- published: 07 Apr 2011
- views: 33418
- author: MrTs420
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- A303
- A344 road
- Aerial archaeology
- Aerodrome
- Almendres Cromlech
- Ambrosius Aurelianus
- Amesbury
- Amesbury Abbey
- Amesbury Archer
- Andrew Godsell
- Anglo-Saxons
- Antiquarian
- Antiquarians
- Antonine Wall
- Archaeological
- Archaeologists
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- Ardgroom
- Arkaim
- Ashlar
- Aubrey Burl
- Aubrey holes
- Aughlish
- Avebury
- Balquhain
- Barnenez
- Baron Carleton
- Barrows
- Barry Cunliffe
- Bath, Somerset
- BBC
- Beaghmore
- Blaenavon
- Blenheim Palace
- Bluestone
- Bluestonehenge
- Boscawen-Un
- Boscombe Bowmen
- Boundary stones
- Brecon Beacons
- Brian John
- British Library
- Bronze Age
- Bronze Horseman
- Brown Willy Cairns
- Brownshill Dolmen
- Brut (Layamon)
- Brut y Brenhinedd
- Bryn Cader Faner
- Brú na Bóinne
- Brąchnówko
- Burial ground
- Bush Barrow
- Byway (road)
- Cahokia
- Calcareous
- Callanish II
- Callanish III
- Callanish IV
- Callanish Stones
- Callanish VIII
- Callanish X
- Canterbury Cathedral
- Carbon dating
- Carhenge
- Carlin stone
- Carmarthenshire
- Carnac stones
- Carreg Coetan Arthur
- Castlestrange stone
- Cat Stane
- Causewayed enclosure
- Cecil Chubb
- Chalk
- Chalk grassland
- Chambered cairn
- Charles Darwin
- Clach an Trushal
- Coetan Arthur
- Colin Renfrew
- Coneybury henge
- Corick
- Cremation
- Cunha Baixa Dolmen
- Deer
- Derwent Valley Mills
- Devil
- Disc barrow
- Dolerite
- Doll Tor
- Dolmen
- Drizzlecombe
- Drombeg stone circle
- Druids
- Drumskinny
- Drybridge
- Duloe stone circle
- Durham Castle
- Durham Cathedral
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- Earl of Hertford
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- England
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- John Aubrey
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- Summer solstice
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A344 road
The A344 is an A road in the English county of Wiltshire. It runs from its junction with the A303 road at Stonehenge north west to its junction with the A360 road, 2 miles (3.2 km) away.
What remains today of the A344 was once part of a slightly longer route, stretching from Andover in the East to Warminster in the West. The section from Andover to Amesbury was redesignated as the A303, when the new route to the south west was created to bypass the A30 to the south. The western section, from Shrewton to Warminster has been re-classified as the B390.
The remaining section passes close to Stonehenge and was planned for closure to enhance the setting of the stones should approval for widening and tunneling of the nearby A303 have been given by the British government.
The pressure group Heritage Action have an alternative plan for a scheme to close the A344 to enhance the immediate area around Stonehenge without the increasing capacity on the A303.
Coordinates: 51°10′58″N 1°50′25″W / 51.1827°N 1.8404°W / 51.1827; -1.8404
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Amesbury
Coordinates: 51°10′00″N 1°47′00″W / 51.1667°N 1.7833°W / 51.1667; -1.7833
Amesbury is a town and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It is most famous for the prehistoric monument of Stonehenge which is in its parish, and for the discovery of the Amesbury Archer—dubbed the King of Stonehenge in the press—in 2002. It has a population of 8,907.
Eleanor of Provence, queen of England, died in Amesbury on 24/25 June 1291, and was buried in Amesbury Abbey.
Amesbury is located in southern Wiltshire, eight miles north of Salisbury. It sits in the River Avon valley on the southern fringes of Salisbury Plain and has historically been considered an important river crossing area on the road from London to Warminster and Exeter. This has continued into the present with the building of the A303 across the Avon next to the town. Originally the town developed around the water meadows next to several bends in the river, but in time has spread onto the valley hillsides and absorbed part of the military airfield at Boscombe Down.
wn.com/Amesbury -
Amesbury Abbey
Amesbury Abbey, also known as the Abbey of St Mary and St Melor, was a Benedictine abbey at Amesbury in Wiltshire, founded by Queen Ælfthryth in about the year 979 on what may have been the site of an earlier monastery.
The foundation was dissolved in 1177.
Ælfthryth founded two religious houses at about the same time, the other being at Wherwell in Hampshire. Her motive was long believed to be contrition for the murder of Edward the Martyr, making the date of 979 given by the Melrose chronicle appropriate. However, she is now considered not to have been personally responsible for the murder.
Amesbury was already a sacred place in Pagan times, and there are legends that a monastery existed there before the Danish invasions. There may have been an existing cult of St Melor which led Ælfthryth to choose Amesbury. Melor, the son of a leader of Cornouaille and a boy-martyr, was buried at Lanmeur and venerated in Brittany, but a later tradition claims that some of his relics were brought to Amesbury and sold to the abbess. Edward was another boy-martyr. However, the 12th-century life of St Melor says the nunnery at Amesbury was founded before Melor's relics arrived.
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Antonine Wall
The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the Romans across what is now the Central Belt of Scotland, between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. Representing the northernmost frontier barrier of the Roman Empire, it spanned approximately 63 km (39 miles) and was about 3 m (10 feet) high and 5 m (15 feet) wide. Security was bolstered by a deep ditch on the north side. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Northern Britain. Its ruins are less evident than the better known Hadrian's Wall to the south.
Construction began in AD 142 at the order of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius, and took about 12 years to complete.
Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus to send the empire's troops farther north. The wall was protected by 16 forts with a number of small fortlets between them; troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the Military Way. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the Caledonians in a number of decorative slabs, twenty of which still survive. Despite this auspicious start the wall was abandoned after only 20 years, and the garrisons relocated back to Hadrian's Wall. In 208 Emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs; this has led to the wall being referred to as the Severan Wall. However, the occupation ended only a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are still visible. Many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
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Ardgroom
Ardgroom (Irish: Dhá Dhroim, meaning "two drumlins") is a village on the Beara peninsula in County Cork, Ireland. Its name refers to two gravelly hills deposited by a glacier, Dromárd and Drombeg. It lies to the northwest of Glenbeg Lough, overlooking the Kenmare River estuary. It sits between the coast and the Slieve Miskish Mountains. The village has one shop and post office (An Post), called Harrington's. It also has an Emo Gas Station and a Pub, The Village Inn.
Near the village lie a number of megalithic monuments, the most picturesque of which is probably the stone circle to be found to the southwest of the village. It has the name "Canfea" but is sometimes called the "Ardgroom SW" circle to distinguish it from the remains of another stone circle northeast of the village. Unusually for a stone circle, its stones tend to taper toward points.
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Arkaim
Coordinates: 52°37′37″N 59°33′40″E / 52.62694°N 59.56111°E / 52.62694; 59.56111
Arkaim (Russian: Аркаим) is an archaeological site situated in the Southern Urals steppe, 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) north-to-northwest of Amurskiy, and 2.3 km (1.4 mi) south-to-southeast of Alexandronvskiy, two villages in the Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, just to the north from the Kazakhstan border.
The site is generally dated to the 17th century BC. Earlier dates, up to the 20th century BC, have been proposed. It was a settlement of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture.
The site was discovered in 1987 by a team of Chelyabinsk scientists who were preparing the area to be flooded in order to create a reservoir, and examined in rescue excavations led by Gennadii Zdanovich. At first their findings were ignored by Soviet authorities, who planned to flood the site as they had flooded Sarkel earlier, but the attention attracted by news of the discovery forced the Soviet government to revoke its plans for flooding the area. It was designated a cultural reservation in 1991, and in May 2005 the site was visited by then-President Vladimir Putin.
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Aughlish
Coordinates: 54°53′46″N 7°02′28″W / 54.896°N 7.041°W / 54.896; -7.041
Aughlish (also Auglish) is the site of at least six stone circles and two stone rows, in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 3.6km from Feeny.
The site features a group of circles including one with 41 small stones and a fallen stone 150cm high at the south, with another of the same height outside the circle to the north. There are three other circles (or parts of circles) with alignments, one of which stretches for 18m.
Aubrey Burl considers the site to be typical of Irish Bronze Age ritual sites around the Sperrins, the local range of hills. He argues that the layout of the stone circles and rows indicates connections with circle builders in England, Scotland and elsewhere in Northern Ireland.
The stone row photographed faces the southernmost setting point of the Moon.
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Avebury
Avebury is a Neolithic henge monument containing three stone circles, around the village of Avebury in Wiltshire, in southwest England. Unique amongst megalithic monuments, Avebury contains the largest stone circle in Europe, and is one of the best known prehistoric sites in Britain. It is both a tourist attraction and a place of religious importance to contemporary Pagans.
Constructed around 2600 BCE, during the Neolithic, or 'New Stone Age', the monument comprises a large henge that is, a bank and a ditch. Inside this henge is a large outer stone circle, with two separate smaller stone circles situated inside the centre of the monument. Its original purpose is unknown, although archaeologists believe that it was most likely used for some form of ritual or ceremony. The Avebury monument was a part of a larger prehistoric landscape containing several older monuments nearby, including West Kennet Long Barrow and Silbury Hill.
By the Iron Age, the site had been effectively abandoned, with some evidence of human activity on the site during the Roman occupation. During the Early Mediaeval, a village first began to be built around the monument, which eventually extended into it. In the Late Mediaeval and Early Modern periods, locals destroyed many of the standing stones around the henge, both for religious and practical reasons. The antiquarians John Aubrey and William Stukeley however took an interest in Avebury during the 17th century, and recorded much of the site before its destruction. Archaeological investigation followed in the 20th century, led primarily by Alexander Keiller, who oversaw a project of reconstructing much of the monument.
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Balquhain
Balquhain, also known as Balquhain Stone Circle, The Chapel of Garioch or Inveramsay, is a recumbent stone circle 3 miles (4.8 km) from Inverurie in Scotland.
It is located in farmland at an altitude of c. 100 metres (330 ft) on a terraced hillside leading up to a prominent summit called Mither Tap. It has been suggested[citation needed] to once have consisted of 12 stones, 4 of which remain standing, with another four fallen, the final four presumed to have been moved.
The recumbent altar stone is 3.8 metres (12 ft) wide, 1.7 metres (5.6 ft) high and 1.05 metres (3.4 ft) deep, it has been estimated to weigh over ten tonnes. It is made is of a type of white grained granite that has been suggested to have been brought some distance to the location. It was suggested[citation needed] that it was designed to create an artificial skyline, horizontally levelled with chockstones; one of which is still visible under the stone. The eastern flanker stone is 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide and made of dark grey basalt with a round top. The western flanker stone is 2.25 metres (7.4 ft) wide and made of reddish quartzite bearing inclusions of white quartz and having a pointed top. The stone east of the east flanker is made of red granite. There is also an outlying stone 6 metres (20 ft) to the southeast of the circle that is 3.1 metres (10 ft) high and made of white quartz with roseate seams.
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Barnenez
The Cairn of Barnenez (also: Barnenez Tumulus, Barnenez Mound etc; in Breton Karn Barnenez; in French: Cairn de Barnenez or Tumulus de Barnenez) is a Neolithic monument located near Plouezoc'h, on the Kernéléhen peninsula in northern Finistère, Brittany (France). It dates to the early Neolithic, about 4500 BC; it is considered one of the earliest megalithic monuments in Europe. It is also remarkable for the presence of megalithic art.
Radiocarbon dates indicate that the first phase of the monument was erected between 4850 and 4250 BC, and the second phase between 4450 and 4000 BC.
Pottery found in and around the monument indicates that it underwent a period of reuse in the Bronze Age, in the 3rd millennium BC.
The cairn was first mapped in 1807, in the context of the Napoleonic cadaster. Its first scientific recognition took place in the context of an academic congress in Morlaix in 1850, when it was classified as a tumulus.
Privately owned until the 1950s, the cairn was used as a quarry for paving stones. This activity, which threatened to destroy the monument, was only halted after the discovery of several of its chambers in the 1950s. The local community then took control of the site.
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Beaghmore
Beaghmore is a complex of early Bronze Age megalithic features, stone circles and cairns, 8.5 miles north west of Cookstown, County Tyrone in Northern Ireland, on the south-east edge of the Sperrin Mountains. Some documents suggest that Beaghmore translates into English as 'the moor of the birches' but this is plainly wrong, as there is no Irish word for moor that sounds like the English word moor (the usual word is caorán) - Mackay's Dictionary of Ulster Place-names says that it is from an Bheitheach Mhór, meaning "big place of birch trees"; a name that reflects the fact that the area was a woodland before being cleared by Neolithic farmers. Beaghmore stone circles, alignments and cairns are State Care Historic Monuments in the townland of Beaghmore, in the Cookstown District Council area, grid ref: Area of H684 842. At Beaghmore a cairn (grid ref: H6872 8470), a cairn (grid ref: H6856 8472), Stone circles, alignments and cairns (grid ref: area of H684 842), round cairn with standing stones: Bradley’s Cairn (grid ref: H6830 8401) and cairn and alignment (grid ref: H6863 8431), are all Scheduled Historic Monuments.
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Blaenavon
Coordinates: 51°46′25″N 3°04′58″W / 51.77363°N 3.08278°W / 51.77363; -3.08278
Blaenavon (Welsh: Blaenafon) is a town and World Heritage Site in south eastern Wales, lying at the source of the Afon Lwyd north of Pontypool, within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire. The town lies high on a hillside and has a population of 6,349 people. Blaenavon literally means "front of the river" or loosely "river's source" in the Welsh language.
Blaenavon grew around an ironworks opened in 1788, part of which is now a museum. The steel-making and coal mining industries followed, boosting the town's population to over 20,000 at one time, but since the ironworks closed in 1900 and the coal mine in 1980, the population has declined.
Attractions in the town include the Big Pit National Coal Museum (an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage), Blaenavon Ironworks, the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway, Blaenavon World Heritage Centre, Blaenavon Male Voice Choir and many historical walks through Blaenavon's mountains.
wn.com/Blaenavon -
Blenheim Palace
Blenheim Palace (/ˈblɛnəm/) (pronounced "Blen-im") is a monumental stately home situated in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough. The palace, one of England's largest houses, was built between 1705 and circa 1724. UNESCO recognised the palace as a World Heritage Site in 1987.
The palace's construction was originally intended to be a gift to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough from a grateful nation in return for military triumph against the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim. However, it soon became the subject of political infighting, which led to Marlborough's exile, the fall from power of his duchess, and irreparable damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh.
Designed in the rare, and short-lived, English Baroque style, architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the 1720s. It is unique in its combined usage as a family home, mausoleum and national monument. The palace is also notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill.
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Brecon Beacons
The Brecon Beacons (Welsh: Bannau Brycheiniog) is a mountain range in South Wales. In a narrow sense, the name refers to the range of popular peaks south of Brecon, including South Wales' highest mountain, Pen y Fan, and which together form the central section of the Brecon Beacons National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog). The name is also commonly used to refer more broadly to the entire national park which includes ranges both to the east and the west of the central Beacons.
The Brecon Beacons range, in its truest sense, is a series of mountains to the south of Brecon. There are six main peaks: from west to east these are: Corn Du (873 m or 2864 feet), Pen y Fan, the highest peak (886 m or 2907 feet), Cribyn (795 m or 2608 feet), Fan y Big (719 m or 2359 feet), Bwlch y Ddwyallt (754 m or 2474 ft) and Waun Rydd (769 m or 2523 ft). These summits form a long ridge, and the sections joining the first four form a horseshoe shape around the head of the Taf Fechan river, which flows away to the south-east. To the northeast of the ridge, interspersed with long parallel spurs, are four round-headed valleys or cwms; from west to east these are Cwm Sere, Cwm Cynwyn, Cwn Oergwm and Cwm Cwareli.
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British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom, and is the world's largest library in terms of total number of items. The library is a major research library, holding over 150 million items from many countries, in many languages and in many formats, both print and digital: books, manuscripts, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, videos, play-scripts, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings. The Library's collections include around 14 million books (second only to the United States' Library of Congress), along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 2000 BC.
As a legal deposit library, the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK. It also has a programme for content acquisitions. The British Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi) of new shelf space.
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Bronze Horseman
The Bronze Horseman (Russian: Медный всадник, literally "The Copper Horseman") is an equestrian statue of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Commissioned by Catherine the Great, it was created by the French sculptor Étienne Maurice Falconet. It is also the name of a narrative poem written by Aleksandr Pushkin about the statue in 1833, widely considered to be one of the most significant works of Russian literature. The statue came to be known as the Bronze Horseman because of the great influence of the poem. The statue is now one of the symbols of Saint Petersburg, in much the same way that the Statue of Liberty is a symbol of New York City. Both of them were designed and built by French artists.
The statue's pedestal is the enormous Thunder Stone, claimed to be the largest stone ever moved by man (1,250 t). Before carving, the stone weighed about 1500 tonnes. It was carved during transit to its current site.
The equestrian statue of Peter the Great is situated in the Senate Square (formerly the Decembrists Square), in Saint Petersburg. Catherine the Great, a German princess who married into the Romanov line, was anxious to connect herself to Peter the Great to gain legitimacy in the eyes of the people. She ordered its construction, and had it inscribed with the phrase Petro Primo Catharina Secunda MDCCLXXXII in Latin and Петру перьвому Екатерина вторая, лѣта 1782 in Russian, both meaning 'Catherine the Second to Peter the First, 1782', an expression of her admiration for her predecessor and her view of her own place in the line of great Russian rulers. Having gained her position through a palace coup, Catherine had no legal claim to the throne and wanted to represent herself as Peter's rightful heir.
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Brown Willy Cairns
Brown Willy Cairns are two cairns on the top of the peaks of Brown Willy on Bodmin Moor, a hill that is the highest point in Cornwall in the UK.
Brown Willy Summit Cairn or Brown Willy North Cairn is a man made rock pile that sits alongside an Ordnance Survey triangulation station. It is the larger of the two and one of the tallest, standing around 5 metres (16 ft) high. The cairn is made up of stones that are similar to those found in all other Bodmin Moor cairns. The majority of these porphyritic granite slabs range in size between 30 centimetres (12 in) and 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) long, between 15 centimetres (5.9 in) and 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and between 10 centimetres (3.9 in) and 20 centimetres (7.9 in) deep, giving an estimated variation in weight between 12 kilograms (26 lb) and 30 kilograms (66 lb). Brown Willy South Cairn is approximately 17 metres (56 ft) in diameter and might not have been much smaller than the Brown Willy Summit (North) Cairn when originally built.
The Cornish word for "cairn" is karn (from karnow, meaning "rock piles"), and it has been suggested that Cornwall's ancient name Kernow is related.William Copeland Borlase classified ridge-top cairns such as these in the most common category a "bowl"- or "cone"-shaped tumulus. He also referred to them as "sepulchral mounds" but admitted burials hadn't been found at many. Brown Willy Summit Cairn has never been excavated and folklore suggests an ancient Cornish king may lie entombed underneath. Nicholas Johnson and Peter Rose radiocarbon dated nine of the cairns on Bodmin Moor, eight gave mean date ranges between 2162 to 1746 cal BC, suggesting the early bronze age was the main building period for cairns of this type. These are amongst the most intact due to their remote and inaccessible location. Many rocks from similar cairns have been spoiled and removed over centuries of neglect to be re-used in dry stone walling and other local construction.
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Brownshill Dolmen
The Brownshill Dolmen (Dolmain Chnoc an Bhrúnaigh in Irish) is a megalithic portal tomb situated 3 km east of Carlow, in County Carlow, Ireland. It lies just off the R726 regional road and is clearly visible from the road. The capstone at Brownshill, weighing an estimated 100 metric tons, is reputed to be the heaviest in Europe. The tomb is listed as a National Monument.
Officially known as the Kernanstown Cromlech, it is also spelled as Browneshill Dolmen. It is sited on a hill on which sits the former estate house of the Browne family from which the hill takes its name.
It was built between 4000 and 3000 BC by some of the earliest farmers to inhabit the island. It is also known as Brownshill Portal Tomb, so-called because the entrance to the burial chamber was flanked by two large upright stones (orthostats) supporting the granite capstone, or roof, of the chamber. The capstone is thought to have been covered by an earthen mound and a gate stone blocked the entrance. At Brownshill both portal stones and the gate-stone are still in situ; the capstone lies on top of the portals and gate-stone and slopes to the ground away from the entrance. Not much additional information is available on Brownshill because it has never been excavated. A fourth upright stands close by and could be the remains of a forecourt. The extent of the chamber cannot be determined.
