thumb|right|200px|El Greco (1541–1614), ''The Disrobing of Christ'' () (1577–1579, oil on canvas, , Sacristy of the Cathedral, Toledo) is one of the most famous altarpieces of El Greco. El Greco's altarpieces are renowned for their dynamic compositions and startling innovations.Spanish art is the visual art of Spain, and that of Spanish artists worldwide. Whilst an important contributor to Western art (particularly influenced by Italy and France, especially during the Baroque and Neoclassical periods) and producing many famous and influential artists (including Velázquez, Goya and Picasso) Spanish art has often had distinctive characteristics and been assessed somewhat separately from other European schools. These differences can be partly explained by the Moorish heritage in Spain (especially in Andalucía), and through the political and cultural climate in Spain during the Counter-Reformation and the subsequent eclipse of Spanish power under the Bourbon dynasty.

Painting

Romanesque

In Spain, the art of the Romanesque period represented a smooth transition from the preceding Roman styles. A major centre for Romanesque frescoes was in Catalonia with good examples in the churches of the Vall de Boí area; many of these were only uncovered during the 20th Century. The finest examples of Castillian Romanesque frescoes are considered to be those in the San Isidoro in Leon, the paintings from San Bauderlio in Castillas de Berlanga, Soria and those from Santa Cruz de Maderuelo in Segovia.

Gothic

The Gothic art of Spain represented a gradual development from previous Romanesque styles, being led by external models, first from France, and then later from Italy. Another distinctive aspect was the incorporation of Mudejar elements. Eventually the Italian influence, which transmitted Byzantine stylistic techniques and iconography, entirely displaced the initial Franco-Gothic style

Early Renaissance

Due to important economic and political links between Spain and Flanders from the mid-15th century onwards, the early Renaissance in Spain was heavily influenced by Netherlandish painting, leading to the identification of a Hispano-Flemish school of painters. Leading exponents included Fernando Gallego, Bartolome Bermejo, Pedro Berruguete and Juan de Flandes.

Renaissance and Mannerism

Overall the Renaissance and subsequent Mannerist styles are hard to categorise in Spain, due to the mix of Flemish and Italian influences, and regional variations.

The main centre for Italian Renaissance influence entering Spain was Valencia due to its proximity and close links with Italy. This influence was felt via the import of artworks, including four paintings by Piombo and many prints by Raphael, the arrival of the Italian Renaissance artist Paolo de San Leocadio, and also by Spanish artists who spent time working and training there. Such artists included Fernando Yanez de la Almedina (1475–1540) and Fernando Llanos, who displayed Leonadesque features in their works, such as delicate, melancholic expressions, and sfumato modelling of features.

Elsewhere in Spain, the influence of the Italian Renaissance was less pure, with a relatively superficial use of techniques that were combined with preceding Flemish practices and incorporated Mannerist features, due the relatively late examples from Italy, once Italian art was already strongly Mannerist. Apart from technical aspects, the themes and spirit of the Renaissance were modified to the Spanish culture and religious environment. Consequently, very few classical subjects or female nudes were depicted, and the works frequently exhibited a sense of pious devotion and religious intensity - attributes that would remain dominant in much art of Counter Reformation Spain throughout the 17th Century, and beyond.

Important Mannerist artists included Vicente Juan Masip (1475–1550) and his son Juan de Juanes (1510–1579), the painter and architect Pedro Machuca (1490–1550), and Juan Correa de Vivar (1510–1566). However, the most popular Spanish painter of the early 17th Century was Luis de Morales (1510?-1586), called by his contemporaries "The Divine", because of the religious intensity of his paintings. From the Renaissance he also frequently used sfumato modeling, and simple compositions, but combined them with Flemish style precision of details. His subjects included many devotional images, including the ''Virgin and Child''.

Spanish Golden Age

El Greco (1541–1614) was one of the most individualistic painters of the period, developing a strongly Mannerist style, in contrast to the naturalist approaches preominant in Seville, Madrid and elsewhere in Spain at the time. Many of his works reflect the silvery-greys and strong colours of Venetian painters such as Titian, but combined with strange elongations of figures, unusual lighting, disposing of perspective space, and filling the surface with very visible and expressive brushwork.

Francisco Zurbarán is known for the forceful, realistic use of chiaroscuro in his religious paintings and still-lifes.

Velázquez

Diego Velázquez (1599–1660) was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV. In addition to numerous renditions of scenes of historical and cultural significance, he created scores of portraits of the Spanish royal family, other notable European figures, and commoners. In many portraits, Velázquez gave a dignified quality to less fortunate members of society like beggars and dwarfs. In contrast to these portraits, the gods and goddesses of Velázquez tend to be portrayed as common people, without divine characteristics. Besides the forty portraits of Philip by Velázquez, he painted portraits of other members of the royal family, including princes, infantas (princesses), and queens.

Baroque

Baroque elements were introduced as a foreign influence, through visits by Rubens and van Dyck. Significant Spanish painters taking up the new style were Juan Carreno de Miranda (1614–1685), Francisco Rizi (1614–1685) and Francisco de Herrera the Younger (1627–1685), son of Francisco de Herrera the Elder an initiator of the naturalist emphasis of the Seville School. Other notable Baroque painters were Claudio Coello (1642–1693) and Juan de Valdes Leal (1622–1690).

The pre-eminent painter of the period - and most famous Spanish painter prior to the 19th century appreciation of Velázquez, Zurbarán and El Greco - was Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617–1682). Working for most of his career in Seville, his early work reflected the naturalism of Caravaggio, using a subdued, brown palette, simple but not harsh lighting, and religious themes that are portrayed in a natural or domestic setting, as in his ''Holy Family with a Little Bird '' (c. 1650). Later he incorporated elements of the Flemish Baroque from Rubens and Van Dyck. In the ''Soult Immaculate Conception'', a brighter and more radiant colour range is used, the swirling cherubs bringing all the focus upon the Virgin, whose heavenward gaze and diffuse and warmly glowing halo make it an effective devotional image, an important component of his output; the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin theme alone was represented about twenty times by Murillo.

18th century

The beginning of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain under Philip V led to great changes in art patronage, with the new French-oriented court favoring the styles and artists of Bourbon France. Few Spanish painters were employed by the court – a rare exception being Miguel Jacinto Melendez (1679–1734) – and it took some time before Spanish painters adapted to the new Rococo and Neoclassical styles. Leading European painters, including Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and Anton Raphael Mengs, were active and influential.

