; his mother was Dora Grisinsky (from Kaunas, Lithuania). His parents met in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to Chicago before Benny was born.
  
  wn.com/Benny_Goodman
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  Bettina von Arnim
  Bettina von Arnim (the Countess of Arnim) (4 April 1785, Frankfurt am Main – 20 January 1859, Berlin), born Elisabeth Catharina Ludovica Magdalena Brentano, was a German writer and novelist.
  Bettina (as well: Bettine) Brentano was a writer, publisher, composer, singer, visual artist, an illustrator, patron of young talent, and a social activist. She was the archetype of the Romantic era’s zeitgeist and the crux of many creative relationships of canonical artistic figures. Best known for the company she kept, she numbered among her closest friends Goethe, Beethoven, and Pückler and tried to foster artistic agreement among them. Many leading composers of the time, including Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Johanna Kinkel, and Johannes Brahms, admired her spirit and talents. As a composer, von Arnim's style was unconventional, molding and melding favorite folk melodies and historical themes with innovative harmonies, phrase lengths, and improvisations that became synonymous with the music of the era.
  
  wn.com/Bettina_von_Arnim
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  Brothers Grimm
  The Brothers Grimm (German: Brüder Grimm or Die Gebrüder Grimm), Jakob Grimm (January 4, 1785 – September 20, 1863) and Wilhelm Grimm (February 24, 1786 – December 16, 1859), were German academics, linguists, cultural researchers, and authors who together collected folklore. They are among the most well-known storytellers of European folk tales, and their work popularized such stories as "Cinderella", "The Frog Prince" (Der Froschkönig), "Hansel and Gretel" (Hänsel und Gretel), "Rapunzel", "Rumpelstiltskin" (Rumpelstilzchen), and "Snow White" (Schneewittchen). Their first collection of folk tales, Children's and Household Tales (Kinder- und Hausmärchen), was published in 1812.
  The brothers spent their formative years first in the German town of Hanau and then in Steinau. Their father's death in 1796, about a decade into their lives, caused great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years. They attended the University of Marburg where historian and jurist Friedrich von Savigny spurred their interest in philology and Germanic studies—a field in which they are now considered pioneers—and at the same time developed a curiosity for folklore, which grew into a life-long dedication to collecting German folk tales.
  
  wn.com/Brothers_Grimm
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  Carl Maria von Weber
  Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber (18 or 19 November 1786 – 4–5 June 1826) was a German composer, conductor, pianist, guitarist and critic, one of the first significant composers of the Romantic school.
  Weber's operas Der Freischütz, Euryanthe and Oberon greatly influenced the development of the Romantic opera in Germany. Der Freischütz came to be regarded as the first German "nationalist" opera, Euryanthe developed the Leitmotiv technique to a hitherto-unprecedented degree, while Oberon anticipated Mendelssohn's music for A Midsummer Night's Dream and, at the same time, revealed Weber's lifelong interest in the music of non-Western cultures. This interest was first manifested in Weber's incidental music for Schiller's translation of Gozzi's Turandot, for which he used a Chinese melody, making him the first Western composer to use an Asian tune that was not of the pseudo-Turkish kind popularized by Mozart and others.
  A brilliant pianist himself, Weber composed four sonatas, two concertos and the Konzertstück (Concert Piece) in F minor, which influenced composers such as Chopin, Liszt and Mendelssohn. The Konzertstück provided a new model for the one-movement concerto in several contrasting sections (such as Liszt's, who often played the work), and was acknowledged by Stravinsky as the model for his Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra. Weber's shorter piano pieces, such as the Invitation to the Dance, was later orchestrated by Berlioz, while his Polacca Brillante was later orchestrated by Liszt.
  
  wn.com/Carl_Maria_von_Weber
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  Carlo Gozzi
  Carlo, Count Gozzi (13 December 1720, Venice – 4 April 1806, Venice) was an Italian playwright.
  Born in Venice, he came from an old Venetian family from the Republic of Ragusa. His father's debts forced him to look for a means of supporting himself, and at the age of sixteen, he joined the army in Dalmatia; three years later he returned to Venice, where he soon made a reputation for himself as the wittiest member of the Granelleschi society, to which the publication of several satirical pieces had gained him admission. This society, nominally devoted to conviviality and wit, had serious literary aims, and was especially zealous to preserve Tuscan literature from foreign influence.
  The displacement of the old Italian comedy by the dramas of Pietro Chiari and Carlo Goldoni's works, modelled on French examples, threatened to defeat the society's efforts; in 1757 Gozzi came to the rescue by publishing a satirical poem, La tartana degli influssi per l'anno 1756, and in 1761 by his comedy, The Love for Three Oranges or Analisi riflessiva della fiaba L'amore delle tre melarance, a parody of the manner of the other two poets, founded on a fairy tale. To perform it, he obtained the services of the Sacchi company of players, who, thanks to the popularity of the comedies of Chiari and Goldoni—which offered no scope for the display of their peculiar talents—had been left without employment. Their satirical powers thus sharpened by personal enmity, the play was an extraordinary success.
  
  wn.com/Carlo_Gozzi
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  Chandler Beach
  Chandler Belden Beach (1839 – 1928) was an American entrepreneur and encyclopedist. He founded the publishing company C. B. Beach & Company, later renamed F. E. Compton & Co. after his associate Frank Compton took it over,
  Beach also served as a captain in the American Civil War. As a sales agent in Chicago for the Encyclopædia Britannica, he soon realized there was a market demand for a more light-weight encyclopedia.
  Beach's first name was chosen in honour of Australian comedian Karl Chandler. Beach's parents met at a comedy club where Chandler was performing in 1836.
  Beach was the editor and publisher of Youth's Cyclopedia (2 volumes, 1892) and the Student's Cyclopaedia (2 volumes, 1893), which turned into The Student's Reference Work (1901).
  The New Student's Reference Work was published by C. B. Beach & Company (1909,1911,1912), then by F. E. Compton & Co. from 1912.
  Frank Compton was his associate since 1894, and became the general manager of C. B. Beach & Company in 1905. Compton took over the publishing firm when Beach retired in 1907, and the name of the company later changed to F. E. Compton & Co..
  
  wn.com/Chandler_Beach
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  Clara Schumann
  Clara Schumann (née Clara Josephine Wieck; 13 September 1819 – 20 May 1896) was a German musician and composer, considered one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era. She exerted her influence over a 61-year concert career, changing the format and repertoire of the piano recital and the tastes of the listening public. Her husband was the composer Robert Schumann. She and her husband encouraged Johannes Brahms, and she was the first pianist to give public performances of some of Brahms' works, notably the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel.
  Clara Josephine Wieck was born in Leipzig on 13 September 1819 to Friedrich and Marianne Wieck (née Tromlitz). Her parents divorced when she was four years old; Clara was raised by her father. One of her father's students would scare Clara and dress up as ghosts but when she was older, she married him. In March 1828, at the age of eight, the young Clara Wieck performed at the Leipzig home of Dr. Ernst Carus, director of a mental hospital at Colditz Castle, and met another gifted young pianist invited to the musical evening named Robert Schumann, nine years older than her. Schumann admired Clara's playing so much that he asked permission from his mother to discontinue his studies of the law, which had never interested him much, and take music lessons with Clara's father, Friedrich Wieck. While taking lessons, he took rooms in the Wieck household, staying about a year.
  
  wn.com/Clara_Schumann
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  Claude Debussy
  Claude-Achille Debussy (French pronunciation: [klod aʃil dəbysi]) (22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures working within the field of impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions. In France, he was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1903. A crucial figure in the transition to the modern era in Western music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers.
  His music is noted for its sensory component and for not often forming around one key or pitch. Often Debussy's work reflected the activities or turbulence in his own life. In French literary circles, the style of this period was known as symbolism, a movement that directly inspired Debussy both as a composer and as an active cultural participant.
  
  wn.com/Claude_Debussy
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  Clemens Brentano
  Clemens Brentano, or Klemens Brentano (September 9, 1778 – July 28, 1842) was a German poet and novelist.
  He was born in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz, Germany. His sister was Bettina von Arnim, Goethe's correspondent. His father's family was of Italian descent. He studied in Halle and Jena, afterwards residing at Heidelberg, Vienna and Berlin. He was close to Wieland, Herder, Goethe, Friedrich Schlegel, Fichte and Tieck.
  From 1798 to 1800 Brentano lived in Jena, the first center of the romantic movement. In 1801, he moved to Göttingen, and became a friend of Achim von Arnim. He married writer Sophie Mereau on 29 October 1803. In 1804, he moved to Heidelberg and worked with Arnim on Zeitungen für Einsiedler and Des Knaben Wunderhorn. After his wife Sophie died in 1806 he married a second time in 1807 to Auguste Busmann. In the years between 1808 and 1818, he lived mostly in Berlin, and from 1819 to 1824 in Dülmen, Westphalia.
  In 1818, weary of his somewhat restless and unsettled life, he returned to the practice of the Catholic faith and withdrew to the monastery of Dülmen, where he lived for some years in strict seclusion. He took on there the position of secretary to the Catholic visionary nun, the Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich, of whom it was said that, during the last twelve years of her life, she could eat no food except Holy Communion, nor take any drink except water, subsisting entirely on the Holy Eucharist.
  
  wn.com/Clemens_Brentano
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  Constanze Mozart
  Constanze Mozart (née Weber) (5 January 1762 – 6 March 1842) was the wife of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
  Constanze Weber was born in Zell im Wiesental. Her mother was Cäcilia Weber, née Stamm. Her father Fridolin Weber worked as a "double bass player, prompter and music copyist." Fridolin's half-brother was the father of composer Carl Maria von Weber. Constanze had two older sisters, Josepha and Aloysia and one younger one, Sophie. All were trained as singers, and Josepha and Aloysia both went on to distinguished musical careers, performing later on in the premieres of a number of Mozart's works.
  During most of Constanze's upbringing, the family lived in her mother's hometown of Mannheim, an important musical center of the time. The 21-year-old Mozart visited Mannheim in 1777 on a job-hunting tour with his mother and developed a close relationship with the Weber family. He fell in love, not with the 15-year-old Constanze, but with Aloysia. While Mozart was in Paris, Aloysia obtained a position as a singer in Munich, and the family accompanied her there. She rejected Mozart when he passed through Munich on his way back to Salzburg.
  
  wn.com/Constanze_Mozart
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  Cäcilia Weber
  Cäcilia Cordula Stamm (23 October 1727 – 22 August 1793) was the mother of Constanze Weber, wife of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
  She was born in Mannheim, Germany, the daughter of Johann Otto Stamm, a government secretary and Sophia Elisabeth Wimmer. She married Franz Fridolin Weber (1733-1779) on 14 September 1756, and had four daughters: Josepha, Aloysia, Constanze, and Sophie. Constanze was the only one who did not become a professional singer, but, according to Mozart, she possessed a fine voice and musical ear. The children were born in Zell im Wiesental, but the family moved to Mannheim soon after Sophie was born.
  Cäcilia first met Mozart in 1777, when he came to Mannheim in search of a job. He fell in love with her daughter Aloysia during this stay, and departed for Paris after finding no permanent position. The family later moved to Munich, where both Aloysia and Fridolin had found jobs in the opera. It was here that Mozart encountered them again (and was rejected by Aloysia), during his journey homeward to Salzburg.
  
  wn.com/Cäcilia_Weber
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  César Franck
  César-Auguste-Jean-Guillaume-Hubert Franck (10 December 1822 – 8 November 1890) was a composer, pianist, organist, and music teacher who worked in Paris during his adult life.
  He was born at Liège, in what is now Belgium (though at the time of his birth it was under the Netherlands' control). In that city he gave his first concerts in 1834. He studied privately in Paris from 1835, where his teachers included Anton Reicha. After a brief return to Belgium, and a disastrous reception to an early oratorio Ruth, he moved to Paris, where he married and embarked on a career as teacher and organist. He gained a reputation as a formidable improviser, and travelled widely in France to demonstrate new instruments built by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll.
  In 1858 he became organist at Sainte-Clotilde, a position he retained for the rest of his life. He became professor at the Paris Conservatoire in 1872; he took French nationality, a requirement of the appointment. His pupils included Vincent d'Indy, Ernest Chausson, Louis Vierne, Charles Tournemire, Guillaume Lekeu, and Henri Duparc. After acquiring the professorship Franck wrote several pieces that have entered the standard classical repertoire, including symphonic, chamber, and keyboard works.
  
  wn.com/César_Franck
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  Daniel Auber
  Daniel François Esprit Auber (French pronunciation: [daɲɛl fʁɑ̃swa ɛspʁi obɛːʁ]) (29 January 1782 – 12/13 May 1871) was a French composer.
  The son of a Paris print-seller, Auber was born in Caen in Normandy. Though his father expected him to continue in the print-selling business, he also allowed his son to learn how to play several musical instruments. His first teacher was the Tirolean composer, Josef Alois Ladurner (1769–1851). At the age of 20 Auber was sent to London for business training, but he was obliged to leave England in 1804 when the Treaty of Amiens was breached.
  Auber had already attempted musical composition, and at this period produced several concertos pour basse, modeled after violoncellist Lamarre, in whose name they were published. The praise given to his concerto for the violin, which was played at the Paris Conservatoire by Mazas, encouraged him to undertake a resetting of an old comic opera, Julie (1811). He also began to study with the renowned Luigi Cherubini.
  In 1813 the unfavourable reception of his one-act debut opera Le Séjour militaire put an end for some years to his attempts as composer. But his failure in business, and the death of his father in 1819, compelled him once more to turn to music. He produced another opera, Le Testament et les billets-doux (1819), which was no better received than the former. But he persevered, and the next year was rewarded by the complete success of La Bergère châtelaine, an opera in three acts.
  
  wn.com/Daniel_Auber
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  E. T. A. Hoffmann
  Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann (24 January 1776 – 25 June 1822), better known by his pen name E. T. A. Hoffmann (Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann), was a German Romantic author of fantasy and horror, a jurist, composer, music critic, draftsman and caricaturist. He is the subject and hero of Jacques Offenbach's famous but fictitious opera The Tales of Hoffmann, and the author of the novelette The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, on which the famous ballet The Nutcracker is based. The ballet Coppélia is based on two other stories that Hoffmann wrote. Also Schumann's Kreisleriana is based on one of Hoffmann's characters.
  Hoffmann's stories were very influential during the 19th century, and he is one of the major authors of the Romantic movement.
  Hoffmann's ancestors, both maternal and paternal, were jurists. His father, Christoph Ludwig Hoffmann (1736–97) was a barrister in Königsberg, Prussia, and also a poet and amateur musician who played the viola da gamba. During 1767 he married his cousin Lovisa Albertina Doerffer (1748–96). Ernst Theodor Wilhelm, born on 24 January 1776, was the youngest of three children, of whom the second died in infancy.
  
  wn.com/E._T._A._Hoffmann
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  Edgar Allan Poe
  Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.
  He was born as Edgar Poe in Boston, Massachusetts; he was orphaned young when his mother died shortly after his father abandoned the family. Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of Richmond, Virginia, but they never formally adopted him. He attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money. After enlisting in the Army and later failing as an officer's cadet at West Point, Poe parted ways with the Allans. His publishing career began humbly, with an anonymous collection of poems, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), credited only to "a Bostonian".
  
  wn.com/Edgar_Allan_Poe
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  Emanuel Leutze
  Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze (May 24, 1816, Schwäbisch Gmünd – July 18, 1868) was a German American history painter best known for his painting Washington Crossing the Delaware. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.
  Leutze was born in Schwäbisch Gmünd, Württemberg (Germany), and was brought to America as a child. His parents settled first in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, then at Fredericksburg, Va. His early education was good, though not especially in the direction of art. The first development of his artistic talent occurred while he was attending the sickbed of his father, when he attempted drawing to occupy the long hours of waiting. His father died in 1831. At 14, he was painting portraits for $5 apiece. Through such work, he supported himself after the death of his father. In 1834, he received his first instruction in art in classes of John Rubens Smith, a portrait painter in Philadelphia. He soon became skilled, and promoted a plan for publishing, in Washington, portraits of eminent American statesmen; however, he met with but slight encouragement.
  
  wn.com/Emanuel_Leutze
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  Felix Mendelssohn
  Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (German pronunciation: [ˈjaːkɔp ˈluːtvɪç ˈfeːlɪks ˈmɛndl̩szoːn baʁˈtɔldi]), born, and generally known in English-speaking countries, as Felix Mendelssohn (3 February 1809 – 4 November 1847) was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.
  The grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn was born into a prominent Jewish family, although initially he was raised without religion and was later baptised as a Lutheran Christian. Mendelssohn was recognised early as a musical prodigy, but his parents were cautious and did not seek to capitalise on his talent.
  Early success in Germany, where he also revived interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, was followed by travel throughout Europe. Mendelssohn was particularly well received in Britain as a composer, conductor and soloist, and his ten visits there – during which many of his major works were premiered – form an important part of his adult career. His essentially conservative musical tastes, however, set him apart from many of his more adventurous musical contemporaries such as Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner and Hector Berlioz. The Leipzig Conservatoire (now the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig), which he founded, became a bastion of this anti-radical outlook.
  