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Bryn Cader Faner
Bryn Cader Faner is a Bronze Age round cairn which lies to the east of the small hamlet of Talsarnau in the Ardudwy area of Gwynedd in Wales. The diametre is 8.7 metres and there are 18 thin jagged pillars which jut upwards from the low cairn.
It is thought to date back to the late third millennium BC.
Coordinates: 52°53′54″N 4°00′41″W / 52.8982°N 4.0114°W / 52.8982; -4.0114
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Brú na Bóinne
Brú na Bóinne (Irish: [ˈbˠɾˠuː n̪ˠə ˈbˠoːn̪ʲə], Palace of the Boyne) is a World Heritage Site in County Meath, Ireland and is the largest and one of the most important prehistoric megalithic sites in Europe.
The site is a complex of Neolithic chamber tombs, standing stones, henges and other prehistoric enclosures, some dating from as early as 35th century BC - 32nd century BC. The site predates the Egyptian pyramids and was built with sophistication and a knowledge of science and astronomy, which is most evident in the passage grave of Newgrange. The site is often referred to as the "Bend of the Boyne" and this is often (incorrectly) taken to be a translation of Brú na Bóinne (Palace of the Boyne).
The site covers 780 ha and contains around 40 passage graves, as well as other prehistoric sites and later features. The majority of the monuments are concentrated on the north side of the river. The most well-known sites within Brú na Bóinne are the impressive passage graves of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, all famous for their significant collections of megalithic art. Each stands on a ridge within the river bend and two of the tombs, Knowth and Newgrange, appear to contain stones re-used from an earlier monument at the site. There is no in situ evidence for earlier activity at the site, save for the spotfinds of flint tools left by Mesolithic hunters.
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Brąchnówko
Brąchnówko [brɔ̃xˈnufkɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chełmża, within Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Chełmża and 14 km (9 mi) north of Toruń.
Coordinates: 53°8′54″N 18°34′3″E / 53.14833°N 18.5675°E / 53.14833; 18.5675
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Bush Barrow
Coordinates: 51°10′19″N 1°49′30″W / 51.172°N 1.825°W / 51.172; -1.825
Bush Barrow is a site of the early British Bronze Age (ca. 2000 BC), at the western end of the Normanton Down Barrows cemetery. It is among the most important sites of the Stonehenge complex. It was excavated in 1808 by Sir Richard Colt Hoare and William Cunnington. The finds are displayed at Wiltshire Heritage Museum in Devizes.
The barrow contained a male skeleton with rich funerary goods, including a large 'lozenge'-shaped sheet of gold, a sheet gold belt plate, three bronze daggers, a bronze axe, a stone macehead and bronze rivets. One bronze dagger has a hilt that was decorated by as many as 140,000 gold pins set to make a herringbone pattern. The finds have been called "Britain's first Crown Jewels" belonging to the "king of Stonehenge"..
The design of the artifact known as the Bush Barrow Lozenge, and the smaller lozenge, has been shown to be based on a hexagon construction. Detailed analysis of the design has shown both the shape and the decorative panels to have been created by repeating hexagons within a series of three concentric circles (each framing the series of smaller decorative panels). The precision and accuracy displayed by the work demonstrates both a sophisticated tool kit and a sound knowledge of geometric form. The myriad of minute fine gold wire pins set within the dagger handle (above) is further testimony to the sophisticated level of skill and expertise of contemporary Bronze Age artisans. A similar gold lozenge from Clandon Barrow, in Dorset, used a decagon in its design.
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Callanish II
The Callanish II stone circle (Cnoc Ceann à Gharaidh) is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known (and larger) Calanais I on the west coast of the isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland.
This is an elliptical setting of five stones with a major axis of about 21 metres and a minor axis of about 19 metres. Originally there were a total of 10 stones of the ellipse with an 11th outlier.
A cairn, eight and a half metres in diameter, was built in the circle a little to the east of centre.
Post hole evidence suggests that there was an earlier timber structure on the same site, about 10 metres in diameter.
Coordinates: 58°11′40″N 6°43′44″W / 58.19444°N 6.72889°W / 58.19444; -6.72889
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Callanish III
The Callanish III stone circle (Cnoc Filibhir Bheag) is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known (and larger) Calanais I on the west coast of the isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland.
This is a complex setting of 17 stones variously described as a double ellipse and as two concentric circles with an inner cove.
It is just a few hundred metres from the Callanish II stone circle.
Coordinates: 58°11′44″N 6°43′27″W / 58.19556°N 6.72417°W / 58.19556; -6.72417
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Callanish IV
The Callanish IV stone circle (Ceann Hulavig) is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known (and larger) Calanais I on the west coast of the isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland.
This is an elliptical setting of six stones with a major axis of about 13.5 metres and a minor axis of about 9 metres. Originally there may have been thirteen evenly spaced stones in the ring. The remains of a cairn, about 2 metres in diameter, can still be seen within the ring of stones.
Coordinates: 58°10′31″N 6°42′47″W / 58.17528°N 6.71306°W / 58.17528; -6.71306
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Callanish Stones
The Callanish Stones (or "Callanish I"), Clachan Chalanais or Tursachan Chalanais in Gaelic, are situated near the village of Callanish (Gaelic: Calanais) on the west coast of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles of Scotland).
Construction of the site took place between 2900 and 2600 BC, though there were possibly earlier buildings before 3000 BC. A tomb was later built into the site. Debris from the destruction of the tomb suggests the site was out of use between 2000 BC and 1700 BC. The 13 primary stones form a circle about 13 m in diameter, with a long approach avenue of stones to the north, and shorter stone rows to the east, south, and west. The overall layout of the monument recalls a distorted Celtic cross. The individual stones vary from around 1 m to 5 m in height, with an average of 4 m, and are of the local Lewisian gneiss.
The first written reference to the stones was by Lewis native John Morisone, who in c. 1680 wrote that "great stones standing up in ranks [...] were sett up in place for devotione".
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Callanish VIII
The Callanish VIII stone setting is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known (and larger) Calanais I on the west coast of the isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland. It is also known locally as Tursachan.
This is a very unusual (and possibly unique) setting, with a semicircle of four large stones on the edge of a cliff on the south of the island of Great Bernera and looking across a narrow strait to Lewis. There is no evidence that the cliff has collapsed here and destroyed half of a complete circle - it would appear that a semicircle was the original intention. The tallest stone is nearly three metres high and the cliff-edge axis of the circle gives a diameter of about 20 metres.
Coordinates: 58°12′21″N 6°49′47″W / 58.20583°N 6.82972°W / 58.20583; -6.82972
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Callanish X
The Callanish X stone circle (or "Na Dromannan" ("Druim Nan Eun")) is one of many megalithic structures around the more well-known (and larger) Calanais I on the west coast of the isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland.
Coordinates: 58°12′14″N 6°43′01″W / 58.203860°N 6.716981°W / 58.203860; -6.716981
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Canterbury Cathedral
Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a World Heritage Site. It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury, leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury.
Founded in 597, the cathedral was completely rebuilt 1070-77. The east end was greatly enlarged at the beginning of the twelfth century, and largely rebuilt in the Gothic style following a fire in 1174. The Norman nave and transepts survived until the late fourteenth century, when they were demolished to make way for the present structures.
The cathedral's first archbishop was Augustine of Canterbury, previously abbot of St. Andrew's Benedictine Abbey in Rome. He was sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 596 as a missionary to the Anglo-Saxons. Augustine founded the cathedral in 597 and dedicated it to Jesus Christ, the Holy Saviour.
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Carhenge
Carhenge is a replica of England's Stonehenge located near the city of Alliance, Nebraska on the High Plains. Instead of being built with large standing stones, as is the case with the original Stonehenge,Carhenge is formed from vintage American automobiles, all covered with gray spray paint. Built by Jim Reinders, it was dedicated at the June 1987 summer solstice. In 2006, a visitor center was constructed to service the site.
Carhenge consists of 38 automobiles arranged in a circle measuring about 29 metres (95 ft) in diameter. Some are held upright in pits 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) deep, trunk end down, and arches have been formed by welding automobiles atop the supporting models. The heelstone is a 1962 Cadillac. Three cars were buried at Carhenge. Their "gravestone" is a car that reads: "Here lie three bones of foreign cars. They served our purpose while Detroit slept. Now Detroit is awake and America's great!"
Carhenge replicates Stonehenge's current "tumble-down" state, rather than the original stone circle erected between 2500 BC and 2000 BC.
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Carlin stone
Carlin Stone or Carlin Stane is the name given to a number of prehistoric standing stones and natural stone or landscape features in Scotland. The significance of the name is unclear, other than its association with old hags, witches, and the legends of the Cailleach.
A 'Carle' in Scots is a commoner, a husband or in a derogatory sense, a churl or male of low birth. The name 'Carline', 'Cairlin', Carlin, 'Cyarlin', 'Kerlin' or 'Kerl' was also used in lowland Scots as a derogatory term for an old woman meaning an 'old hag'. It is from Old Norse Kerling or a corruption or equivalent in Scots of the Gaelic word “Cailleach”, meaning a witch or the 'old Hag', the Goddess of Winter.
Carlin is used as a surname and has several variations e.g., Carlen, Carlon, Carolan, O'Carlin, O'Carlen, O'Carlon, O'Carolan, Carling, Carlton, etc. It is stated as being of Irish Gaelic origin and is found somewhat less frequently in Scotland.
This is a rocky islet in the South of Orkney.
Near Sandlaw Farm in the parish of Alvah is the Carlin Cist, thought to have been part of a Cromlech at one time.
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Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire (Welsh: Sir Gaerfyrddin or Sir Gâr) is a unitary authority in the south west of Wales and one of thirteen historic counties. It is the third largest in Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. The county town and administrative centre of Carmarthenshire is Carmarthen and the most populous settlement is the area in and around the town of Llanelli.
With its fertile land and agricultural produce, Carmarthenshire is known as the "Garden of Wales".
Carmarthenshire has its early roots in the region formerly known as Ystrad Tywi (Vale of [the river] Tywi) and part of the Principality of Deheubarth during the High Middle Ages, with the court at Dinefwr.
Following the Edwardian Conquest of Wales, the region was reorganized by the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 into Carmarthenshire.
Carmarthenshire has been spelt in other ways in the past, including:
Carmarthenshire became an administrative county with a county council taking over functions from the Quarter Sessions under the Local Government Act 1888. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county of Carmarthenshire was abolished on 1 April 1974 and the area of Carmarthenshire became three districts within the new county of Dyfed : Carmarthen, Dinefwr and Llanelli. Under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Dyfed was abolished on 1 April 1996 and the three districts united to form a unitary authority which had the same boundaries as the original Carmarthenshire. In 2003, following a local campaign, the Clunderwen community council area was transferred to Pembrokeshire.
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Carnac stones
The Carnac stones are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the French village of Carnac, in Brittany, consisting of alignments, dolmens, tumuli and single menhirs. The more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones were hewn from local rock and erected by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany, and are the largest such collection in the world. Local tradition claims that the reason they stand in such perfectly straight lines is that they are a Roman legion turned to stone by Merlin or Saint Cornelius – Brittany has its own local versions of the Arthurian cycle. A Christian legend associated with the stones held that they were pagan soldiers in pursuit of Pope Cornelius when he turned them to stone.
Most of the stones are within the Breton village of Carnac, but some to the east are within La Trinité-sur-Mer. The stones were erected at some stage during the Neolithic period, probably around 3300 BC, but some may date to as old as 4500 BC. In recent centuries, many of the sites have been neglected, with reports of dolmens being used as sheep shelters, chicken sheds or even ovens. Even more commonly, stones have been removed to make way for roads, or as building materials. The continuing management of the sites remains a controversial topic.
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Carreg Coetan Arthur
Carreg Coetan Arthur is the name of a neolithic dolmen near Newport in North Pembrokeshire, Wales.
Carreg Coetan Arthur dates from around 3000 BC and is the remains of a Neolithic burial chamber (also known as a quoit).
The remains consist of a 4 metre long capstone on smaller supporting rocks. It would have originally been earth covered but this has eroded away.
The site is managed by Cadw and it is a scheduled ancient monument.
Coordinates: 52°1′6″N 4°49′38″W / 52.01833°N 4.82722°W / 52.01833; -4.82722
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Castlestrange stone
The Castlestrange stone is located in the grounds of "Castlestrange House" near Athleague in County Roscommon. It is a granite boulder decorated with flowing spirals in the La Tène style, dating from the Iron Age period between 500 BC and 100 AD.
It is believed that there was a strong Continental influence in Ireland at the time, which the carver was imitating.
Only three other stones of this type have been found in Ireland, of which the Turoe stone in County Galway is the best known. The use of the stones is not known but it is assumed they served some religious or ritual purpose.
The stone is a protected National Monument.
Coordinates: 53°35′06″N 8°16′14″W / 53.585°N 8.27056°W / 53.585; -8.27056
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Cat Stane
The Cat Stane, or Catstane, is an inscribed standing stone near Kirkliston, on the outskirts of Edinburgh, in Scotland. It bears a fragmentary inscription dating to the fifth or sixth centuries and was formerly part of a funerary complex consisting of the stone itself, a cairn and a series of cist burials.
The stone's Latin inscription is interpreted as a dedication to a deceased woman whose remains were interred near the stone. A date has been ascribed to the stone by considering the script used and the results of several excavations conducted in modern times. The stone appears to have been erected in the fifth or sixth centuries. During this period the area around modern Edinburgh was controlled by the nation known as either The Votadini or The Gododdin.
The Cat Stane now lies within the perimeter of Edinburgh Airport near the confluence of the Gogar Burn and the River Almond. The stone is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
The Cat Stane is an irregular standing stone of 1.3m height. It is heavily weathered but preserves an inscription in Latin, with several lacunas.
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Clach an Trushal
Clach an Trushal (Scottish Gaelic: Clach an Truiseil, translated to English "Stone of Compassion") is the tallest standing stone (Menhir) in Scotland at 5.8 metres tall. It is sited in the village of Ballantrushal on the west side of Lewis. Like many standing stones, it has been said that it marks the site of a great battle, the last[citation needed] one fought between the feuding clans of the Macaulays and Morrisons - however it is actually the solitary upright stone remaining from a stone circle built about 5,000 years ago. It occupied a place within the circle, although its placement was not central. The second last standing stone was removed in 1914, and used as a lintel.
From the base the stone circle at Steinacleit is clearly visible to the north east. The Callanish standing stones are 20 miles to the south west.
Coordinates: 58°23′33″N 6°29′48.48″W / 58.3925°N 6.4968°W / 58.3925; -6.4968
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Coetan Arthur
Coetan Arthurdolmen, also known as Arthur's Quoit (not to be confused with Carreg Coetan Arthur, near Newport) is the remains of a Neolithic burial chamber (also known as a quoit). It dates from around 3000 BCE. The site, situated on the hillside close to St Davids Head in Pembrokeshire, Wales, is the collapsed chamber of what is presumed to be a passage grave which also has a round barrow. The massive capstone measures approximately 6 metres by 2.5 metres and is supported on one side by an orthostat approximately 1.5 meters in height.
The headland is in the care of the National Trust and the site is a scheduled ancient monument.
Coordinates: 51°54′17″N 5°18′30″W / 51.9048°N 5.3083°W / 51.9048; -5.3083
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Corick
Coordinates: 54°44′53″N 6°47′28″W / 54.748°N 6.791°W / 54.748; -6.791
Corick (from Irish: Comhrac meaning "confluence") is a megalithic site in the civil parish of Ballynascreen, in Magherafelt District Council, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It includes a stone circle and a stone row. The Corick stone circles and alignments are located 2 km north east of Ballybriest court-tomb, 400 metres south of Corick clachan, near a stream. There are some 5 circles (one with a large standing-stone in the middle) and 3 stone-rows. The stone alignments and circle are Scheduled Historic Monuments in the townland of Corick, in Magherafelt District Council area, at grid reference: Area of H780 896.
In 1940 the site was described as consisting of 3 stone circles with alignments and a possible grave structure to the northwest. The site is no longer so clear and survives as a complex of at least 4 alignments. Three are very well defined, consisting of stones ranging from 0.3 to 1.6m high. Within one alignment are two very large stones which may be the remains of a tomb. Five alignments are oriented almost exactly north-south and the sixth, a well-preserved line, runs WSW-ENE and contains some of the large stones on the site. To NNW are the remains of a stone circle of which only 6 stones on the west side survive and with a large central stone.
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Derwent Valley Mills
Derwent Valley Mills is a World Heritage Site along the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England, designated in December 2001. It is administered by the Derwent Valley Mills Partnership. The modern factory, or 'mill', system was born here in the 18th century to accommodate the new technology for spinning cotton developed by Richard Arkwright. With advancements in technology, it became possible to produce cotton continuously. The system was adopted throughout the valley, and later spread so that by 1788 there were over 200 Arkwright-type mills in Britain. Arkwright's inventions and system of organising labour was exported to Europe and the United States.
Water-power was first introduced to England by John Lombe at his silk mill in Derby in 1719, but it was Richard Arkwright who applied water-power to the process of producing cotton in the 1770s. His patent of a water frame allowed cotton to be spun continuously and meant it could be produced by unskilled workers. Cromford Mill and Cromford was the site of Arkwright's first mill, and his system of production and worker's housing was copied throughout the valley. To ensure the presence of a labour force, it was necessary to construct housing for the mill workers. Thus, new settlements were established by mill owners around the mills – sometimes developing a pre-existing community – with their own amenities such as schools, chapels, and markets. Most of the housing still exists and is still in use. Along with the transport infrastructure form part of the site. A transport infrastructure was built to open new markets for the mills' produce.
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Doll Tor
Doll Tor, occasionally known as the Six Stones, is a small stone circle near Birchover, west of Stanton Moor in the Derbyshire Peak District. Dating from the Bronze Age, the circle consists of six standing stones.
The site was excavated in 1852 by Thomas Bateman, and again from 1931 to 1933 by J. P. Heathcote. During this second excavation, three stones were smashed and later repaired with cement. In 1993, unknown visitors rearranged the stones to create a more complete but historically inaccurate circle. It was later restored to something close to its original appearance, two fallen stones being re-erected.
Coordinates: 53°09′43″N 1°38′45″W / 53.1620°N 1.6458°W / 53.1620; -1.6458
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Drizzlecombe
Drizzlecombe or Thrushelcombe is an area of Dartmoor in the county of Devon, England. It is located on the western side of the moor about 4 miles (6.4 km) east of the village of Yelverton, to the west of the upper reaches of the River Plym.
The area contains a number of Bronze Age stone rows, cairns and menhirs, most of which are on the southwest slope of Hartor Hill. There are three principal stone rows each with an associated barrow and terminal menhir. The tallest menhir, which at 14 ft (4.3 m) high is the largest on Dartmoor, was re-erected by Sabine Baring-Gould, R. Hansford Worth and others in 1893.
Nearby is the large but damaged cairn known as Giant's Basin; many of its stones were removed by warreners to build their rabbit-warrens at Ditsworthy, lower down the river. Higher up the slope and overlooking these monuments is a village of stone hut circles, akin to the one at Grimspound. To the north-east lie the extensive remains of Eylesbarrow tin mine and north-west is the concentric stone circle of Yellowmead Down.
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Drombeg stone circle
Drombeg stone circle (also known as The Druid's Altar), is a Recumbent stone circle located 2.4 km (1.5 mi) east of Glandore, County Cork, Ireland. (grid ref: 24672 35157, Latitude: 51.564553N Longitude: 9.08702W) Drombeg is one of the most visited megalithic sites in Ireland. The area of the circle has been covered in gravel to protect it from the volume of visitors.
The stone circle consists of seventeen closely spaced stones spanning 9 m (29 ft) in diameter, of which 13 survive. The most westerly stone (1.9m high) is the long recumbent and has two egg shaped cup-marks, one with a ring around it. A "Cork-Kerry type" stone circle, it is flanked by a pair of 1.8m high axial portal stones, which provide a south-west axis, and orientate the monument in the direction of the setting sun during the midwinter solstice. The stones in the circle have been shaped to slope upwards to the recumbent stone, the midpoint of which was set in line with the winter solstice sunset viewed in a conspicuous notch in the distant hills. While the alignment is good, it is not precise.
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Drumskinny
Drumskinny (from Irish: Droim Scine meaning "knife ridge") is the site of a stone circle in the townland of Drumskinny, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. With the inclusion of an adjacent cairn and alignment, the stone circle is a State Care Historic Monument in Fermanagh District Council area, at grid ref: H 2009 7072. The site was excavated in 1962 and is believed to have built around 2000 BC.