Restricted from royal sponsorship, many Spanish painters continued the Baroque style in religious compositions. This was true of Francisco Bayeu y Subias (1734–1795), a skilled fresco painter, and of Mariano Salvador Maella (1739–1819) who both developed in the direction of the severe Neoclassicism of Mengs. Another important avenue for Spanish artists was portraiture, which was an active sphere for Antonio Gonzalez Velazquez (1723–1794), Joaquin Inza (1736–1811) and Agustin Esteve (1753–1820). But it is in the genre of the still life that some of the most impressive Spanish paintings of the 18th century were made, in the works by artists such as Bartolome Montalvo (1769–1846) and particularly, Luis Egidio Meléndez (1716–1780).

Continuing in the Spanish still life tradition of Sánchez Cotán and Zurbarán, Meléndez produced a series of cabinet paintings, commissioned by the Prince of Asturias, the future King Charles IV, intended to show the full range of edible foods from Spain. Rather than being merely formal studies in Natural History, he used stark lighting, low viewpoints and severe compositions to dramatise the subjects. He showed great interest and attention to the details of reflections, textures and highlights (such the highlight on the patterned vase in ''Still Life with Oranges, Jars, and Boxes of Sweets'') reflecting the new spirit of the age of Enlightenment.

Goya

Francisco Goya was a portraitist and court painter to the Spanish Crown, a chronicler of history, and, in his unofficial work, a revolutionary and a visionary. Goya painted the Spanish royal family, including Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand VII. His themes range from merry festivals for tapestry, draft cartoons, to scenes of war, fighting and corpses. In his early stage, he painted draft cartoons as templates for tapestries and focused on scenes from everyday life with vivid colours. During his lifetime, Goya also made several series of "grabados", etchings which depicted the decadence of society and the horrors of war. His most famous painting series are the Black Paintings, painted at the end of his life. This series features works that are obscure in both colour and meaning, producing uneasiness and shock.

19th Century

Various art movements of the 19th Century influenced Spanish artists, largely through them undertaking training in foreign capitals, particularly in Paris and Rome. In this way Neo-classicism, Romanticism, Realism and Impressionism became important strands. However, they were often delayed or transformed by local conditions, including repressive governments, and by the tragedies of the Carlist Wars. Portraits and historical subjects were popular, and the art of the past - particularly the styles and techniques of Velazquez - were significant.

Early years were still dominated by the academicism of Vincente Lopez (1772–1850) and then the Neoclassicism of the French painter, Jacques-Louis David, as in the works by Jose de Madrazo (1781–1859), the founder of an influential line of artists and gallery directors. His son, Federico de Madrazo (1781–1859), was a leading figure in Spanish Romanticism, together with Leonardo Alenza (1807–1845), Valeriano Dominguez Becquer and Antonio Maria Esquivel.

The later part of the century saw a strong period of Romanticism represented in history paintings, as in the works of Antonio Gisbert (1834–1901), Eduardo Rosales (1836–1873) and Francisco Pradilla (1848–1921). In these works the techniques of Realism were frequently used with Romantic subjects. This can clearly be seen in ''Joan the Mad'', a famed early work by Pradilla. The composition, facial expressions, and stormy sky reflect the dramatic emotion of the scene; yet the precise clothing, the texture of the mud, and other details, show great realism in the artist's attitude and style. Mariano Fortuny(1838–1874) also developed a strong Realist style, after earlier being infuenced by the French Romantic Eugène Delacroix, and became Spain's famous artist of the century

The Valencian Joaquín Sorolla (1863–1923) excelled in the dexterous representation of the people and landscape under the sunlight of his native land, thus reflecting the spirit of Impressionism in many paintings, particularly his famous seaside paintings. In ''Children on the beach'' he makes the reflections, shadows and gloss of the water and skin his true subject. The composition is very daring, with the horizon omitted, one of the boys cut off, and strong diagonals leading to the contrasts and increased saturation of the upper-left of the work.

20th Century

During the first half of 20th Century many leading Spanish artists were working in Paris, where they contributed to - and sometimes led - developments in the Modernist art movement. As perhaps the most important example of this, Picasso, working together with the French artist Braque, created the concepts of Cubism; and the sub-movement of Synthetic Cubism has been judged to have found its purest expression in the paintings and collages of Madrid-born Juan Gris. In a similar way, Salvador Dalí became a central figure of the Surrealist movement in Paris; and Joan Miró was influential in abstract art.

Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904),which consisted of somber, blue-tinted paintings was influenced by a trip through Spain. The Museu Picasso in Barcelona features many of Picasso's early works, created while he was living in Spain, as well as the extensive collection of Jaime Sabartés, Picasso's close friend from his Barcelona days who, for many years, was Picasso's personal secretary. There are many precise and detailed figure studies done in his youth under his father's tutelage, as well as rarely seen works from his old age that clearly demonstrate Picasso's firm grounding in classical techniques. Picasso presented the most durable homage to Velázquez in 1957 when he recreated Las Meninas in his characteristically cubist form. While Picasso was worried that if he copied Velázquez's painting, it would be seen only as a copy and not as any sort of unique representation, he proceeded to do so, and the enormous work—the largest he had produced since Guernica in 1937—earned a position of relevance in the Spanish canon of art.

Salvador Dalí was a central artist within the Surrealist movement in Paris. Although Dalí was criticized for accommodating Franco's regime, André Breton, the Surrealist leader and poet, asked him to represent Spain at the 1959 Homage to Surrealism Exhibition which celebrated the fortieth anniversary of Surrealism. In line with the Surrealist movement's objectives, Dalí stated that his artistic aim was that "''...the world of imagination and of concrete irrationality may be as objectively evident ... as that of the exterior world''...", and this goal can be seen in his most familiar painting, The Persistence of Memory. Here he paints with a precise, realistic style, based on studies of Dutch and Spanish masters, but with a subject that dissolves the boundaries between organic and mechanical and is more akin to the nightmarish scenes of the Netherlandish painter Hieronymus Bosch, whose ''Garden of Earthly Delights'' provided the model for the central, sleeping figure of Dalí's work.