  wn.com/Felix_Mendelssohn
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  France Prešeren
  France Prešeren ( pronunciation (help·info)) (3 December 1800 – 8 February 1849) was a Slovene Romantic poet. He is considered the Slovene national poet.^{[clarification needed]} Although he was not a particularly prolific author, he inspired virtually all Slovene literature thereafter.
  He was born 3 December 1800 (Saturday) in the Upper Carniolan village of Vrba, then part of the Habsburg Monarchy (today in Slovenia), to a relatively well-to-do peasant family. Already as a child, he showed considerable talent, and so his parents decided to provide him with a good education. At the age of eight, he was sent to elementary schools in Grosuplje and Ribnica, run by the local Roman Catholic clergy. In 1812, he moved to the Carniolan provincial capital of Ljubljana, where he attended the State Gymnasium. Already at a very young age, he learned Latin, Ancient Greek, and German, which was then the language of education, administration, and high culture in most areas inhabited by Slovenes. In Ljubljana, Prešeren's talent was spotted by the poet Valentin Vodnik, who encouraged him to develop his literary skills in Slovene. As a high school student, he became friends with the future philologist Matija Čop, who would have an extremely important influence on the development of Prešeren's poetry. In 1821, Prešeren enrolled at the University of Vienna, where he studied law, against the wishes of his mother, who wanted him to become a priest. In Vienna, he became acquainted with the western canon from Homer to Goethe, but he was most fascinated by Dante and the Italian trecentists, especially Petrarch and Boccaccio. He also read contemporary Romantic poets, and he was even fired from a teaching post at Klinkowström's Jesuit institute for having loaned a booklet of banned poetry to his friend Anastasius Grün.
  
  wn.com/France_Prešeren
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  Francesco Hayez
  Francesco Hayez (February 10, 1791 – December 21, 1881) was an Italian painter, the leading artist of Romanticism in mid-19th-century Milan, renowned for his grand historical paintings, political allegories and exceptionally fine portraits.
  Hayez came from a relatively poor family from Venice. His father was of French origin while his mother, Chiara Torcella, was from Murano. The child Francesco, youngest of five sons, was brought up by his mother's sister, who had married Giovanni Binasco, a well-off shipowner and collector of art. From childhood he showed a predisposition for drawing, so his uncle apprenticed him to an art restorer. Later he became a student of the painter Francesco Maggiotto with whom he continued his studies for three years. He was admitted to the painting course of the New Academy of Fine Arts in 1806, where he studied under Teodoro Matteini. In 1809 he won a competition from the Academy of Venice for one year of study at the Accademia di San Luca in Rome. He remained in Rome until 1814, then moved to Naples where he was commissioned by Joachim Murat to paint a major work depicting Ulysses at the court of Alcinous. In the mid 1830s he attended the "Salotto Maffei" salon in Milan, hosted by Clara Maffei (whose portrait Hayez painted for her husband), and he was still in Milan in 1850 when he was appointed director of the Academy of Brera there.
  
  wn.com/Francesco_Hayez
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  Francisco Goya
  Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (Spanish pronunciation: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746–16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown, and through his works was both a commentator on and chronicler of his era. The subversive and imaginative element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a model for the work of later generations of artists, notably Manet, Picasso and Francis Bacon.. In his honour, Spain's main national film awards are called the Goya Awards.
  Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, in 1746 to José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos, where his family lived in a house bearing the family crest of his mother. His father earned his living as a gilder. About 1749, the family bought a house in the city of Zaragoza and some years later moved into it. Goya may have attended school at Escuelas Pias. He formed a close friendship with Martin Zapater at this time, and their correspondence from the 1770s to the 1790s is a valuable source for understanding Goya's early career at the court of Madrid. At age 14, Goya studied under the painter José Luzán. He moved to Madrid where he studied with Anton Raphael Mengs, a painter who was popular with Spanish royalty. He clashed with his master, and his examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries for the Royal Academy of Fine Art in 1763 and 1766, but was denied entrance.
  
  wn.com/Francisco_Goya
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  Franz Berwald
  Franz Adolf Berwald (July 23, 1796, Stockholm – April 3, 1868) was a Swedish Romantic composer who was generally ignored during his lifetime. He made his living as an orthopedic surgeon and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory.
  Berwald came from a family with four generations of musicians; his father, a violinist in the Royal Opera Orchestra, taught Franz the violin from an early age; he soon appeared in concerts. In 1811, Karl XIII came to power and reinstated the Royal Chapel; the following year Berwald started working there, as well as playing the violin in the court orchestra and the opera, receiving lessons from Edouard du Puy, and also started composing. The summers were off-season for the orchestra, and Berwald travelled around Scandinavia, Finland and Russia. Of his works from that time, a septet and a serenade he still considered worthwhile music in his later years.
  In 1818 Berwald started publishing the Musikalisk journal, later renamed Journal de musique, a periodical with easy piano pieces and songs by various composers as well as some of his own original work. In 1821, his Violin Concerto was premiered by his brother August. It was not well received; some people in the audience burst out laughing during the slow movement.
  
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  Franz Liszt
  Franz Liszt (German: [fʁant͡s lɪst]); Hungarian: Liszt Ferencz, in modern use Liszt Ferenc) (October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886) was a 19th-century Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor, and teacher.
  Liszt became renowned in Europe during the nineteenth century for his virtuosic skill as a pianist. He was said by his contemporaries to have been the most technically advanced pianist of his age. In the 1840s he was considered by some to be perhaps the greatest pianist of all time. He was also a well-known composer, piano teacher, and conductor. He was a benefactor to other composers, including Richard Wagner, Hector Berlioz, Camille Saint-Saëns, Edvard Grieg and Alexander Borodin.
  As a composer, Liszt was one of the most prominent representatives of the "Neudeutsche Schule" ("New German School"). He left behind an extensive and diverse body of work in which he influenced his forward-looking contemporaries and anticipated some 20th-century ideas and trends. Some of his most notable contributions were the invention of the symphonic poem, developing the concept of thematic transformation as part of his experiments in musical form and making radical departures in harmony. He also played an important role in popularizing a wide array of music by transcribing it for piano.
  
  wn.com/Franz_Liszt
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  Franz Schubert
  Franz Peter Schubert (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁants ˈʃuːbɛɐ̯t]; 31 January 1797 – 19 November 1828) was an Austrian composer.
  Although he died at the age of 31, Schubert was a prolific composer, having written some 600 Lieder, nine symphonies (including the famous "Unfinished Symphony"), liturgical music, operas, some incidental music, and a large body of chamber and solo piano music. Appreciation of Schubert's music during his lifetime was limited, but interest in his work increased significantly in the decades following his death. Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms and Felix Mendelssohn, among others, discovered and championed his works in the 19th century. Today, Schubert is seen as one of the leading exponents of the early Romantic era in music and he remains one of the most frequently performed composers.
  Schubert was born in Himmelpfortgrund (now a part of Alsergrund), Vienna, on 31 January 1797. His father, Franz Theodor Schubert, the son of a Moravian peasant, was a parish schoolmaster; his mother, Elisabeth Vietz, was the daughter of a Silesian master locksmith, and had also been a housemaid for a Viennese family prior to her marriage. Of Franz Theodor's fourteen children (one illegitimate child was born in 1783), nine died in infancy; five survived. Their father was a well-known teacher, and his school in Lichtental, a part of Vienna's 9th district, was well attended. He was not a musician of fame or with formal training, but he taught his son some elements of music.
  
  wn.com/Franz_Schubert
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  Friedrich Schiller
  Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller [ˈjoːhan ˈkʁɪstɔf ˈfʁiːdʁɪç fɔn ˈʃɪlɐ] (10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805) was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller struck up a productive, if complicated, friendship with already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning aesthetics, and Schiller encouraged Goethe to finish works he left as sketches. This relationship and these discussions led to a period now referred to as Weimar Classicism. They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short satirical poems in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents to their philosophical vision.
  Friedrich Schiller was born on 10 November 1759, in Marbach, Württemberg as the only son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1733–96), and Elisabeth Dorothea Kodweiß (1732–1802). They also had five daughters. His father was away in the Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born. He was named after king Frederick the Great, but he was called Fritz by nearly everyone. Kaspar Schiller was rarely home during the war, but he did manage to visit the family once in a while. His wife and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened to be stationed. When the war ended in 1763, Schiller's father became a recruiting officer and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Due to the high cost of living—especially the rent—the family moved to nearby Lorch.
  
  wn.com/Friedrich_Schiller
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  Fromental Halévy
  Jacques-François-Fromental-Élie Halévy, usually known as Fromental Halévy (pronounced [fʁɔmɑ̃tal alevi]) (27 May 1799 – 17 March 1862), was a French composer. He is known today largely for his opera La Juive.
  Halévy was born in Paris, the son of a cantor, Élie Halfon Halévy, who was the secretary of the Jewish community of Paris, a writer and a teacher of Hebrew, and a French Jewish mother. The name Fromental, by which he was generally known, reflects that he was born on the feast-day of that name in the French Revolutionary calendar, which was still operative at that time. He entered the Conservatoire de Paris at the age of nine or ten (accounts differ), in 1809, becoming a pupil and later protégé of Cherubini. After two second-place attempts, he won the Prix de Rome in 1819: his cantata subject was Herminie.
  As he had to delay his departure to Rome because of the death of his mother, he was able to accept the first commission that brought him to public attention - a Marche Funèbre et De Profundis en Hébreu for three part choir, tenor and orchestra, which was commissioned by the Consistoire Israélite du Département de la Seine, for a public service in memory of the assassinated duc de Berry, performed on 24 March 1820. Later, his brother Léon recalled that the De Profundis, "infused with religious fervor, created a sensation, and attracted interest to the young laureate of the institute."
  
  wn.com/Fromental_Halévy
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  Frédéric Chopin
  Frédéric François Chopin ( /ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; Polish: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin, also phonetically Szopen; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of French-Polish parentage. He is considered one of the great masters of Romantic music. Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, a village in the Duchy of Warsaw. A renowned child-prodigy pianist and composer, Chopin grew up in Warsaw and completed his music education there; he composed many mature works in Warsaw before leaving Poland in 1830 at age 20, shortly before the November 1830 Uprising.
  Following the Russian suppression of the Uprising, he settled in Paris as part of Poland's Great Emigration. During the remaining 19 years of his life, Chopin gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon; he supported himself by sales of his compositions and as a piano teacher. After some romantic dalliances with Polish women, including an abortive engagement, from 1837 to 1847 he carried on a relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (pen name "George Sand"). For most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health; he died in Paris in 1849 at age 39.
  
  wn.com/Frédéric_Chopin
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  Gaetano Donizetti
  Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (Italian pronunciation: [doˈmeːniko ɡaeˈtaːno maˈɾia doniˈdzetti]; 29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer from Bergamo, Lombardy. His best-known works are the operas L'elisir d'amore (1832), Lucia di Lammermoor (1835), and Don Pasquale (1843), all in Italian, and the French operas La favorite and La fille du régiment (both from 1840). Along with Vincenzo Bellini and Gioachino Rossini, he was a leading composer of bel canto opera.
  The youngest of three sons, Donizetti was born in 1797 in Bergamo's Borgo Canale quarter located just outside the city walls. His family was very poor with no tradition of music, his father being the caretaker of the town pawnshop. Nevertheless, Donizetti received some musical instruction from Simon Mayr, a German composer of internationally successful operas who had become maestro di cappella at Bergamo's principal church in 1802.
  
  wn.com/Gaetano_Donizetti
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  Gaspare Spontini
  Gaspare Luigi Pacifico Spontini (14 November 1774 – 24 January 1851) was an Italian opera composer and conductor, extremely celebrated in his time, though largely forgotten after his death.
  Born in Maiolati in the province of Ancona, now Maiolati Spontini, he spent most of his career in Paris and Berlin, but returned to his place of birth at the end of his life. During the first two decades of the 19th century, Spontini was an important figure in French opera. In his more than twenty operas, Spontini strove to adapt Gluck's classical tragédie lyrique to the contemporary taste for melodrama, for grander spectacle (in Fernand Cortez for example), for enriched orchestral timbre, and for melodic invention allied to idiomatic expressiveness of words. His single great masterpiece and success was La vestale.
  As a youth, Spontini studied at the Conservatorio della Pietà de' Turchini in Naples. In 1803, he went to Paris, where he was appointed court composer in 1805.
  In 1807, Spontini wrote La vestale, his best known work. Written with the encouragement of Empress Joséphine, its premiere at the Opéra in Paris established Spontini as one of the greatest Italian composers of his age. His contemporaries Cherubini and Meyerbeer considered it a masterpiece, and later composers like Berlioz and Wagner admired it.
  
  wn.com/Gaspare_Spontini
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  Germaine de Staël
  Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein (French pronunciation: [stal]; 22 April 1766 – 14 July 1817), commonly known as Madame de Staël, was a French-speaking Swiss author living in Paris and abroad. She influenced literary tastes in Europe at the turn of the 19th century.
  Anne Louise Germaine Necker was born in Paris, France. Her father was the prominent Swiss banker and statesman Jacques Necker, who was the Director of Finance under King Louis XVI of France. Her mother was Suzanne Curchod, almost equally famous for being the early love of Edward Gibbon, being the wife of Necker herself, and being the mistress of one of the most popular salons of Paris. Mother and daughter had little sympathy for each other. Mme Necker, despite her talents, her beauty and her fondness for philosophic society, was strictly decorous, somewhat reserved, and wanted to bring up her daughter with the discipline of her own childhood. Anne Louise was from her earliest years energetic and boisterous. She began very early to write, though not to publish. She was said to have injured her health by excessive study and intellectual excitement. But in reading all the accounts of Mme de Staël's life which come from herself or her intimate friends, it must be carefully remembered that she was the most distinguished and characteristic product of the period of sensibility — the singular fashion of ultra-sentimentalism — which required that both men and women, but especially women, should be always palpitating with excitement, steeped in melancholy, or dissolved in tears. Still, her father's dismissal from the ministry and the consequent removal of the family from the busy life of Paris were probably beneficial to her.
  
  wn.com/Germaine_de_Staël
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  Giacomo Leopardi
  Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒakomo leoˈpardi]; June 29, 1798 – June 14, 1837) was an Italian poet, essayist, philosopher, and philologist. Although he lived in a secluded town in the ultra-conservative Papal States, he came in touch with the main thoughts of the Enlightenment, and, by his own literary evolution, created a remarkable and renowned poetic work, related to the Romantic era.
  Giacomo Leopardi was born of a local noble family in Recanati, in the Marche, at the time ruled by the papacy. His father, the count Monaldo Leopardi, was a good-hearted man, fond of literature but weak and reactionary, who remained bound to antiquated ideas and prejudices; his mother, the marquise Adelaide Antici Mattei, was a cold and authoritarian woman, obsessed over rebuilding the family's financial fortunes, which had been destroyed by Monaldo's gambling addiction. At home, a rigorous discipline of religion and savings reigned. However, Giacomo's happy childhood, which he spent with his younger brother Carlo Orazio and his sister Paolina, left its mark on the poet, who recorded his experiences in the poem Le Ricordanze.
  
  wn.com/Giacomo_Leopardi
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  Giacomo Meyerbeer
  Giacomo Meyerbeer (5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a noted German opera composer, and the first great exponent of "grand opera." At his peak in the 1830s and 1840s, he was the most famous and successful composer of opera in Europe, yet he is rarely performed today.
  He was born to a Jewish family in Tasdorf (now a part of Rüdersdorf), near Berlin with the name Jacob Liebmann Beer. His father was the enormously wealthy financier Jacob Judah Herz Beer (1769-1825) and his much-beloved mother, Amalia Liebmann Meyer Wulff (1767-1854) also came from the wealthy elite. Their other children included the astronomer Wilhelm Beer and the poet Michael Beer.
  Beer's first keyboard instructor was Franz Lauska, a pupil of Johann Georg Albrechtsberger and a favoured teacher at the Berlin court. Beer also became one of Muzio Clementi's pupils while Clementi was in Berlin, and old Clementi himself, although he had long given up teaching, was so much struck, during a visit to Berlin, with the promise displayed in the boy's performance as to consent to give Beer lessons. Beer made his public debut in 1801 playing Mozart's D minor Piano Concerto in Berlin. The Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung reported: 'The amazing keyboard playing of young Bär (a Jewish lad of 9), who carried off the difficult passages and other solo parts with aplomb, and has fine powers of rendition even more rarely found in one of his age, made the concert even more interesting'.
  
  wn.com/Giacomo_Meyerbeer
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  Gioachino Rossini
  Gioachino Antonio Rossini (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoaˈkiːno anˈtɔːnjo rosˈsiːni] (Giovacchino Antonio Rossini in the baptismal certificate) (29 February 1792 – 13 November 1868) was an Italian composer who wrote 39 operas as well as sacred music, chamber music, songs, and some instrumental and piano pieces. His best-known operas include the Italian comedies Il barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville) and La Cenerentola and the French-language epics Moïse et Pharaon and Guillaume Tell (William Tell). A tendency for inspired, song-like melodies is evident throughout his scores, which led to the nickname "The Italian Mozart". Until his retirement in 1829, Rossini had been the most popular opera composer in history.
  Gioachino Antonio Rossini was born into a family of musicians in Pesaro, a town on the Adriatic coast of Italy which was then part of the Papal States. His father, Giuseppe, was a horn player and inspector of slaughterhouses. His mother, Anna, was a singer and a baker's daughter. Rossini's parents began his musical training early, and by the age of six he was playing the triangle in his father's musical group.
  