Coordinates: 54°35′04″N 7°41′26″W / 54.5844352461°N 7.69051657806°W / 54.5844352461; -7.69051657806
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Drybridge
Drybridge is a village in North Ayrshire, Scotland. Drybridge is thus named because of the 'dry bridge' over the Kilmarnock and Troon Railway, opened in 1812. The nearby 'wet bridge' is the Laigh Milton Viaduct, the oldest surviving railway bridge in the world.
The standing stone at Stane Field (NS 359 364), Drybridge, is the only one recorded for this local authority area. It stands close to the old railway station. This standing stone is on level ground in a field of young crop at about 20 m OD. It has a maximum height of 2.6 m, and as stated, is roughly square with a girth of about 4.0 m and a maximum width of 1.3 m. A perforated stone axe head was found nearby. In this area are a cursus, henge, several sites of flint flake deposits and a twin concentric circle structure.
Drybridge is a very basic village with few facilities.a village hall, post box, phone box and recycling facilities. There used to be a school/church here, which spent many years as a pallet makers workshop and store before recently being replaced by houses. The scrap-yard in the old station goods yard is now closed (2008). The railway which the "dry bridge" carried still exists and is still in use; Drybridge station has been converted into housing. Although the platforms survive, trains no longer stop at Drybridge station.
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Duloe stone circle
Duloe stone circle or Duloe circle is a stone circle in the village of Duloe, located 5 miles (8.0 km) from Looe in Cornwall, UK.
It is made of eight bright white quartzite stones place in an oval shaped circle. Stones vary in height, the largest on the south being over 12 tons and 2.65 metres (8.7 ft) high. The dimensions in a north south direction are 11.9 metres (39 ft) by 10.7 metres (35 ft). Its original width is unknown as it was moved in 1861 due to an intersecting hedge. Two of the stones were broken in the manoeuvre. It was also claimed that a bronze age urn full of bones that was smashed after being found under one of the stones and allegedly crumbled into the air. It can be accessed near Duloe village on the B3254, signposted on the west of the road in a field.
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Durham Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham (usually known as Durham Cathedral) is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham. The Bishopric dates from 995, with the present cathedral being founded in AD 1093. The cathedral is regarded as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture and has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with nearby Durham Castle, which faces it across Palace Green.
The present cathedral replaced the 10th century "White Church", built as part of a monastic foundation to house the shrine of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. The treasures of Durham Cathedral include relics of St Cuthbert, the head of St Oswald of Northumbria and the remains of the Venerable Bede. In addition, its Durham Dean and Chapter Library contains one of the most complete sets of early printed books in England, the pre-Dissolution monastic accounts, and three copies of the Magna Carta.
Durham Cathedral occupies a strategic position on a promontory high above the River Wear. From 1080 until the 19th century the bishopric enjoyed the powers of a Bishop Palatine, having military as well as religious leadership and power. Durham Castle was built as the residence for the Bishop of Durham. The seat of the Bishop of Durham is the fourth most significant in the Church of England hierarchy, and he stands at the right hand of the monarch at coronations. Signposts for the modern day County Durham are subtitled "Land of the Prince Bishops."
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Durrington Walls
Durrington Walls is the site of a large Neolithic settlement and later henge enclosure located in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site. It is 2 miles north-east of Stonehenge in the parish of Durrington, just north of Amesbury. Excavations on the site by a team led by the University of Sheffield, support an estimate of a community of several thousand, thought to be the largest one of its age in north-west Europe. At 500m in diameter, the henge is the largest in Britain and recent evidence suggests that it was a complementary monument to Stonehenge.
The name comes from the civil parish in which the site is located – Durrington, meaning “the farm of doers people” (doer-deer, ing-people/tribe, tun-farm/settlement), and the large henge banks that surround it.
What visibly remains of Durrington Walls today is the ‘walls’ of the henge monument – in fact the eroded remains of the inner slope of the bank and the outer slope of the internal ditch. This now appears as a ridge surrounding a central basin. On the eastern side the separate ditch and bank are much more discernible although badly eroded by ploughing. Originally the ditch was some 5.5m deep, 7m wide at its bottom and 18m wide at the top. The bank was in some areas 30m wide. There were two entrances through the bank and ditch – at the north western and south eastern ends. There may also have been an entrance to the south and the north east, although these may have been deliberately blocked. The henge enclosed several timber circles and smaller enclosures – not all of which have been excavated. Several Neolithic house floors have been found next to and under the eastern bank of the henge. Their density suggests that there was a very large village on the sloping river bank on this side.
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Easter Aquhorthies
Easter Aquhorthies Recumbent Stone Circle near Inverurie in North East Scotland is one of the more well known recumbent circles. The circle stones vary from 1.116 m to 1.77 m in height, are very broad and massive, and are of pinkish porphyry or red jasper whereas the flankers and recumbent are of grey and red granite respectively.
Coordinates: 57°16′35.76″N 2°26′42.98″W / 57.2766°N 2.4452722°W / 57.2766; -2.4452722
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England
England
i/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Fernacre
Fernacre, Fernacre stone circle or Fernacre circle is a stone circle located on the slopes of the De Lank River, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) northeast of St Breward on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall, UK.
It has been suggested to mean bracken-land or come from the old plural for fairy; feren, who were said to be sacred to the ancient Cornish. Fernacre is one of the biggest stone circles in Cornwall. It is slightly flattened in a northwest to southeast direction, measuring 46.2 metres (152 ft) by 43.3 metres (142 ft) The circle contains some 68 or 69 stones with a further 3 displaced within, 38 or 39 remain standing upright. They are deeply sunk into the soil with the tallest stone measuring 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) high and the longest fallen stone 2.1 metres (6.9 ft). Fernacre is a marker for the start of a medieval drove road from Rough Tor to Garrow.
The ruins of what was called Fernacre farm were first recorded in 1327 AD. Numerous hut circles dot the landscape nearby and it has been suggested that the dating for Fernacre is contemporary with these. No bones or remains were found in these hut circles, only a few flaked flints gave clues to its occupation. The Fernacre settlement covered 164 acres, of which 84 show signs of having been farmed. The dating of the sites is uncertain although it has been suggested to have been constructed either in the Neolithic or Bronze Age. There are signs that the circle had a retaining bank of earth on its southeast.
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Filitosa
Filitosa is a megalithic site in southern Corsica, France. The period of occupation spans from the end of the Neolithic era and the beginning of the Bronze Age, until around the Roman times in Corsica.
The site is located on road D57, in the commune of Sollacaro, north of Propriano, in the Corse-du-Sud département. It is located on a hill, overlooking the Taravo valley.
The site was discovered in 1946 by the owner of the land, Charles-Antoine Cesari. Systematic excavations started in 1954 by Roger Grosjean. Finds of arrow heads and pottery date earliest inhabitation to 3300 BC. Around 1500 BC, 2-3 metre menhirs were erected. They have been carved with representations of human faces, armour and weapons. It is thought the menhirs may have been erected to ward off an invasion of a group of people called the Torréens (Torreans). However this was unsuccessful: the menhirs were cast down, broken up and reused in some cases as building material by the Torréens. The Torréens built circular stone structures on the site, known as torri (or torre), which may have been used as temples. The torri are remarkably well preserved.
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Glantane East
Glantane East is a megalithic complex situated 6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) from Millstreet, County Cork, Ireland. It is set in the Keel River valley on the north-west upper slopes of Musherabeg mountain, in the townland of Glantane. The complex includes a wedge tomb, two stone circles and a pair of stone alignments.
The wedge tomb is known locally as "The Flags" and is 90 centimetres (35 in) in height, with a capstone 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) square resting on two sidestones and a backstone. Some of the double-walling remains in place while a 40-centimetre (16 in) stone is positioned between the two sidestones.
A stone circle lies in the field next to the wedge tomb. It is nearly 5 metres (16 ft) in diameter with five standing and six fallen stones, some of which now lie in the surrounding ditch which is at least partly stone-faced. In the middle of the circle is a large hole, where it is assumed a boulder or boulder-burial once stood. The remaining stones vary in height from 0.5 to 1 metre (1.6 to 3.3 ft) and are surrounded by a 2.5-metre (8.2 ft) wide fosse and low bank. Two tall pillar-like stones are situated along the outer face of the fosse and 8m to the south-east of the circle. One is fallen.
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Goloring
The Goloring is an ancient earthworks monument located near Koblenz, Germany. It was created in the Bronze Age era, which dates back to the Urnfield culture (1200–800 BCE.). During this time a widespread solar cult is believed to have existed in Central Europe.
The Goloring consists of a circular ditch of 175 metres in diameter with an outside embankment extending to 190 metres. Technically this makes the structure a henge monument, although the use of the term henge outside of Britain is sometimes disputed. The outside embankment is approx. 7 metres wide and 80 cm high. The ditch has an upper width of 5–6 metres and is approx. 80 cm deep. In the interior one can find a roughly circular leveled platform, which is about elevated by about 1 metre. The platform has been created based on piled gravelled rock and has a diameter of 95 metres. Remnants of a 50 cm thick wooden post with an estimated height of 8–12 metres were excavated in the middle of this platform.
The design of the ditch is unique in Germany, and makes the earthworks similar to many British monuments of the same era. It is often compared to Stonehenge in England, which has similar diametric proportions.
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Goseck circle
The Goseck circle is a Neolithic structure in Goseck in the Burgenlandkreis district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It consists of a set of concentric ditches 75 metres (246 feet) across and two palisade rings containing gates in defined places. It is considered the earliest sun observatory currently known in the world. Interpretations of the ring suggest that European Neolithic and Bronze Age people measured the heavens far earlier and more accurately than historians have thought. The site was made public in August 2003. German media have called the site "German Stonehenge," although the use of the term henge for structures outside Britain and Ireland is disputed and it apparently has no earth bank.
The circle at Goseck is one of more than 250 ring-ditches in Germany, Austria and Croatia identified by aerial surveys, though archaeologists have investigated barely 10% of them. Goloring near Koblenz in western Germany is a similar, if later, example. Previously archaeologists thought that the enclosures might have been fortifications and were puzzled by the fact that there was no sign of buildings inside the circles.
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Gough Island
Gough Island (/ˈɡɒf/, rhymes with cough), also known historically as Gonçalo Álvares (after the Portuguese explorer) or mistakenly as Diego Alvarez, is a volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a dependency of Tristan da Cunha and part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It is uninhabited except for the personnel of a weather station (usually six people) which the South African National Antarctic Programme has maintained continually on the island since 1956. It is one of the most remote places with a constant human presence.
The island was first named Ilha de Gonçalo Álvares on Portuguese maps (Spanish Isla de Gonzalo Álvarez). It was named Gough Island after Captain Charles Gough of the Richmond who sighted the island in 1713. Confusion of the unusual Portuguese saint name Gonçalo with Spanish Diego led to the misname "Diego Alvarez island" in English sources from 1800s to 1930s.
Gough Island rises to heights of over 900 m (2,953 ft) above sea level. Its area is 35 square miles (91 km2) according to the South African Antarctic Programme. It is located at 40°19′05″S 9°56′07″W / 40.3181°S 9.9353°W / -40.3181; -9.9353Coordinates: 40°19′05″S 9°56′07″W / 40.3181°S 9.9353°W / -40.3181; -9.9353. Topographic features include the highest Peak, Edinburgh Peak, Hags Tooth, Mount Rowett, Sea Elephant Bay, Quest Bay, and Hawkins Bay.
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Greenwich
Coordinates: 51°28′45″N 0°00′00″E / 51.4791°N 0.0000°E / 51.4791; 0.0000
Greenwich (UKi/ɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-ij; US /ɡrɛnɪtʃ/ GREN-ich or /ɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-ij) is a district of south London, England, located in the Royal Borough of Greenwich and situated 5.5 miles (8.9 km) east south-east of Charing Cross.
Greenwich is notable for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time. The town became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia from the 15th century, and was the birthplace of many in the House of Tudor, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace fell into disrepair during the English Civil War and was rebuilt as the Royal Naval Hospital for Sailors by Sir Christopher Wren and his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor. These buildings became the Royal Naval College in 1873, and they remained an establishment for military education until 1998 when they passed into the hands of the Greenwich Foundation. The historic rooms within these buildings remain open to the public; other buildings are used by University of Greenwich and the Trinity College of Music.
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Grey Wethers
Grey Wethers consists of a pair of prehistoric stone circles, situated on grassy plateau to the north of Postbridge, Dartmoor, in the United Kingdom.
The circles are each approximately 33m (108 feet) in diameter, and less than five metres apart. Their centre points are aligned almost exactly north to south. The northern circle has 20 stones remaining, while the southern has 29 - all of a relatively consistent size, mostly between 1.2m and 1.4m (4-4.5 ft) in height.
An excavation was carried out in 1898 and a number of charcoal fragments were discovered within the circles. The circles were restored and many fallen stones re-erected in 1909.
As with many ancient Dartmoor landmarks, Grey Wethers is the subject of local folklore, explaining the origin of the name ('wether' is an Old English word meaning sheep).
One story tells of a farmer who had recently moved to Dartmoor and was foolish enough to criticise the sheep on sale at Tavistock Market. He stopped for a drink at the Warren House Inn, and helped by several pints of cider, the locals persuaded him that there was an excellent flock of high quality sheep nearby which he would be welcome to buy. They walked off in search of them, and through the mist the farmer saw what he took to be a fine flock. He agreed to the sale, and returned to the site the following morning to find that what he had taken to be sheep were actually the stones of Grey Wethers.
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Hermel
Hermel (Arabic: الهرمل) is a Shia Muslim town in Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon. It's the capital of the Hermel District. Hermel is home to a Lebanese Red Cross First Aid Center.
The Hermel plains are an area of low hills around Hermel, through which runs the Orontes river and several wadis, which drain into the Homs basin. The area dominates the north of the Beqaa Valley and reaches north to the border with Syria. A curious and unpublished archaeological industry exists from finds of stone tools in this area. It consists of generally small tools whose typology is limited. It was termed the Shepherd Neolithic industry by Henri Fleisch.
Hermel I or Mrah Abbas was discovered by P. Billaux and Maurice Tallon and is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north northeast of Hermel, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) before reaching Mrah Abbas, next to the road. It is located on an uncultivated sloping plain leading down 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the Orontes. The garden revealed the remains of ten dolmens, most of which were built on a larger foundation than the covered chamber. Some were perhaps not covered by tumuli and a few were evidently not built to have cap-stones on top.
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Hoarstones
The Hoarstones is a stone circle in the civil parish of Chirbury with Brompton in the English county of Shropshire. It has 38 stones, all less than a metre high. There are two small mounds in the north-west of the circle that may be the remnants of barrows.
The ring is also known as Black Marsh, Hemford and Marsh Pool. There are holes drilled in some of the stones, but these date from a much later period, when local miners would use the stones during wedding celebrations by filling the holes with gunpowder and setting it off.
The Hoarstones may have a connection to the similar circle nearby at Mitchell's Fold, and a third circle formerly to the south known as the Whetstones.
Coordinates: 52°35′34″N 2°59′57″W / 52.59278°N 2.99917°W / 52.59278; -2.99917
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Inaccessible Island
Inaccessible Island is an extinct volcano (last active 6 million years ago) with Cairn Peak reaching 449 m. The island is 14 km² (5.5 sq mi) in area, rising out of the South Atlantic Ocean 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Tristan da Cunha. Inaccessible Island is located at 37°18′9″S 12°40′28″W / 37.3025°S 12.67444°W / -37.3025; -12.67444Coordinates: 37°18′9″S 12°40′28″W / 37.3025°S 12.67444°W / -37.3025; -12.67444.
It is part of the archipelago of Tristan da Cunha, which is part of the overseas territory of the United Kingdom, known as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Throughout its history it has had no permanent population[citation needed] and together with Gough Island is a protected wildlife reserve which has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Inaccessible Island was first discovered in January 1656 during a voyage by 't Nachtglas, a Dutch ship under the command of Jan Jacobszoon, 146 years after Tristan da Cunha was first sighted by Portuguese sailors. Jacobszoon originally named it 'Nachtglas' island.
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Ironbridge Gorge
The Ironbridge Gorge is a deep gorge formed by the River Severn in Shropshire, England.
Originally called the Severn Gorge, the gorge now takes its name from its famous Iron Bridge, the first iron bridge of its kind in the world, and a monument to the industry that began there. The bridge was built in 1779 to link the industrial town of Broseley with the smaller mining town of Madeley and the growing industrial centre of Coalbrookdale.
There are two reasons the site was so useful to the early industrialists. The raw materials, coal, iron ore, limestone and clay, for the manufacture of iron, tiles and porcelain are exposed or easily mined in the gorge. The deep and wide river allowed easy transport of products to the sea.
The gorge carries the River Severn south towards the Bristol Channel. It was formed during the last ice age when the output from the previously north flowing river became trapped in a lake (Lake Lapworth) created when the Irish Sea ice sheet dammed the river. The level of the lake rose until it was able to flow over the hills to the south. This flow eroded a path through the hills forming the gorge and permanently diverting the Severn southwards.
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John Aubrey
John Aubrey FRS, (12 March 1626 – 7 June 1697) was an English antiquary, natural philosopher and writer. He is perhaps best known as the author of the collection of short biographical pieces usually referred to as Brief Lives. He was a pioneer archaeologist, who recorded (often for the first time) numerous megalithic and other field monuments in southern England, and who is particularly noted as the discoverer of the Avebury henge monument. The Aubrey holes at Stonehenge are named after him, although there is considerable doubt as to whether the holes that he observed are those that currently bear the name. He was also a pioneer folklorist, collecting together a miscellany of material on customs, traditions and beliefs under the title "Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme". He set out to compile county histories of both Wiltshire and Surrey, although both projects remained unfinished. His "Interpretation of Villare Anglicanum" (also unfinished) was the first attempt to compile a full-length study of English place-names. He had wider interests in applied mathematics and astronomy, and was friendly with many of the greatest scientists of the day.
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Jurassic Coast
Coordinates: 50°42′20″N 2°59′23.6″W / 50.70556°N 2.989889°W / 50.70556; -2.989889
The Jurassic Coast is a World Heritage Site on the English Channel coast of southern England. The site stretches from Orcombe Point near Exmouth in East Devon to Old Harry Rocks near Swanage in East Dorset, a distance of 153 kilometres (95 mi). Chartered in 2001, the Jurassic coast was the second wholly natural World Heritage Site to be designated in the United Kingdom. Its entire length can be walked on the South West Coast Path.
The Jurassic Coast consists of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous cliffs, spanning the Mesozoic Era, documenting 180 million years of geological history.
The site shows excellent examples of landforms, including the natural arch at Durdle Door, the cove and limestone folding at Lulworth Cove and an island, the Isle of Portland. Chesil Beach is a fine example of both a tombolo (a deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar) and a storm beach (a beach affected by particularly fierce waves). The site has stretches of both concordant and discordant coastlines. Due to the quality of the varied geology, the site is the subject of international field studies. This area was home to Mary Anning, a palaeontologist who studied the fossils of the coastline around Lyme Regis and discovered the first complete Ichthyosaur fossil at the Spittles.
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Kerzerho
Kerzerho lies approximately 8 km northwest of Carnac in the Erdeven commune and in the region of Brittany, France.
Coordinates: 47°38′5″N 3°8′53″W / 47.63472°N 3.14806°W / 47.63472; -3.14806
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Knocknakilla
The Knocknakillamegalithic complex (Grid Ref: W297843) that lies between Macroom and Millstreet, in County Cork, Ireland. It is set in blanket peatland on the north-west upper slopes of Musherabeg mountain and is thought to be 3500 years old. The area is rich with archaeological artifacts, and nearby are two cashels, a ringfort, two fulacht fiadh, a possible souterrain and a circular enclosure. The complex is best known for its large phallic and now leaning portal stone. Given the stones' relation to both the rising and setting sun, it is thought that they were aligned with with purpose and functionality in mind, likely as calendars to early farmers, probably related to harvest or fertility ceremonies.
The main complex is found on a level patch of bogland overlooking a deep valley and comprises a recumbent stone circle, a radial cairn and two pointy typed portal stones (one of which has fallen), aligned north-northeast to south-southwest. The stone circle is made up of five 1.3- to 1.5-metre-high stones, of which two (the axis and east sidestone) fell sometime in the last 50 years. Only the two northern portal stones and a stone at the west stand today. The stone row, made up of two stones both over 3.5 metres tall, seems to have been aligned on the stone circle, although the stone nearest the circle has fallen, and the remaining stone has a pronounced lean. Three meters away is a 10-stone, 3.5-metre-diameter, radial cairn which was first discovered by Coillte Teoranta in 1970. The upright standing stone is 3.7 metres tall, and it leans heavily to the north.