Joan Miró was also closely associated with the Surrealists in Paris, who particularly approved of his use of automatism in composition and execution,designed to expose the subconscious mind. Although his later and more popular paintings are refined, whimsical and apparently effortless, his influential period in the 1920s and 1930s produced works that were provocative in their sexual symbolism and imagery, and employing rough, experimental materials, including sandpaper, unsized canvases, and collage. In mature period painting, ''La Leçon de Ski'', his characteristic language of signs, figures and black linear forms against more textured and painterly background is evident.

Post WW2

In the post-War period, the Catalan artist Antoni Tàpies became famous for his abstract works, many of which use very thick textures and the incorporation of non-standard materials and objects. Tapies has won several international awards for his works.

Sculpture

The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time. Alonso Berruguete (sculptor, painter and architect) is called the "Prince of Spanish sculpture" because of the grandeur, originality, and expressiveness achieved in his works. His main works were the upper stalls of the choir of the Cathedral of Toledo, the tomb of Cardinal Tavera in the same Cathedral, and the altarpiece of the Visitation in the church of Santa Úrsula in the same locality. Another period of Spanish Renaissance sculpture, the Baroque, encompassed the last years of the 16th century and extended into the 17th century until reaching its final flowering the 18th, developing a truly Spanish school and style, of sculpture, more realistic, intimate and independently creative that that of the previous one which was tied to European trends, especially those of the Netherlands and Italy. There were two Schools of special flair and talent: the Seville School, to which Juan Martínez Montañés belonged (called the Sevillian Fidias), whose most celebrated works are the Crucifix in the Cathedral of Seville, another in Vergara, and a Saint John; and the Granada School, to which Alonso Cano belonged, to whom an Immaculate Conception and a Virgin of Rosary, are attributed.

The Valladolid school of the 17th century was succeeded in the 18th century, although with less brilliance, by the Madrid School, and it was soon transformed into a purely academic style by the middle of the century. In turn, the Andalusian school was replaced by that of Murcia, epitomised in the person of Francisco Salzillo, during the first half of the century. This last sculptor is distinguished by the originality, fluidity, and dynamic treatment of his works, even in those representations of great tragedy. More than 1,800 works are attributed to him, the most famous products of his hand being the Holy Week floats (pasos) in Murcia, most notable amongst which are those of the Agony in the Garden and the Kiss of Judas.

In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors was Julio González, Pablo Gargallo, Eduardo Chillida and Pablo Serrano.

Other artistic disciplines

Architecture

Handicraft

Graphical arts

Cinematography

Dance

Photography

Comic strip

Music

See also

Iberian sculpture, for the art of Iberian peoples before the Roman conquest

Pre-Romanesque art refers to the art of Spain after the Classical Age and before Romanesque art and architecture.

Asturian art

Visigothic art

After the Moorish invasion of Hispania in the 8th century, eastern and Arabic art influenced Spanish art and architecture, such as at the Alcázar of Seville and the Alhambra

Notes

References

Jonathan Brown: ''Painting in Spain, 1500–1700'' (Pelican History of Art), Yale University Press, 1999

Gardner's: ''Art Through The Ages - International Edition'', Brace Harcourt Jovanovich, 9th Edn. 1991

Werner Haftmann: ''Painting in the Twentieth Century - A Pictorial Survey'' (Translated by Janet Seligman). Praeger Publishing, 1965

Janis Tomlinson: ''From El Greco to Goya: Painting in Spain 1561–1828'', Abrams Art History, 1997

''The Prado Guide'', Ed. Maria Dolores Jimenez-Blanco, Museo National Del Prado, English 2nd Revised Edition, 2009

Category:Art by nationality

bo:ཞི་པན་ཡའི་སྒྱུ་རྩལ། bg:Испанско изкуство es:Arte en España ko:스페인의 미술 my:စပိန်အနုပညာ pt:Arte na Espanha ru:Искусство Испании fi:Espanjan taide th:ศิลปะสเปน uk:Мистецтво Іспанії

name	Luis Royo
alt	Luis Royo at the 30th Paris Book Fair at the Porte de Versailles.
birth date	1954
nationality	Spanish
field	painting, sculpture
website	http://www.royo-royo.com/ }}

Luis Royo (born 1954 in Olalla, Teruel, Spain) is a Spanish artist, known for his sensual and dark paintings, its apocalyptic imagery, his fantasy worlds and mechanical life forms. He has also recently moved into sculpture.

Royo has produced paintings for both his own books and exhibitions and other media; such as video games, music CD and novels covers, tarot cards.

He is famous for his work collected in books published worldwide.

Life

Education and early years

Shortly after his birth, Royo's family moved to Zaragoza, where he first started school, his first memories are accompanied with drawing which plays an important role in his life.

His practical standpoint, acquired from his economically humble family, led him to study Technical Drawing for construction. He soon discovered that geometric forms did not satisfy him fully.

Later, he began to study painting, decoration and interior design at the Industrial School and the School of Applied Arts, and combined with different jobs in interior design and decoration studios in 1970 and 1971.

During this time he also combined his work with painting. Influenced by the student revolts of May 1968, he painted large format tiles with social issues and made exhibitions from 1972 to 1977.

The discovery of adult comics with the work of artists such as Enki Bilal and Moebius captivated him in 1978 and he started drawing comics for different fanzines and comics exhibiting at the Angoulême International Comics Festival in 1980.

In 1979 he left his job as a furnish designer, despite already having a child, to devote himself entirely to comics. In 1981 and 1982 he began to publish in journals such as 1984, ''Comix Rambla Internacional'', and sometimes in ''El Vibora'' and ''Heavy Metal''.

1980s

A meeting in 1983 with Rafael Martínez in Zaragoza Comic Fair would determine his professional future. He made five illustrations for Norma Editorial, which marked the beginning of a long relationship.

His work stands out quickly and is not limited to national territory. His images are frequently published in foreign media. Among others, he published his work in the U.S., Britain and Sweden, and his production reaches covers for prestigious publishers as Tor Books, Berkley Books, Avon, Warner Books, Bantam Books and others.

American magazines like ''National Lampoon'' and ''Heavy Metal'' often resort to Luis Royo for their cover illustrations, as well as European magazines ''Cimoc'', Comic Art, ''Ere Comprimé'', ''Total Metal'' and others. His work is not only restricted to magazine covers, he also made covers for video and computer games.