  wn.com/Gioachino_Rossini
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  Giuseppe Verdi
  Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi]; 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian Romantic composer, mainly of opera. He was one of the most influential composers of the 19th century. His works are frequently performed in opera houses throughout the world and, transcending the boundaries of the genre, some of his themes have long since taken root in popular culture – such as "La donna è mobile" from Rigoletto, "Va, pensiero" (The Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves) from Nabucco, "Libiamo ne' lieti calici" (The Drinking Song) from La traviata and the "Grand March" from Aida.
  Verdi’s masterworks dominate the standard opera repertoire a century and a half after their composition.
  Verdi was born the son of Carlo Giuseppe Verdi and Luigia Uttini in Le Roncole, a village near Busseto, then in the Département Taro which was a part of the First French Empire after the annexation of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza. The baptismal register, on 11 October lists him as being "born yesterday", but since days were often considered to begin at sunset, this could have meant either 9 or 10 October. The next day, he was baptized in the Roman Catholic Church in Latin as Joseph Fortuninus Franciscus. The day after that (Tuesday), Verdi's father took his newborn the three miles to Busseto, where the baby was recorded as Joseph Fortunin François; the clerk wrote in French. "So it happened that for the civil and temporal world Verdi was born a Frenchman."
  
  wn.com/Giuseppe_Verdi
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  Gonçalves Dias
  Antônio Gonçalves Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɡõˈsawvis ˈdʒiɐs]; August 10, 1823 — November 3, 1864) was a Brazilian Romantic poet, playwright and linguist. A major exponent of the Brazilian Romanticism and of the literary tradition known as "Indianism", he is famous for writing the poem "Canção do exílio", arguably the most well-known poem of the Brazilian literature, the short epic poem I-Juca-Pirama, and many other nationalist and patriotic poems that would later give him the title of national poet of Brazil. He was also an avid researcher of the Brazilian indigenous languages and folklore.
  He is the patron of the 15th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.
  Antônio Gonçalves Dias was born in Caxias on August 10, 1823, to Portuguese João Manuel Gonçalves Dias and cafuza Vicência Ferreira. After completing his studies in Latin, French and Philosophy, he went in 1838 to Portugal to earn a degree in Law at the University of Coimbra. There, he got in contact with the Romantic ideals and wrote his critically acclaimed poem "Canção do exílio". He graduated in 1845 and returned to Brazil in the same year. He goes to Rio de Janeiro, living there until 1854. There, he wrote the drama Leonor de Mendonça in 1846 and his first poetry book, Primeiros Cantos, in 1847.
  
  wn.com/Gonçalves_Dias
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  Gustav Mahler
  Gustav Mahler (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʊstaf ˈmaːlɐ]; 7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was a late-Romantic Austrian composer and one of the leading conductors of his generation. He was born in the village of Kalischt, Bohemia, in what was then the Austrian Empire, now Kaliště in the Czech Republic. Then his family moved to nearby Iglau (now Jihlava) where Mahler grew up.
  As a composer, he acted as a bridge between the 19th century Austro-German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century. While in his lifetime his status as a conductor was established beyond question, his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era. After 1945 the music was discovered and championed by a new generation of listeners; Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers, a position he has sustained into the 21st century.
  Born in humble circumstances, Mahler displayed his musical gifts at an early age. After graduating from the Vienna Conservatory in 1878, he held a succession of conducting posts of rising importance in the opera houses of Europe, culminating in his appointment in 1897 as director of the Vienna Court Opera (Hofoper). During his ten years in Vienna, Mahler—who had converted to Catholicism from Judaism to secure the post—experienced regular opposition and hostility from the anti-Semitic press. Nevertheless, his innovative productions and insistence on the highest performance standards ensured his reputation as one of the greatest of opera conductors, particularly as an interpreter of the stage works of Wagner and Mozart. Late in his life he was briefly director of New York's Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic.
  
  wn.com/Gustav_Mahler
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  Hans Gude
  Hans Fredrik Gude (March 13, 1825 – August 17, 1903) was a Norwegian romanticist painter and is considered along with Johan Christian Dahl to be one of Norway's foremost landscape painters. He has been called a mainstay of Norwegian National Romanticism. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.
  Gude's artistic career was not one marked with drastic change and revolution, but was instead a steady progression that slowly reacted to general trends in the artistic world. Gude's early works are of idyllic, sun-drenched Norwegian landscapes which present a romantic, yet still realistic view of his country. Around 1860 Gude began painting seascapes and other coastal subjects. Gude had difficulty with figure drawing initially and so collaborated with Adolph Tidemand in some of his painting, drawing the landscape himself and allowing Tidemand to paint the figures. Later Gude would work specifically on his figures while at Karlsruhe, and so began populating his paintings with them. Gude initially painted primarily with oils in a studio, basing his works on studies he'd done earlier in the field. However, as Gude matured as a painter he began to paint en plein air and espoused the merits of doing so to his students. Gude would go on to work with watercolors later in life as well as gouache in an effort to keep his art constantly fresh and evolving, and although these were never as well received by the public as his oil paintings, his fellow artists greatly admired them.
  
  wn.com/Hans_Gude
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  Hector Berlioz
  Hector Berlioz (pronounced: [ɛktɔʁ bɛʁˈljoːz]; 11 December 1803 – 8 March 1869) was a French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande messe des morts (Requiem). Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation. He specified huge orchestral forces for some of his works; as a conductor, he performed several concerts with more than 1,000 musicians. He also composed around 50 songs. His influence was critical for the further development of Romanticism, especially in composers like Richard Wagner, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Franz Liszt, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler and many others.
  Hector Berlioz was born in France at La Côte-Saint-André in the département of Isère, near Grenoble. His father, a respected provincial physician and scholar, was responsible for much of the young Berlioz's education. His father, Louis-Joseph Berlioz, was an atheist, with a liberal outlook; his mother, Marie-Antoinette, was an orthodox Roman Catholic. He had five siblings in all, three of whom did not survive to adulthood. The other two, Nanci and Adèle, remained close to Berlioz throughout his life.
  
  wn.com/Hector_Berlioz
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  Heinrich Heine
  Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was one of the most significant German poets of the 19th century. He was also a journalist, essayist, and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of Lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. Heine's later verse and prose is distinguished by its satirical wit and irony. His radical political views led to many of his works being banned by German authorities. Heine spent the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris.
  Heine was born in Düsseldorf, Rhineland, into a Jewish family. He was called "Harry" as a child, but became "Heinrich" after his conversion to Christianity in 1825. Heine's father, Samson Heine (1764–1828), was a textile merchant. His mother Peira (known as "Betty"), née van Geldern (1771–1859), was the daughter of a physician. Heinrich was the eldest of the four children; his siblings were Charlotte, Gustav - who later became Baron Heine-Geldern and publisher of the Viennese newspaper Das Fremdenblatt - and Maximilian, later a physician in Saint Petersburg.
  
  wn.com/Heinrich_Heine
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  Heinrich Marschner
  Heinrich August Marschner (Zittau, 16 August 1795 – Hanover, 16 December 1861), was the most important composer of German Romantic opera between Carl Maria von Weber and Richard Wagner, and is remembered principally for his operas Hans Heiling (1833), Der Vampyr (1828), and Der Templer und die Jüdin (1829). Marschner’s ability to depict supernatural horror by musical means is especially evident in the first two operas as well as in some of his ballads, such as "Die Monduhr" (c. 1839). Next to his operas, his most significant musical contribution is to the Lied, the best of which are comparable with those by Carl Loewe. Marschner also wrote a considerable amount of chamber music, including seven piano trios, as well as unaccompanied male choruses that were very popular in the nineteenth century. While Marschner’s operas strongly influenced Wagner, his chamber music, songs, and his cantata Klänge aus Osten (1842) were admired by Robert Schumann, whose cantata Paradise and the Peri (1843) shows the older composer’s influence. Marschner’s Bagatelles for guitar (1814) have been revived by guitarists, and so have been some of his piano trios. Among his operas, Hans Heiling and especially Der Vampyr have been adapted and revived in recent years with considerable success.
  
  wn.com/Heinrich_Marschner
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  Heinrich von Kleist
  Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist (18 October 1777 – 21 November 1811) was a poet, dramatist, novelist and short story writer. The Kleist Prize, a prestigious prize for German literature, is named after him.
  Kleist was born into the von Kleist family in Frankfurt an der Oder in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. After a scanty education, he entered the Prussian Army in 1792, served in the Rhine campaign of 1796, and retired from the service in 1799 with the rank of lieutenant. He studied law and philosophy at the Viadrina University and in 1800 received a subordinate post in the Ministry of Finance at Berlin.
  In the following year, Kleist's roving, restless spirit got the better of him, and procuring a lengthened leave of absence he visited Paris and then settled in Switzerland. Here he found congenial friends in Heinrich Zschokke and Ludwig Friedrich August Wieland (d. 1819), son of the poet Christoph Martin Wieland; and to them he read his first drama, a gloomy tragedy, The Schroffenstein Family (1803, originally entitled The Ghonorez Family).
  
  wn.com/Heinrich_von_Kleist
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  Henry Fuseli
  Henry Fuseli (German: Johann Heinrich Füssli) (February 7, 1741 – April 17, 1825) was a British painter, draughtsman, and writer on art, of Swiss origin.
  Fuseli was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the second of eighteen children. His father was Johann Caspar Füssli, a painter of portraits and landscapes, and author of Lives of the Helvetic Painters. He intended Henry for the church, and sent him to the Caroline college of Zurich, where he received an excellent classical education. One of his schoolmates there was Johann Kaspar Lavater, with whom he became close friends.
  After taking orders in 1761 Fuseli was forced to leave the country as a result of having helped Lavater to expose an unjust magistrate, whose powerful family sought revenge. He first travelled through Germany, and then, in 1765, visited England, where he supported himself for some time by miscellaneous writing. Eventually, he became acquainted with Sir Joshua Reynolds, to whom he showed his drawings. Following Sir Joshua's advice he devoted himself wholly to art. In 1770 he made an art-pilgrimage to Italy, where he remained till 1778, changing his name from Füssli to Fuseli, because it was more Italian-sounding.
  
  wn.com/Henry_Fuseli
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  Ignaz Moscheles
  (Isaac) Ignaz Moscheles (23 May 1794 – 10 March 1870) was a Bohemian composer and piano virtuoso, whose career after his early years was based initially in London, and later at Leipzig, where he succeeded his friend and sometime pupil Felix Mendelssohn as head of the Conservatoire.
  Much of what we know about Moscheles's life is derived from the edition of his diaries prepared by his wife, Charlotte, after his death, and published in 1874. This edition also gives lively portraits of his era and of his musical contemporaries. Unfortunately however the diaries themselves have since gone missing, although they may perhaps rematerialise. Another important source is the correspondence between Moscheles and Mendelssohn, preserved at the Brotherton Collection at the University of Leeds, and published in 1888 by Ignaz's son (and Felix Mendelssohn's god-son), Felix Moscheles.
  
  wn.com/Ignaz_Moscheles
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  Igor Stravinsky
  Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (sometimes spelled Strawinsky or Stravinskii; Russian: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский, transliterated: Igorʹ Fëdorovič Stravinskij; Russian pronunciation: [ˌiɡərʲ ˌfʲjodɐrɐvʲɪtɕ strɐˈvʲinskʲɪj]; 17 June [O.S. 5 June] 1882 – 6 April 1971) was a Russian, and later French and American composer, pianist and conductor. He is acknowledged by many as one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century.
  Stravinsky's compositional career was notable for its stylistic diversity. He first achieved international fame with three ballets commissioned by the impresario Sergei Diaghilev and first performed in Paris by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911) and The Rite of Spring (1913). The Rite of Spring, which provoked a riot during its premiere, transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure and was largely responsible for Stravinsky's enduring reputation as a musical revolutionary who pushed the boundaries of musical design. His so-called Russian phase was followed in the 1920s by a period in which he turned to neoclassical music. The works from this period tended to make use of traditional musical forms (concerto grosso, fugue and symphony). They frequently concealed a vein of intense emotion beneath a surface appearance of detachment or austerity and often paid tribute to the music of earlier masters, for example J.S. Bach and Tchaikovsky. In the 1950s, Stravinsky adopted serial procedures. His compositions of this period shared traits with examples of his earlier output: rhythmic energy, the construction of extended melodic ideas out of a few two- or three-note cells and clarity of form, of instrumentation and of utterance.
  
  wn.com/Igor_Stravinsky
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  J. M. W. Turner
  Joseph Mallord William Turner RA (23 April 1775 – 19 December 1851) was an English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker. Turner was considered a controversial figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivaling history painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting. He is commonly known as "the painter of light" and his work is regarded as a Romantic preface to Impressionism.
  Joseph Mallord William Turner was born on or around the 23 April 1775 in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London, England. His father, William Turner (1738–7 August 1829), was a barber and wig maker, His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann Turner, was born in September 1778 but died aged four in August 1783.
  
  wn.com/J._M._W._Turner
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  Jan Václav Voříšek
  Jan Václav Hugo Voříšek (Czech pronunciation: [jan ˈvaːt͡slaf ˈɦuɡo ˈvor̝iːʃɛk]; Johann Hugo Worzischek, 11 May 1791, Vamberk, Bohemia - 19 November 1825, Vienna, Austria), was a Czech composer of classical music, pianist, and organist.
  Voříšek was born in the town of Vamberk where his father was the schoolmaster, choirmaster and organist. A child prodigy, he started to perform publicly in Bohemian towns at the age of nine. His father taught him music, encouraged his playing the piano, helped him get a scholarship to attend the University of Prague where he studied philosophy. He also had lessons in piano and composition from Tomášek. He found it impossible to obtain sufficient work as a musician in Prague, so in 1813 at the age of 22 Voříšek moved to Vienna to study law and, he hoped, to meet Beethoven. In Vienna he was able to greatly improve his piano technique under the guidance of Hummel, but once more failed to gain full time employment as a musician.
  Although Voříšek was enthralled by the classical music of Mozart, he was more intrigued by the romanticism of Ludwig van Beethoven.
  
  wn.com/Jan_Václav_Voříšek
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  Jean Paul
  Jean Paul (21 March 1763 – 14 November 1825), born Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, was a German Romantic writer, best known for his humorous novels and stories.
  Jean Paul was born at Wunsiedel, in the Fichtelgebirge mountains (Bavaria). His father was an organist at Wunsiedel. In 1765 his father became a pastor at Joditz near Hof, and in 1767 at Schwarzenbach, but he died on 25 April 1779, leaving the family in great poverty. After attending the Gymnasium at Hof, Jean Paul went in 1781 to the University of Leipzig. His original intention was to enter his father's profession, but theology did not interest him, and he soon devoted himself wholly to the study of literature. Unable to maintain himself at Leipzig he returned in 1784 to Hof, where he lived with his mother. From 1787 to 1789 he served as a tutor at Töpen, a village near Hof; and from 1790 to 1794 he taught the children of several families in a school he had founded in nearby Schwarzenbach.
  Jean Paul began his career as a man of letters with Grönländische Prozesse ("Greenland Lawsuits", published anonymously in Berlin) and Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren ("Selections from the Devil's Papers", signed J. P. F. Hasus), the former of which was issued in 1783-84, the latter in 1789. These works were not received with much favour, and in later life Richter himself had little sympathy for their satirical tone. A spiritual crisis he suffered on 15 November 1790, in which he had a vision of his own death, altered his outlook profoundly. His next book, Die unsichtbare Loge ("The Invisible Lodge"), a romance published in 1793 under the pen-name Jean Paul (in honour of Jean Jacques Rousseau), had all the qualities that were soon to make him famous, and its power was immediately recognized by some of the best critics of the day.
  
  wn.com/Jean_Paul
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  Johan Christian Dahl
  Johan Christian Claussen Dahl (February 24, 1788 – October 14, 1857), often known as J. C. Dahl, was a Norwegian artist who is considered the first great romantic painter in Norway, the founder of the "golden age" of Norwegian painting, and one of the great European artists of all time. He is often described as "the father of Norwegian landscape painting" and is regarded as the first Norwegian Painter ever to reach a level of artistic accomplishment comparable to that attained by the greatest European artists of his day. He was also the first acquire genuine fame and cultural renown abroad. As one critic has put it, "J.C. Dahl occupies a central position in Norwegian artistic life of the first half of the 19th century.
  Although Dahl spent much of his life outside of Norway, his love for his country is clear in the motifs he chose for his paintings and in his extraordinary efforts on behalf of Norwegian culture generally. Indeed, if one sets aside his own monumental artistic creations, his other activities on behalf of art, history, and culture would still have guaranteed him a place at the very heart of the artistic and cultural history of Norway. He was, for example, a key figure in the founding of the Norwegian National Gallery and of several other major art institutions in Norway, as well as in the preservation of Norwegian stave churches and the restoration of the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim and Håkonshallen in Bergen.
  
  wn.com/Johan_Christian_Dahl
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  John Clare
  John Clare (13 July 1793 – 20 May 1864) was an English poet, the son of a farm labourer, who came to be known for his celebratory representations of the English countryside and his lamentation of its disruption. His poetry underwent a major re-evaluation in the late 20th century and he is often now considered to be among the most important 19th-century poets. His biographer Jonathan Bate states that Clare was "the greatest labouring-class poet that England has ever produced. No one has ever written more powerfully of nature, of a rural childhood, and of the alienated and unstable self".
  Clare was born in Helpston, six miles to the north of the city of Peterborough. In his life time, the village was in the Soke of Peterborough in Northamptonshire and his memorial calls him "The Northamptonshire Peasant Poet". Helpston now lies in the Peterborough unitary authority of Cambridgeshire.
  He became an agricultural labourer while still a child; however, he attended school in Glinton church until he was twelve. In his early adult years, Clare became a pot-boy in the Blue Bell public house and fell in love with Mary Joyce; but her father, a prosperous farmer, forbade her to meet him. Subsequently he was a gardener at Burghley House. He enlisted in the militia, tried camp life with Gypsies, and worked in Pickworth as a lime burner in 1817. In the following year he was obliged to accept parish relief. Malnutrition stemming from childhood may be the main culprit behind his 5-foot stature and may have contributed to his poor physical health in later life.^{[citation needed]}
  
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  John Constable
  John Constable (11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English Romantic painter. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home—now known as "Constable Country"—which he invested with an intensity of affection. "I should paint my own places best", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, "painting is but another word for feeling".
  His most famous paintings include Dedham Vale of 1802 and The Hay Wain of 1821. Although his paintings are now among the most popular and valuable in British art, he was never financially successful and did not become a member of the establishment until he was elected to the Royal Academy at the age of 52. He sold more paintings in France than in his native England.
  John Constable was born in East Bergholt, a village on the River Stour in Suffolk, to Golding and Ann (Watts) Constable. His father was a wealthy corn merchant, owner of Flatford Mill in East Bergholt and, later, Dedham Mill in Essex. Golding Constable also owned his own small ship, The Telegraph, which he moored at Mistley on the Stour estuary and used to transport corn to London. He was a cousin of the London tea merchant, Abram Newman. Although Constable was his parents' second son, his older brother was mentally handicapped and so John was expected to succeed his father in the business, and after a brief period at a boarding school in Lavenham, he was enrolled in a day school in Dedham. Constable worked in the corn business after leaving school, but his younger brother Abram eventually took over the running of the mills.
  