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Kouachra
Kouachra is a megalithic archaeological site approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) northeast of Halba in Lebanon. The village of Kouachra is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the road between Qubiyate and Halba. The archaeological site was discovered by Maurice Tallon and is a megalith field with one monument (K.I) approximately 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of the buildings that form the hamlet of Dawe el Baghdadi. There are two other megalithic structures (K.2 and K.3) around 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) further along the road to Menjez at a place called el Derke where the road intersects just before Amirie on the riverbanks of the Nahr Menjez. K.I is a circular dolmen that has lost its tumulus, placed on a thick, solid floor. K.2 and K.3 are stone rectangles of megaliths, K.3 is corbelled in shape.
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La Hougue Bie
Coordinates: 49°12′07″N 2°03′11″W / 49.202°N 2.053°W / 49.202; -2.053
La Hougue Bie is a historic site in the Parish of Grouville, Jersey. Hougue is a Jèrriais/Norman language word meaning a "mound" and comes from the Old Norse word haugr.Bie is of uncertain origin. The legend of La Hougue Bie connects it with the Seigneur of Hambye in the Cotentin; an Old Norse origin may connect it to -by toponyms in Great Britain; or it may be connected to the Jèrriais word bié (leat)..
The site consists of 18.6 metre long passage chamber covered by a 12.2 metre high earth mound. The site was first excavated in 1925 by the Société Jersiaise. Fragments of twenty vase supports were found along with the scattered remains of at least eight individuals. Gravegoods, mostly pottery, were also present. At some time in the past, the site had evidently been entered and ransacked. On top of the mound were built two Medieval chapels. The Channel Islands (in contrast with mainland Brittany, where they are rare), have five passage graves with side chambers (La Hougue Bie, Faldouet and Grantez in Jersey, La Varde and Le Déhus in Guernsey).
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Legananny
Legananny (believed to be from Irish: Liagán Áine meaning "Áine's standing stone") is a townland 5.6 km (3.5 mi) north of Leitrim, County Down, Northern Ireland. It contains the ancient Legannany Dolmen which has stood for between 4000 and 4500 years. It is made up of three large stones standing upright with a very large stone sitting on top of them. It has been linked with the Irish goddess Áine.
The townland borders four other townlands, these are: Benraw, Leitrim, Sleivenboly and Clonvaraghan. Legananny has a population of around 100 people, most of these being farmers and their families. Slieve Garran is the biggest hill in Legananny.
Coordinates: 54°19′23″N 6°01′13″W / 54.3229722222°N 6.02019444444°W / 54.3229722222; -6.02019444444
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Long Bredy
Coordinates: 50°42′29″N 2°36′36″W / 50.708°N 2.61°W / 50.708; -2.61
Long Bredy is a village in the county of Dorset in south-west England. It lies within the West Dorset administrative district of the county, about seven miles west of the county town of Dorchester. It is sited in the valley of the small River Bride, beneath chalk hills of the Dorset Downs. In the 2001 Census the village had a population of 202.
The environs of Long Bredy have some Iron Age and Roman history, including a stone circle, known as the Grey Mare and her Colts, and a burial chamber. The village itself is thought to have been established around the 9th century, and was mentioned in the Domesday Book. To the east of the village is Kingston Russell house, a 17th century mansion.
Coordinates: 50°42′29″N 2°36′36″W / 50.708°N 2.61°W / 50.708; -2.61
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Lourdes
Coordinates: 43°06′N 0°03′W / 43.1°N 0.05°W / 43.1; -0.05
Lourdes (Gascon Occitan Lorda or Lourde) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in south-western France. The former regional language of this area used to be Gascon Occitan (or Gasconha, Occitània which was the spoken language at the time of Bernadette Soubirous), but has been largely supplanted by French as in many regions of France.
Lourdes is a small market town lying in the foothills of the Pyrenees, famous for the Marian apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes said to have occurred in 1858 to Bernadette Soubirous. At that time, the most prominent feature of the town was the fortified castle that rises up from a rocky escarpment at its centre.
Following the reports that Our Lady of Lourdes had appeared to Bernadette Soubirous on a total of eighteen occasions, Lourdes has developed into a major place of Roman Catholic pilgrimage and of miraculous healings. The 150th Jubilee of the first apparition took place on 11 February 2008 with an outdoor mass attended by approximately 45,000 pilgrims.
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Medicine wheel
Medicine wheels, or sacred hoops, were constructed by laying stones in a particular pattern on the ground. Most medicine wheels follow the basic pattern of having a center of stone(s), and surrounding that is an outer ring of stones with "spokes", or lines of rocks radiating from the center. Some ancient types of sacred architecture were built by laying stones on the surface of the ground in particular patterns common to aboriginal people.
Originally, medicine wheels are stone structures constructed by certain indigenous peoples of Africa for various astronomical, ritual, healing, and teaching purposes. Medicine wheels are still "opened" or inaugurated in Native American spirituality where they are more often referred to as "sacred hoops", which is the favored English rendering by some. There are various native words to describe the ancient forms and types of rock alignments. One teaching involves the description of the four directions.
More recently, syncretic, hybridized uses of medicine wheels, magic circles, and mandala sacred technology are employed in New Age, Wiccan, Pagan and other spiritual discourse throughout the World. The rite of the sacred hoop and medicine wheel differed and differs amongst indigenous traditions, as it now does between non-indigenous peoples, and between traditional and modernist variations. The essential nature of the rite common to these divergent traditions deserves further anthropological exploration as does an exegesis of their valence.
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Metsamor site
The site of Metsamor Castle, near the Armenian town of Metsamor has been populated from the 5th millennium BC until the 18th century AD. The excavations of the tombs of Metsamor castle began in 1965. Arkuni town is noted for its observatory and temple complexes consisted of seven sanctuaries. Near the site is a neolithic stone circles dated to ca. 5000 BC, interpreted by enthusiasts of archaeoastronomy as an astronomical "observatory".
Media related to Metsamor at Wikimedia Commons
The Museum of History and Archeology at Metsamor was opened in 1968. It is the repository of more than 22,000 items, almost all uncovered at the site.
Coordinates: 40°7′34.59″N 44°11′12.46″E / 40.126275°N 44.1867944°E / 40.126275; 44.1867944
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Moel Tŷ Uchaf
Moel Tŷ Uchaf is a stone circle near the village of Llandrillo, Denbighshire, North Wales. It is a collection of 41 stones with a cist in the centre and an outlying stone to the north-north-east. The circle is 12 metres in diameter.
Moel Ty Uchaf is also the name of the hill on which the circle is located.
Coordinates: 52°55′24″N 3°24′20″W / 52.923347°N 3.405447°W / 52.923347; -3.405447
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New Lanark
Coordinates: 55°40′N 3°47′W / 55.66°N 3.78°W / 55.66; -3.78
New Lanark is a village on the River Clyde, approximately 1.4 miles (2.2 kilometres) from Lanark, in South Lanarkshire, and some 40 km southeast of Glasgow, Scotland. It was founded in 1786 by David Dale, who built cotton mills and housing for the mill workers. Dale built the mills there in a brief partnership with the English inventor and entrepreneur Richard Arkwright to take advantage of the water power provided by the only waterfalls on the River Clyde. Under the ownership of a partnership that included Dale's son-in-law, Robert Owen, a Welsh philanthropist and social reformer, New Lanark became a successful business and an epitome of utopian socialism as well as an early example of a planned settlement and so an important milestone in the historical development of urban planning.
The New Lanark mills operated until 1968. After a period of decline, the New Lanark Conservation Trust (NLCT) was founded in 1974 (now known as the New Lanark Trust (NLT)) to prevent demolition of the village. By 2006 most of the buildings have been restored and the village has become a major tourist attraction. It is one of five UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Scotland and an Anchor Point of ERIH - The European Route of Industrial Heritage.
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Newgrange
Newgrange (Irish: Sí an Bhrú) is a prehistoric monument located in County Meath, on the eastern side of Ireland, about one kilometre north of the River Boyne. It was built around 3200 BC, during the Neolithic period. There is no agreement about what the site was used for, but it has been speculated that it had some form of religious significance because it is aligned with the rising sun, which floods the stone room with light on the winter solstice. Newgrange is also older than Stonehenge and the great pyramids of Giza It is in fact just one monument within the Neolithic Brú na Bóinne complex, alongside the similar passage tomb mounds of Knowth and Dowth, and as such is a part of the Brú na Bóinne UNESCO World Heritage Site. Newgrange also shares many similarities with other Neolithic constructions around Western Europe, such as Maeshowe tomb in Orkney, Scotland and the Bryn Celli Ddu site in Wales.
After its initial use, the entrance to Newgrange was sealed and it remained closed for several millennia, subsequently gaining several associations in local folklore and mythology. It first began to be studied as a prehistoric monument by antiquarians in the seventeenth century AD, and over subsequent centuries various archaeological excavations took place at the site before it was largely restored to an interpretation of its original Neolithic appearance by conservators in the 1970s. Today, Newgrange is a popular tourist site, and according to the archaeologist Colin Renfrew, is "unhesitatingly regarded by the prehistorian as the great national monument of Ireland" and is also widely recognised as one of the most important megalithic structures in Europe.
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Nine Ladies
Nine Ladies is a Bronze Age stone circle located on Stanton Moor, Derbyshire, England. Part of the Peak District National Park, the site is owned by English Heritage and is often visited by tourists and hill walkers. Druids and pagans occasionally celebrate summer solstice there.
There are nine upright stones, each of local millstone grit, each less than a metre high, in a clearing in a modern wood planted on Stanton Moor. They sit in a rough circle with a gap at the south side of the circle where no stone-hole has been found. However, an additional stone, lying flat rather than upright, was discovered after being exposed as a crop mark in the dry weather of 1976. It is now visible. The circle is built on an embankment which leveled the local terrain. The small "King Stone" lies forty metres from the circle to the west-south-west and is clearly visible from it.
The Nine Ladies were among the 28 archetypal monuments in England and Wales included in General Pitt-Rivers’ Schedule to the first Ancient Monuments Protection Act, which became law in 1882. It was taken into state care the following year.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann pronounced [ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ] (
listen), Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann or Norlin Airlan) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. As of 2001, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, Northern Ireland is largely self-governing. According to the agreement, Northern Ireland co-operates with the rest of Ireland – from which it was partitioned in 1921 — on some policy areas, while other areas are reserved for the Government of the United Kingdom, though the Republic of Ireland "may put forward views and proposals".
Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter inter-communal conflict — the Troubles — which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom, and generally see themselves as British, while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule, and generally see themselves as Irish. Additionally, people from both sides of the community may describe themselves as Northern Irish. Since 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns.
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Old Sarum
Old Sarum (Latin: Sorviodunum) is the site of the earliest settlement of Salisbury, in England. The site contains evidence of human habitation as early as 3000 BC. Old Sarum is mentioned in some of the earliest records in the country. It is located on a hill about two miles north of modern Salisbury adjacent to the A345 road.
Old Sarum was originally an Iron age hill fort strategically placed on the conjunction of two trade routes and the River Avon. The hill fort is broadly oval in shape, 400 metres (1,300 ft) in length and 360 metres (1,180 ft) in width, it consists of a double bank and intermediate ditch with an entrance on the eastern side. The site was used by the Romans, becoming the town of Sorviodunum. The Saxons used the site as a stronghold against marauding Vikings, and the Normans built a stone curtain wall around the Iron age perimeter and a centrally placed castle on a motte protected by a deep dry moat. A royal palace was built within the castle for King Henry I and subsequently used by Plantagenet monarchs. A Norman cathedral and bishop's residence were built at the western end of the town.
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Paddaghju
Paddaghju is an archaeological site in Corsica. It is located in the commune of Sartène.
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Pembrokeshire
Pembrokeshire (
/ˈpɛmbrʊkʃɪər/, /ˈpɛmbrʊkʃər/, or /ˈpɛmbroʊkʃɪər/; Welsh: Sir Benfro [ˈsiːr ˈbɛnvrɔ]) is a county in the south west of Wales. It borders Carmarthenshire to the east and Ceredigion to the north east. The county town is Haverfordwest where Pembrokeshire County Council is headquartered.
The county is home to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, the only coastal national park of its kind in the United Kingdom and one of three national parks in Wales, the others being Snowdonia and Brecon Beacons national parks. Over the years Pembrokeshire's beaches have been awarded 41 Blue Flag Awards (13 in 2011), 47 Green Coast Awards (15 in 2011) and 106 Seaside Awards (31 in 2011. In 2011 it also had 39 beaches recommended by the Marine Conservation Society.
Much of Pembrokeshire, especially the south, has been English in language and culture for many centuries. The boundary between the English and Welsh speakers is known as the Landsker Line. South Pembrokeshire is known as Little England Beyond Wales.
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Pentre Ifan
Pentre Ifan is the name of an ancient manor in the civil parish of Nevern, in North Pembrokeshire, West Wales. It contains the largest and best preserved neolithic dolmen in Wales.
The dolmen dates from approximately 3,500 B.C. and, possibly, was used as a communal burial. The existing stones form the portal and main chamber of the tomb, which would originally have been covered with a large stone mound about 36.6 m long and 17 m wide. Some of the stones have been scattered, but at least seven are in their original position. The capstone is 5.1 m in length, and is estimated to weigh 16 tonnes, and rises 2.4 m above the ground. It is delicately supported by the narrow tips of three uprights. The facade surrounding the portal was built with carefully constructed dry stone walling.
Archaeological excavations have taken place in 1936 - 1937 and 1958 - 1959, both led by William Francis Grimes.
The dolmen is owned and maintained by Cadw, the Welsh Historic Monuments Agency. The site is well-kept and entrance is free. It is located about 6 km by road from Newport and 17 km from Cardigan.
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Pitcairn Islands
The Pitcairn Islands ( /ˈpɪtkɛərn/;Pitkern: Pitkern Ailen), officially named the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, form a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean. The islands are a British Overseas Territory. The four islands—named Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno—are spread over several hundred miles of ocean and have a total land area of about 18 square miles (47 km2). Only Pitcairn, the second largest and measuring about 2 miles (3.2 km) across, is inhabited.
The islands are best known as home of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitians (or Polynesians) who accompanied them, an event retold in numerous books and films. This history is still apparent in the surnames of many of the islanders. With only about 48 inhabitants (currently from four main families: Christian, Warren, Young, and Brown), Pitcairn is the least populous jurisdiction in the world. The United Nations Committee on Decolonisation includes the Pitcairn Islands on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
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Preseli Hills
The Preseli Hills or Preseli Mountains (Welsh: Mynydd Y Preseli / Y Preselau - also spelt Presely) (and also recorded as Mynydd Prescelly) are a range of hills in north Pembrokeshire, West Wales. They form part of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
The hills rise to 536 metres above sea level at Foel Cwmcerwyn and are dotted with prehistoric remains, including evidence of Neolithic settlement. In 1923 the petrologist Herbert Henry Thomas identified that bluestone from the hills corresponded to that used to build the inner circle of Stonehenge , and more recent geologists have identified Carn Menyn, sometimes called Carn Meini, as one of the bluestone sources. Others theorise that bluestone from the area was deposited close to Stonehenge by glaciation.
Slate quarrying was once big business in the Preseli Hills, and remnants of the quarries can still be seen in Rosebush, Pembrokeshire. There is still a slate workshop at Llangolman where authentic Welsh slate is still used in a variety of craft items.
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Reask
Coordinates: 52°10′2.74″N 10°23′16.02″W / 52.1674278°N 10.3877833°W / 52.1674278; -10.3877833
Reask (Irish: Riasc) is a ruined early Monastic site located 1 km east of Baile an Fheirtéaraigh, County Kerry, Ireland. Although nothing remains of the buildings but low walls and a cross-slab standing stone which sits in the middle of the compound, this site gives a very good idea of the layout of a small monastery of the Early Medieval period.
Excavations by the late Tom Fanning in the 1970s revealed the ruins of an oratory, several clocháns (stone huts), some conjoined, a graveyard and about ten decorated stone slabs, of which one is a particularly fine example. This pillar measures 1.64 metres in height and is 0.6 metres wide by 0.26 metres thick and is decorated with an encircled Greek cross from which are pendant spiral designs terminating in a pelta. The stone was decorated in Early Christian times (c. 7th century). The letters 'DNE' - D(omi)ne - O Lord, are set sideways to the cross. A second stone is decorated with a large Latin cross coupled with bifurcated terminals and two crosslets in the upper angles. After the oratory was abandoned, the site was used as a ceallurach (children's burial ground) and further burials were made in box-like arrangements of stones, some covered with quartz and seashore pebbles. The monastic enclosure surrounding these features pre-dates the two groups of double clochans. One of the smaller cross-pillars has a stylised bird. Another has the inscription DNO on one side and DNI on the other. Some of the artefacts found in the excavation at Reask, including some of the cross-inscribed stones, are on display in Músaem Chorca Dhuibhne, which is in the nearby village of Baile an Fheirtéaraigh.
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Ring of Brodgar
The Ring of Brodgar (or Brogar, or Ring o' Brodgar) is a Neolithic henge and stone circle on the Mainland, the largest island in Orkney, Scotland. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Heart of Neolithic Orkney
The Ring of Brodgar (or Brogar, or Ring o' Brodgar) is a Neolithic henge and stone circle in Orkney, Scotland. Most henges do not contain stone circles; Brodgar is a striking exception, ranking with Avebury (and to a lesser extent Stonehenge) among the greatest of such sites. The ring of stones stands on a small isthmus between the Lochs of Stenness and Harray. These are the northernmost examples of circle henges in Britain. Unlike similar structures such as Avebury, there are no obvious stones inside the circle, but since the interior of the circle has never been excavated by archaeologists, the possibility remains that wooden structures, for example, may be present. The site has resisted attempts at scientific dating and the monument's age remains uncertain. It is generally thought to have been erected between 2500 BC and 2000 BC, and was, therefore, the last of the great Neolithic monuments built on the Ness. A project called The Ring of Brodgar Excavation 2008 was undertaken in the summer of the year in an attempt to settle the age issue and help answer other questions about a site that remains relatively poorly understood. The results of the excavation are still preliminary.
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Rollright Stones
The Rollright Stones are a complex of three Neolithic and Bronze Age megalithic monuments located near to the village of Long Compton on the borders of Oxfordshire and Warwickshire in the English Midlands. Constructed from local oolitic limestone, the three separate monuments, now known as The King's Men, The King Stone and The Whispering Knights, are each distinct in their design and purpose, and were each built at different periods in late prehistory. The stretch of time during which the three monuments were erected here bears witness to a continuous tradition of ritual behaviour on sacred ground, from the 4th to the 2nd millennium BCE.
The first to be constructed was the Whispering Knights, a dolmen that dates to the Early or Middle Neolithic period and which was likely to have been used as a place of burial. This was followed by the King's Men, a stone circle which was constructed in the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age; unusually, it has parallels to other circles located further north, in the Lake District, implying a trade-based or ritual connection. The third monument, the King Stone, is a single monolith, and although it is not known when it was constructed, the dominant theory amongst archaeologists is that it was a Bronze Age grave marker.
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Salisbury
Coordinates: 51°04′26″N 1°47′37″W / 51.0740°N 1.7936°W / 51.0740; -1.7936
Salisbury ( /ˈsɔːlzbri/ SAWLZ-bree or /ˈsɒlzbri/ SOLZ-bree, or locally /ˈsɔːzbri/) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England and the only city in the county. It is the second largest settlement in the county (the largest being Swindon). It has also been called New Sarum to distinguish it from the original site of settlement to the north of the city at Old Sarum, but this alternative name is not in common use.
The city is located in the south-east of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. It sits at the confluence of five rivers: the Nadder, Ebble, Wylye and Bourne are tributary to the Avon, which flows to the south coast and into the sea at Christchurch, Dorset. Salisbury railway station serves the city, and is the crossing point between the West of England Main Line and the Wessex Main Line, making it a regional interchange.
Although the actual city was not established until 1220, there has been a settlement in the area since prehistory. There is evidence of Neolithic settlement on the hilltop of Old Sarum, which became a hill fort in the Iron Age. The Romans called this fort "Sorviodunum" and may also have occupied the fort. The Saxons established themselves there called it "Searesbyrig" and the Normans built a castle or "Seresberi". By 1086, in the Domesday Book, it was called "Salesberie".
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Salisbury Plain
Coordinates: 51°09′18″N 1°48′32″W / 51.155°N 1.809°W / 51.155; -1.809
Salisbury Plain is a chalk plateau in central southern England covering 300 square miles (780 km2). It is part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England formed by the rocks of the Chalk Group and largely lies within the county of Wiltshire, with a little in Hampshire. The plain is famous for its rich archaeology, including Stonehenge, one of England's best known landmarks. Largely as a result of the establishment of the Army Training Estate Salisbury Plain (ATE SP), the plain is sparsely populated and is the largest remaining area of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe. Additionally the plain has arable land, and a few small areas of beech trees and coniferous woodland.