In 1985, alongside his work as an illustrator, he published a comic album of the Rambla erie and a year later Ikusager Ediciones SA published an experimental comic with Antonio Altarriba, with the title: DESFASE.

1990s

Since 1990, he is in a privileged position in the market for international art and illustrations, and his work is collected in books and a wide range of media. Some are collector's products today.

In 1992, it is published Women, an album that meets his emblematic artwork of that decade. With this book is already recognized as a great illustrator and his preference for drawing the female figure began to emerge clearly. It was a surprising book for comic lovers, covering a range of different genres, which led to its publication by Editorial Soleil in France, Germany and Comic NBM in the U.S.. On the basis of this compilation held his first exhibition of original artworks.

A year later, Comic Images brought out a collection of Trading Cards using his illustrations, under the title FROM FANTASY TO REALITY.

Following the success of his first author book, he published in 1994 MALEFIC, with the collaboration of Royo Romulo in the setting and scenarios, it presents an apocalyptic and personal world. He was revealed as an illustrator capable not only of representing fantasy worlds, also creating a story line, and his apocalyptic and dark angels woke a groundswell of supporters. This work is accompanied by a sculpture of the author.

In the same year, WOMEN is reissued and Penthouse Magazine of USA publishes an article on his illustrations.

In 1995, new publishers began to be interested in the work of Luis Royo: Ballantine, Nal, Daw, Doubleday, Harper Paperbacks, Zebra, Fasa Corporation, for Pocket Books Star Trek, Penthouse Comix and FLLER Ultra X-Men by Marvel . Since that year, the work of Luis Royo appears in many different formats and in many different countries (including Eastern Europe): calendars, posters, t-shirts, CD covers, mouse pads, Trading Card collections in THE ART OF HEAVY METAL and the third part of his collection of cards, THE BEST OF ROYO.

In 1996, uncharacteristically, a painting of his appears on the cover of Penthouse France (replacing the traditional photo of a Penthouse girl), and in Germany, along with an article. The same year, numerous articles of his work appear in prestigious publications such as La Stampa in Italy, Airbrush Action in USA and Germany, and Penthouse Comix. He also received the Silver Award SPECTRUM III the best in Contemporary Fantastic Art in USA.

His third album, SECRETS, appeared in 1996. The magic and the female figure occupies the central role, and the underlying presence of the myth of Beauty and the Beast permeates the book. This work was published by NBM for English-speaking countries. But there were more surprises still to come this year for their fans, with the portfolio WARM WINDS, published by Norma Editorial, in collaboration with Heavy Metal.

Heavy Metal magazine

In 1997, the interest of Heavy Metal in Luis Royo was reflected in series of covers and calendars, as well as in their gallery, which was entirely dedicated to Royo. This interest culminated in a commission for the cover of the magazine's 20th anniversary issue and a series of illustrations on the character F.A.K.K. (Julie Strain) by Kevin Eastman.

That same year, Comic Images released two new collections of Trading Cards: ROYO SECRET DESIRES (the fourth collection of the artist) and ARTISTS CHOICE (along with other artists). To end the year, turn to republish MALEFIC and WOMEN in USA and Spain.

A year later, it appears his next book of illustrations: III MILLENNIUM. In this book, Royo renews the colours palette and gives us his particular vision of the end of the millennium. Also in 1998 presented his collection of tarot cards, THE BLACK TAROT (for which he designed new images and a personalized view of the esoteric symbolism of the cards). In 1999 there was the Heavy Metal calendar, his fifth collection of Trading Cards, under the name of III MILLENNIUM and III MILLENNIUN MEMORY portfolio. It was a year in which Luis Royo shows a clear evolution towards a more intimate style, monochrome and daring illustration.

Coinciding with the Barcelona Comic Fair in 1999, Royo presents a new album: DREAMS, a collection of all his work and varied worlds of the past ten years. What stands out most in this album is the versatility with which the artist is able to adapt to different themes and styles. The first vinyl figure based on the book cover was produced by Inteleg MALEFIC in 1999 and supervised by the artist himself.

The artist offered a new twist at the end of the year with even more daring work, publishing the first volume of PROHIBITED BOOK, with erotic content in which the passions, even the unmentionable is of great importance. This luxury publication in a smaller format than the other previous albums, offers images that are as sensual as elegant and provocative.

In 1999 his work was featured on the cover and the instruction manual for the PC game Starsiege: Tribes.

2000s

EVOLUTION brings us back to the large format album, combining the most personal works with the assignments. The theme reflects past times and science fiction. Then appears the portfolio TATTOOS.

Originally conceived as a trilogy, PROHIBITED BOOK II is published in 2001 - a book in which sensations are transferred to the reader through the strength of the characters. In continuity with the first volume, we are offered a different view of sensuality, closer to forbidden dreams and secret desires. Fournier published a deck of playing cards with female illustrations of Royo.

In 2002, Luis Royo revealed some of its technical secrets in Conceptions, a book describing the creative process and presents a collection of artist's sketches and pencil drawings that allows us to enjoy his studies, the design of numerous illustrations and numerous alternatives Royo considers before making the final work. He also publishes the portfolio CHAINS.

VISIONS was published in 2003. It is a compilation with an introduction by Kevin Eastman, creator of Ninja Turtles, in which the images are dominated by fantasy and the creative talent of Luis Royo, with the addition of dragons who occupy a privileged position next to the female figure always present.

PROHIBITED BOOK III was the last in a series of banned books. In this volume, the reader is captivated by the beauty, tenderness and passion of the images in which sensuality may even be next to the monstrosity, eroticism of thoughts rather than acts.

In late 2003, the artist opens his work with a series of sketches and drafts of the illustrations of his books made by request, accompanied by texts to enrich the reader's experience and facilitate greater understanding of his method. Conceptions II with colored drawings contrasting with pencil sketches. Hits the market again this year the portfolio SEX PROHIBITED.

FANTASTIC ART is the compilation of the author's major works to date. Published in May 2004, meets the most complete collection of illustrations of the artist. Published in two formats for high quality, limited deluxe edition is a good example of the importance of Royo. Fantasy and reality come together through images that introduced the world-view, myths and legends that have shaped over time. It is a cosmogonic vision of reality where the future has to assume its own challenges.