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  John Keats
  John Keats ( /ˈkiːts/; 31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English Romantic poet. He was one of the main figures of the second generation of romantic poets along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, despite his work only having been in publication for four years before his death.
  Although his poems were not generally well received by critics during his life, his reputation grew after his death, so that by the end of the 19th century he had become one of the most beloved of all English poets. He had a significant influence on a diverse range of later poets and writers. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first encounter with Keats was the most significant literary experience of his life.
  The poetry of Keats is characterized by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular and most analyzed in English literature.
  John Keats was born on 31 October 1795 to Thomas and Frances Jennings Keats. Keats and his family seemed to have marked his birthday on 29 October, however baptism records give the birth date as the 31st. He was the eldest of four surviving children; George (1797–1841), Thomas (1799–1818) and Frances Mary "Fanny" (1803–1889). Another son was lost in infancy. John was born in central London although there is no clear evidence of the exact location. His father first worked as a hostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop inn, an establishment he later managed and where the growing family lived for some years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, but there is no evidence to support this. The Keats at the Globe pub now occupies the site, a few yards from modern day Moorgate station. He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate and sent to a local dame school as a child.
  
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  Joseph Haydn
  Franz Joseph Haydn (  /ˈdʒoʊzəf ˈhaɪdən/; German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdən] ( listen); 31 March 1732 – 31 May 1809), known as Joseph Haydn, was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent composers of the Classical period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" because of his important contributions to these forms. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form.
  A lifelong resident of Austria, Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Esterházy family on their remote estate. Isolated from other composers and trends in music until the later part of his long life, he was, as he put it, "forced to become original". At the time of his death, he was one of the most celebrated composers in Europe.
  Joseph Haydn was the brother of Michael Haydn, himself a highly regarded composer, and Johann Evangelist Haydn, a tenor. He was also a close friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a teacher of Ludwig van Beethoven.
  
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  Josepha Weber
  (Maria) Josepha Weber (later Josepha Hofer, Josepha Mayer; 1758 – December 29, 1819) was a German soprano of the classical era. She was a sister-in-law of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and the first to perform the role of The Queen of the Night in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute (1791).
  She was born in Zell im Wiesental, in present-day Baden-Württemberg, Germany, the daughter of Fridolin Weber. She had three younger sisters (in descending order of age): Aloysia, who was an early love interest of Mozart and sang in his later operas; Constanze, who married Mozart in 1782; and Sophie. The composer Carl Maria von Weber was the son of her father's half brother.
  Josepha grew up mostly in Mannheim, and moved with her family first to Munich then to Vienna, following the singing career of her sister Aloysia. By 1789 she was the prima donna in the theatrical troupe run by Johann Friedel at the suburban Theater auf der Wieden. Following Friedel's death in that year, the theater was taken over by Emanuel Schikaneder, who retained her in the new company he formed. She appears to have been an important member of the troupe: the collaborative opera Der Stein der Weisen, a sort of ancestor to The Magic Flute, includes no arias for coloratura soprano because at the time it was written Hofer was on maternity leave.
  
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  José de Espronceda
  José Ignacio Javier Oriol Encarnación de Espronceda y Delgado (25 March 1808 — 23 May 1842) was a famous Romantic Spanish poet.
  Espronceda was born in Almendralejo, at the Province of Badajoz. As a youth, he studied at the Colegio San Mateo at Madrid, having Alberto Lista as a teacher. When he was 15 years old, he formed a secret society named "Los Numantinos" alongside his friends Ventura de la Vega and Patricio de la Escosura, conspiring against Ferdinand VII and intending to avenge the death of Rafael del Riego. For this, he was imprisoned in a monastery and exiled. Afterward, he left Spain and lived in Lisbon, Belgium, France, England and Holland. On his return to Spain in 1833, he became active in the extreme left-wing of Spanish political culture. Espronceda is also known for his affair with Teresa Mancha, for whom he wrote "Canto a Teresa" (from El diablo mundo). He later went to the Malay Peninsula and helped build the Dutch colonies there. He died of diphtheria in 1842.
  Having been inspired to a literary career by his teacher Alberto Lista, Espronceda began to write the historical poem El Pelayo during his stay in the monastery. The poem was never completed. Later he wrote the novel Sancho Saldaña. His other important works include El estudiante de Salamanca and El Diablo Mundo, long lyric poems, the latter remained unfinished. Also important were A Jarifa en una orgía, El verdugo, El canto del cosaco, La canción del pirata and Himno al sol. Many of his works display the tendencies of Romanticism, and along with José Zorilla he is considered Spain's most important Romantic poet, as well as the most rebellious.
  
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  José Zorrilla
  José Zorrilla y Moral (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse θoˈriʎa]; 21 February 1817 – 23 January 1893), was a Spanish Romantic poet and dramatist.
  He was born in Valladolid to a magistrate in whom Ferdinand VII placed special confidence,. He was educated by the Jesuits at the Real Seminario de Nobles in Madrid, wrote verses when he was twelve, became an enthusiastic admirer of Walter Scott and Chateaubriand, and took part in the school performances of plays by Lope de Vega and Calderón de la Barca.
  In 1833 he was sent to study law at the University of Toledo, but after a year of idleness, he fled to Madrid, where he horrified the friends of his absolutist father by making violent speeches and by founding a newspaper which was promptly suppressed by the government. He narrowly escaped transportation to the Philippines, and passed the next few years in poverty.
  The death of the satirist Mariano José de Larra brought Zorrilla into notice. His elegiac poem, read at Larra's funeral in February 1837, introduced him to the leading men of letters. In 1837 he published a book of verses, mostly imitations of Alphonse de Lamartine and Victor Hugo, which was so favourably received that he printed six more volumes within three years.
  
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  Juliusz Słowacki
  Juliusz Słowacki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjuljuʂ swɔˈvat͡ski]; 4 September 1809 – 3 April 1849) was a Polish Romantic poet. He is considered one of the "Three Bards" of Polish literature — a major figure in the Polish Romantic period, and the father of modern Polish drama. His works often feature elements of Slavic pagan traditions, Polish history, mysticism and orientalism. His style includes the employment of neologisms and irony. His primary genre was the drama, and secondly, lyric poetry. His most popular works include the dramas Kordian and Balladyna and the poem Beniowski.
  Słowacki spent his youth in Stolen Lands, in Kremenets (Polish: Krzemieniec) (now Ukraine) and Vilnius (Polish: Wilno) (now Lithuania). He briefly worked for the government of the Kingdom of Poland. During the November 1830 Uprising, he was a courier for the Polish revolutionary government. When the uprising ended in defeat, he found himself abroad and thereafter, like many compatriots, lived the life of an émigré. He settled briefly in Paris, France, and later in Geneva, Switzerland. He also traveled through Italy, Greece and the Middle East. Eventually he returned to Paris, where he spent the last decade of his life. He briefly returned to Poland when another uprising broke out during the Spring of Nations (1848).
  
  wn.com/Juliusz_Słowacki
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  Karel Hynek Mácha
  Karel Hynek Mácha (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkarɛl ˈɦɪnɛk ˈmaːxa]) (16 November 1810 – 6 November 1836) was a Czech romantic poet.
  Mácha grew up in Prague, the son of a foreman at a mill. He learned Latin and German in school. He went on to study law at Prague University; during that time he also became involved in theatre (as an actor he first appeared in Jan Nepomuk Štěpánek's drama Czech and German in July 1832 in Benešov), where he met Eleonora Šomková, with whom he had a son out of wedlock. He was fond of travel, enjoying trips into the mountains, and was an avid walker. Eventually he moved to Litoměřice, a quiet town some 60 km from Prague, to prepare for law school exams and to write poetry. Three days before he was to be married to Šomková, just a few weeks after he had begun working as a legal assistant, Mácha, in helping put out a fire, overstrained himself, and died after a short period of illness, due to pneumonia. The day after his death he was expected in Prague to marry his mistress.
  
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  Karl Bryullov
  Karl Pavlovich Bryullov (Russian: Карл Па́влович Брюлло́в12 December 1799 - 11 June 1852), also transliterated Briullov or Briuloff and referred to by his friends as "The Great Karl", was a Russian painter. He is regarded as a key figure in transition from the Russian neoclassicism to romanticism.
  Karl Bryullov was born on December, 12th (23), 1799 in St.-Petersburg, in a family of the academician, the woodcarver and engraver Pavel Ivanovich Briullo (Brulleau, 1760—1833). He felt drawn to Italy from his early years. Despite his education at the Imperial Academy of Arts (1809–1821), Bryullov never fully embraced the classical style taught by his mentors and promoted by his brother, Alexander Bryullov. After distinguishing himself as a promising and imaginative student and finishing his education, he left Russia for Rome where he worked until 1835 as a portraitist and genre painter, though his fame as an artist came when he began doing historical painting.
  His best-known work, The Last Day of Pompeii (1830–1833), is a vast composition compared by Pushkin and Gogol to the best works of Rubens and Van Dyck. It created a sensation in Italy and established Briullov as one of the finest European painters of his day. After completing this work, he triumphantly returned to the Russian capital, where he made many friends among the aristocracy and intellectual elite and obtained a high post in the Imperial Academy of Arts.
  
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  Leon Fleisher
  Leon Fleisher (born July 23, 1928) is an American pianist and conductor.
  Fleisher was born in San Francisco, where he started studying the piano at age four. He made his public debut at age eight and played with the New York Philharmonic under Pierre Monteux at 16; Monteux famously called him "the pianistic find of the century." He became one of the few child prodigies to be accepted for study with Artur Schnabel and also studied with Maria Curcio. Fleisher was linked via Schnabel to a tradition that descended directly from Beethoven himself, handed down through Carl Czerny and Theodor Leschetizky.
  In the 1950s, Fleisher signed an exclusive recording contract with Columbia Masterworks. He is particularly well known for his interpretations of the piano concerti of Brahms and Beethoven, which he recorded with George Szell and the Cleveland Orchestra. They also recorded Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 25, the Grieg and Schumann piano concertos, Franck's Symphonic Variations, and Rachmaninoff's Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.
  
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  Lord Byron
  George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, later George Gordon Noel, 6th Baron Byron, FRS (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was a British poet and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. Among Byron's best-known works are the brief poems She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, and So, we'll go no more a roving, in addition to the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential.
  He travelled to fight against the Ottoman Empire in the Greek War of Independence, for which Greeks revere him as a national hero. He died at 36 years old from a fever contracted while in Missolonghi in Greece.
  Byron was celebrated in life for aristocratic excesses including huge debts, numerous love affairs, rumours of a scandalous incestuous liaison with his half-sister, and self-imposed exile. It has been speculated that he suffered from bipolar I disorder, or manic depression.
  
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  Louis Niedermeyer
  Abraham Louis Niedermeyer (27 April 1802 – 14 March 1861) was a composer chiefly of church music but also of a few operas, and a teacher who took over the Ecole Choron, duly renamed École Niedermeyer, a school for the study and practice of church music, where several eminent French musicians studied including Gabriel Fauré and André Messager.
  Born in Nyon, Switzerland, Niedermeyer studied piano in Vienna with Ignaz Moscheles and composition with Emanuel Aloys Förster. He studied further in Rome with Vincenzo Fioravanti (1819) and in Naples with Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli. While in Rome, he had the luck to meet Gioachino Rossini, who befriended him and urged the production of some of Niedermeyer's operas. His first opera, Il reo per amore, was put on in Naples in 1820 with some success.
  Like Rossini, Niedermeyer settled in Paris (at the age of 21, in 1823); and there, in later years, four more of his operas were staged, though with little success:
  Niedermeyer also collaborated with his friend Rossini on the assembly of Robert Bruce, Rossini's third and last pastiche; Niedermeyer provided the all-important French texts with their characteristic tone color and harmonies.
  
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  Louise Bertin
  Louise-Angélique Bertin (Les Roches, Essonne, 15 January 1805 – Paris, 26 April 1877) was a French composer and poet.
  Louise Bertin lived her entire life in France. Her father, Louis-François Bertin, and also her brother later on, were the editors of Journal des débats, an influential newspaper. As encouraged by her family, Bertin pursued music. She received lessons from François-Joseph Fétis, who directed a private family performance of Guy Mannering, the first opera that Bertin ever composed, in 1825. This opera, never formally produced, took its story line from the book of the same name, written by Sir Walter Scott. Two years later, Bertin's second opera, Le Loup-garou, was produced at the Opéra-Comique.
  At the age of 21, Bertin began working on an opera semiseria, based on Goethe's Faust. A performance of the completed opera was scheduled for 1830. However, due to many unforeseen complications, Fausto did not actually reach the stage until a full year later. It was not well received and only saw three performances.
  
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  Ludwig Uhland
  Johann Ludwig Uhland (26 April 1787 – 13 November 1862), was a German poet, philologist and literary historian.
  He was born in Tübingen, then Duchy of Württemberg, and studied jurisprudence at the university there, but also took an interest in medieval literature, especially old German and French poetry. Having graduated as a doctor of laws in 1810, he went to Paris for eight months to continue his studies of poetry; and from 1812 to 1814 he worked as a lawyer in Stuttgart, in the bureau of the minister of justice.
  He had begun his career as a poet in 1807 and 1808 by contributing ballads and lyrics to Seckendorff's Musenalmanach; and in 1812 and 1813 he wrote poems for Kerner's Poetischer Almanach and Deutscher Dichterwald. In 1815 he collected his poems in a volume entitled Vaterländische Gedichte, which almost immediately secured a wide circle of readers. To almost every new edition he added some fresh poems. His two dramatic works Ernst, Herzog von Schwaben (1818) and Ludwig der Baier (1819) are unimportant in comparison with his Gedichte.
  
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  Ludwig van Beethoven
  Ludwig van Beethoven (ⁱ/ˈlʊdvɪɡ væn ˈbeɪt.hoʊvən/; German pronunciation: [ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːt.hoːfən] ( listen); baptized 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers.
  Born in Bonn, then the capital of the Electorate of Cologne and part of the Holy Roman Empire, Beethoven moved to Vienna in his early 20s, studying with Joseph Haydn and quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. His hearing began to deteriorate in his late twenties, yet he continued to compose, conduct, and perform, even after becoming completely deaf.
  Beethoven was the grandson of a musician of Flemish origin named Lodewijk van Beethoven (1712–73) who moved at the age of twenty to Bonn. Lodewijk (Ludwig is the German cognate of Dutch Lodewijk) was employed as a bass singer at the court of the Elector of Cologne, eventually rising to become Kapellmeister (music director). Lodewijk had one son, Johann (1740–1792), who worked as a tenor in the same musical establishment, and gave lessons on piano and violin to supplement his income. Johann married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767; she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, who had been the head chef at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier.
  
  wn.com/Ludwig_van_Beethoven
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  Mikhail Glinka
  Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (Russian: Михаи́л Ива́нович Гли́нка) (June 1 [O.S. May 20] 1804 – February 15 [O.S. February 3] 1857), was the first Russian composer to gain wide recognition within his own country, and is often regarded as the father of Russian classical music. Glinka's compositions were an important influence on future Russian composers, notably the members of The Five, who took Glinka's lead and produced a distinctive Russian style of music.
  
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  Mikhail Lermontov
  Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (Russian: Михаи́л Ю́рьевич Ле́рмонтов; IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil ˈjurʲjɪvʲɪtɕ ˈlʲɛrməntəf]; October 15 [O.S. October 3] 1814 – July 27 [O.S. July 15] 1841), a Russian Romantic writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", became the most important Russian poet after Alexander Pushkin's death in 1837. Lermontov is considered the supreme poet of Russian literature alongside Pushkin and the greatest figure in Russian Romanticism. His influence on later Russian literature is still felt in modern times, not only through his poetry, but also through his prose, which founded the tradition of the Russian psychological novel.
  Lermontov was born in Moscow into a respectable noble family of the Tula Oblast, and grew up on the Tarkhany estate in the village of Tarkhany (now Lermontovo) in Penza Oblast. According to legend, his paternal family is descended from the Scottish Earls of Learmont, one of whom settled in Russia in the early 17th century, during the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The legendary Scottish poet Thomas the Rhymer (Thomas Learmonth) is thus claimed as a relative of Lermontov. The only ascertainable genealogical information states that the poet was descended from Yuri (George) Learmont, a Scottish officer in the Polish service who settled in Russia in the middle of 17th century
  
  wn.com/Mikhail_Lermontov
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  Nathaniel Hawthorne
  Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer.
  Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning. His ancestors include John Hathorne, the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented of his actions. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne" in order to hide this relation. He entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825. Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828. He published several short stories in various periodicals which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The next year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at a Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, and was survived by his wife and their three children.
  