The boundaries of Salisbury Plain have never been truly defined, and there is some difference of opinion as to its exact area. The river valleys surrounding it, and other downs and plains beyond them loosely define its boundaries. To the north the scarp of the downs overlooks the Vale of Pewsey, and to the north west the Bristol Avon. The River Wylye runs along the south west, and the Bourne runs to the east. The Avon runs through the eastern half of the plain and to the south the plain peters out as the river valleys close together before meeting at Salisbury. From here the Avon continues south to the English Channel at Christchurch. The Hampshire Downs and the Berkshire Downs are chalk downland to the east and north of Salisbury Plain, and the Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase are to the south west. In the west and north west the geology is mainly of the clays and limestones of the Blackmore Vale, Avon Vale and Vale of Wardour.
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Saltaire
Saltaire is a Victorian model village within the City of Bradford Metropolitan District, West Yorkshire, England, by the River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. UNESCO has designated the village as a World Heritage Site, and it is an Anchor Point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage.
Saltaire was founded in 1851 by Sir Titus Salt, a leading industrialist in the Yorkshire woollen industry. The name of the village is a combination of the founder's surname and the name of the river. Salt moved his business (five separate mills) from Bradford to this site near Shipley to arrange his workers and to site his large textile mill by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the railway. Salt employed the Bradford firm of Lockwood and Mawson as his architects.
A similar project had been started a few years earlier by Edward Akroyd at Copley, also in West Yorkshire. The cotton mill village of New Lanark, which is also a World Heritage site, was founded by David Dale in 1786.
Salt built neat stone houses for his workers (much better than the slums of Bradford), wash-houses with tap water, bath-houses, a hospital and an institute for recreation and education, with a library, a reading room, a concert hall, billiard room, science laboratory and a gymnasium. The village had a school for the children of the workers, almshouses, allotments, a park and a boathouse. Because of this combination of houses, employment and social services the original town is often seen as an important development in the history of 19th century urban planning.
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Sands of Beirut
The Sands of Beirut were a series of archaeological sites located on the coastline south of Beirut in Lebanon.
The Sands were a complex of nearly 20 prehistoric sites that were destroyed due to building operations using the soft sandstone in constructing the city of Beirut and Beirut Airport. The large number of open air sites provided a wealth of flint relics from various periods including Natufian remains, unstratified but suggested to date between c. 10000 BC to c 8000 BC. Finds included sickles used for harvesting wild cereals as just prior to the agricultural revolution. The transition into the neolithic is well documented with Khiamian sites also being represented in the Sands. Evidence of pre-Natufian Kebaran occupation was also found.
The materials recovered are now held by the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory part of the Saint Joseph University. It is one of the few sites showing signs of real village occupation in the late pleistocene. The first flints were found by J. Chester and further studies by J.W. Dawson were published in 1874. This was followed by extensive research by Father G. Zumoffen who published in 1893.Henri Fleisch also catalogued and recovered materials from the sites in the 1960s, the destruction of the Sands of Beirut was recently exhibited through Father Fleisch's photography in June 2010 at the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory.
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Scorhill
Scorhill (pronounced Scorill) Stone Circle is now the commonly known name for Gidleigh Stone Circle or Steep Hill Stone Circle, one of Devon's biggest and most intact stone circles, situated on Gidleigh Common near the village of Gidleigh in the north nast of Dartmoor, in the United Kingdom. It is an English Heritage scheduled monument and has been described as Devon's finest stone circle.
The circle was constructed in the Bronze Age. It is approximately 27 metres in diameter, and the stones vary in height from 0.85 metres (2 feet 8 inches) to an impressive 2.25 metres (8 feet 2 inches) above ground. Gaps between stones vary in width between 0.6 metres to 0.9 metres. There are currently 23 standing stones and 11 recumbent. Characteristic of others in the circle, the largest stone has a distinctive jagged point. It has been noted that, when viewed from the centre of the circle, the sun sets over the stone's tip on Midsummer's Eve, indicating some purpose in archaeoastronomy
Several stones show scars and marks of vandalism by stone cutters including rows of holes on many, arranged in lines so the stones could be split with a wedge. Estimates for the original number of stones have varied between 51 and approximately 70 making it among Devon's widest stone circles with the tallest remaining monolith. Although badly damaged, Scorhill has not been subject to any form of restoration giving it a distinctly ancient atmosphere.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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Seahenge
Seahenge, which is also known as Holme I, was a prehistoric monument located in the village of Holme-next-the-Sea, near Old Hunstanton in the English county of Norfolk. A timber circle with an upturned tree root in the centre, Seahenge was apparently built in the 21st century BC, during the early Bronze Age in Britain, most likely for ritual purposes.
The site consisted of an outer ring comprising fifty-five small split oak trunks forming a roughly circular enclosure around 7 by 6 metres (23 by 20 ft). Rather than being placed in individual holes, the timbers had been arranged around a circular construction trench. Their split sides faced inwards and their bark faced outwards (with one exception where the opposite is the case). One of the trunks on the south western side had a narrow Y fork in it, permitting access to the central area. Another post had been placed outside this entrance, which would have prevented anyone from seeing inside. The timbers were set in ground to a depth of 1-metre (3 ft 3 in) from the contemporary surface although how far they originally extended upwards is not known. In the centre of the ring was a large inverted oak stump.
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Sheldon Stone Circle
Sheldon Stone Circle is a prehistoric stone circle, located at grid reference NJ822249, to the south-east of Oldmeldrum, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
Sheldon, sitting like a crown on a ridge may not be a recumbent stone circle as no recumbent stone exists, but the circle is about the right size for one. This stone circle lies about 200m north of a minor road at Sheldon Farm. There are six large stones still standing, plus an equally large outlier close by at the east. The circle appears to be built on a raised platform, and the outlier stands at the end of a peninsula extension of this platform. The stones do not appear to be height graded, and there is no sign of a recumbent or possible flankers, but there are the remains of what could be a ring-cairn in the interior. Unless the requisite stones have been selectively removed, this does not seem to be a recumbent circle.
The diameter of Sheldon is 32.9m. There are no magnetic anomalies. Astronomical alignments from this circle: Sun rise & set Dec +17.2 / -16.0. There are two outlier's which have sunrise declinations that may mark the Celtic festivals of Beltane and Imbolc.
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Shrewton
Shrewton is a village in Wiltshire, England, located around 9 km west of Amesbury and 14 miles (23 km) north of Salisbury. It lies on the A360 road between Stonehenge and Tilshead. It is close to the source of the River Till, which flows south to Stapleford. Its population at the 2001 Census was 1,826, as compared with 1,259 people in 1951.
St Mary's Church in the Maddington part of the parish was built in the late 12th century. It has been designated as a Grade II* listed building and is now in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. The church has Norman origins, belonging to Amesbury Priory in 1179, with the earliest parts of the existing building dating from the late 12th and early 13th century, however there have been several alterations since, including the renewel of the roof of the nave in 1603. Sir Stephen Fox became the lord of the manor in the late 17th century and paid for the rebuilding the chancel and redecoration. In 1853 the chancel was rebuilt and the whole church restored by Thomas Henry Wyatt, including the erection of the gabled porch. The walls of the nave and chancel have a chequerboard pattern of flint and sandstone. There is a low west tower. The interior includes a large plaster cartouche of strapwork enclosing the date 1637, which may the date of construction of a gallery which has since been demolished. The stained glass includes work by Alexander Gibbs in the south aisle. The church was declared redundant in 1975 and passed to the Redundant Churches Fund in 1979 which later became the Churches Conservation Trust.
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St Lythans
Coordinates: 51°26′54″N 3°16′57″W / 51.448333°N 3.2825°W / 51.448333; -3.2825
St Lythans (Welsh: Llwyneliddon) is an affluent hamlet and former parish in the Vale of Glamorgan, southeast Wales, just outside of western Cardiff. It lies southwest of Culverhouse Cross, west of Wenvoe and southwest of Twyn-yr-Odyn and is also connected by road from Dyffryn and the Five Mile Lane in the west. It is one of the wealthiest communities in the Vale of Glamorgan, containing some notable mansions and cottages, valued on average at over £500,000 ($800,000) as of 2011. The megalithic St Lythans burial chamber, over 6000 years old, lies 1km to the west of the village and the hamlet also contains the St.Lythans Parish Church or Church of St Bleddian, a Grade II* listed building.
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Stannon stone circle
Stannon stone circle, Stannon circle or Stannon is a stone circle located near St. Breward on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall, UK.
Stannon takes its name from the nearby farm and is sited between two streams on the gentle slopes of Dinnever Hill, two and a half miles southeast of Camelford. It is overlooked on one side by a massive china clay works that now blights the landscape. The circle's remoteness is part of its charm with only the wild animals of the moor likely to be encountered.
One of the first surveys of the area was carried out in 1906 by the British Association and it is a fine example of a Cornish ring containing 47 upright stones, 30 recumbent and 2 displaced within an impressive 42.6 metres (140 ft) by 40.5 metres (133 ft) metre circle with four outlying, jagged stones. The stones average size is c 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) and are closely spaces with the largest stone in the group having a base width of over 1.2 metres (3.9 ft). Like Fernacre, Stannon is an example of Alexander Thom's Type A flattened circle, being noticeably flattened on the north side. The circle dates from either the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age. Aubrey Burl and contended that they may be earlier in date than other circles in the southern area of the moors such as the Stripple stones. John Barnatt suggested this dating and surveyed the site.
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Steinacleit
Steinacleit is a prehistoric archeological site in the Outer Hebrides.
The site consists of an array of boulders which marks what is left of a chambered cairn, and possibly shows the site was overlain by a huge hall. There are ten large stone slabs surrounding the central mound. Folk legend of the Outer Hebrides states there was probably a battle field near the location. The site is 50 feet in diameter and oval in shape. The age of the site is debatable and according to different sources ranges from 1800–1500 BC or 3000–1500 BC.
The standing stone Clach an Trushal is visible to the south west from the stone circle.
Coordinates: 58°23′50″N 6°27′27″W / 58.39722°N 6.4575°W / 58.39722; -6.4575
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Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 2.0 miles (3.2 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones set within earthworks. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.
Archaeologists believe the iconic stone monument was constructed anywhere from 3000 BC to 2000 BC, as described in the chronology below. Radiocarbon dating in 2008 suggested that the first stones were erected in 2400–2200 BC, whilst another theory suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC (see phase 1 below).
The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 in a co-listing with Avebury Henge monument. It is a national legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument. Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage, while the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.
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Stonehenge Avenue
Stonehenge Avenue is an ancient avenue marked as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Discovered in the 18th century, it measures nearly 3 kilometers, connecting Stonehenge with the River Avon. It was built during the Stonehenge 3 period of 2600 to 1700 BCE.
The avenue is aligned with the sunrise of the summer solstice,, suggesting a time of most frequent use.
At the end of the Avenue, a similar ring of bluestones, Bluestonehenge, was discovered in 2009.
Coordinates: 51°10′44″N 1°49′31″W / 51.17889°N 1.82528°W / 51.17889; -1.82528
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Stonehenge Cursus
Coordinates: 51°11′10″N 1°49′34″W / 51.186°N 1.826°W / 51.186; -1.826
The Stonehenge Cursus (sometimes known as the Greater Cursus) is a large Neolithic cursus monument next to Stonehenge in Wiltshire, England.
It is roughly 3km long and between 100 and 150m wide. Excavations in 2007 dated the construction of the earthwork to between 3630 and 3375 BC. This makes the monument several hundred years older than the earliest phase of Stonehenge in 3000 BC. The cursus is part of the National Trust’s Stonehenge Landscape property.
Cursus comes from the Latin for ‘racecourse’. Early antiquarians who first discovered cursus believed them to be Roman racing tracks.
Radiocarbon dating of a Red deer antler pick discovered at the bottom of the western terminal ditch suggests that the Stonehenge Cursus was first constructed between 3630 and 3375 BC. It is just under 3 km long, and is roughly 100m wide. Because of a slight difference in the alignment of its north and south ditches, it widens to a point nearly 150m near its western end. It is roughly aligned east-west and is orientated toward the sunrise on the spring and autumn equinoxes. There is a (later) Bronze Age round barrow inside the western end of the enclosure, and a large Neolithic long barrow was constructed at its east terminal. The Stonehenge Riverside Project excavated the remains of the long barrow in 2008 to determine if the barrow predated, or was contemporary with the cursus itself. The ditches of the cursus are not uniform and vary in width and depth. The eastern ditch is fairly shallow, as is the southern ditch – being only 0.75m deep and 1.8m wide at the top. At the western terminal, the ditch is 2m deep and 2.75m wide.
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Stonehenge Landscape
Coordinates: 51°10′44″N 1°49′41″W / 51.179°N 1.828°W / 51.179; -1.828
The Stonehenge Landscape is a property of The National Trust, located on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England. The estate (formerly known as Stonehenge Historic Landscape and before that as Stonehenge Down) covers 8.5 km² (850 Hectares) surrounding the neolithic monument of Stonehenge which is administered by English Heritage. Much of the land is designated open access by the Trust, including the fields immediately around Stonehenge and other fields that become available as part of the chalk grassland reversion project (see below).
Much of the land was acquired in 1927 after a public appeal was launched to prevent further development on the fields around the monument. The successfully purchased land was given to the Trust for the benefit of the nation. Shortly afterwards such structures as cottages and an old World War I aerodrome were removed from the immediate vicinity of the stones. Later the Trust acquired more land, principally after the purchase of an adjacent farm in the early 21st century.
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Stripple stones
The Stripple stones or Stripple stones circle is a stone circle located on the south slope of Hawk's Tor, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north northeast of Bodmin on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall, UK.
First recorded by this name during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I the circle has been described by William Lukis as "the most interesting and remarkable monument in the county". It is surrounded by a circular ditch and vallum that forms a level platform 175 feet (53 m) in diameter. The circle is 145.5 feet (44.3 m) in diameter with four granite standing stones and several fallen. In the centre is a giant fallen menhir approximately 12 feet (3.7 m) long and 5 feet (1.5 m) at the widest point, split in three places. Lukis suggested that with an average spacing of 12 feet (3.7 m), there would have been thirty seven original stones, whilst Aubrey Burl suggested only twenty eight.
The Stripple stones were excavated in 1905 by H. St. George Gray who found a burnt flint, three flint flakes an ox bone and some charcoal and oak timbers in the surrounding ditch. He also detected an entrance from this facing southwest, directly towards the Trippet stones. Gray noted that the stones had only been set approximately 1.5 feet (0.46 m) deep into the ground. Four postholes were found surrounding the central stone which was discovered to have been offset from the centre of the circle by 14 feet (4.3 m) to the south southeast.
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Studley Royal Park
Coordinates: 54°6′58″N 1°34′23″W / 54.11611°N 1.57306°W / 54.11611; -1.57306
Studley Royal including the ruins of Fountains Abbey is a designated World Heritage Site in North Yorkshire, England. The site, which has an area of 323 hectares (800 acres) features an 18th century landscaped garden, some of the largest Cistercian ruins in Europe, a Jacobean mansion and a Victorian church designed by William Burges. It was developed around the ruins of the Cistercian Fountains Abbey.
Fountains Abbey was founded in 1132 by Benedictine monks who left St Mary's Abbey, York to follow the Cistercian order. After the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539 by Henry VIII, the Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown to Sir Richard Gresham, a merchant. The property was passed down through several generations of Sir Richard's family, then sold to Stephen Proctor who built Fountains Hall probably between 1598 and 1604. The hall is a Jacobean mansion, built partly with stone from the Abbey ruins. Fountains Abbey mill is the only 12th-century Cistercian cornmill left in the UK and the oldest 'intact' building on the estate.
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Swinside
Swinside, which is also known as Sunkenkirk and Swineshead, is a stone circle lying beside Swinside Fell, part of Black Combe in southern Cumbria, North West England. One of around 1,300 recorded stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany, it was constructed as a part of a megalithic tradition that lasted from 3,300 to 900 BCE, during what archaeologists categorise as the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages.
In this period, the Lake District – a mountainous area in which Swinside is located – saw particularly high levels of stone circle construction, with other notable examples including the Castlerigg stone circle and Long Meg and Her Daughters. The original purposes of these circles is still debated, although most archaeologists concur that they were built for ritual or ceremonial reasons.
Constructed from local slate, the ring has a diameter of about 93 ft 8ins (26.8m), and currently contains 55 stones, although when originally constructed there probably would have been around 60. An entrance-exit was included on the monument's south-eastern side, which was defined by the inclusion of two outer portal stones.
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The Merry Maidens
The Merry Maidens (grid reference SW432245), also known as Dawn's Men (a likely corruption of the Cornish Dans Maen "Stone Dance") is a late neolithic stone circle located 2 miles (3 km) to the south of the village of St Buryan, in Cornwall, United Kingdom.
The circle, which is thought to be complete, comprises nineteen granite megaliths and is situated in a field alongside the B3315 between Newlyn and Land's End. The stones are approximately 1.2 metres high and are spaced apart by three to four metres. The circle is approximately twenty-four metres in diameter, with the tallest stone standing 1.4 metres tall. On the east side is a larger gap between the stones. To the south, is another stone, giving the system a north-south orientation. In earlier times there was another stone circle located 200 metres away, but it was destroyed by the end of the 19th Century. 300 metres to the northeast are the Pipers – two 3-metre high standing-stones. The Tregiffian Burial Chamber is nearby.
The local myth about the creation of the stones suggests that nineteen maidens were turned into stone as punishment for dancing on a Sunday. (Dans Maen translates as Stone Dance.) The pipers, two megaliths some distance north-east of the circle, are said to be the petrified remains of the musicians who played for the dancers. A more detailed story explains why the Pipers are so far from the Maidens - apparently the two pipers heard the church clock in St Buryan strike midnight, realised they were breaking the sabbath, and started to run up the hill away from the maidens who carried on dancing without accompaniment. These petrifaction legends are often associated with stone circles, and is reflected in the folk names of some of the nearby sites, for example, the Tregeseal Dancing Stones, the Nine Maidens of Boskednan, as well as the more distant Hurlers and Pipers on Bodmin Moor.
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The Pipers
The Pipers is a pair of Standing Stones near The Hurlers, located on Bodmin Moor near Liskeard in Cornwall, UK. They share the name with another pair of standing stones near the Merry Maidens to the south of the village of St Buryan, also in Cornwall.
The Pipers are approximately 2 metres high and the width between them is about the same distance. They are situated about 120 metres west-south-west of the central Hurlers circle. According to folklore they represent musicians playing for three circles of dancers who were turned to stone for engaging in festivities on a holy day. The area around the Pipers is notable in archaeology for the discovery of a bronze dagger and gold beaker along with some beads and flint at Rillaton Barrow in 1818, approximately 550 m north of the Pipers.
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Tower of London
Coordinates: 51°30′29″N 0°4′34″W / 51.50806°N 0.07611°W / 51.50806; -0.07611
Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was used as a prison since at least 1100, although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.
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Tremeca
Tremeca is an archaeological site in Corsica. It consists of a dolmen with a semicircular capstone, and is located near the village of Casaglione.
Coordinates: 42°4′26″N 8°46′52″E / 42.07389°N 8.78111°E / 42.07389; 8.78111
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Trippet stones
The Trippet stones or Trippet stones circle is a stone circle located on Manor Common in Blisland, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north northeast of Bodmin on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall, UK. The Stripple stones are nearby.
The circle is situated on nearly level ground and has a diameter of 104.6 feet (31.9 m). It is made of eight upright granite stones with four others that have fallen. The stones are spaced on average around 12 feet (3.7 m) apart, the highest measuring 5.2 feet (1.6 m). The fallen stones are 6.8 feet (2.1 m) and 5.2 feet (1.6 m) long. William Lukis suggested there may originally have been as many as twenty-six menhirs that suffered at the hands of stone-breakers. Aubrey Burl suggested twenty eight, set up on opposite facing pairs and suggests the name represents the folklore belief that the stones were girls punished for tripping lightly on Sabbath. The Stripple stones are visible around 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) eastwards over boggy ground.
The Trippet stones were examined in 1908 by H. St. George Gray who excavated the nearby Stripple stones in 1905 and found a few flint flakes and an entrance from this facing southwest, directly towards the Trippet stones.
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Tristan da Cunha
Tristan da Cunha ( /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnə/) is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which also includes Saint Helena 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to its north, and equatorial Ascension Island even farther removed.
Tristan da Cunha is a remote volcanic group of islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,816 kilometres (1,750 mi) from the nearest land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,088 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island of Tristan da Cunha itself, which measures about 11.27 kilometres (7.0 mi) across and has an area of 98 square kilometres (37.8 sq mi), along with the uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible Island and Gough Island. It has a permanent population of 275 (2009 figures).
The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha, although rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was later anglicised to Tristan da Cunha Island.