Luis Royo moved to Barcelona, where he finds a spot full of beauty to create his work, in the Gothic Quarter. This change of study will also mean a change in the way he works. In his new vision of his work, fits the desire to return to painting on canvas, to move towards other roads that once again surprise the public.

In PROHIBITED SKETCHBOOK it can be enjoyed the sensuality and the desire of forbidden books in its early stages. Includes original drawings where the power of images is evident. As a special attraction, includes sketches of illustrations which, despite its incredible strength, had not appeared in previous publications. In his last period, in combination with other works, Luis Royo has spent four years developing one of his most personal works, THE LABYRINTH: TAROT. This design of tarot cards shows the limitless perfectionism of the artist. This is a package in which each image has been carefully studied, offering under his personal vision, all the symbolism and secrecy of every arcane, and demonstrates a titanic level of documentation.

THE LABYRINTH: TAROT is a completely new work by Luis Royo, published in December 2004 in two formats: a unique set of cards and a book including all the illustrations together with explanatory studies of each card, written by himself. He delves into the hidden meaning of each arcane and its power over the fate of people. He also publishes the portfolio TATTOO PIERCING. Already long since become a cult author, many heavy metal groups from different countries (Germany, Italy, Spain, etc.) adopted their images for their CD and album covers. The most recent ones are the last three CDs of Avalanch. His work came to the design of fantasy pool cues since 2001 to various puzzles, Zippo lighters, flags, posters, calendars and many other new products distributed internationally.

His book Subversive Beauty is published in 2005, offering a feminine universe that takes us to different mythologies customized by the author. In this book, the images are accompanied by short stories and provocative and challenging beauty is adorned with a profusion of tattoos and piercing. Later WILD SKETCHES collection is published, three books with 600 small-format quick drawings without planning, which shows a processing capacity of the figure.

In 2006 Luis Royo along with Romulo Royo paint a dome in a castle in Moscow (Russia) of more than 80 square meters, the greatest work accomplished so far by the author. This work is published in the book DOME, which meets the process and the paintings of the dome. This colossal work addresses the creation of a fantasic and sensual world where scenes are divided in various sexual myths which reinvent classical painting, a dome with more than 40 large female figures moving on an architecture full of vanishing perspective. Later he published DARK LABYRINTH a book that tells us about his vision of the dark world of creativity. And the prestigious Japanese company Yamato launches its MEDUSA'S GAZE figure.

In 2009 he publishes the book Dead Moon in collaboration with Romulo Royo again, this is an ambitious book with an epic and intimate story at the same time, with a tragic and apocalyptic ending, where the images display a range of different techniques, from graphite, a precious illustration or large format paintings. Precede the release of this book, Dead Moon's portfolio.

Published books

''Tatoos''

''Women''

''Malefic''

''Secrets''

''III Millennium''

''Dreams''

''Prohibited Book''

''Prohibited Book II''

''Prohibited Book III''

''Prohibited Sketchbook''

''Evolution''

''Conceptions''

''Conceptions II''

''Conceptions III''

''Visions''

''Fantastic Art''

''The Labyrinth Tarot''

''Subversive Beauty''

''Wild Sketches I''

''Dark Labyrinth''

''Wild Sketches II''

''Dome''

''Wild Sketches III''

''Dead Moon''

''Dead Moon Epilogue''

References

External links

Luis Royo's blog

Luis Royo, Official Editorial & Agency Norma

Interview to Luis Royo, ArtPassword

Category:Fantasy artists Category:Spanish painters Category:Spanish sculptors Category:Spanish illustrators Category:1954 births Category:Living people

cs:Luis Royo de:Luis Royo el:Λουί Ρόγιο es:Luis Royo fr:Luis Royo gl:Luis Royo it:Luis Royo he:לויס רויו nl:Luis Royo pl:Luis Royo pt:Luis Royo ru:Ройо, Луис sr:Луис Ројо fi:Luis Royo sv:Luis Royo tr:Luis Royo

name	Chick Corea
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Armando Anthony Corea
birth date	June 12, 1941
origin	Chelsea, Massachusetts, U.S.
instrument	Piano, keyboards, synthesizers, organ, vibraphone, drums
genre	Jazz, jazz fusion, post bop, latin jazz, classical music, avant-garde jazz
occupation	Pianist, keyboardist, composer, bandleader
years active	1962–present
label	ECM, Polydor, Stretch, Warner Bros.
associated acts	Return to Forever, Five Peace Band, Chaka Khan
website
notable instruments	}}

Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea (born June 12, 1941) is an American jazz pianist, keyboardist, and composer.

Many of his compositions are considered jazz standards. As a member of Miles Davis' band in the 1960s, he participated in the birth of the electric jazz fusion movement. In the 1970s he formed Return to Forever. Along with Herbie Hancock, McCoy Tyner and Keith Jarrett, he has been described as one of the major jazz piano voices to emerge in the post-John Coltrane era.

His career has been driven by his will to operate as a free agent and compulsively explore different avenues of music making. This hunger has positioned him as an important catalyst in the world of serious, mainstream acoustic jazz, and he is one of the most influential and widely studied figures in the last 40 years.

Corea continued to pursue other collaborations and to explore various musical styles throughout the 1980s and 1990s. He is also known for promoting and fundraising for a number of social issues, such as eradicating social illiteracy, and is a Scientologist.

Life and career

Youth

Armando Corea was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts. He is of Sicilian and Spanish descent. His father, a jazz trumpet player who had led a Dixieland band in the Boston area in the 1930s and 1940s, introduced him to the piano at the age of four. Growing up surrounded by jazz music, he was influenced at an early age by bebop and stars such as Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, Horace Silver, and Lester Young. At eight Corea also took up drums, which would later influence his use of the piano as a percussion instrument.

Corea developed his piano skills by exploring music on his own. A notable influence was concert pianist Salvatore Sullo from whom Corea started taking lessons at age eight and who introduced him to classical music, helping spark his interest in musical composition. He also spent several years as a performer and soloist for the Knights of St. Rose, a drum and bugle corps based in Chelsea.

Given a black tuxedo by his father, he started doing gigs when in high school. He enjoyed listening to Herb Pomeroy's band at the time, and had a trio which would play Horace Silver's music at a local jazz club.