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  Niccolò Paganini
  Niccolò (or Nicolò) Paganini (27 October 1782 – 27 May 1840) was an Italian violinist, violist, guitarist, and composer. He was one of the most celebrated violin virtuosi of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique. His Caprice No. 24 in A minor, Op. 1, is among the best known of his compositions, and has served as an inspiration for many prominent composers.
  Niccolò Paganini was born in Genoa, Italy, the third of the six children of Antonio and Teresa (née Bocciardo) Paganini. Paganini's father was an unsuccessful trader, but he managed to supplement his income through playing music on the mandolin. At the age of five, Paganini started learning the mandolin from his father, and moved to the violin by the age of seven. His musical talents were quickly recognized, earning him numerous scholarships for violin lessons. The young Paganini studied under various local violinists, including Giovanni Servetto and Giacomo Costa, but his progress quickly outpaced their abilities. Paganini and his father then traveled to Parma to seek further guidance from Alessandro Rolla. But upon listening to Paganini's playing, Rolla immediately referred him to his own teacher, Ferdinando Paer and, later, Paer's own teacher, Gasparo Ghiretti. Though Paganini did not stay long with Paer or Ghiretti, the two had considerable influence on his composition style.
  
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  Nikolay Karamzin
  Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin (Russian: Никола́й Миха́йлович Карамзи́н) (12 December [O.S. 1 December] 1766 – 3 June [O.S. 22 May] 1826) was a Russian writer, poet, historian, and critic. He is best remembered for his History of the Russian State, a 12-volume national history.
  Karamzin was born in the village of Mikhailovka, in the government of Orenburg on 1 December (old style) 1766. His father was an officer in the Russian army. He was sent to Moscow to study under Swiss-German teacher Johann Matthias Schaden; he later moved to St Petersburg, where he made the acquaintance of Ivan Dmitriev, a Russian poet of some merit, and occupied himself with translating essays by foreign writers into his native language. After residing for some time in St Petersburg he went to Simbirsk, where he lived in retirement until induced to revisit Moscow. There, finding himself in the midst of the society of learned men, he again took to literary work.
  In 1789 he resolved to travel, and visited Germany, France, Switzerland and England. On his return he published his Letters of a Russian Traveller, which met with great success. These letters, modelled after Irish-born Poet, Laurence Sterne´s Sentimental Journey, were first printed in the Moscow Journal, which he edited, but were later collected and issued in six volumes (1797–1801).
  
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  Novalis
  Novalis (German pronunciation: [noˈvaːlɪs]) was the pseudonym of Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (May 2, 1772 – March 25, 1801), an author and philosopher of early German Romanticism.
  Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg was born in 1772 at Oberwiederstedt manor (now part of Arnstein, Saxony-Anhalt), in the Harz mountains. The family seat was a manorial estate, not simply a stately home. Novalis descended from ancient, Low German nobility. Different lines of the family include such important, influential magistrates and ministry officials as the Prussian chancellor Karl August von Hardenberg (1750–1822). An oil painting and a christening cap commonly assigned to Novalis are his only possessions now extant. In the church in Wiederstedt, he was christened Georg Philipp Friedrich. He spent his childhood on the family estate and used it as the starting point for his travels into the Harz mountains.
  Novalis’s father, the estate owner and salt-mine manager Heinrich Ulrich Erasmus Freiherr von Hardenberg (1738–1814), was a strictly pietistic man who had become a member of the Moravian (Herrnhuter) Church. His second marriage was to Auguste Bernhardine von Hardenberg, née Bölzig (1749–1818), who gave birth to eleven children: their second child was Georg Philipp Friedrich, who later named himself Novalis.
  
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  Paul Hindemith
  Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 – 28 December 1963) was a German composer, violist, violinist, teacher, music theorist and conductor.
  Born in Hanau, near Frankfurt am Main, Hindemith was taught the violin as a child. He entered Frankfurt's Hoch’sche Konservatorium, where he studied violin with Adolf Rebner, as well as conducting and composition with Arnold Mendelssohn and Bernhard Sekles. At first he supported himself by playing in dance bands and musical-comedy groups. He became deputy leader of the Frankfurt Opera Orchestra in 1914, and was promoted to leader in 1917. He played second violin in the Rebner String Quartet from 1914. In 1921 he founded the Amar Quartet, playing viola, and extensively toured Europe.
  In 1922, some of his pieces were played in the International Society for Contemporary Music festival at Salzburg, which first brought him to the attention of an international audience. The following year, he began to work as an organizer of the Donaueschingen Festival, where he programmed works by several avant garde composers, including Anton Webern and Arnold Schoenberg. From 1927 he taught composition at the Berliner Hochschule für Musik in Berlin. Hindemith wrote the music for Hans Richter's 1928 avant-garde film Ghosts Before Breakfast (Vormittagsspuk), although the score was subsequently lost, and he also acted in the film.
  
  wn.com/Paul_Hindemith
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  Philipp Otto Runge
  Philipp Otto Runge (23 July 1777 – 2 December 1810) was a Romantic German painter and draughtsman. He made a late start to his career and died young, nonetheless he is considered among the best German Romantic painters.
  Runge was born as the 9th of 11 children of a family of shipbuilders in Wolgast, in Western Pomerania, then under Swedish rule. As a sickly child he often missed school and at an early age learned the art of scissor-cut silhouettes from his mother, practised by him throughout his life. In 1795 he began a commercial apprenticeship at his older brother Daniel's firm in Hamburg. In 1799 Daniel supported Runge financially to begin study of painting under Jens Juel at the Copenhagen Academy. In 1801 he moved to Dresden to continue his studies, where he met Caspar David Friedrich, Ludwig Tieck, and his future wife Pauline Bassenge. He also began extensive study of the writings of the 17th century mystic Jakob Boehme. In 1803, on a visit to Weimar, Runge unexpectedly met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and the two formed a friendship based on their common interests in color and art.
  
  wn.com/Philipp_Otto_Runge
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  Piotr Michałowski
  Piotr Michałowski (July 2, 1800 – June 9, 1855) was a Polish painter of the Romantic period, especially known for his many portraits.
  His talent was long underestimated, but he was re-discovered by Pablo Picasso in 1948. When the painter visited Poland, he saw Michałowski's work in the Warsaw National Museum and shouted, "Here, painter!"
  The Sukiennice Museum, a division of the National Museum in Kraków, contains a room devoted to Michałowski's work.
  
  wn.com/Piotr_Michałowski
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  Ralph Waldo Emerson
  Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.
  Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Following this ground-breaking work, he gave a speech entitled The American Scholar in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence".
  Emerson wrote most of his important essays as lectures first, then revised them for print. His first two collections of essays – Essays: First Series and Essays: Second Series, published respectively in 1841 and 1844 – represent the core of his thinking, and include such well-known essays as Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul, Circles, The Poet and Experience. Together with Nature, these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emerson's most fertile period.
  
  wn.com/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson
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  Richard Wagner
  Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( /ˈvɑːɡnər/; German pronunciation: [ˈʁiçaʁt ˈvaːɡnɐ]; 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and polemicist primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as he later called them). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Perhaps the two best-known extracts from his works are the Ride of the Valkyries from the opera Die Walküre, and the Wedding March (Bridal Chorus) from the opera Lohengrin.
  Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works such as The Flying Dutchman and Tannhäuser which were broadly in the romantic vein of Weber and Meyerbeer, Wagner transformed operatic thought through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("total work of art"). This would achieve the synthesis of all the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts and was announced in a series of essays between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realized this concept most fully in the first half of the monumental four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. However, his thoughts on the relative importance of music and drama were to change again, and he reintroduced some traditional operatic forms into his last few stage works, including Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.
  
  wn.com/Richard_Wagner
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  Robert Schumann
  Robert Schumann, sometimes known as Robert Alexander Schumann, (8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856) was a German composer, aesthete and influential music critic. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most representative composers of the Romantic era. Schumann left the study of law to return to music, intending to pursue a career as a virtuoso pianist. He had been assured by his teacher Friedrich Wieck that he could become the finest pianist in Europe, but a hand injury ended this dream. Schumann then focused his musical energies on composing.
  Schumann's published compositions were written exclusively for the piano until 1840; he later composed works for piano and orchestra; many Lieder (songs for voice and piano); four symphonies; an opera; and other orchestral, choral, and chamber works. Works such as Kinderszenen, Album für die Jugend, Blumenstück and Albumblätter are among his most famous. His writings about music appeared mostly in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (New Journal for Music), a Leipzig-based publication which he jointly founded.
  
  wn.com/Robert_Schumann
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  Samuel Palmer
  Samuel Palmer (27 January 1805 – 24 May 1881) was a British landscape painter, etcher and printmaker. He was also a prolific writer. Palmer was a key figure in Romanticism in Britain and produced visionary pastoral paintings.
  Palmer, who was born in Newington, London in Surrey Square off the Old Kent Road, was the son of a bookseller and sometime Baptist minister, and was raised by a pious nurse. Palmer painted churches from around age twelve, and first exhibited Turner-inspired works at the Royal Academy at the age of fourteen. He had little formal training, and did not have a formal schooling, although he was educated briefly at Merchant Taylors' School.
  Through John Linnell, he met William Blake in 1824. Blake's influence can be seen in the works he produced over the next ten years or so, which are generally reckoned to be his greatest. These works were of landscapes around Shoreham, near Sevenoaks in the west of the county of Kent. He purchased a run-down cottage, nicknamed "Rat Abbey", and it was there that he lived from 1826 to 1835, depicting the area as a demi-paradise, mysterious and visionary, and often shown in sepia shades under moon and star light. There Palmer also associated with the group of Blake-influenced artists known as The Ancients (including George Richmond and Edward Calvert). They were among the few who ever saw the Shoreham paintings since, as a result of attacks by critics in 1825, he only ever opened those early portfolios to selected friends.
  
  wn.com/Samuel_Palmer
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  Sigismond Thalberg
  Sigismond Thalberg (January 8, 1812 – April 27, 1871) was a composer and one of the most distinguished virtuoso pianists of the 19th century.
  Sigismond Thalberg was born in Pâquis near Geneva, Switzerland, on January 8, 1812. According to his birth certificate, he was the son of "Joseph Thalberg" and "Fortunée Stein", both from Frankfurt-am-Main, but the names in the birth certificate are now regarded as fictitious. For reasons of Thalberg's illegitimate birth, during his lifetime it was common use not to call his parents true names. François-Joseph Fétis, in the article "Thalberg" in his Biographie universelle des musiciens (1863), therefore wrote that Thalberg was son of a Prince „M.. D..“ and a Baroness „W...“.
  The identity of Thalberg's mother as Baroness Maria Julia Wetzler von Plankenstern was disclosed 1871 by L. R. von Kohlenegg (Poly Henrion) in an article for the paper Ueber Land und Meer and 1882 by Constant von Wurzbach in the eighth volume of his Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Österreich. As excuse for their being indiscreet both authors wrote that the Baroness herself had always admitted that Sigismond Thalberg was her son. She wore a ring on one of her thumbs and told people who had asked her about it, that the ring had been given to her by Thalberg's father after she had given birth to the child. She was born Julia Bydeskuty von Ipp, from a Hungarian family of a lower rank of the nobility. In 1820 she married Baron Alexander Ludwig Wetzler von Plankenstern.
  
  wn.com/Sigismond_Thalberg
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  Sophie Weber
  Maria Sophie Weber (1763? – 1846) was a singer of the 18th and 19th centuries. She was the younger sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's wife Constanze, and is remembered primarily for the testimony she left concerning the life and death of her brother-in-law.
  She was born into a musical family, the youngest of four sisters all of whom became trained singers; two achieved professional fame: the oldest sister Josepha Weber and the second oldest Aloysia Weber. Her mother was Cäcilia Weber. She moved with the family, first to Munich, then to Vienna, following the burgeoning career of Aloysia. Sophie herself sang at the Burgtheater in the 1780–1781 season, but apparently did not make any kind of long-term success as a singer.
  When Mozart moved to Vienna in 1781, and lodged for a time with the Weber family, he seems to have flirted with both Sophie and Constanze (whom he eventually courted and married). The incomplete Allegro in B-flat K. 400, written by Mozart at this time, contains (in W. Dean Sutcliffe]'s words) "a self-contained melodic episode in G minor, with the names of Sophie and Co[n]stanze Weber inscribed above a pair of prolonged sigh figures." In a letter of 15 December, 1781, Mozart described Sophie as "good-natured but feather-brained." In 1782, when Mozart and Constanze were married, she was the only Weber sister who was present at the ceremony.
  
  wn.com/Sophie_Weber
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  Stendhal
  Marie-Henri Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).
  Born in Grenoble, Isère, he had an unhappy childhood in what he found to be stifling provincial France, disliking his "unimaginative" father and mourning his mother, who had died when he was young. His closest friend was his younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady correspondence throughout the first decade of the 19th century.
  The military and theatrical worlds of the First French Empire were a revelation to Beyle. He was named an auditor with the Conseil d'État on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French administration and in the Napoleonic wars in Italy. He travelled extensively in Germany and was part of Napoleon's army in the 1812 invasion of Russia.
  
  wn.com/Stendhal
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  Sviatoslav Richter
  Sviatoslav Teofilovich Richter (Russian: Святослав Теофилович Рихтер Sviatosláv Teofílovich Ríkhter, Russian pronunciation: [svʲjətəsˈlaf tʲɪəˈfʲiləvʲɪtɕ ˈrʲixtər], Ukrainian: Святослав Теофілович Ріхтер; March 20 [O.S. March 7] 1915 – August 1, 1997) was a Soviet pianist well known for the depth of his interpretations, virtuoso technique, and vast repertoire. He is widely considered one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century.
  Richter was born in Zhytomyr, Ukraine. His father, Teofil Danilovich Richter (1872–1941), was a German expatriate pianist, organist, and composer who had studied in Vienna. His mother, Anna Pavlovna (née Moskaleva; 1892–1963), was from a landowning Russian family, and at one point had been a pupil of her future husband. In 1918, when Richter's parents were in Odessa, the Civil War separated them from their son, and Richter moved in with his aunt Tamara. He lived with her from 1918 to 1921, and it was then that his interest in art first manifested itself, although he first became interested in painting, which his aunt taught him.
  
  wn.com/Sviatoslav_Richter
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  Taras Shevchenko
  Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko (Ukrainian: Тара́с Григо́рович Шевче́нко, Russian: Тара́с Григо́рьевич Шевче́нко, Taras Grigoryevich Shevchenko), ( March 9 [O.S. February 25] 1814 – March 10 [O.S. February 26] 1861) was a Ukrainian poet, artist and humanist. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, the modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko also wrote in Russian and left many masterpieces as a painter and an illustrator.
  Born into a serf family of Hryhoriy Ivanovych Shevchenko (1782? - 1825) and Kateryna Yakymivna Shevchenko (Boiko) (1782? - August 6, 1823) in the village of Moryntsi, of Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine) Shevchenko was orphaned at the age of eleven. He was taught to read by a village precentor, and loved to draw at every opportunity. Shevchenko went as a household servant with his Russian aristocrat lord Pavel Engelhardt to Vilnius (1828–31) and then to Saint Petersburg.
  
  wn.com/Taras_Shevchenko
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  Thomas Lawrence
  Sir Thomas Lawrence PRA FRS (13 April 1769 – 7 January 1830) was a leading English portrait painter and president of the Royal Academy.
  Lawrence was a child prodigy. He was born in Bristol and began drawing in Devizes, where his father was an innkeeper. At the age of ten, having moved to Bath, he was supporting his family with his pastel portraits. At eighteen he went to London and soon established his reputation as a portrait painter in oils, receiving his first royal commission, a portrait of Queen Charlotte, in 1790. He stayed at the top of his profession until his death, aged 60, in 1830. Self-taught, he was a brilliant draughtsman and known for his gift of capturing a likeness, as well as his virtuoso handling of paint. He became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1791, a full member in 1794, and president in 1820. In 1810 he acquired the generous patronage of the Prince Regent, was sent abroad to paint portraits of allied leaders for the Waterloo chamber at Windsor Castle, and is particularly remembered as the Romantic portraitist of the Regency. Lawrence's love affairs were not happy (his tortuous relationships with Sally and Maria Siddons became the subject of several books) and, in spite of his success, he spent most of life deep in debt. He never married. At his death, Lawrence was the most fashionable portrait painter in Europe. His reputation waned during Victorian times, but has been partially restored in more recent ones.
  
  wn.com/Thomas_Lawrence
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  Théodore Géricault
  Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (26 September 1791 – 26 January 1824) was a profoundly influential French artist, painter and lithographer, known for The Raft of the Medusa and other paintings. Although he died young, he became one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement.
  Born in Rouen, France, Géricault was educated in the tradition of English sporting art by Carle Vernet and classical figure composition by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, a rigorous classicist who disapproved of his student's impulsive temperament yet recognized his talent. Géricault soon left the classroom, choosing to study at the Louvre instead, where (from 1810 to 1815) he copied from paintings by Peter Paul Rubens, Titian, Diego Velázquez, and Rembrandt. During this period at the Louvre he discovered a vitality he found lacking in the prevailing school of Neoclassicism. Much of his time was spent in Versailles, where he found the stables of the palace open to him, and where he gained his knowledge of the anatomy and action of horses.
  