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Tumulus of Bougon
The Tumulus of Bougon or Necropolis of Bougon (French: "Tumulus de Bougon", "Nécropole de Bougon") is a group of five Neolithic monuments (barrows or burial mounds) located in Bougon near La-Mothe-Saint-Héray, between Exoudon and Pamproux in Poitou-Charentes, France. Their discovery in 1840 raised great scientific interest. To protect the monuments, the site was acquired by the department of Deux-Sèvres in 1873. Excavations resumed in the late 1960s. The oldest structures of this prehistoric monument date to 4800 BC.
The site is located on a limestone plateau within a loop of the river Bougon. The area used to be known as "Les Chirons".
The stepped mound, erected in the early 4th millennium BC, has a diameter of 42 m and a maximum height of 5 m. Its large rectangular chamber (7.8 x 5 m, 2.25 m high) lies south of its centre. It is connected by a non-centrally placed passage. There is evidence that the passage was still used by the 3rd millennium BC. The chamber's walls contain artificially shaped orthostats, the gaps were filled with dry stone walling. The chamber is covered by a capstone which weighs 90 tons. It is supported by two monolithic pillars, which also serve to subdivide the chamber.
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Turoe stone
The Turoe stone is a granite stone decorated in a Celtic style located in the village of Bullaun, County Galway, Ireland, 6 km north of Loughrea off the R350 regional road. The stone is now positioned on the lawn in front of Turoe House, set in a concrete base and metal cattle grill.
The top half of the stone is covered with a continuous abstract La Tène style design similar to that on the Castlestrange stone in County Roscommon. Concentric spirals are carved in low relief to the depth of about 3 cm. Some claim that the carvings on the stone, were they spread out on a flat surface, would equate to a primitive globe map.[citation needed] Alternatively it is seen as a phallus, the band below the glans representing the rolled foreskin, and the spirals possibly semen. The stone is 3 ft tall and somewhat phallic in shape.
It was for centuries a curiosity at a lios, or fairy fort, some 3 km from Bullaun, but was moved to the present location at Turoe Farm, in the late 19th century. It was probably saved from vandalism or worse, but the historic provenance has been destroyed. Many historians believe that the stone was carved in France, brought to Ireland in Celtic times and ultimately, like some family heirloom, moved further west, far from the prying eyes of the invaders.[citation needed] The religious or ceremonial purposes of the stone are lost in time.
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Wadi Boura
Wadi Boura or Wadi Riyane contains two archaeological sites approximately 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of Tewfikiyeh in Lebanon.Wadi Boura I is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) before the village, on the side of the road between Rasm el Hadeth and Labweh. It was discovered by Henri Fleisch, who published details of the Shepherd Neolithic material he found on the surface there in 1966.Wadi Boura II was found 800 metres (2,600 ft) to the south and was discovered by P. Billaux and discussed in an article by Maurice Tallon in 1959. A series of megalithic stone circles and rectangles were found on either side of the road which were suggested to have been habitations instead of tombs or burials.
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Wales
Walesi/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.
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Wiltshire
Wiltshire ( /ˈwɪltʃər/ or /ˈwɪltʃɪər/, formerly /ˈwɪlʃər/; or the County of Wilts) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire. It contains the unitary authority of Swindon and covers 3,485 km2 (1,346 square miles). The ancient county town was Wilton, but since 1930 Wiltshire County Council and its successor Wiltshire Council (from 2009) have been based at Trowbridge.
Wiltshire is characterised by its high downland and wide valleys. Salisbury Plain is famous as the location of the Stonehenge and Avebury stone circles and other ancient landmarks and as the main training area in the UK of the British Army. The city of Salisbury is notable for its mediaeval cathedral. Important country houses open to the public include Longleat, near Warminster, and the National Trust's Stourhead, near Mere.
The county, in the 9th century written as Wiltunscir, later Wiltonshire, is named after the former county town of Wilton, itself named after the river Wylye, one of eight rivers which drain the county.
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Winterbourne Stoke
Winterbourne Stoke is a village in Wiltshire, England, located around 5 km west of Stonehenge. It is sited on the A303 road, close to its junction with the B3083.
Media related to Winterbourne Stoke at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 51°09′N 1°54′W / 51.15°N 1.9°W / 51.15; -1.9
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Woodhenge
Woodhenge is a Neolithic Class I henge and timber circle monument located in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England. It is 2 miles (3.2 km) north-east of Stonehenge in the parish of Durrington, just north of Amesbury.
Woodhenge was identified in 1925 after an aerial archaeology survey by Alexander Keiller and OGS Crawford. Crawford credits the discovery to an aerial photograph taken by Squadron Leader Gilbert Stuart Martin Insall, VC, in 1925.Maud Cunnington excavated the site between 1926 and 1929.
Pottery from the excavation was identified as being consistent with the Grooved ware style of the middle Neolithic, although later Beaker sherds were also found. So, the structure was probably built during the period of cultural similarities commonly known as the Beaker. The Beaker culture spans both the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age and includes both the distinctive "bell-beaker" type ceramic vessels for which the cultural grouping is known as well as other local styles of pottery from the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age.
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Węsiory
Węsiory [vɛ̃ˈɕɔrɨ] (Kashubian: Wãsórë; German: Wensiorry) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sulęczyno, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. The village lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Sulęczyno, 26 km (16 mi) south-west of Kartuzy, and 54 km (34 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It has a population of 754.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village is probably best known from the nearby megalithic stone circles and burial places.
Coordinates: 54°13′52″N 17°50′36″E / 54.23111°N 17.84333°E / 54.23111; 17.84333
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Ġgantija
Ġgantija (English pronunciation: /ɡænˈtiːə/, Maltese: [dʒɡɐnˈtiːjɐ], "Giants' Tower") is a Neolithic, megalithic temple complex on the Mediterranean island of Gozo. The Ġgantija temples are the earliest of a series of megalithic temples in Malta. Their makers erected the two Ġgantija temples during the Neolithic Age (c. 3600-2500 BC), which makes these temples more than 5500 years old and the world's second oldest manmade religious structures, after Göbekli Tepe. Together with other similar structures, these have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Megalithic Temples of Malta.
The temples were possibly the site of a Fertility cult; archeologists believe that the numerous figurines and statues found on site are connected with that cult. According to local Gozitan folklore, a giantess built these temples and used them as places of worship.
The Ġgantija temples stand at the end of the Xagħra plateau, facing towards the south-east.
This megalithic monument is in fact two temples, built side by side and enclosed within a boundary wall. The southerly one is the larger and elder, dating back to approximately 3600 BC. It is also better preserved. The plan of the temple incorporates five large apses, with traces of the plaster that once covered the irregular wall still clinging between the blocks.
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Andrew Godsell
Andrew Godsell is a British writer, born in 1964 at Aldershot, in Hampshire.
Godsell has published the following books.
“A History of the Conservative Party” (1989) was the first critical history of the British Conservatives ever published.
“The World Cup” (1990) provides a history of the world’s leading football competition.
“Europe United: A History of the European Cup / Champions League” (2005) covers the relevant football competition.
"Legends of British History" (2008) is a panoramic survey, stretching from the origin of Stonehenge five thousand years ago through to controversies in the twenty first century.
"Fifteen Minutes of Fame" (2011) is a satirical commentary on contemporary culture.
Godsell’s writings on football, politics, history, genealogy, and rock music have also appeared in magazines and newspapers, plus an educational text book, and several websites. A theory on the historical events behind the legends of King Arthur has prompted international discussion. Moving from fact to fiction, a contribution to textual accuracy has led to an acknowledgment of Mr A Godsell in the Penguin Classics edition of Dracula by Bram Stoker.
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Aubrey Burl
Harry Aubrey Woodruff Burl MA, DLitt, PhD, FSA, HonFSA Scot (born September 24, 1926) is a British archaeologist most well known for his studies into megalithic monuments and the nature of prehistoric rituals associated with them. Prior to retirement he was Principal Lecturer in Archaeology, Hull College, East Riding of Yorkshire.
Burl has received a volume edited in his honour. He has been called by The New York Times, "the leading authority on British stone circles".
Burl's work, while considering the astronomical roles of many megalithic monuments, is cautious of embracing the more tenuous claims of archaeoastronomy. In 'Prehistoric Avebury' Burl proposes that Circles and Henge monuments, far from being astronomical observatories for a class of 'astronomer priests' were more likely used for ritualistic practices, connected with death and fertility rites, and ancestor worship, similar to practices observed in other agriculutral cultures (in particular the rituals of Native North American Tribes such as the Algonquin and the Pawnee). Rituals would have been performed at key times of the year, such as the Spring Equinox and Summer Solstice, to ensure a successful harvest from the land.[page needed]
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Barry Cunliffe
Sir Barrington Windsor Cunliffe, CBE, known professionally as Barry Cunliffe (born 10 December 1939) is a former Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford, a position held from 1972 to 2007. He is now Emeritus Professor of European Archaeology.
Cunliffe's decision to become an archaeologist was sparked off at the age of nine by the discovery of Roman remains on his uncle's farm in Somerset. After studying at Portsmouth Northern Grammar School (now the Mayfield School) and reading archaeology and anthropology at the University of Cambridge, he became a lecturer at the University of Bristol in 1963. Fascinated by the Roman remains in nearby Bath he threw himself into a programme of excavation and publication.
In 1966 he became an unusually young professor when he took the chair at the newly-founded Department of Archaeology at the University of Southampton. There he became involved in the excavation (1961–68) of the Fishbourne Roman Palace in Sussex. Another site in southern England led him away from the Roman period. He began a long series of summer excavations (1969–88) of the Iron Age hill fort at Danebury, Hampshire and was subsequently involved in the Danebury Environs Programme (1989–95). His interest in Iron Age Britain and Europe generated a number of publications and he became an acknowledged authority on the Celts,
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Brian John
Dr Brian S. John (born 1940) is the author of the historical-fiction series Angel Mountain Saga.
John was born in Carmarthen, Wales. He studied at Haverfordwest Grammar School and at Jesus College, Oxford, where he read Geography from 1959 to 1962 and went on to obtain a D Phil for a study of the Ice Age in Wales. He worked as a field scientist in Antarctica and spent eleven years as a Geography Lecturer in Durham University. He has travelled widely in the Arctic, Antarctic and Scandinavia. Since 1977 he has made his living as a writer and publisher.
John is also actively involved in environmental and community organizations; in 1980 he founded the West Wales Eco Centre in Newport and is one of the leaders of the community group "GM Free Cymru." He is the author of a number of articles and nearly 70 books, including university texts, walking guides, coffee table glossies, and books of popular science. His Glaciers and Landscape (written with David Sugden), a university textbook, remained in print as a geomorphology classic for almost 30 years. He also writes on topics of local interest related to Wales: tourist guides, books of local jokes, walkers’ handbooks, and titles on local folklore and traditions.
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Cecil Chubb
Sir Cecil Herbert Edward Chubb, 1st Baronet (14 April 1876 – 22 September 1934) was the last private owner of Stonehenge, which he donated to the British government in 1918.
He was born in Shrewton, a village 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Stonehenge, the eldest son of Alfred and Mary Chubb. Alfred "Fred" was the village saddler and harness maker, as was his father before him. He attended the local village school and then Bishop Wordsworth's School in Salisbury, where from the age of 14 he worked for a time as a student teacher. He met his future wife at a cricket game between his Bishop Wordsworth school and Old Manor Hospital. He then attended Christ's College, Cambridge where he was awarded a double first in Science and Law, leaving with Master of Arts and Bachelor of Law degrees.
In 1902 he married Mary Bella Alice Finch, whose uncle, Dr. W Corbin Finch, owned Fisherton House, which was used as a mental asylum (later the Old Manor Hospital, now Fountain Way). Five years after her uncle's death in 1905, the business and buildings were transferred to her. Following financial difficulties, a limited company was formed to run the hospital in 1924, and Sir Cecil became chairman. Whilst he was in charge, the hospital became the largest private mental hospital in Europe. There is a plaque in the hospital commemorating his life and work. Sir Cecil also served on Salisbury City Council, was a Justice of the Peace and became a successful racehorse owner and breeder of Shorthorn cattle.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.
Darwin published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the 1870s the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.
Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.
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Edmund Spenser
Edmund Spenser (c. 1552 – 13 January 1599) was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognised as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy, and one of the greatest poets in the English language.
Edmund Spenser was born in East Smithfield, London around the year 1552 though there is some ambiguity as to the exact date of his birth. As a young boy, he was educated in London at the Merchant Taylors' School and matriculated as a sizar at Pembroke College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge he became a friend of Gabriel Harvey, and later consulted him, despite their differing views on poetry.
In July 1580, Spenser went to Ireland in the service of the newly appointed Lord Deputy, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton. Then he served with the English forces during the Second Desmond Rebellion. After the defeat of the native Irish he was awarded lands in County Cork that had been confiscated in the Munster Plantation during the Elizabethan conquest of Ireland. Among his acquaintances in the area was Walter Raleigh, a fellow colonist.
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Geoffrey of Monmouth
Geoffrey of Monmouth (Latin: Galfridus Monemutensis, Galfridus Arturus, Galfridus Artur, Welsh: Gruffudd ap Arthur, Sieffre o Fynwy) (c. 1100 – c. 1155) was a cleric and one of the major figures in the development of British historiography and the popularity of tales of King Arthur. He is best known for his chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae ("History of the Kings of Britain"), which was widely popular in its day and was credited, uncritically, well into the 16th century, being translated into various other languages from its original Latin.
Geoffrey was probably born some time between 1100 and 1110 in Wales or the Welsh Marches. He must have reached the age of majority by 1129, when he is recorded as witnessing a charter.
In his Historia, Geoffrey refers to himself as Galfridus Monumetensis, "Geoffrey of Monmouth", which indicates a significant connection to Monmouth, Wales, and which may refer to his birthplace. Geoffrey's works attest to some acquaintance with the place-names of the region. To contemporaries, Geoffrey was known as Galfridus Artur(us) or variants thereof. The "Arthur" in these versions of his name may indicate the name of his father, or a nickname based on Geoffrey's scholarly interests.
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John Aubrey
John Aubrey FRS, (12 March 1626 – 7 June 1697) was an English antiquary, natural philosopher and writer. He is perhaps best known as the author of the collection of short biographical pieces usually referred to as Brief Lives. He was a pioneer archaeologist, who recorded (often for the first time) numerous megalithic and other field monuments in southern England, and who is particularly noted as the discoverer of the Avebury henge monument. The Aubrey holes at Stonehenge are named after him, although there is considerable doubt as to whether the holes that he observed are those that currently bear the name. He was also a pioneer folklorist, collecting together a miscellany of material on customs, traditions and beliefs under the title "Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme". He set out to compile county histories of both Wiltshire and Surrey, although both projects remained unfinished. His "Interpretation of Villare Anglicanum" (also unfinished) was the first attempt to compile a full-length study of English place-names. He had wider interests in applied mathematics and astronomy, and was friendly with many of the greatest scientists of the day.
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Julian Richards
Julian Richards FSA, MIFA (born 1951, Nottingham) is a British television and radio presenter, writer and archaeologist with over 30 years experience of fieldwork and publication.
Between 1975 and 1980 Richards worked for the Berkshire Archaeological Unit, helping to build the county Sites and Monuments Record. He excavated and carried out a survey of the Berkshire Downs.
In 1980 he joined the new group Wessex Archaeology, based in Salisbury. He ran the Stonehenge Environs Project, a detailed study of Stonehenge and its surrounding landscape. This gave him his first experience of the media, where he contributed parts to programmes about Stonehenge.
With fellow project managers Peter Cox and John Hawkes from Wessex Archaeology, Richards started AC Archaeology in 1991. This was a small independent organisation, still based in Wiltshire, created when the founders decided they wanted an alternative to large organisations.
After three years Richards left the world of commercial archaeology and joined English Heritage to work on its Monuments Protection Programme (MPP). Returning to his roots in fieldwork, he was inspected sites and prepared reports on the protection of important archaeological sites in Wiltshire, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.
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Julian Thomas
Julian Stewart Thomas (born 1959) is a British archaeologist, publishing on the Neolithic and Bronze Age prehistory of Britain and north-west Europe. Thomas has been Vice President of the Royal Anthropological Institute since 2007, is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, has been Professor of Archaeology at the University of Manchester since 2000, and is former Secretary of the World Archaeological Congress. Thomas is, perhaps, best known as the author of academic publication, Understanding the Neolithic in particular, and for his work with the Stonehenge Riverside Project.
Born in Epsom, Surrey, Thomas studied archaeology at the University of Bradford – where he was acquired a Bachelor of Technology (BTech) in Archaeological science in 1981 – before transferring to the University of Sheffield and achieving a Master of Arts (M.A.) (in 1982), and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (in 1986), for his research on the "social and economic change in the Neolithic of Wessex and the Upper Thames valley".
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Layamon
Layamon or Laghamon (ˈlaɣamon; in American English often modernised as /ˈleɪ.əmən/; Middle English: Laȝamon, Laȝamonn), occasionally written Lawman, was a poet of the early 13th century and author of the Brut, a notable English poem of the 12th century that was the first English language work to discuss the legends of Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Layamon describes himself in his poem as a priest, living at Areley Kings in Worcestershire. His poem provided inspiration for numerous later writers, including Sir Thomas Malory and Jorge Luis Borges, and had an impact on medieval history writing in England.
Print-era editors and cataloguers have spelled his name in various ways including "Layamon", "Lazamon", or "Lawman". Brown University suggests that the form "Layamon" is etymologically incorrect, while The Fifth International Conference on Laȝamon's Brut at Brown University mentions: "BL MS Cotton Caligula A.ix spells it "Laȝamon" (the third letter is called a "yogh"). BL MS Cotton Otho C.xiii spelled it "Laweman" and "Loweman".
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Medicine wheel
Medicine wheels, or sacred hoops, were constructed by laying stones in a particular pattern on the ground. Most medicine wheels follow the basic pattern of having a center of stone(s), and surrounding that is an outer ring of stones with "spokes", or lines of rocks radiating from the center. Some ancient types of sacred architecture were built by laying stones on the surface of the ground in particular patterns common to aboriginal people.
Originally, medicine wheels are stone structures constructed by certain indigenous peoples of Africa for various astronomical, ritual, healing, and teaching purposes. Medicine wheels are still "opened" or inaugurated in Native American spirituality where they are more often referred to as "sacred hoops", which is the favored English rendering by some. There are various native words to describe the ancient forms and types of rock alignments. One teaching involves the description of the four directions.
More recently, syncretic, hybridized uses of medicine wheels, magic circles, and mandala sacred technology are employed in New Age, Wiccan, Pagan and other spiritual discourse throughout the World. The rite of the sacred hoop and medicine wheel differed and differs amongst indigenous traditions, as it now does between non-indigenous peoples, and between traditional and modernist variations. The essential nature of the rite common to these divergent traditions deserves further anthropological exploration as does an exegesis of their valence.
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Merlin
Merlin is a legendary figure best known as the wizard featured in the Arthurian legend. The standard depiction of the character first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, written c. 1136, and is based on an amalgamation of previous historical and legendary figures. Geoffrey combined existing stories of Myrddin Wyllt (Merlinus Caledonensis), a North Brythonic prophet and madman with no connection to King Arthur, with tales of the Romano-British war leader Ambrosius Aurelianus to form the composite figure he called Merlin Ambrosius (Welsh: Myrddin Emrys).
Geoffrey's rendering of the character was immediately popular, especially in Wales. Later writers expanded the account to produce a fuller image of the wizard. Merlin's traditional biography casts him as a cambion: born of a mortal woman, sired by an incubus, the non-human wellspring from whom he inherits his supernatural powers and abilities. The name of Merlin's mother is not usually stated, but is given as Adhan in the oldest version of the Prose Brut. Merlin matures to an ascendant sagehood and engineers the birth of Arthur through magic and intrigue. Later authors have Merlin serve as the king's advisor until he is bewitched and imprisoned by the Lady of the Lake.
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Mike Parker Pearson
Mike Parker Pearson (born 1957) is an English archaeologist specialising in the study of the Neolithic British Isles, Madagascar and the archaeology of death and burial. Having worked for 25 years as a professor at the University of Sheffield in England, he is the leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project. A prolific author, he has also written a variety of books on the subject.
Parker Pearson gained his BA in archaeology from Southampton University in 1979. Supervised by Ian Hodder, at university Parker Pearson was a contemporary of Sheena Crawford, Daniel Miller, Henrietta Moore, Christopher Tilley and Alice Welbourn; these students adopted Hodder's structuralist ideas, then a pioneering part of the post-processualist current within archaeological theory. He went on to gain his PhD at the University of Cambridge in 1985, producing a thesis on burials and bog bodies in Iron Age Denmark.