He eventually decided to move to New York where he studied musical education for one month at Columbia University and six months at The Juilliard School. He quit after finding both disappointing, but liked the atmosphere of New York where the musical scene became the starting point for his professional career.

Early career

Corea's first major professional gig was with Cab Calloway. Corea started his professional career in the 1960s playing with trumpeter Blue Mitchell and Latin greats such as Herbie Mann, Willie Bobo and Mongo Santamaría. One of the earliest recordings of his playing is with Blue Mitchell's quintet on ''The Thing To Do''. This album features his composition "Chick's Tune", a clever retooling of "You Stepped Out of a Dream" that demonstrates the angular melodies and Latin-and-swing rhythms that characterize, in part, Corea's personal style. (Incidentally, the same tune features a drum solo by a very young Al Foster.)

His first album as a leader was ''Tones for Joan's Bones'' in 1966, two years before the release of his album ''Now He Sings, Now He Sobs'', with Roy Haynes on drums and Miroslav Vitouš on bass.

He made another sideman appearance with Stan Getz on 1967's ''Sweet Rain'' (Verve Records).

Avant garde period

From 1968 to 1971 Corea had associations with avant garde players and his solo style revealed a dissonant, avant garde orientation. His avant garde playing can be heard on his solo works of the period, his solos in live recordings under the leadership of Miles Davis, his recordings with Circle, and his playing on Joe Farrell's ''Song of the Wind'' album on CTI Records.

In September 1968 Corea replaced Herbie Hancock in the piano chair in Davis' band and appeared on landmark albums such as ''Filles de Kilimanjaro'', ''In a Silent Way'', and ''Bitches Brew''. In concert, Davis' rhythm section of Corea, Dave Holland, and Jack DeJohnette combined elements of free jazz improvisation and rock music. Corea experimented using electric instruments with the Davis band, mainly the Fender Rhodes electric piano.

In live performance he frequently processed the output of his electric piano with a device called a ring modulator, producing sounds reminiscent of composer Karlheinz Stockhausen. Using this style, he appeared on multiple Davis albums, including ''Black Beauty: Live at the Fillmore West'' and ''Miles Davis at Fillmore: Live at the Fillmore East.'' His live performances with the Miles Davis band continued into 1970, with a great touring band of Steven Grossman, tenor sax, Keith Jarrett, additional electric piano and organ, Jack DeJohnette, drums, Dave Holland, bass, Airto Moreira, percussion, and Miles on trumpet.

Holland and Corea left to form their own group, Circle, active in 1970 and 1971. This free jazz group featured multi-reed player Anthony Braxton and drummer Barry Altschul. This band was documented on Blue Note and ECM. Aside from soloing in an atonal style, Corea sometimes reached in the body of the piano and plucked the strings. In 1971 or 1972 Corea struck out on his own.

The concept of communication with an audience became a big thing for me at the time. The reason I was using that concept so much at that point in my life – in 1968, 1969 or so – was because it was a discovery for me. I grew up kind of only thinking how much fun it was to tinkle on the piano and not noticing that what I did had an effect on others. I did not even think about a relationship to an audience, really, until way later.

Jazz fusion

In the early 1970s Corea took a profound stylistic turn from avant garde playing to a crossover jazz fusion style that incorporated Latin jazz elements. He founded Return to Forever in 1971. This band had a fusion sound and even though it relied on electronic instrumentation it drew more on Brazilian and Spanish-American musical styles than on rock music. On its first two records, Return to Forever featured Flora Purim's vocals, the Fender Rhodes electric piano, and Joe Farrell's flute and soprano saxophone. Airto Moreira played drums. Corea's compositions for this group often had a Brazilian tinge. In 1972 Corea played many of the early ''Return to Forever'' songs in a group he put together for Stan Getz. This group, with Stanley Clarke on bass and Tony Williams on drums, recorded the Columbia label album ''Captain Marvel'' under Getz's name.

Only Clarke remained from the group's first lineup; Bill Connors played electric guitar and Lenny White played drums. No one replaced vocalist Purim. (Briefly, in 1977, Corea's wife, Gayle Moran, served as vocalist in the band.) In 1974 Al Di Meola joined the band, replacing Connors. In this second version of Return to Forever, Corea extended the use of synthesizers, particularly Moogs. The group released its final studio record in 1977. Thereafter, Corea focused on solo projects.

Corea's composition "Spain" first appeared on the 1972 Return to Forever album ''Light as a Feather''. This is probably his most popular piece, and it has been recorded by a variety of artists. There are also a variety of subsequent recordings by Corea himself in various contexts, including an arrangement for piano and symphony orchestra that appeared in 1999, and a collaborative piano and voice-as-instrument arrangement with Bobby McFerrin on the 1992 album ''Play''. Corea usually performs "Spain" with a prelude based on Joaquín Rodrigo's ''Concierto de Aranjuez'' (1940), which earlier received a jazz orchestration on Miles Davis' and Gil Evans' "Sketches of Spain".

In 1976 he issued ''My Spanish Heart'', influenced by Latin American music and featuring vocalist Moran and electric violinist Jean-Luc Ponty.

The late Ana Mazzotti, a Brazilian jazz pianist and vocalist, dedicated what is perhaps her last ever recorded track, "Grand Chick", to Corea. The song may be found on her "Ao Vivo Guaruja 1982" album. As Ana Mazzotti worked with Brazilian jazz fusion masters Azymuth in her first album, it was further testament to Corea's influence in the genre.

Duet projects

In the 1970s Corea started working occasionally with vibraphonist Gary Burton, with whom he recorded several duet albums on ECM, including 1972's ''Crystal Silence''. They reunited in 2006 for a concert tour. A new record called ''The New Crystal Silence'' (which has received 3 nominations for the 51st Grammy Awards) was issued shortly into 2008. The package includes a disc of duets and another disc featuring the Sydney Symphony.

Later, toward the end of the 1970s, Corea embarked on a series of concerts and two albums with Herbie Hancock. These concerts were presented in elegant settings with both pianists formally dressed, and performing on Yamaha concert grand pianos. The two jazz greats traded playing each other's compositions, as well as pieces by other composers such as Béla Bartók.