  wn.com/Théodore_Géricault
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  Théophile Gautier
  Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier (pronounced: [pjɛʁ ʒyl teofil ɡotje]; August 30, 1811 – October 23, 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, art critic and literary critic.
  While Gautier was an ardent defender of Romanticism, his work is difficult to classify and remains a point of reference for many subsequent literary traditions such as Parnassianism, Symbolism, Decadence and Modernism. He was widely esteemed by writers as diverse as Balzac, Baudelaire, the Goncourt brothers, Flaubert, Proust and Oscar Wilde.
  Gautier was born on August 30, 1811, in Tarbes, capital of Hautes-Pyrénées département in southwestern France. His father, Pierre Gautier, was a fairly cultured minor government official and his mother was Antoinette-Adelaïde Concarde. The family moved to Paris in 1814, taking up residence in the ancient Marais district.
  Gautier's education commenced at the prestigious Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris (fellow alumni include Voltaire and Charles Baudelaire), which he attended for three months before being brought home due to illness. Although he completed the remainder of his education at Collège Charlemagne (alumni include Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve), Gautier's most significant instruction came from his father, who prompted him to become a Latin scholar by age 18.
  
  wn.com/Théophile_Gautier
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  Ugo Foscolo
  Ugo Foscolo (Italian pronunciation: [ˈuɡo ˈfoskolo]; 6 February 1778 – 10 September 1827), born Niccolò Foscolo, was an Italian writer, revolutionary and poet.
  Foscolo was born on the Ionian island of Zakynthos. His father was Andrea Foscolo, an impoverished Venetian nobleman, and his mother Diamantina Spathis was Greek.
  In 1788, on the death of his father, who worked as a physician in Spalato, today Croatia (Split), the family removed to Venice, and at the University of Padua Foscolo completed the studies begun at the Dalmatian grammar school.
  Amongst his Paduan teachers was the abbé Cesarotti, whose version of Ossian had made that work highly popular in Italy, and who influenced Foscolo's literary tastes; he knew both modern and Ancient Greek. His literary ambition revealed itself by the appearance in 1797 of his tragedy Tieste--a production which obtained a certain degree of success.
  Foscolo, who, for causes not clearly explained, had changed his Christian name Niccolò to that of Ugo, now began to take an active part in the stormy political discussions which the fall of the republic of Venice had provoked. He was a prominent member of the national committees, and addressed an ode to Napoleon Bonaparte, expecting Napoleon to overthrow the Venetian oligarchy and create a free republic.
  
  wn.com/Ugo_Foscolo
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  Vasily Zhukovsky
  Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky (Russian: Васи́лий Андре́евич Жуко́вский; IPA: [vɐˈsʲilʲɪj ɐˈndrʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ʐʊˈkofskʲɪj]; February 9 [O.S. January 29] 1783 – April 24 [O.S. April 12] 1852) was the foremost Russian poet of the 1810s and a leading figure in Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century. He held a high position at the Romanov court as tutor to the Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna and later to her son, the future Tsar-Liberator Alexander II.
  Zhukovsky is credited with introducing the Romantic Movement into Russia. The main body of his literary output consists of free translations covering an impressively wide range of poets, from ancients like Ferdowsi and Homer to his contemporaries Goethe, Schiller, Byron, and others. Many of his translations have become classics of Russian literature, arguably better-written and more enduring in Russian than in their original languages.
  Zhukovsky was born in the village of Mishenskoe, in Tula Oblast, Russia, the illegitimate son of a landowner named Afanasi Bunin and his Turkish housekeeper Salkha. The Bunin family had a literary bent and some 90 years later produced the Nobel Prize-winning modernist writer Ivan Bunin. For reasons of social propriety, Zhukovsky was formally adopted by a family friend. He kept his adopted surname and patronymic for the rest of his life, even when later ennobled, eventually passing it on to his own children.
  
  wn.com/Vasily_Zhukovsky
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  Victor Hugo
  Victor-Marie Hugo (French pronunciation: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo]) (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist^{[citation needed]} and exponent of the Romantic movement in France.
  In France, Hugo's literary fame comes first from his poetry but also rests upon his novels and his dramatic achievements. Among many volumes of poetry, Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles stand particularly high in critical esteem, and Hugo is sometimes identified as the greatest French poet. Outside France, his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (also known in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame).
  Though a committed royalist when he was young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed; he became a passionate supporter of republicanism^{[citation needed]}, and his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and artistic trends of his time. He is buried in the Panthéon.
  Hugo was the third, illegitimate, son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828) and Sophie Trébuchet (1772–1821); his brothers were Abel Joseph Hugo (1798–1855) and Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). He was born in 1802 in Besançon (in the region of Franche-Comté) and lived in France for the majority of his life. However, he decided to live in exile as a result of Napoleon III's Coup d'état at the end of 1851.
  
  wn.com/Victor_Hugo
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  Vincenzo Bellini
  Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini (3 November 1801 – 23 September 1835) was a Italian opera composer. A native of Catania in Sicily, his greatest works are I Capuleti ed i Montecchi (1830), La sonnambula (1831), Norma (1831), Beatrice di Tenda (1833), and I puritani (1835). Known for his long-flowing melodic lines, for which he was named "the Swan of Catania", Bellini was the quintessential composer of bel canto opera. He died in Puteaux, France at the age of 33, nine months after the premiere of his last opera, I puritani.
  Born in Catania, Sicily, Bellini was a child prodigy from a highly musical family and legend has it he could sing an aria of Valentino Fioravanti at eighteen months. He began studying music theory at two, the piano at three, and by the age of five could apparently play well. Bellini's first five pieces were composed when he was just six years old. Regardless of the veracity of these claims, it is certain that Bellini grew up in a musical household and that a career as a musician was never in doubt.
  
  wn.com/Vincenzo_Bellini
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  Walter Scott
  Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, popular throughout much of the world during his time.
  Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime, with many contemporary readers in Europe, Australia, and North America. His novels and poetry are still read, and many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature. Famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor.
  Born in College Wynd in the Old Town of Edinburgh in 1771, the son of a solicitor, Scott survived a childhood bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Borders region at his paternal grandparents' farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower, the earlier family home. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that summer went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England, where they lived at 6 South Parade. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a water cure at Prestonpans during the following summer.
  
  wn.com/Walter_Scott
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  Washington Irving
  Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving also served as the U.S. ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846.
  He made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the Morning Chronicle, written under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. After moving to England for the family business in 1815, he achieved international fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. in 1819. He continued to publish regularly—and almost always successfully—throughout his life, and completed a five-volume biography of George Washington just eight months before his death, at age 76, in Tarrytown, New York.
  
  wn.com/Washington_Irving
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  William Blake
  William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. His prophetic poetry has been said to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language". His visual artistry has led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced". Although he lived in London his entire life except for three years spent in Felpham he produced a diverse and symbolically rich corpus, which embraced the imagination as "the body of God", or "Human existence itself".
  Considered mad by contemporaries for his idiosyncratic views, Blake is held in high regard by later critics for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work. His paintings and poetry have been characterised as part of both the Romantic movement and "Pre-Romantic", for its large appearance in the 18th century. Reverent of the Bible but hostile to the Church of England – indeed, to all forms of organised religion – Blake was influenced by the ideals and ambitions of the French and American revolutions, as well as by such thinkers as Jakob Böhme and Emanuel Swedenborg. Despite these known influences, the singularity of Blake's work makes him difficult to classify. The 19th-century scholar William Rossetti characterised Blake as a "glorious luminary," and as "a man not forestalled by predecessors, nor to be classed with contemporaries, nor to be replaced by known or readily surmisable successors".
  
  wn.com/William_Blake
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  William Wordsworth
  William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.
  Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semiautobiographical poem of his early years which he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as the poem "to Coleridge". Wordsworth was Britain's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.
  The second of five children born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in Wordsworth House in Cockermouth, Cumberland—part of the scenic region in northwest England, the Lake District. His sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. They had three other siblings: Richard, the eldest, who became a lawyer; John, born after Dorothy, who went to sea and died in 1805 when the ship of which he was Master, the Earl of Abergavenny, was wrecked off the south coast of England; and Christopher, the youngest, who entered the Church and rose to be Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. Their father was a legal representative of James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and, through his connections, lived in a large mansion in the small town. Wordsworth, as with his siblings, had little involvement with their father, and they would be distant from him until his death in 1783.
  
  wn.com/William_Wordsworth
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  Zygmunt Krasiński
  Count Napoleon Stanisław Adam Ludwig Zygmunt Krasiński (Polish pronunciation: [ˈzɨɡmunt kraˈɕiɲskʲi]; Paris, France, 19 February 1812 – 23 February 1859, Paris, France), a Polish count, is traditionally ranked with Mickiewicz and Słowacki as one of Poland's Three National Bards — the trio of great Romantic poets who influenced national consciousness during the period of Poland's political bondage.
  Krasiński was the son of a general, Count Wincenty Krasiński, of the aristocratic Krasiński family. He studied law at Warsaw University and in Geneva, where he met Adam Mickiewicz.
  Krasiński was more sociopolitically conservative than the other two poets. He published much of his work anonymously.
  He is best known for his philosophical Messianist ideas. His drama, Nie-boska Komedia (The Un-Divine Comedy, 1835), portrays the tragedy of an old-world aristocracy defeated by a new order of communism and democracy, and is a poetic prophecy of class conflict and of Russia's October Revolution (see also Okopy Świętej Trójcy); and his drama, Irydion (1836), deals, in the context of Christian ethics, with the struggle of a subjugated nation against its oppressor.
  
  wn.com/Zygmunt_Krasiński
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  Étienne Méhul
  Étienne Nicolas Méhul (22 June 1763 – 18 October 1817) was a French composer, "the most important opera composer in France during the Revolution." He was also the first composer to be called a "Romantic".
  Méhul was born at Givet in Ardennes to Jean-François Méhul, a wine merchant, and his wife Marie-Cécile (née Keuly). His first music lessons came from a blind local organist, but he had innate aptitude and was sent to study with a German musician and organist, Wilhelm Hanser, at the monastery of Lavaldieu, a few miles from Givet. Here Méhul developed his lifelong love of flowers.
  In 1778 or 1779 he went to Paris and began to study with Jean-Frédéric Edelmann, a harpsichord player and friend of Méhul's idol Christoph Willibald von Gluck. Méhul's first published composition was a book of piano pieces in 1783. He also arranged airs from popular operas and by the late 1780s he had begun to think about an operatic career for himself.
  In 1787, the writer Valadier offered Méhul one of his libretti, Cora, which had been rejected by Gluck in 1785. The Académie royale de musique (the Paris Opéra put Méhul's work, under the title Alonzo et Cora, into rehearsal in June 1789. However, the rehearsals were abandoned on 8 August, probably because the Opéra had been suffering severe financial difficulties throughout the 1780s, and the opera was not premiered until 1791. In the meantime, Méhul found an ideal collaborator in the librettist François-Benoît Hoffman, who provided the words to the first of Méhul's operas to be performed, Euphrosine. Its premiere in 1790 was an immense success and marked the composer out as a new talent. It was also the start of his long relationship with the Comédie Italienne theatre (soon to be renamed the Opéra-Comique).
  
  wn.com/Étienne_Méhul

• Euryanthe: 2. Aufzug "War es denn recht getan?"
• Euryanthe: 2. Aufzug "Sie ist mir nah, mein Bangen war ein Traum"
• Euryanthe: 2. Aufzug "Hin nimm die Seele mein"
• Euryanthe: 2. Aufzug "Seid gegrüt, ihr lieben Freunde"
• Euryanthe: 2. Aufzug "Wie froh seh' ich dich wieder!"
• Euryanthe: 2. Aufzug "Mein König!"
• Euryanthe: 2. Aufzug "Kennst du noch dieses Armbands Zierde"
• Euryanthe: 2. Aufzug "Gott, der du alle Herzen leitest"
• Euryanthe: 2. Aufzug "Entscheide, Richter, Bürge dieser Wette"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Es schwinden mir die Kräfte"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Herr, der du mich in deinem Rat"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Der Hirsch schlich hierher"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Lat mich hier in Frieden sterben"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Zu ihm, zu ihm, zu ihm!"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Unheimlich ist's! Seht!"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Ich kann nicht weiter!"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Sei unbesorgt, wir stehen zu dir!"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Triumph! Triumph! Euryanthe tot!"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Nein! Last ihn frei!"
• Euryanthe: 3. Aufzug "Mein König hört!"

• Symphony No.2 In C Major J51: I. Allegro
• Symphony No.2 In C Major J51: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Symphony No.2 In C Major J51: III. Menuetto - Trio (Allegro)
• Symphony No.2 In C Major J51: IV. Finale: Scherzo presto
• Andante e Rondo Ungarese J158: I. Andante
• Andante e Rondo Ungarese J158: II. Allegretto Ungarese
• Concerto In F Major For Bassoon And Orchestra J127: I. Allegro Ma Non Troppo
• Concerto In F Major For Bassoon And Orchestra J127: II. Adagio
• Concerto In F Major For Bassoon And Orchestra J127: III. Rondo.Allegro
• Symphony No.1 In C Major J51: I. Allegro Con Fuoco
• Symphony No.1 In C Major J51: II. Andante
• Symphony No.1 In C Major J51: III. Scherzo - Trio.Presto
• Symphony No.1 In C Major J51: IV. Finale.Presto

• Concerto No. 1 para clarineta e orquestra, Op. 73: I. Allegro
• Concerto No. 1 para clarineta e orquestra, Op. 73: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Concerto No. 1 para clarineta e orquestra, Op. 73: III. Rondo: Allegretto
• Konzertsück em fá menor, Op. 79
• Oberon, Op. 79: Abertura
• Der Freischütz: Abertura
• Convite à dança, Op. 65

• Der Freischütz: Overture
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: "Victoria! Der Meister soll leben"
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: "Schau der Herr mich an als König!"
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: Dialogue. "Lasst mich zufrieden"
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: "Oh diese Sonne"
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: Dialogue. "Max, wir wollen gute Freunde bleiben!"
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: Walzer
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: "Nein, länger trag' ich nicht die Quälen" / "Durch die Wälder, durch die Auen"
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: Dialogue. "Da bist du ja noch, Kamerad"
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: "Hier im ird'schen Jammertal"
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: Dialogue. "Agathe hat recht"
• Der Freischütz: Act 1: "Schweig - damit dich niemand warnt!"
• Der Freischütz: Act 2: "Schelm! Halt fest!"
• Der Freischütz: Act 2: Dialogue. "So, nun wird der Urvater"
• Der Freischütz: Act 2: "Kommt ein schlanker Bursch gegangen"
• Der Freischütz: Act 2: Dialogue. "Und der Bursch nicht minder schön"
• Der Freischütz: Act 2: "Wie nahte mir der Schlummer" / "Leise, leise, fromme Weise!"
• Der Freischütz: Act 2: Dialogue. "Agathe! Agathe!"
• Der Freischütz: Act 2: "Wie? Was? Entsetzen!"

• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: III. Rondo (Allegretto)
• Introduction, Theme and Variations on a Swedish Air
• Concertino for Clarinet: I. Grave
• Concertino for Clarinet: II. Allegro molto
• Concertino for Clarinet: III. Adagio
• Concertino for Clarinet: IV. Allegro risoluto
• Première Rapsodie

• Der Freischütz: Ouvertüre
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Viktoria! Viktoria! Der Meister soll leben" (Chor der Landleute, Max)
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Schau' der Herr mich an als König!" (Kilian, Landleute)
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Was gibt's hier?" (Kuno, Kilian, Max, Kaspar)
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Oh, diese Sonne" (Max, Kuno, Kaspar, Landleute, Jäger)
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Jetzt schlag er sich die Grillen aus dem Kopf" (Kilian, Max)
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Nein, länger trag'ich nicht die Qualen... Durch die Wälder, durch die Auen" (Max)
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Da bist du ja noch, Kamerad" (Kaspar, Max)
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Hier im ird'schen Jammertal" (Kaspar)
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Agathe hat recht, wenn sie mir immer vor dir warnt" (Max, Kaspar)
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Schweig - schweig, damit dich niemand want!" (Kaspar)
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "Schelm! Halt fest!¨" (Ännchen, Agathe)
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "So! Nun wird der Altvater wohl wieder ein Jahrhundertchen festhängen" (Ännchen, Agathe)
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "Kommt ein schlanker Bursch gegangen" (Ännchen)
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "Und der Bursch nicht minder schön!" (Agathe, Ännchen)
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "Wie nahte mir der Schlummer... Leise, leise, fromme Weise!" (Agathe)
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "Mein Max!" (Agathe, Max, Ännchen)
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "Wie? Was? Entsetzen! Dort in der Schreckensschlucht?" (Agathe, Ännchen, Max)

• Primer Acto: Obertura
• Primer Acto: "Viktoria! Viktoria!"
• Primer Acto: "Schau der Herr mich an als König!"
• Primer Acto: "Oh, diese Sonne"
• Primer Acto: Vals
• Primer Acto: "Nein, länger trag'ich nicht die Qualen"
• Primer Acto: "Durch die Wälder, durch die Auen"
• Primer Acto: "Hier im ird'schen Jammertal"
• Primer Acto: "Schweig, schweig - damit dich niemand warnt!"
• Segundo Acto: "Schelm! Halt fest!"
• Segundo Acto: "Kommt ein schlanker Bursch gegangen"
• Segundo Acto: "Wie nahte mir der Schlummer"
• Segundo Acto: "Leise, leise"

• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73, J. 114: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73, J. 114: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73, J. 114: III. Rondo: Allegretto
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, Op. 34, J. 182: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, Op. 34, J. 182: II. Fantasia: Adagio ma non troppo
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, Op. 34, J. 182: III. Menuetto: Capriccio presto
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, Op. 34, J. 182: IV. Rondo: Allegro giocoso
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74, J. 155: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74, J. 155: II. Romanza: Andante
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74, J. 155: III. Alla polacca
• Clarinet Concertino in E-flat major, Op. 26, J. 109

• Oberon, J. 306: Overture
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I. "Lasst mich erzählen" (Droll)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene I. Introduction "Leicht, wie Feentritt nur geht" (Elf choir)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene I. Dialogue "Fort mit euch" (Droll, Puck)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene I. Aria "Schreckensschwur! - Dein wildes Quälen" (Oberon)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene I. Dialogue "Erlaube uns, großer König" (Oberon, Droll, Hüon, Scherasmin)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene I. Vision "Warum musst du schlafen" (Rezia)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene I. Dialogue "Genug!" - "Hilfe, Herr Hüon!" (Oberon, Scherasmin, Hüon, Droll)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene I. Ensemble "Ehre und Heil dem, der treu ist" (Fairy choir, Hüon, Oberon, Elf choir)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene II. Dialogue "Immer voran, Herr Hüon!" (Scherasmin, Droll, Hüon)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene II. Aria "Von Jugend auf in dem Kampfgefild'" (Hüon)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene II. Finale "Eil, edler Held!" (Rezia, Fatime)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene II. Duettino "O welches Glück!" (Rezia, Fatime)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act I, Scene II. "Dunkel ist es schon und spät" (Choir, Rezia)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act II, Scene I. Chorus "Ehre! Ehre sei dem mächt'gen Kalifen"
• Oberon, J. 306: Act II, Scene I. Dialogue "Großer Herrscher aller Gläubigen!" (Babekan, Harun al Raschid)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act II, Scene I. Ballet
• Oberon, J. 306: Act II, Scene I. Dialog: "Während des Tanzes treten Hüon und Scherasmin" (Droll, Scherasmin, Fatime)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act II, Scene II. Ariette "Arabiens einsam Kind" (Fatime)
• Oberon, J. 306: Act II, Scene II. Dialogue "Das ist schön von dir, Fatime"
• Oberon, J. 306: Act II, Scene II. Quartet "Über die blauen Wogen" (Hüon, Scherasmin, Rezia, Fatime)

• Der Freischütz - Overture
• Oberon - Ouvertüre
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: I. Allegro - Cadenza: Heinrich Joseph Baermann
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: III. Rondo (Allegretto) - Cadenza: Heinrich Joseph Baermann
• Overture Euryanthe
• Abu Hassan - Overture
• Overture Preciosa
• Overture "Jubel"

• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, J. 114 / Op. 73: I. Allegro (Dresden Staatskapelle feat. conductor: Herbert Blomstedt)
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, J. 114 / Op. 73: II. Adagio ma non troppo (Dresden Staatskapelle feat. conductor: Herbert Blomstedt)
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, J. 114 / Op. 73: III. Rondo: Allegretto (Dresden Staatskapelle feat. conductor: Herbert Blomstedt)
• Clarinet Concertino in E-flat major, J. 109 /Op. 26: I. Adagio ma non troppo (Dresden Staatskapelle feat. conductor: Herbert Blomstedt)
• Clarinet Concertino in E-flat major, J. 109 /Op. 26: II. Andante (Dresden Staatskapelle feat. conductor: Herbert Blomstedt)
• Clarinet Concertino in E-flat major, J. 109 /Op. 26: III. Allegro (Dresden Staatskapelle feat. conductor: Herbert Blomstedt)
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, J. 118 / Op. 74: I. Allegro (Dresden Staatskapelle feat. conductor: Herbert Blomstedt)
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, J. 118 / Op. 74: II. Romanza: Andante (Dresden Staatskapelle feat. conductor: Herbert Blomstedt)
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, J. 118 / Op. 74: III. Alla Polacca (Dresden Staatskapelle feat. conductor: Herbert Blomstedt)
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, J. 182 / Op.34: I. Allegro (Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn)
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, J. 182 / Op.34: II. Fantasia: Adagio ma non troppo (Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn)
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, J. 182 / Op.34: III. Menuetto: Capriccio presto - Trio (Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn)
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, J. 182 / Op.34: IV. Rondo: Allegro giocoso (Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn)

• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor op. 73: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor op. 73: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor op. 73: III. Rondo: Allegro
• Concertino in E flat major Op. 26
• Bassoon Concerto in F major Op. 75: I. Allegro ma non troppo
• Bassoon Concerto in F major Op. 75: II. Adagio
• Bassoon Concerto in F major Op. 75: III. Rondo: Allegro

• Der Freischütz: Overture
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Viktoria! Viktoria! der Meister soll leben"
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Was gibt's hier?"
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Oh, diese Sonne, furchtbar steigt sie empor!"
• Der Freischütz: Act I. Waltz
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Nein, länger trag' ich nicht die Qualen"
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Hier im ird'schen Jammertal!"
• Der Freischütz: Act I. "Schweig, schweig, damit dich niemand warnt!"
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "Schelm, halt fest! Ich will dich's lehren!"
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "Kommt ein schlanker Bursch gegangen"
• Der Freischütz: Act II. "Wie nahte mir dem Schlummer... Leise, leise, fromme Weise"

• Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: I. Allegro
• Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: III. Rondo, allegretto
• Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74: I. Allegro
• Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74: II. Andante con moto
• Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74: III. Alla Polacca
• Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622: II. Adagio
• Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622: III. Rondo

• Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major, K. 191: I. Allegro
• Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major, K. 191: II. Andante ma adagio
• Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major, K. 191: III. Rondo: Tempo di menuetto
• Andante e Rondo ungarese in E-flat major, Op. 35: I. Andante
• Andante e Rondo ungarese in E-flat major, Op. 35: II. Rondo: Adagio
• Bassoon Concerto in F major, Op. 75: I. Allegro ma non troppo
• Bassoon Concerto in F major, Op. 75: II. Adagio
• Bassoon Concerto in F major, Op. 75: III. Rondo: Allegro
• Bassoon Concerto in F major, W. 23: I. Allegro moderato
• Bassoon Concerto in F major, W. 23: II. Romanza: Andantino e cantabile
• Bassoon Concerto in F major, W. 23: III. Rondo: Vivace

• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73, J. 114: Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73, J. 114: Adagio
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73, J. 114: Rondo
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E flat major, Op. 74, J. 155: Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E flat major, Op. 74, J. 155: Andante
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E flat major, Op. 74, J. 155: Alla Polacca
• Clarinet Concertino in C minor, Op. 26, J. 109: Adagio
• Clarinet Concertino in C minor, Op. 26, J. 109: Andante
• Clarinet Concertino in C minor, Op. 26, J. 109: Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet in B flat major, Op. 34, J. 182: Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet in B flat major, Op. 34, J. 182: Fantasia
• Clarinet Quintet in B flat major, Op. 34, J. 182: Menuetto
• Clarinet Quintet in B flat major, Op. 34, J. 182: Rondo

• Piano Concerto No. 9, K271: I. Allegro
• Piano Concerto No. 9, K271: II. Andantino
• Piano Concerto No. 9, K271: III. Rondeau, Presto
• Oboe Concerto: Allegro maestoso - Larghetto cantabile - Alla polonaise
• Clarinet Concerto No.2: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No.2: II. Romanza: Andante
• Clarinet Concerto No.2: III. Alla polacca
• Horn Concerto: Allegro moderato - Andante - Tempo I

• Ouvertüre zur Oper "Der Freischütz" (Philharmonia Slavonica feat. conductor: Alfred Scholz)
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester Nr. 1 in f-Moll, Op. 73: Allegro (Radiosymphonieorchester Ljubljana feat. conductor: Samo Hubad)
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester Nr. 1 in f-Moll, Op. 73: Adagio ma non troppo (Radiosymphonieorchester Ljubljana feat. conductor: Samo Hubad)
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester Nr. 1 in f-Moll, Op. 73: Rondo: Allegretto (Radiosymphonieorchester Ljubljana feat. conductor: Samo Hubad)
• Quintett für Klarinette, zwei Violinen, Viola und Violoncello in B-Dur, Op. 34: Allegro (Bamberger Solisten)
• Quintett für Klarinette, zwei Violinen, Viola und Violoncello in B-Dur, Op. 34: Fantasia: Adagio (Bamberger Solisten)
• Quintett für Klarinette, zwei Violinen, Viola und Violoncello in B-Dur, Op. 34: Menuett: Presto (Bamberger Solisten)
• Quintett für Klarinette, zwei Violinen, Viola und Violoncello in B-Dur, Op. 34: Rondo: Allegro giocoso (Bamberger Solisten)
• Ouvertüre der Schauspielmusik zu "Turandot" (ORF-Symphonieorchester feat. conductor: Karl Ettl)

• Oboe Concerto in C major, KV 314 (285d): I. Allegro aperto (Philadelphia Orchestra feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy, oboe: John de Lancie)
• Oboe Concerto in C major, KV 314 (285d): II. Andante ma non troppo (Philadelphia Orchestra feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy, oboe: John de Lancie)
• Oboe Concerto in C major, KV 314 (285d): III. Rondo: Allegretto (Philadelphia Orchestra feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy, oboe: John de Lancie)
• Oboe Concerto in D major, Op. 144 / TrV 292: I. Allegro moderato - Vivace - Tempo primo (English Chamber Orchestra feat. conductor: Daniel Barenboim, oboe: Neil Black)
• Oboe Concerto in D major, Op. 144 / TrV 292: Andante (English Chamber Orchestra feat. conductor: Daniel Barenboim, oboe: Neil Black)
• Oboe Concerto in D major, Op. 144 / TrV 292: Vivace - Allegro - Vivace (English Chamber Orchestra feat. conductor: Daniel Barenboim, oboe: Neil Black)
• Concerto for Bassoon in B-flat major, K. 186e/191: I. Allegro (Philadelphia Orchestra feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy, bassoon: Bernard Garfield)
• Concerto for Bassoon in B-flat major, K. 186e/191: II. Andante ma adagio (Philadelphia Orchestra feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy, bassoon: Bernard Garfield)
• Concerto for Bassoon in B-flat major, K. 186e/191: III. Rondeau. Tempo di menuetto (Philadelphia Orchestra feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy, bassoon: Bernard Garfield)
• Fantasy for Bassoon and Orchestra, J. 158 / Op. 35 "Hungarian": Andante - Rondo Ungarese (Philadelphia Orchestra feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy, bassoon: Bernard Garfield)

• Der Freischütz: Overtüre
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug "Viktoria! Der Meister soll leben"
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug Dialog I
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug Dialog II
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug "O diese Sonne"
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug Dialog III
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug "Walzer-Nein, länger trag’ ich nicht die Qualen"
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug "Durch die Wälder, durch die Auen"
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug Dialog IV
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug "Hier im ird’schen Jammertal"
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug Dialog V
• Der Freischütz: 1.Aufzug "Schweig! Damit dich niemand warnt"
• Der Freischütz: 2.Aufzug "Schelm, halt’fest!"
• Der Freischütz: 2.Aufzug Dialog VI
• Der Freischütz: 2.Aufzug "Kommt ein schlanker Bursch gegangen"
• Der Freischütz: 2.Aufzug Dialog VII
• Der Freischütz: 2.Aufzug "Wie nahte mir der Schlummer-Leise, leise, fromme Weise"
• Der Freischütz: 2.Aufzug Dialog VIII
• Der Freischütz: 2.Aufzug "Wie? Was? Entsetzen!"

• Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major, Op. 11: I. Allegro
• Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major, Op. 11: II. Adagio
• Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major, Op. 11: III. Presto
• Piano Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 32: I. Allegro maestoso
• Piano Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 32: II. Adagio
• Piano Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 32: III. Rondo. Presto
• Polacca Brillante, Op. 72
• Konzertstück in F minor, Op. 79

• Clarinet Quintet, Op. 34: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet, Op. 34: II. Fantasia. Adagio
• Clarinet Quintet, Op. 34: III. Menuetto. Capriccio presto
• Clarinet Quintet, Op. 34: IV. Rondo. Allegro giocoso
• Clarinet Quartet, WoO 5: I. Allegro moderato
• Clarinet Quartet, WoO 5: II. La seccatura. Allegro molto
• Clarinet Quartet, WoO 5: III. Andante
• Clarinet Quartet, WoO 5: IV. Rondo. Allegretto
• Clarinet Quintet, Op. 89: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet, Op. 89: II. Andante
• Clarinet Quintet, Op. 89: III. Menuetto. Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet, Op. 89: IV. Finale. Allegretto

• Ouverture
• Victoria, Victoria! Der Meister soll leben
• Oh, diese Sonne - Jetzt auf! In den Bergen und Klüften
• Nein länger trag ich nicht die Qualen - Durch die Wälder, durch die Auen
• Hier im ird'schen Jammertal
• Schweig, schweig, damit dich niemand warnt
• Schelm! Halt fest!
• Kommt ein schlanker Bursch gegangen
• Wie nahte mir der Schlummer - Leise, leise fromme Weise

• Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major, J. 98: I. Allegro
• Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major, J. 98: II. Adagio
• Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major, J. 98: III. Presto
• Piano Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, J. 155: I. Allegro maestoso
• Piano Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, J. 155: II. Adagio
• Piano Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, J. 155: III. Rondo. Presto
• Konzertstück in F minor, J. 282: I. Larghetto affettuoso
• Konzertstück in F minor, J. 282: II. Allegro passionato
• Konzertstück in F minor, J. 282: III. Tempo di Marcia
• Konzertstück in F minor, J. 282: IV. Più mosso - Presto giojoso

• Euryanthe: Ouverture
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 1. Introduktion: "Dem Frieden Heil!" (Chor)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 1. Ernster Reigen
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 1. Rezitative "Mein Adolar! So fern dem heitern Reigen?" (Konig, Adolar, Lysiart)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 2. Romanze "Unter blueh'nden Mandelbaeumen" (Adolar)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 3. Chor "Heil Euryanth', der Lieblichsten der Schoenen!" - Rezitative "Ich trag' es nicht!" (Lysiart, Adolar, Konig)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 4. Terzett mit Chor "Wohlan! Du kennst mein herrlich Eigentum" (Lysiart, Adolar, Konig, Mannerchor)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 5. Kavatine "Glöcklein im Tale" (Euryanthe)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 5. Rezitative "So einsam bangend find' ich dich?" (Eglantine, Euryanthe)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 6. Arie "O mein Leid ist unermessen" (Eglantine)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 6. Rezitative "Freundin! Geliebte! An meine Brust" (Euryanthe, Eglantine)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 7. Duett "Unter ist mein Stern gegangen" (Euryanthe, Eglantine)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 8. Rezitative und Arie "Betörte, die an meine Liebe glaubt"
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 9. Finale "Jubeltöne, Heldensöhne" (Chor, Euryanthe, Eglantine, Lysiart)
• Euryanthe: Akt I, Szene 9. Finale "Froehliche Klaenge, Taenze, Gesänge" (Euryanthe, Chor, Eglantine, Rudolf, Lysiart)

• Klarinettenkonzert in A-Dur KV 622: I. Allegro
• Klarinettenkonzert in A-Dur KV 622: II. Adagio
• Klarinettenkonzert in A-Dur KV 622: III. Rondo. Allegro
• Klarinettenkonzert Nr. 2 in Es-Dur op. 74: I. Allegro
• Klarinettenkonzert Nr. 2 in Es-Dur op. 74: II. Romanza. Andante
• Klarinettenkonzert Nr. 2 in Es-Dur op. 74: III. Alla Polacca
• Klarinettenkonzert Nr. 1 in c-moll op. 26: I. Adagio - Allegro
• Klarinettenkonzert Nr. 1 in c-moll op. 26: II. Adagio
• Klarinettenkonzert Nr. 1 in c-moll op. 26: III. Rondo. Vivace

• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester Nr. 2 in Es-Dur: Allegro (Philharmonisches Orchester feat. conductor: Henry Adolph)
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester Nr. 2 in Es-Dur: Andante con moto (Philharmonisches Orchester feat. conductor: Henry Adolph)
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester Nr. 2 in Es-Dur: Alla polacca (Philharmonisches Orchester feat. conductor: Henry Adolph)
• Euryanthe-Ouvertüre (Philharmonia Slavonica feat. conductor: Alfred Scholz)
• Der Freischütz: Jägerchor (Chor und Symphonieorchester des Slowakischen Rundfunks feat. conductor: Marco Munih)
• Oberon-Ouvertüre (Philharmonia Slavonica feat. conductor: Alfred Scholz)
• Symphonie Nr. 1 in C-Dur: Allegro con fuoco (ORF-Symphonieorchester feat. conductor: Carl Ettl)
• Symphonie Nr. 1 in C-Dur: Andante (ORF-Symphonieorchester feat. conductor: Carl Ettl)
• Symphonie Nr. 1 in C-Dur: Scherzo: Presto (ORF-Symphonieorchester feat. conductor: Carl Ettl)
• Symphonie Nr. 1 in C-Dur: Finale: Presto (ORF-Symphonieorchester feat. conductor: Carl Ettl)

• Symphony No.1 in C-dur - 01. Allegro con fuoco
• Symphony No.1 in C-dur - 02. Andante
• Symphony No.1 in C-dur - 03. Scherzo - Trio
• Symphony No.1 in C-dur - 04. Finale. Presto
• Symphony No.2 in C-dur - 01. Allegro
• Symphony No.2 in C-dur - 02. Adagio ma non troppo
• Symphony No.2 in C-dur - 03. Menuetto - Trio
• Symphony No.2 in C-dur - 04. Finale. Scherzo. Presto
• ''Turandot'', Musik zum Schauspiel - 01. Ouvertüre
• ''Turandot'', Musik zum Schauspiel - 03. Funeral March (Akt 5)
• ''Turandot'', Musik zum Schauspiel - 02. March (Akt 2)
• ''Silvana'', Oper in drei Akten - 01. Tanz der Edelknaben
• ''Silvana'', Oper in drei Akten - 02. Fackel Tanz (Torch Dance)
• ''Die Drei Pintos'' - Antr'acte