A media personality, Parker Pearson has appeared several times in the Channel 4 show Time Team in particular in one looking at the excavation of Durrington Walls. He also appeared in the National Geographic Channel documentary Stonehenge Decoded, along with the PBS programme NOVA:Secrets of Stonehenge".
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Nennius
Nennius was a Welsh monk of the 9th century. He has traditionally been attributed with the authorship of the Historia Brittonum, based on the prologue affixed to that work, This attribution is widely considered a secondary (10th century) tradition.[dead link]
Nennius was a student of Elvodugus, commonly identified with the bishop Elfodd who convinced British ecclesiastics to accept the Continental dating for Easter, and who died in 809 according to the Annales Cambriae.
Nennius is believed to have lived in the area made up by present day Brecknockshire and Radnorshire counties in Powys, Wales. He lived outside the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, isolated by mountains in a rural society. Because of the lack of evidence concerning the life of Nennius he has become the subject of legend himself. Welsh traditions include Nennius with Elbodug and others said to have escaped the massacre of Welsh monks by Ethelfrid in 613. by fleeing to Scotland.
Nennius was traditionally credited with having written the Historia Brittonum c. 830. The Historia Brittonum was highly influential, becoming a major contributor to the Arthurian legend. It also includes the legendary origins of the Picts, Scots, St. Germanus and Vortigern, and documents events associated with the Anglo-Saxon invasion of the 7th century as contributed by a Northumbrian document.
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Palisade
A palisade (sometimes called a stakewall) is typically a fence or wall made from wooden stakes or tree trunks and used as a defensive structure.
Typical construction consisted of small or mid sized tree trunks aligned vertically, with no spacing in between. The trunks were sharpened or pointed at the top, and were driven into the ground and were sometimes reinforced with additional construction. The height of a palisade ranged from a few feet to nearly ten feet. As a defensive structure, palisades were often used in conjunction with earthworks.
Palisades were an excellent option for small forts or other hastily constructed fortifications. Since they were wood, they could be quickly and easily built from materials readily available. They proved to be effective protection for short-term conflicts, and were an effective deterrent against small forces. However, due to their wooden construction, they were also vulnerable to fire and siege weapons.
Often, a palisade would be constructed around a castle as a temporary wall until a permanent stone wall could be erected. They were frequently used in New France.
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Ronald Hutton
Ronald Hutton (born 1953) is an English historian who specializes in the study of Early Modern Britain, British folklore, pre-Christian religion and contemporary Paganism. A reader in the subject at the University of Bristol, Hutton has published fourteen books and has appeared on British television and radio. He has held a fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford and is a Commissioner of English Heritage.
Born in Ootacamund, India into a middle class English family, Hutton subsequently returned to England, attending a school in Illford and getting particularly interested in archaeology, taking part in a number of excavations until 1976 and touring the country's chambered tombs. Ultimately he decided to study history at Pembroke College, Cambridge and then Magdalen College, Oxford before gaining employment as a reader in history at the University of Bristol in 1981. Focusing his efforts on Early Modern Britain, he published a trio of books on the subject during that decade; The Royalist War Effort (1981), The Restoration (1985) and Charles the Second (1989).
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Stuart Piggott
Stuart Ernest Piggott CBE (28 May 1910–23 September 1996) was a British archaeologist best known for his work on prehistoric Wessex.
Born in Petersfield, Hampshire, Piggott was educated at Churcher's College and on leaving school in 1927 took up a post as assistant at Reading Museum where he developed an expertise in Neolithic pottery.
In 1928 he was joined the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales and spent the next 5 years producing a revolutionary study of the site of Butser Hill, near Petersfield. He also worked with Eliot and Cecil Curwen on their excavations at The Trundle causewayed enclosure in Sussex.
In the 1930s he began working for Alexander Keiller, an amateur archaeologist who funded his work from the profits of his Dundee marmalade business. The two dug numerous sites in Wessex including Avebury and Kennet Avenue. In 1933, he joined his friend Grahame Clark in writing the highly significant, ‘The age of the British flint mines’, (Antiquity,1933); the resultant controversy brought about the founding of the Prehistoric Society. Still without any formal archaeological qualification, Piggott enrolled at Mortimer Wheeler's Institute of Archaeology, taking his diploma in 1936 and where he also met his wife, Peggy (Margaret Guido). In 1937 he published another seminal paper, The early Bronze Age in Wessex and with his wife went on in June 1939 to join the burial chamber excavations at Sutton Hoo at the invitation of Charles Phillips.
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Teutons
The Teutons or Teutones were mentioned as a Germanic tribe by Greek and Roman authors, notably Strabo and Marcus Velleius Paterculus and normally in close connection with the Cimbri, whose ethnicity is contested between Gauls and Germani. According to Ptolemy's map, they lived in Jutland, in agreement with Pomponius Mela, who placed them in Scandinavia (Codanonia).
Earlier than 100 BC, many of the Teutones, as well as the Cimbri, migrated south and west to the Danube valley, where they encountered the expanding Roman Republic. During the late 2nd century BC, the Teutones and Cimbri are recorded as passing west through Gaul and attacking Roman Italy. After decisive victories over the Romans at Noreia and Arausio, the Cimbri and Teutones divided forces and were then defeated separately by Gaius Marius in 102 BC, and 101 BC, ending the Cimbrian War. The Teutones defeat was at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (near present-day Aix-en-Provence).
According to Valerius Maximus and Florus (who both lived much later), the Teuton King, Teutobod, was taken in irons after their defeat. By the conditions of the surrender, three hundred married women were to be handed over in slavery to the Romans. When the Teuton matrons heard of this stipulation, they first begged the consul that they might be set apart to minister in the temples of Ceres and Venus; then, when they failed to obtain their request and were removed by the lictors, they slew their children and next morning were all found dead in each other's arms having strangled each other in the night. This act passed into Roman legends of Germanic heroism.
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Timothy Darvill
Timothy Darvill is an English archaeologist and author, best known for his publications on prehistoric Britain and his excavations in England, Wales, and the Isle of Man. He is Professor of Archaeology in the School of Applied Sciences at Bournemouth University in England. Timothy Darvill is recognized as one of the leading authorities on Stonehenge and the British Neolithic. In April 2008 he co-directed excavations within Stonehenge, together with Professor Geoffrey Wainwright, to examine the early stone structures on the site. The work featured heavily in a BBC Timewatch programme which examined the theory that Stonehenge was a prehistoric centre of healing. He was appointed OBE in the 2010 Queen’s Birthday Honours.
Darvill is Professor of Archaeology in the School of Applied Sciences at Bournemouth University. After completing a PhD at Southampton University on the Neolithic of Wales and the west of England, he worked for the Western Archaeological Trust and the Council for British Archaeology before establishing a private practice offering consultancy services in the field of archaeological resource management. He was appointed to the Chair of Archaeology in the newly-established archaeology group at Bournemouth Polytechnic (now Bournemouth University) in October 1991 and between 2007 and 2010 was Director of the Centre for Archaeology, Anthropology and Heritage. The author of over twenty books and more than 200 papers and articles, he has served as Chairman of the Institute of Field Archaeologists, Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and was a Member of the Council of the National Trust. He is currently chairman of the board of directors of Cotswold Archaeology and a Vice-President of the Royal Archaeological Institute. His current research interests[when?] focus on archaeological resource management and the Neolithic of northwest Europe.
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Tumulus
A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds, Hügelgrab or kurgans, and can be found throughout much of the world. A cairn (a mound of stones built for various purposes), might also be originally a tumulus. A long barrow is a long tumulus, usually for numbers of burials.
The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen, a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house or a chamber tomb. Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe.
The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', from the PIE root *teuh2- with extended zero grade *tum-, 'to bulge, swell' also found in tumor, thumb, thigh and thousand.
The funeral of Patroclus is described in book 23 of the Iliad. Patroclus is burned on a pyre, and his bones are collected into a golden urn in two layers of fat. The barrow is built on the location of the pyre. Achilles then sponsors funeral games, consisting of a chariot race, boxing, wrestling, running, a duel between two champions to the first blood, discus throwing, archery and spear throwing.
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Wace
Wace (c. 1110 – after 1174) was a Norman poet, who was born in Jersey and brought up in mainland Normandy (he tells us in the Roman de Rou that he was taken as a child to Caen), ending his career as Canon of Bayeux.
All that is known of Wace's life comes from autobiographical references in his poems. He neglected to mention his birthdate; sometime between 1090 and 1110 is the most commonly accepted year of his birth.
The name Wace, used in Jersey until the 16th century, appears to have been his only name; surnames were not universally used at that time.
It is speculated that he may have been of aristocratic origin, as he was sent to Caen to be educated, which would have been virtually impossible for most. His detailed writing on maritime matters may have stemmed from his island upbringing.
Around 1130 Wace returned to Caen and took ecclesiatical work, possibly as a teacher.
The date of Wace's death is uncertain. The most recent event described in the Roman de Rou may be dated to 1174. In the Rou, Wace also mentions Henry the Young King as living. The latter lived until 1183, which means that Wace probably did not revise the Rou after that date.
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William Coxe
William Coxe (17 March 1747 – 8 June 1828) was an English churchman and historian.
The son of Dr. William Coxe, physician to the Royal Household, he was born in London. After his father's death his mother Martha married John Christopher Smith, who was Handel's amanuensis.
Educated at Eton College, he proceeded to King's College, Cambridge, and was elected a fellow of this society in 1768.
In 1771 he took holy orders, and afterwards visited many parts of Europe as tutor and travelling companion to various noblemen and gentlemen, including Lord Herbert, son of the Earl of Pembroke and Samuel Whitbread of the brewing family.
In 1786 he was appointed vicar of Kingston upon Thames, and in 1788 rector of Fugglestone St Peter-with-Bemerton, Wiltshire. He also held the rectory of Stourton, Wiltshire from 1801 to 1811 and that of Fovant from 1811 until his death. In 1791 he was made prebendary of Salisbury, and in 1804 Archdeacon of Wiltshire until his death in 1828.
He married in 1803 Eleanora, daughter of William Shairp, consul-general for Russia, and widow of Thomas Yeldham of St Petersburg.
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William Cunnington
William Cunnington FSA (1754 – 31 December 1810) was a self-educated merchant who developed an interest in the rich archaeological landscape around the Wiltshire village of Heytesbury where he lived and worked . In contrast to the vast majority of antiquarians of the time, Cunnington realised that to fully understand the barrows which fascinated him they should be excavated and recorded carefully and methodically. Beginning his work around 1798 the initial investigations were self-funded, but increasingly they attracted the interest of a succession of wealthy patrons culminating in Sir Richard Colt Hoare (1758-1838) of Stourhead. Hoare’s huge financial investment in Cunnington’s work from 1804, and the consequent increase in the number of excavations undertaken, enabled the latter to excavate several hundred barrows across south Wiltshire. By modern standards Cunnington’s excavation methodology – predominantly involving a shaft trench dug from the crown of a barrow to ground level in search of ‘novelties’ – was very poor, but he was the first archaeologist to undertake such an extensive campaign of work and was a true pioneer. Indeed it is fair to say that it was not until the work of Thomas Bateman (1821-61) in Derbyshire in the 1840s, that large scale excavations saw a significant step forward in methodology.
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William Dugdale
Sir William Dugdale (12 September 1605 – 10 February 1686) was an English antiquary and herald. As a scholar he was influential in the development of medieval history as an academic subject.
He was born at Shustoke, near Coleshill, Warwickshire, where his father was steward to the local landowner, and he was educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry. In 1623 he married Margaret Huntbach (1607-1681), with whom he had nineteen children. In 1625, the year after his father's death, he purchased the manor of Blyth, near Shustoke. During an enclosure dispute with a neighbour a few years later he met the Leicestershire antiquary William Burton, who acted as arbitrator. He became involved in transcribing documents and collecting church notes and met other Midlands antiquaries such as Sir Symon Archer (1581–1662) and Thomas Habington. He began working with Archer on the history of Warwickshire and their research led them to the archives of public records in London. There he met Sir Christopher Hatton, Sir Henry Spelman, Sir Simonds d'Ewes and Sir Edward Dering. Hatton provided him with hospitality and became his principal patron.
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William Gowland
William Gowland (1842 – 9 June 1922) was an English mining engineer most famous for his archaeological work at Stonehenge and in Japan. He is known in Japan as the "Father of Japanese Archaeology", which is an exaggeration. He was a major founding figure.
Gowland was born in Sunderland, in County Durham in northern England. He attended the Royal College of Chemistry and Royal School of Mines at South Kensington specializing in metallurgy, and worked as a chemist and metallurgist at the Broughton Copper Company from 1870-1872. However, in 1872, at the age of 30, he was recruited by the Meiji government of the Empire of Japan as a foreign engineering advisor at the Osaka Zōheikyoku, the forerunner of the Japan Mint.
Gowland began work in Osaka on 8 October 1872 on the three year contract typical of many of the foreigners employed to aid the modernization of Japan. His contract was extended repeatedly, and he stayed for a total of 16 years, during which time he introduced techniques for the scientific analysis of metals, the production of bronze and copper alloys for coinage, and modern technologies such as the reverberatory furnace for improving the efficiency of refining copper ores. His expertise extended to areas outside of the Japan Mint, and he also served as a consultant to the Imperial Japanese Army, helping establish the Osaka Arsenal for production of artillery. He was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun (4th class) by the Japanese government in 1883.
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William Hawley
Lieutenant-Colonel William Hawley (1851–1941) was a British archaeologist who most famously undertook pioneering excavations at Stonehenge.
The work was carried out between 1919 and 1926 largely by Hawley working alone although at other times assisted by Robert Newall, a draughtsman from the Office of Works. The weather and the confusing stratigraphy of this site made work difficult but Hawley was able to make numerous breakthroughs regarding the history of activity on the site.
The work was initially focused on the supervised righting of some of the fallen stones late in 1919. Hawley dug out the foundations before the stones were replaced. Hawley was employed by the Office of Works, the antecedent of the Ministry of Works who had been passed responsibility for Stonehenge when it had been donated to the nation in 1918. They were primarily concerned with the danger of falling stones but funds were made available for Hawley to continue his investigations long after the righting work finished.
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William Stukeley
William Stukeley FRS, FRCP, FSA (7 November 1687 – 3 March 1765) was an English antiquarian who pioneered the archaeological investigation of the prehistoric monuments of Stonehenge and Avebury, work for which he has been remembered as "probably... the most important of the early forerunners of the discipline of archaeology". Stukeley was also one of the first biographers of Isaac Newton, of whom he was a friend.
Becoming involved in the newly fashionable organisation of Freemasonry, he also began to describe himself as a "druid", and incorrectly believed that the prehistoric megalithic monuments were a part of the druidic religion. However, despite this he has been noted as being a significant figure in the early development of the modern movement known as Neo-druidry.
William Stukeley was the son of a lawyer at Holbeach in Lincolnshire on the site of Stukeley Hall, a primary school that now bears his name. After taking his M.B. degree at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Stukeley went to London and studied medicine at St Thomas' Hospital. In 1710, he started in practice in Boston, Lincolnshire, becoming a member of Spalding Gentlemen's Society (founded by his friend Maurice Johnson II), before returning in 1717 to London. In the same year, he became a Fellow of the Royal Society and, in 1718, joined in the establishment of the Society of Antiquaries, acting for nine years as its secretary. In 1719 Stukeley took his M.D. degree, and in 1720 became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, publishing in the same year his first contribution to antiquarian literature.
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Ælfric of Eynsham
Ælfric of Eynsham (Old English: Ælfrīc; Latin: Alfricus, Elphricus) (c. 955 – c. 1010) was an English abbot, as well as a consummate, prolific writer in Old English of hagiography, homilies, biblical commentaries, and other genres. He is also known variously as Ælfric the Grammarian (Alfricus Grammaticus), Ælfric of Cerne, and Ælfric the Homilist. In the view of Peter Hunter Blair, he was "a man comparable both in the quantity of his writings and in the quality of his mind even with Bede himself."
Ælfric was educated in the Benedictine Old Minster at Winchester under Saint Æthelwold, who was bishop there from 963 to 984. Æthelwold had carried on the tradition of Dunstan in his government of the abbey of Abingdon, and at Winchester he continued his strenuous efforts. He seems to have actually taken part in the teaching activities of the abbey.
Ælfric no doubt gained some reputation as a scholar at Winchester, for when, in 987, the abbey of Cerne (Cerne Abbas in Dorset) was finished, he was sent by Bishop Ælfheah (Alphege), Æthelwold's successor, at the request of the chief benefactor of the abbey, the ealdorman Æthelmær the Stout, to teach the Benedictine monks there. This date (987) is one of only two certain dates we have for Ælfric, who was then in priest's orders. Æthelmaer and his father Æthelweard were both enlightened patrons of learning, and became Ælfric's faithful friends.
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- Stonehenge - King Missile
- Stonehenge - Spinal Tap
- Stonehenge - Fresno
- Stonehenge - Necroshine
- Victims Gallery - Stonehenge
- Town Of Silince\Voice From The Past - Stonehenge
- Notre-Dame De Paris - Stonehenge
- In Hell - Stonehenge
- Goddess Meetra's Victim - Stonehenge
- EMILY - Stonehenge
- Blind Pain - Stonehenge
- Under The Swords Bell - Stonehenge
- Temple Of The Sun - Stonehenge
- Stone Walls Lullaby - Stonehenge
- Skyway Of Lost Souls - Stonehenge
- Oldbard - Stonehenge
- King Arthur - Stonehenge
- Blood and Glory - Stonehenge
- Stonehenge - Ylvis
I want to go to a place where nobody knows who I am
And come back to a place where everyone forgot who I was
I want to bury myself and rise from the grave and shower and shave and start over again
I want to be somebody else again
So I want to go away and come back and start all over again
I want to be somebody else again
I want to be somebody else again
In ancient times hundreds of years before the dawn of history
Lived this strange rights of pain the [Incomprehensible]
No one knows who they were what they were doing
But the legacy remains here into the living rock of Stonehenge
Stonehenge, where the demons dwell
Where the banshees live and they do live well
Stonehenge where a man is a man
And the children dance to the pipes of pan
Stonehenge, 'tis a magic place
Where the moon doth rise with a dragon's face
Stonehenge where the virgins lie
And the prayer of devils fill the midnight sky
And you my love, won't you take my hand?
We'll go back in time to that mystic land
Where the dew drops cry and the cats meow
I will take you there, I will show you how
And oh, how they danced
The little children of Stonehenge
Beneath the haunted moon for fear
That day break might come too soon
And where were they now
The little people of Stonehenge
And what would they say to us
... e talvez você estranhe ao me ouvir
não costumo me comunicar assim
mas preste atenção quando a chuva cair
você vai me ver
já tentei ser mais do que eu sempre fui
mas percebi que é impossível crescer
todo o sangue que nas minha veias flui
ainda não conseguiu aquecer
meu coração
inabalável
não há como fazer você parar pra pensar
como eu tenho agido nos últimos dias
que eu lhe vi
você não merece tudo que eu
ouso sentir
você não merece tudo o que eu ouso sentir
e dói demais
e dói demais
ter você assim
nunca há paz
pra você nem pra mim
por isso eu quero saber o que fazer
e nada mais parece te abalar
e nada mais te faz rir ou chorar
não há ninguém aqui pra você provar que existe
Slaol, shooting red fire sphere, lower!
Let Lahanna arise, your rejected bride.
Jelous of your followers, envious of your powers.
You, giver of light and life, let the darkness in.
The world of Death!
Oh Lahanna distributor of death, your winter will never end.
Your army of darkness will kill all traitors and bring you their souls.
Satisfy thee!
For you we'll erect a sacred temple of death.
Its rocks as your wish will always be dirty of fresh blood,
The blood of children worshippers of Slaol.
The maidens will consacrate sweet melodies to your beauty,
Men will fight for you, to have your favour and your grace.
Oh Lahanna, goddes of the Moon, your winter will never end.
Your army of darkness will kill all traitors and bring you their souls.
Relish them!
Your temple, Stonehenge, will be dreadful for men and women.
Slaol, the bastard, bringer of life shall kneel to your power.
Stonehenge, the centre of the world, will be your abode,
Your damnations will dispell all the desecrators.
We hail thee, oh Lahanna, goddes of death
[Instrumental]
Come to this town
And hear the silence
Last human shelter
Passes under the ground
Sometimes this silence
Breaks by the weeping
The wheeping of mourners
The wheeping of ravens
Touch the gravemound
Do you feel the gravecold?