In December 2007 Corea recorded a duet album, ''The Enchantment'', with banjoist Bela Fleck. Fleck and Corea toured extensively behind the album in 2007. Fleck was nominated in the Best Instrumental Composition category at the 49th Grammy Awards for the track "Spectacle."

In 2008 Corea collaborated with Japanese pianist Hiromi Uehara on the live album ''Duet (Chick Corea and Hiromi)''. The duo played a concert at Tokyo's Budokan arena on April 30.

Later work

Corea's other bands include the Elektric Band, the Akoustic Band, and Origin.

The Akoustic Band released a self-titled album in 1989, and featured John Patitucci on bass and Dave Weckl on drums. It marked a turn back toward traditional jazz in Corea's career, and the bulk of his subsequent recordings have been acoustic ones. The Akoustic Band also provided the music for the 1986 Pixar short Luxo Jr. with their song ''The Game Maker''.

In 1992 Corea started his own label, Stretch Records.

In 2001 the Chick Corea New Trio, with Avishai Cohen and Jeff Ballard on bass and drums, respectively, released the album ''Past, Present & Futures''. The 11-song album includes only one standard composition (Fats Waller's "Jitterbug Waltz"). The rest of the tunes are Corea originals.

He also participated in 1998's ''Like Minds'', which features Gary Burton on vibes, Pat Metheny on guitar, Dave Holland on bass and Roy Haynes on drums.

Recent years have also seen Corea's rising interest in contemporary classical music. He composed his first piano concerto – and an adaptation of his signature piece, ''Spain'', for a full symphony orchestra – and performed it in 1999 with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. Five years later he composed his first work not to feature any keyboards: His ''String Quartet No. 1'' was specifically written for the Orion String Quartet and performed by them on 2004's Summerfest.

Corea has continued releasing jazz fusion concept albums such as ''To the Stars'' (2004) and ''Ultimate Adventure'' (2006). The latter album won the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group.

In 2008 the second version of Return to Forever (Corea, keyboards; Stanley Clarke, bass; Lenny White, drums; Al Di Meola, guitar) reunited for a worldwide tour. The reunion received positive reviews from most jazz and mainstream publications. Most of the group's studio recordings were re-released on the compilation ''Return to Forever: The Anthology'' to coincide with the tour. A concert DVD recorded during their performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released in May 2009. He is recently working on a collaboration CD with the Grammy Award winning jazz vocal group The Manhattan Transfer, due to be released in August 2009.

A new group, the 5 Peace Band, which features Corea and guitarist John McLaughlin, began a world tour in October 2008. Corea had previously worked with McLaughlin in Miles Davis' late 1960s bands, including the group that recorded Davis' album ''Bitches Brew''. Joining Corea and McLaughlin in the 5 Peace Band are saxophonist Kenny Garrett and bassist Christian McBride. Drummer Vinnie Colaiuta played with the band in Europe and on select North American dates; Brian Blade played all dates in Asia and Australia, and most dates in North America.

Scientology

Corea says that Scientology has helped deepen his relationships with others, and helped him find a renewed path. Under the "special thanks" notes, found in all of his later albums, Corea mentions that L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology, has been a continual source of inspiration. In 1968 Corea discovered ''Dianetics'', Hubbard's principal work, and in the early 1970s developed an interest in Hubbard's science fiction novels. The two exchanged letters until Hubbard's death in 1986, and Corea had three guest appearances on Hubbard's 1982 album ''Space Jazz: The Soundtrack of the Book Battlefield Earth'', noting, "[Hubbard] was a great composer and keyboard player as well. He did many, many things. He was a true Renaissance Man."

Corea said that Scientology became a profound influence on his musical direction in the early 1970s:

Due to Corea's religious affiliation, he was banned from performing in a concert to be held in Stuttgart, Germany, on August 15, 1993. Members of the U.S. Congress sent letters to the German government concerning a violation of basic human rights that are upheld by the German Constitution. The ban was not upheld, and in later years Corea performed in festivals in Germany, including several times at the government-supported International Jazz Festival in Burghausen where he was awarded a plaque in Burghausen's "Street of Fame" in 2011.

In 1998, Corea and fellow entertainers Anne Archer, Isaac Hayes, and Haywood Nelson attended the 30th anniversary of ''Freedom Magazine'', the Church of Scientology's investigative news journal, at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., to honor 11 human rights activists.

Discography

Awards

Over the years, he has been nominated for 51 Grammy Awards out of which he has won 18: !Year

|	Award	Album/song
Grammy Awards of 1976	1976		''No Mystery'' (with Return to Forever)
		''In Concert, Zürich, October 28, 1979'' (with Gary Burton)
		''Akoustic Band'' (with Akoustic Band)
		"Rhumbata", ''Native Sense'' (with Gary Burton)
		Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group>Best jazz instrumental performance
		"Spain for Sextet & Orchestra", ''Corea.Concerto''
		"Matrix", ''Rendezvous in New York''
		"The Ultimate Adventure"
		"Three Ghouls", ''The Ultimate Adventure''
		''The New Crystal Silence'' (with Gary Burton)
		"500 Miles High," from ''Forever''
		''Forever'' (with Corea, Clarke & White)

Corea has also won two Latin Grammy Awards.

!Year

|	Award	Album/song
		''The Enchantment'' (with Bela Fleck)
		''Forever'' (with Stanley Clarke and Lenny White)

His 1968 album ''Now He Sings, Now He Sobs'' was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.

In 2010, he was named ''doctor honoris causa'' at Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).

See also

Analog synthesizer

References

External links

Official site

Official discography

Jazzreview.com biography

An Interview with Chick Corea by Bob Rosenbaum, July 1974 (PDF file) "You put these notes together and you come out with that sound, and isn't it beautiful. So what? What does it do to another person? What does it do to your neighborhood?"