• Euryanthe: Overture (Staatskapelle Dresden feat. conductor: Marek Janowski)
• Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74: I. Allegro (Staatskapelle Dresden feat. conductor: Kurt Sanderling, clarinet: Oskar Michallik)
• Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74: II. Romanza: Andante (Staatskapelle Dresden feat. conductor: Kurt Sanderling, clarinet: Oskar Michallik)
• Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74: III. Alla Polacca (Staatskapelle Dresden feat. conductor: Kurt Sanderling, clarinet: Oskar Michallik)
• Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: I. Allegro (Staatskapelle Dresden feat. conductor: Kurt Sanderling, clarinet: Oskar Michallik)
• Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: II. Adagio ma non troppo (Staatskapelle Dresden feat. conductor: Kurt Sanderling, clarinet: Oskar Michallik)
• Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: III. Rondo: Allegretto (Staatskapelle Dresden feat. conductor: Kurt Sanderling, clarinet: Oskar Michallik)

• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester A-Dur, KV 622: I. Allegro
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester A-Dur, KV 622: II. Adagio
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester A-Dur, KV 622: III. Rondo. Allegro
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester No. 1 F-moll, J 114 Op. 73: I. Allegro
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester No. 1 F-moll, J 114 Op. 73: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Konzert für Klarinette und Orchester No. 1 F-moll, J 114 Op. 73: III. Rondo: Allegretto
• Konzert für Fagott und Orchester B-dur, KV 191 (186e): I. Allegro
• Konzert für Fagott und Orchester B-dur, KV 191 (186e): III. Andante ma adagio
• Konzert für Fagott und Orchester B-dur, KV 191 (186e): III. Rondo: Tempo di menuetto

• Clarinet Concerto No.1 in F Minor, Op. 73 - Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No.1 in F minor Op. 73 - Adagio ma non troppo
• Clarinet Concerto No.1 in F minor, op. 73, Rondo ( Allegretto)
• Concertino E flat major, op. 26 in E flat, Adagio ma non Troppo
• Concertino E flat major, op. 26 in E flat, Andante
• Concertino E flat major, op. 26 in E flat, Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No.2 in E flat, op. 74, Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No.2 in E flat, op. 74, Romanza (Andante)
• Clarinet Concerto No.2 in E flat major, op. 74, Alla Polacca

• Oberon: Ouvertüre
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 1 Bild. Nr. 1 "Leicht, wie Feenschritt sich hebt"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 1 Bild. Nr. 1 "Was kann den Schlaf des Elfenkönigs Oberon, den Herrscher über Ort und Zeit, noch böser stören"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 1 Bild. Nr. 2 "Schreckensschwur! Auch nicht der Schlummer macht der Schmerzen Pein ein End'"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 1 Bild. Nr. 2 "Puck, Oberons zauberkundiger Diener, durchstreifte jedes Land des Erdballs"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 1 Bild. Nr. 2a "Ich will den Ritter Hüon von Bordeaux beschützen"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 2 Bild. Nr. 3 "Warum mußt du schlafen, o Held voll Mut?" / "Der Elfenkönig läßt den Traum verlöschen"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 2 Bild. Nr. 3 "Und beider Erdenkinder Augen erblicken Oberon"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 2 Bild. Nr. 3a "Wo auch Gefahren deinen Pfad umstehen..."
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 2 Bild. Nr. 3a "Den Ritter Hüon von Bordeaux schickt Oberon jetzt auf die Fahrt"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 2 Bild. Nr. 4 "Ehre und Heil echter Treu, mut'ger Tat"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 2 Bild. Nr. 4 "Das Elfenreich versinkt, und war kein Traum"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 2 Bild. Nr. 5 "Seit früh'ster Jugend im Kampf und Streit!"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 3 Bild. Nr. 5 "Zu Bagdad, im Garten des Palastes, harrt indessen Rezia auf den Befreier"
• Oberon: I Aufzug, 3 Bild. Nr. 6 "Eil', edler Held! O rette deine Rezia" / "Du mein Herr, mein Heil, mein Leben" / "Heil! Heil! Überstanden endlich Not und Leid!" / "O, welches Glück! Nah ist mir der junge Held" / "Seht! Die Sonne sinkt, 's wird spät"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 4 Bild. Nr. 6 "Harun al Raschid sitzt an reichgedeckter Tafel"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 4 Bild. Nr. 7 "Ehre! Ehre! Heil sei dem Kalifen"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 4 Bild. Nr. 7 "Es achten alle hoch des Herrschers Wort"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 4 Bild. Nr. 8 "Tanz der Bajaderen"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 4 Bild. Nr. 8 "Da hört man draußen Schwerterklirren"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 4 Bild. Nr. 8a "Dank dir, o Helfer, Oberon, ruft Hüon laut"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 5 Bild. Nr. 8a "Zweifel bewegen Fatime"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 5 Bild. Nr. 9 "Arabiens einsam Kind, der Wüste Mädchen bloß"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 5 Bild. Nr. 9 "Kaum, daß die Dienerin geendet hat, da werden alle vier von Wachen des Kalifen aufgespürt"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 5 Bild. Nr. 9a "Die Wachen fliehn" / "Du hast erfüllt dein Ritterwort" / "Komm' alles Weh', Gefahr und Tod"
• Oberon: II Aufzug, 5 Bild. Nr. 10 "Über die blauen Wogen, über die Fluten hier"

• Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622: II. Adagio
• Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622: III. Rondo. Allegro
• Slowly and expressively
• Cadenza
• Rather fast
• Concertina for Clarinet and Orchestra

• Basson Concerto in F major: Allegro ma non troppo
• Basson Concerto in F major: Adagio
• Basson Concerto in F major: Rondo
• Andante e Rondo Ungarese for Bassoon and Orchestra
• Grand Concerto in F major for basson and orchestra: Allegro Moderato
• Grand Concerto in F major for basson and orchestra: Romanza
• Grand Concerto in F major for basson and orchestra: Rondo

• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73: III. Rondo: Allegretto
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74: II. Andante con moto
• Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74: III. Alla Polacca
• Concertino for Clarinet and Orchestra in E-flat major, Op. 26

• Der Freischütz: Acte II: Agathe - "Wie ? Was ?"
• Der Freischütz: Acte II: Verwandlung
• Der Freischütz: Acte II: Kaspar - "Samiel ! Samiel !"
• Der Freischütz: Acte II: Kaspar - "Trefflich bedient !"
• Der Freischütz: Acte II: Max - "Agathe ! Sie springt in den Fluss !"
• Der Freischütz: Acte II: Kaspar - "Eins !"
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Zwischenspiel
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Agathe - "Und ob die Wolke..."
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Ännchen - "Einst träumte..."
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Ännchen - "Nun muss ich..."
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Verwandlung
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Ottokar - "Wohlauf, junger Schütz !"
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Agathe - "Wo bin ich !"
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Kaspar - "Du, Samiel, schon hier ?"
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Eremit - "Wer legt auf ihn..."
• Der Freischütz: Acte III: Agathe, Ännchen, usw - "Der rein ist von Herzen"

• Clarinet Quintet in A K.581: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet in A K.581: II. Larghetto
• Clarinet Quintet in A K.581: III. Menuetto
• Clarinet Quintet in A K.581: IV. Allegretto con variazioni
• Clarinet Quintet in B flat, Op. 34: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet in B flat, Op. 34: II. Fantasia. Adagio ma non troppo
• Clarinet Quintet in B flat, Op. 34: III. Menuetto. Capriccioso presto
• Clarinet Quintet in B flat, Op. 34: IV. Rondo. Allegro giocoso

• Trio for flute, cello, and piano, J. 259: I. Allegro moderato
• Trio for flute, cello, and piano, J. 259: II. Scherzo, Allegro vivace
• Trio for flute, cello, and piano, J. 259: III. Schafers Klage, Andante espressivo
• Trio for flute, cello, and piano, J. 259: IV. Finale, Allegro
• Sonata in E-flat major for flute and piano, J. 102: I. Moderato
• Sonata in E-flat major for flute and piano, J. 102: II. Rondo vivace
• Sonata in F major for flute and piano, J. 99: I. Allegro
• Sonata in F major for flute and piano, J. 99: II. Romanze, Larghetto
• Sonata in F major for flute and piano, J. 99: III. Rondo, Amabile
• Sonata in D minor for flute and piano, J. 101: I. Air russe, Allegretto moderato
• Sonata in D minor for flute and piano, J. 101: II. Rondo, Presto
• Sonata in C major for flute and piano, J. 104: I. Allegro con fuoco
• Sonata in C major for flute and piano, J. 104: II. Largo
• Sonata in C major for flute and piano, J. 104: III. Polacca

• Piano Sonata No. 1 in C major, Op. 24 "Perpetuum Mobile": I. Allegro
• Piano Sonata No. 1 in C major, Op. 24 "Perpetuum Mobile": II. Adagio
• Piano Sonata No. 1 in C major, Op. 24 "Perpetuum Mobile": III. Menuetto. Allegro
• Piano Sonata No. 1 in C major, Op. 24 "Perpetuum Mobile": IV. Rondo. Presto
• Piano Sonata No. 2 in A-flat major, Op. 39: I. Allegro moderato, con spirito ed legato
• Piano Sonata No. 2 in A-flat major, Op. 39: II. Andante: Ben tenuto
• Piano Sonata No. 2 in A-flat major, Op. 39: III. Menuetto capriccioso. Presto assai
• Piano Sonata No. 2 in A-flat major, Op. 39: IV. Rondo. Moderato e molto grazioso
• Invitation to the Dance, Op. 65

• Carmen Suite No. 1: Prélude. Allegro giocoso (London Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Claudio Abbado)
• Carmen Suite No. 1: Entr'acte II. Allegro moderato (London Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Claudio Abbado)
• Carmen Suite No. 1: Entr'acte III. Andantino quasi Allegretto (London Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Claudio Abbado)
• Carmen Suite No. 1: Entr'acte IV. Allegro vivo (London Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Claudio Abbado)
• Aufforderung zum Tanz, Op. 65 (Berlin Philharmonic orchestra feat. conductor: Herbert von Karajan)
• Capriccio italien, Op. 45 (Berlin Philharmonic orchestra feat. conductor: Herbert von Karajan)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: Promenade (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: I. Gnomes (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: Promenade 2 (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: II. Il vecchio castello (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: Promenade 3 (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: III. Tuileries (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: IV. Bydlo (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: Promenade 4 (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: V. Ballet des petits poussins dans leur coque (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: VI. Samuel Goldenberg und Schmuyle (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: Limoges: le marché (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: VIII. Catacombae: Sepulchrum Romanum (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: Cum mortuis in lingua mortua (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: IX. La Cabane de Baba-Yaga sur des pattes de poule (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)
• Bilder einer Ausstellung: X. La Grande Porte de Kiev (Chicago Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Carlo Maria Giulini)

• Aufforderung zum Tanz op. 65
• Overture: Euryanthe
• Overture: Oberon
• Overture: Abu Hassan
• Overture: Der Freischuetz
• Overture: Der Beherrscher der Geister
• Overture: Peter Schmoll

• Bassoon Concerto in F major, Op. 75: I. Allegro ma non troppo - II. Adagio - III. Rondo. Allegro
• Andante and Hungarian Rondo, Op. 35
• Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major, KV 191: I. Allegro
• Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major, KV 191: II. Andante ma adagio
• Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major, KV 191: III. Rondo. Tempo di minuetto

• Ouvertüre
• "Schau der Herr mich an als König!" - Act 1.1. "Viktoria! Viktoria! ..." - Bauern-Marsch
• 1. "Was gibt's hier?" - Act 1.2
• 2. "Das Wild in Fluren und Triften" - Act 1.2
• 1. "Ein braver Mann" - Act 1.3
• 2. Walzer - Act 1.3
• "Durch die Wälder, durch die Auen" - Act 1.4. "Nein, länger trag' ich nicht die Quälen"
• 1. "Kamerad!" - Act 1.5
• 2. "Hier im irdschen Jammertal" - Act 1.5
• 3. "Bruderherz!" -
• damit dich niemand warnt!" - Act 1.6. "Schweig
• 1. "Schelm! Halt fest!" - Act 2.1
• 2. "So, nun wird der Urvater" - Act 2.1
• 3. "Kommt ein schlanker Bursch gegangen" - Act 2.1
• 4. "Und der Bursch nicht minder schön" - Act 2.1
• "Leise, leise, fromme Weise!" - Act 2.2. "Wie nahte mir der Schlummer"
• 1. "Und der Bursch nicht minder schön" - Act 2.3
• 2. "Wie? Was? Entzetzen!" - Act 2.3

• Ouvertüre
• Viktoria! Der Meister soll leben
• Schau der Herr mich an als König (Paul Kuen)
• Mein Sohn, nur Mut! / Das Wild in Flur und Triften
• Nein, länger trag' ich nicht die Qualen / Durch die Wälder, durch die Auen (Richard Holm)
• Hier im ird'schen Jammertal (Kurt Böhme)
• Schweig, damit dich niemand warnt! (Kurt Böhme)
• Schelm, halt fest! (Irmgard Seefried, Rita Streich)
• Kommt ein schlanker Bursch gegangen (Rita Streich)
• Leise, leise, fromme Weise (Irmgard Seefried)
• Milch des Mondes fiel aufs Kraut
• Wir winden dir den Jungfernkranz
• Was gleicht wohl auf Erden
• Finale des 3. Aktes

• Concerto For Clarinet No. 2 in E-flat major: I. Allegro
• Concerto For Clarinet No. 2 in E-flat major: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Concerto For Clarinet No. 2 in E-flat major: III. Rondo: Allegretto
• Quintet For Clarinet Op. 34 in B-flat major: I. Allegro
• Quintet For Clarinet Op. 34 in B-flat major: II. Fantasia Adagio
• Quintet For Clarinet Op. 34 in B-flat major: III. Minuetto
• Quintet For Clarinet Op. 34 in B-flat major: IV. Rondo: Allegro giocoso
• Symphony No. 1 in C major: I. Allegro non fuoco
• Symphony No. 1 in C major: II. Andante
• Symphony No. 1 in C major: III. Scherzo. Presto
• Symphony No. 1 in C major: IV. Finale. Presto

• Ouverture 'Aufforderung zum Tanz'
• Ouverture 'Der Beherrscher der Geister'
• Ouverture 'Peter Schmoll und seine Nachbarn'
• Ouverture 'Preciosa'
• Ouverture 'Abu Hassan'
• Ouverture 'Jubel'
• 'Turandot' - Ouverture
• 'Turandot' - Marche
• Ouverture 'Aufforderung zum Tanz'

• Quintet for Clarinet and Strings Op. 115 in B minor: I. Allegro
• Quintet for Clarinet and Strings Op. 115 in B minor: II. Adagio
• Quintet for Clarinet and Strings Op. 115 in B Minor: III. Andantino
• Quintet for Clarinet and Strings Op. 115 in B minor: IV. Con moto
• Quintet for Clarinet and Strings Op. 34 J 182 in B flat: I. Allegro
• Quintet for Clarinet and Strings Op. 34 J 182 in B flat: II. Fantasia: Adagio
• Quintet for Clarinet and Strings Op. 34 J 182 in B flat: III. Menuetto
• Quintet for Clarinet and Strings Op. 34 J 182 in B flat: IV. Rondo: Allegro

• Klarinettenquintett B-dur op.34: I. Allegro
• Klarinettenquintett B-dur op.34: II. Fantasia: Adagio
• Klarinettenquintett B-dur op.34: III. Menuetto
• Klarinettenquintett B-dur op.34: IV. Rondo: Allegro
• Mendelssohn - Konzertstück Nr.1 f-moll op.113: I.
• Mendelssohn - Konzertstück Nr.1 f-moll op.113: II.
• Mendelssohn - Konzertstück Nr.1 f-moll op.113: III.
• Mendelssohn - Konzertstück Nr.2 d-moll op.114: I.
• Mendelssohn - Konzertstück Nr.2 d-moll op.114: II.
• Mendelssohn - Konzertstück Nr.2 d-moll op.114: III.
• Klarinettenquintett Nr.3 Es-dur op.23: I.
• Klarinettenquintett Nr.3 Es-dur op.23: II.
• Klarinettenquintett Nr.3 Es-dur op.23: III.

• Concerto in F minor: I. Allegro
• Concerto in F minor: I. Adagio ma non troppo
• Concerto in F minor: III. Rondo: Allegro
• Concerto in E-flat major: I. Allegro
• Concerto in E-flat major: II. Andante con moto
• Concerto in E-flat major: III. Alla polacca
• Concertino for Clarinet & Orchestra in C minor and E-flat major

• Clarinet Quintet in A major, K. 581: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet in A major, K. 581: II. Larghetto
• Clarinet Quintet in A major, K. 581: III. Menuetto - Trio I - Trio II
• Clarinet Quintet in A major, K. 581: IV. Allegretto con Variazioni
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, Op. 34: I. Allegro
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, Op. 34: II. Fantasia (Adagio)
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, Op. 34: III. Menuetto
• Clarinet Quintet in B-flat major, Op. 34: IV. Rondo (Allegro)

Born: 1786-11-19

Died: 1826-06-05