Chick Corea talks to Michael J Stewart about his Piano Concerto

Category:1941 births Category:Living people Category:American jazz composers Category:American jazz musicians of Italian descent Category:American jazz pianists Category:American people of Sicilian descent Category:American people of Spanish descent Category:American Scientologists Category:Crossover (music) Category:ECM artists Category:Grammy Award winners Category:GRP Records artists Category:Jazz fusion pianists Category:Keytarists Category:Latin Grammy Award winners Category:Miles Davis Category:People from Chelsea, Massachusetts Category:Post-bop pianists Category:Return to Forever members

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name	Ed Sheeran
background	solo_singer
birth name	Edward Christopher Sheeran
birth date	February 17, 1991
origin	Halifax, England
instrument	Vocals, guitar, BOSS Loop Pedal RC-30
genre	Folk, acoustic, hip hop, grime
occupation	Singer, songwriter, producer, rapper, beatboxer
years active	2005–present
label	Asylum, Atlantic Records
associated acts	Yelawolf, Snow Patrol, James Morrison, Jason Mraz, Example, Just Jack, Nizlopi, Devlin, Wiley, Ghetts, P Money, Wretch 32, Sway DaSafo, Griminal, Jamie Woon, Yasmin, Amy Wadge
website
notable instruments	}}

Edward Christopher "Ed" Sheeran (born 17 February 1991) is an English singer-songwriter who is currently signed to Asylum / Atlantic Records. Sheeran broke through commercially in June 2011, when his debut single "The A Team" debuted at number 3 on the UK chart.

Early life

Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire to Irish and English parents, before moving to Framlingham, Suffolk; he is a cousin of TV journalist and presenter Gordon Burns. He learned guitar at a very young age, and began writing songs during his time at Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham. His early childhood memories, referred to in a interview on the Zane Lowe show, included listening to Van Morrison on his countless trips to London with his parents and going to an intimate gig with Damien Rice in Ireland when he was 11. He also opened for Nizlopi in Norwich in April 2008 after being one of their guitar technicians.

Music career

Early years

Sheeran began recording in 2005, which led to the release of his first EP, ''The Orange Room EP''. Sheeran also released 2 albums, a self-titled one in 2006 and ''Want Some?'' in 2007. He moved to London in 2008 to play gigs, starting off in very small venues, playing every day, to as little as five people. In 2008, he auditioned for the ITV series ''Britannia High''.

In 2009, Sheeran played 312 gigs. He said that he read an interview with James Morrison that said that Morrison had done 200 gigs in a year, and Sheeran wanted to beat him on this number. Also in 2009, he released another EP, ''You Need Me'', just before going on tour with Just Jack. He also did a few collaborations with Leddra Chapman, including Cee Lo Green's Fuck You. In February 2010 Sheeran posted a video through SB.TV, which led to mainstream rapper Example asking Sheeran to tour with him. Also in February 2010 he released his critically acclaimed ''Loose Change'' EP, which featured his later debut single "The A Team".

In April 2010, after leaving his old management company, Sheeran bought a ticket to Los Angeles, with no contacts other than one poetry night. He played open mic nights all over the city, before his talent was spotted at The Foxxhole by Jamie Foxx, who was so impressed that he offered Sheeran the use of his recording studio and the run of his Hollywood home for the rest of his stay. Throughout 2010, Sheeran began to be seen by more people over the internet through YouTube and his fan-base grew, with him also getting credit from ''The Independent'' newspaper, England football captain Rio Ferdinand and Elton John. Sheeran also self-released two other EPs in 2010; ''Ed Sheeran: Live at the Bedford'' and ''Songs I Wrote With Amy'', which is a collection of love songs he wrote in Wales with fellow singer songwriter Amy Wadge.

2011–present

On 8 January 2011, Sheeran released his final independent EP, ''No. 5 Collaborations Project'' featuring appearances by grime artists including Wiley, JME, Devlin, Sway and Ghetts. With this EP, Sheeran gained mainstream attention for reaching number 2 in the iTunes chart without any promotion or label, selling over 7,000 copies in its first week. Three months later, Sheeran put on a free show to fans at the Barfly in Camden. Over 1,000 fans turned up to see the show, so Sheeran ended up playing four different shows to make sure everyone saw a gig, including a gig outside on the street after the venue had closed. Later that month, Sheeran was signed to Asylum / Atlantic Records.

On 26 April, Sheeran appeared on the TV music show ''Later... with Jools Holland'' – where he performed his debut single "The A Team". Six weeks later, "The A Team" was released as a digital download in the UK. The release served as the lead single from Sheeran's debut studio album, entitled ''+'' – which was released through Atlantic Records on 12 September 2011. "The A Team" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 3, selling over 58,000 copies in the first week. It was congratulated on being the best selling debut single and the overall eight best selling single of 2011, shifting 801,000 copies.

During a headline set in the BBC Introducing tent at Glastonbury Festival 2011, Sheeran announced that "You Need Me" would be released on 28 August as the second single from the album. Sheeran also performed at the Festival Republic Stage during the Reading festival, performed live alongside Mikill Pane and Wretch 32 at Bestival, and performed on the main stage of the 2011 Jersey Live festival. On 11 November 2011, the song "Lego House" was released as the third single lifted from the debut studio album ''+''. The song has so far peaked at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart. The video for "Lego House" was released on 20 October 2011 on Sheeran's YouTube channel. It stars ''Harry Potter'' actor Rupert Grint. The song "Moments" on the debut album by boy band One Direction was written by Sheeran.

"Drunk" was released on 19 February 2012 as the fourth single lifted from the debut studio album +.

On 10 January 2012, it was announced Sheeran would support Snow Patrol on their United States tour from late March until May. On the band's Fallen Empires Tour.

His song "Give Me Love" was featured in the episode "Dangerous Liaisons" of ''The Vampire Diaries''.

Discography

''+'' (2011)

Awards

Brit Awards

!Year	!Nomination	!Nominated Work	!Result
	British Breakthrough Act
British Solo Male Artist
British Single	"A Team"
British Album of the year	Plus (+)

BT Digital Music Awards

!Year	!Nomination	!Nominated Work	!Result
	Breakthrough Artist of the year	Himself

MOBO Awards

!Year	!Nomination	!Nominated Work	!Result
	Best Newcomer	Himself

Q Awards

!Year	!Nomination	!Nominated Work	!Result
	Breakthrough Artist	Himself
Best Single	"You Need Me,I don't need You"

UK Music Video Awards

!Year	!Nomination	!Nominated Work	!Result
	Best Urban Video-UK
Best Editing in a Video

References

External links

Interview

Category:1991 births Category:Living people Category:British singer-songwriters Category:English people of Irish descent Category:People from Halifax, West Yorkshire

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