Bells of a chapel
Count down the time of sleep
Don't cry, father don't cry
Death is a part of our life
I'm a victim of this law
You cannot help me
I see the dark
Through my closing eyes
I feel the cold
Cold of the twilight world
Moans of ground
Pierces you inside
That is my voice
Voice from the past
My voice
Voice from the past
My voice
Voice from the past
In my cold grave
I can't see the sun
I can't see the sky
Darkness is my friend
Town of silence
Is a symphony of death
Is a symphony of pain
And is eternal dreams
My voice
Voice from the past
My voice
Voice from the past
I see the dark
Through my closing eyes
I feel the cold
Cold of the twilight world
Moans of ground
Pierces you inside
That is my voice
Voice from the past
My voice
Voice from the past
My voice
Voice from the past
No more sense
No more life
No more hope
Only fear
No more tears
No more dreams
No more light
Only night
No more fate
No more faith
No more love
Only dark
No more sky
No more sun
No more clouds
Only death, death!
Town of silence
Keeps the sorrow
Tombstones remember
Names of lates
Autumn leaves
Cover the dead ground
This town is a border
Between life and death
Great sadness
Reigns in this town
Only the mad wind
Plays the melody of death
Don't cry, father don't cry
Death is a part of our life
I'm a victim of this law
You cannot help me
I see the dark
Through my closing eyes
I feel the cold
Cold of the twilight world
Moans of ground
Pierces you inside
That is my voice
Voice from the past
My voice
Voice from the past
My voice
Gothic shadows
Evoke the horror
Sharp towers
Pierce the sky
Unreal beauty
Created by God
Monumental grace
of Middle Ages
Notre-Dame de Paris
I feel the breath of your walls
Notre-Dame de Paris
I see the eyes of God
God!
My God!
I want to touch your stones
To breath the air of time
To see the holy cross
To feel the smell of old time
I am a slave of God
Dismal decorations
Born the fear
Freezing statues
Look with anger
Gigantic archs
Are like gates of heaven
A great creation
For human race
Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris
It is not dream
It's so real
You're eraping
Only scream
Gates of hell
On your way
It's the end
It's the doomsday
Flame of hell is blinding me
I can't find any lee
That's a charge by my sins
That's a charge by my fear
Unknown force is destroying me
I'm a slave, I'm not free
Gates of hell open for all
Dark world absorbs my soul
Welcome to hell
Dear friend
Are you hear
Demonic bell
Dull of pain
Is in your brain
You wish this
Again and again
I'm in hell now
You're in hell now
Gravity of sins
Is crushing will
You can't resist
What do you feel?
Gates of hell
Are behind your back
Are you ready
To accept this track
Pain is strong, no more power
I see the birth of a fiery flower
This flower is my demon
He devoures my fragle freedom
He might so boundless
He is unseen, but he is great
My soul's so defensless
I'm his servant, that's my fate
Now you're mine
Take my hand
I' ll show you
The depth of hell
You're rexexing
By my spell
Obey me
I rule your life
I'm in hell now
You're in hell now
It's not dream
It's so real
Gravity of sins
Is crushing will
You are mine
Take my hand
Welcome to hell
Dear friend
Power of hell
Is in my hands
I'm a king
Of the sin
I'm a master
Of this land
Everyone
Belongs to me
Black shroud is wrapping me
I am blind, I can't see
My life comes to the end
My soul reduses to sand
No more exit, I die
Fate's loughing by my doom
Oppresed soul dreary cries
Good bye my life, good bye my freedom
It's not dream
It's so real
You're eraping
Only scream
You're losing
Now you're dead
It's the end
It's your end
I'm in hell now
I'm in hell now!
Gloomy wood
Men in white
March of death
To the temple
Gods demend
A secret rite
They all wish
The human flesh
You, sacred victim down you knees
Your young blood for our Gods
For this sky, for this trees
That's a choice of the fate
That's one, one way
To save our souls
We commit the sacrifice
And we pay bloody price
Holy knife
In priest's hands
Bleeding heart
Is on the altar
Victim is dead
Gods are content
Thunder in the sky
Rain begins
Goddess Meetra drinks this blood
And releases our sins
Give the faith, give the hope
Protect from the anger of the kings
That's one, one way
To save our souls
We commit the sacrifice
And we pay bloody price
Cannot believe in it
But it was as matter of fact
Time comes
Your eyes are looking, are looking at me
The sense of love
Is piercing my heart, but I'm afraid
Your magic your
Witchcraft is a power
Fire will make
Suffer your damned soul
Voice of priest
Is giving his judgement. It is your death
Tongues of flame
Will burn your body. Die in pang
I love and
Hate you child of night
You must die
By my hand. It is a fate
Fate!
Oh, Emily!
Die! Please don't cry
Burn! Please pray
Die! Please don't cry
Burn! Please forgive
Emily!
Emily! I'm your lover
Emily! I'm your punisher
Emily,Emily...
That's all! Your soul has settled in hell
But something remained here with me
May be love passion or poison of witchcraft
I don't now! I am lost in conjecture
I'm afraid! It's enough to make my flesh creep
I want to forget you
Forget you
Sky is black, life is empty
Only candle buns in my hand
Pain comes, sorrow comes
My son never comes back
Tears on the face, I am one
Where are you my little son?
I want to touch your hand
But you have gone to another land
Blind pain dries my eyes
Life like lost paradise,
Paradise!
Answer me God
Why'd you choose him?
He was so young
Why he?!
He wanted to live
He was happy child
He liked a life
Why he?!
My little son
I am missing you
Where are you now?
Tell me!
Give me your hand
Out off your grave
I want to see
You... my son
Pain!
My blind pain
Blind pain
My blind pain
Blind pain
Day or night, all the same
I look like a shadow
Cruel fate, broken dreams
All my life is a sorrow
Senseless death, painfull loss
I can't return my son
Real nightmare, terrible truth
His house is a dump ground
Blind pain dries my eyes
Life like lost paradise,
Paradise!
Answer me God
Why'd you choose him?
He was so young
Why he?!
He wanted to live
He was happy child
He liked a life
Why he?!
My little son
I am missing you
Where are you now?
Tell me!
Give me your hand
Out off your grave
I want to see
You... my son
Pain!
My blind pain
Blind pain
My blind pain
Blind pain
Pain is destroying me
Death, only wish is death
God, God, please help me
I want to stop my breath
Son I shall come to you
I can't live without you
You was a meaning of my life
All, all my life is you
My blind pain
Blind pain
My blind pain
Blind pain
Rest in peace,
Gold Sun rose over a field
Two armies stood vis-a-vis
Steel swords were flashing in hands
Blood will shed on our land
Light of the day, dark of the night
Cannot stop this bloody fight
We were born so as to die at this war
For the glory of british crown
We live and die
Under the swords bell
Soldiers of the king, you're great warriors
Hoist your flags and attack
A battle field is covered by blood
A heap of bodies is on the ground
Those who remains will remember this fight
And will tale about it far and wide
We live and die
Under the swords bell
Light of the day, dark of the night
Cannot stop this bloody fight
We were born so as to die at this war
For the glory of british crown
We live and die
Day is breaking
A plain is empty
Only stones
Silently stand
They remember blood and glory
They remember a victory
They remember tears and moans
They remember pain, pain
Stonehenge, Stonehenge
A mysterious temple under the heaven
Is an old resident of Earth
This stones worn-out by time still alive
You're a crowning point
Of human wisdom
A frightful symbol
Of prehistory priestes
I touch your stones
And feel your strength
Gods protect you
And give you an eternal life
The temple of the sun
Winds blow on you
Rains wash you
The sun worms you
The fate keeps you
A darkness of ages
Cannot close your beauty
What is your secret
Tell me, Tell me
Who are you ?
Shadows of the remote past
[Instrumental]
When I was a little boy
Father told me about this way
Skyway of lost souls
Skyway of great pain
Souls of knights fly in the sky
They go up to the edgeless height
This was so great
It's my lot, it's my fate
Now I'm flying by this road
I see the dark expanse
Wind of death is singing own song
Everyone can hear his voice:
"So real, so great is this road
Your life is in hands of God
Your actions, your sins are so terrible
Prepare for torments"
Now I'm flying by this road
I see the dark expanse
My wings soar in the air
Now my house is here
Skyway of lost souls
My destiny, my life
Skyway of lost souls
My destiny, my life
Skyway of lost souls
Now I'm flying by this road
I see the dark expanse
My wings soar in the air
Now my house is here
Day by day, night by night
I rove without a light
Future wrappes in mystery
This thoughts brings misery
Who can help, I don't know
Who'll forgive the lost soul
No answers, only silence
My fate pronounces a sentence
Now I'm flying by this road
I see the dark expanse
My wings soar in the air
Now my house is here
Skyway of lost souls
My destiny, my life
Skyway of lost souls
My destiny, my life
Young Arthur went up to the sword
Wich was thrust into the stone
The Arthur's heart troubledly beat
In his eyes a fire burnt
One jerk and the swords is in hands
Screams of a crowd deafened the wood
Excalibur flashed like the sun
A holy sword of a new king
Excalibur
Excalibur
The swords of Gods
A shining strong steel
Best king's friend
The bulwark of State
Excalibur
Arthur !
You must pass the great rout
You must be a wise king
And Excalibur will help to you
Many years ago
I met an old man
Wich had lived in the wood
He was a bard, Bard !
My dear friend
I'll sing you
About this land
And her beauty
Old's man fingers
Touched the harp
And sweet sounds
Waked the wood
In his voice
I felt the power
All the living
Sang with him
Nature keeps
A lot of secrets
And he knows
A lot of them
He's a guardian
Of traditions,
Legends, songs
Of our land
An old bard
Your song is in
my heart, is in my soul
And you'll sing me tonight
An old bard
Your life so strange,
was so hard
I will remember you forever
My dear friend
Look at the sky
And hear winds
They cry
My dear friend
Listen to your heart
You must understand
A nature's low
Old's man fingers
Touched the harp
And sweet sounds
Waked the wood
In his voice
I felt the power
All the living
Sang with him
Nature keeps
A lot of secrets
And he knows
A lot of them
He's a guardian
Of traditions,
Legends, songs
Of our land
An old bard
Your song is in my heart,
is in my soul
And you'll sing me more
tonight
An old bard
Your life so strange,
was so hard
I will remember you forever
Many years have gone
But I remember you
Your song are in my heart
An old bard !
We're lifting gold cups
for our King Arthur
Torches burn on the wall
Knights hail our king
Wine splashes in gold cups
We drink your health!
Arthur! You're a wise king
Arthur! You're a just king
We solut you
Bless him God!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
A power of Camelot
Is in big steel swords
Your hands are solid
Your reason is bright
Arthur! You're a wise king
Arthur! You're a just king
We solut you
Bless him God!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat!
Your Majesty!
Queen loves your kind heart
We respect your courage
You are our king
We are your knights
Arthur! You're a wise king
Arthur! You're a just king
We solut you
Bless him God!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat!
Your Majesty!
A Harp of a Bard
Told me a story
About british kings
About blood & glory
Life! Is a battle
Death! Is a reward
Fight! Only fight
Blood! For blood
Blood & Glory
We choose
Blood & Glory
Holy blood
Blood & Glory
Blood & Glory
We'll die for the king
For the crown
We'll die for these stars
For this sky, for this land
Pain, Death, Blood
Is our life
Fire, Battle, Glory
Is our fate
Thunder of drums
Deafens the expanse
Victory screams
Break the silence
Life! Is a battle
Death! Is a reward
Fight! Only fight
Blood! For blood
Blood & Glory
We choose
Blood & Glory
Holy blood
Blood & Glory
Blood & Glory
We'll die for the king
For the crown
We'll die for these stars
For this sky, for this land
My life is so successfull
I've got everything a man could ever need.
Got a 1000 dollar haircut
And I even have a talkshow on TV.
And I know I should be happy, but instead
There's a question I can't get out of my head.
What's the meaning of Stonehenge?
It's killing me that no one knows
Why it was built 5000 years ago.
Why did they build the Stonehenge?
How could they rasie the stones so high
Completely without the technology
We have today?
When I make my jalapeños
Calamri and prosciutto
I'm the king!
My wife applaud(s) me in the kitchen
When I tell her all I bought is from the local store
(And) When the kids have gone to bed, we're all alone
She gives me a smile
Then she plays with my balls
(But?) All I think of is Stonehenge
I think about it when I dream
The biggest henge that I have ever seen
What's the purpose of Stonehenge?
A giant granite brithdaycake
Or a prison far too easy to escape?
Stonehenge! Stonehenge! Lots of stones in a row! (chor)
They were 25 tons each stone, my friend
But amazingly they got them all down in the sand
And they moved it (Stonehenge! )
And they dragged it (Stonehenge! )
And they rolled it 46 miles from Waleeees! - Heeey (46 miles from Wales! )
What's the deal with Stonehenge? (chor) (Oh, what's the deal, what's the deal, what's the deal)
You should have left a tiny hint
When you made this fucking labyrinth, of stone! (Who the... )
Who the fuck builds a Stonehenge? (fuck builds a Stonehenge?)
Two Stone Age-guys wondering what to do
Who just said: "Dude, let's build a henge or two!"
I would give anything to know
About the Stonehenge (chor)
Yeah, I would give all I have to give
Would you give them your car? (chor)
(Mmm) Are you kidding me, of course I would have given the car
What car do you drive? (chor)
Drive a Civic, drive a Civic. Drive a Civic!
A car you can trust! (chor)
Never mind the car, let's talk about the henge
What henge is that again? (chor)
It's the Stonehenge, it's the Stonehenge!
God, it is the greatest henge of all!
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Secrets of Stonehenge (1/4)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Nova's Secrets of Stonehenge
http://wn.com/Secrets_of_Stonehenge_1_4
Secrets of Stonehenge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Many secrets remain surrounding the creation of Stonehenge. Archaeologists try to unravel the mystery. Stonehenge Decoded : SUN JUNE 1 9P et/pt : channel.nationalgeographic.com
http://wn.com/Secrets_of_Stonehenge
Many secrets remain surrounding the creation of Stonehenge. Archaeologists try to unravel the mystery. Stonehenge Decoded : SUN JUNE 1 9P et/pt : channel.nationalgeographic.com
- published: 02 Jun 2008
- views: 770047
- author: NationalGeographic
Henges: Stonehenge, Woodhenge, Avebury & Stanton Drew
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
standingwithstones.net Standing with Stones is a remarkable and unprecedented documentary film that takes the viewer beyond Stonehenge on an incredible journey of discovery that reveals the true wealth and extent of Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain & Ireland. If you ever wondered what it would be like to travel the length and breadth of the British Isles, visiting the most intriguing and enigmatic monuments that our ancestors left us, from Cornwall through England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland to the outer reaches of the Hebrides and Orkney, then you will love this film. Described by one magazine reviewer as "A stunning study of standing stones. A work of art." (Forten Times), this is no amateur travelogue. Written and presented by writer and explorer Rupert Soskin and shot and edited by broadcast producer Michael Bott, this film is a stunningly beautiful and absorbing two and a quarter hour tour of our ancient heritage in the company of an engaging and knowledgable host - the journey of a lifetime.
http://wn.com/Henges_Stonehenge,_Woodhenge,_Avebury_Stanton_Drew
standingwithstones.net Standing with Stones is a remarkable and unprecedented documentary film that takes the viewer beyond Stonehenge on an incredible journey of discovery that reveals the true wealth and extent of Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain & Ireland. If you ever wondered what it would be like to travel the length and breadth of the British Isles, visiting the most intriguing and enigmatic monuments that our ancestors left us, from Cornwall through England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland to the outer reaches of the Hebrides and Orkney, then you will love this film. Described by one magazine reviewer as "A stunning study of standing stones. A work of art." (Forten Times), this is no amateur travelogue. Written and presented by writer and explorer Rupert Soskin and shot and edited by broadcast producer Michael Bott, this film is a stunningly beautiful and absorbing two and a quarter hour tour of our ancient heritage in the company of an engaging and knowledgable host - the journey of a lifetime.
- published: 24 Apr 2009
- views: 120852
- author: Michael Bott
Eddie Izzard - Stonehenge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Clip from Dress to Kill
http://wn.com/Eddie_Izzard_Stonehenge
Mysteries... - Stonehenge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:49
- Updated: 19 May 2012
Explore the connection between Europe's many "henges" as historical and archeological experts discuss their possible function. Discover the theory of the slaughter stone and decide for yourself if Stonehenge was the site of human sacrifice. Examine the facts that place the erection of Stonehenge in the Bronze Age. And, learn how the monument was built in stages over centuries. Through examining the evidence, some of the world's top scholars debate what purpose Stonehenge served. "Stonehenge" asks the question, "What is Stonehenge?" Was it a religious calendar? A burial ground? Or an ancient astrological tracking system? Find out on "Stonehenge." A documentary series separating truth from fiction, solving intricate mysteries -- places, objects, events and/or people -- that have captivated people around the globe for centuries. "Mysteries" seeks out the latest evidence, not simply repeating existing myths, legends and "facts", but by securing the testimony of top experts -- charismatic and entertaining scientists, historians, crime investigators.
http://wn.com/Mysteries_Stonehenge
Explore the connection between Europe's many "henges" as historical and archeological experts discuss their possible function. Discover the theory of the slaughter stone and decide for yourself if Stonehenge was the site of human sacrifice. Examine the facts that place the erection of Stonehenge in the Bronze Age. And, learn how the monument was built in stages over centuries. Through examining the evidence, some of the world's top scholars debate what purpose Stonehenge served. "Stonehenge" asks the question, "What is Stonehenge?" Was it a religious calendar? A burial ground? Or an ancient astrological tracking system? Find out on "Stonehenge." A documentary series separating truth from fiction, solving intricate mysteries -- places, objects, events and/or people -- that have captivated people around the globe for centuries. "Mysteries" seeks out the latest evidence, not simply repeating existing myths, legends and "facts", but by securing the testimony of top experts -- charismatic and entertaining scientists, historians, crime investigators.
- published: 13 Oct 2010
- views: 4029
- author: TravelVideoStore
Naked Science - Who Built Stonehenge?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:50
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
National Geographic NGC
http://wn.com/Naked_Science_Who_Built_Stonehenge?
Ancient Aliens - Stonehenge & Beyond - Full Feature
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:41
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
From UFOTV®, accept no imitations. Discover powerful evidence that links Stonehenge, Avebury, Glastonbury and many other mystical locations throughout England to ancient advanced technology and an advanced ancient order that had a direct connection with Atlantis. Travel along a set of prehistoric "tracks" that run hundreds of miles through the English countryside - evidence of a highly developed science that was capable of engineering the construction of incredibly inspiring structures, using massive stones weighing thousands of pounds, that continue to radiate their sacred energies to this day. Based on the discoveries of Cambridge-trained scholar and author John Michell, this program reveals a startling new version of the roots of civilization. Join host Doug Kenyon, editor, Atlantis Rising Magazine, as he takes us on location in England to explore some of the great mysteries of mankind. NOW ON DVD: English Sacred Sites - The Atlantis Connection - Cat# K528, Go to www.UFOTV.com.
http://wn.com/Ancient_Aliens_Stonehenge_Beyond_Full_Feature
From UFOTV®, accept no imitations. Discover powerful evidence that links Stonehenge, Avebury, Glastonbury and many other mystical locations throughout England to ancient advanced technology and an advanced ancient order that had a direct connection with Atlantis. Travel along a set of prehistoric "tracks" that run hundreds of miles through the English countryside - evidence of a highly developed science that was capable of engineering the construction of incredibly inspiring structures, using massive stones weighing thousands of pounds, that continue to radiate their sacred energies to this day. Based on the discoveries of Cambridge-trained scholar and author John Michell, this program reveals a startling new version of the roots of civilization. Join host Doug Kenyon, editor, Atlantis Rising Magazine, as he takes us on location in England to explore some of the great mysteries of mankind. NOW ON DVD: English Sacred Sites - The Atlantis Connection - Cat# K528, Go to www.UFOTV.com.
- published: 22 May 2011
- views: 130724
- author: UFOTVstudios
stonehenge free music festival
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:20
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
roy harper hawkwind etc
http://wn.com/stonehenge_free_music_festival
Stonehenge-Spinaltap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Spinaltap's best song in my opinion, and my favorite part. I do not own any rights to this video.
http://wn.com/Stonehenge-Spinaltap
Spinaltap's best song in my opinion, and my favorite part. I do not own any rights to this video.
- published: 02 Jun 2008
- views: 150090
- author: cfg520
Timewatch - Stonehenge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:53
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
Timewatch - Stonehenge. Narrator - Michael Praed.
http://wn.com/Timewatch_Stonehenge
Timewatch - Stonehenge. Narrator - Michael Praed.
- published: 12 Aug 2011
- views: 19391
- author: lampa1202
The History Channel: My Favourite Place - Stonehenge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:34
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Bill Bailey takes a prehistoric mystery tour around Stonehenge, meeting an unusual mix of archaeologists and druids and investigating why this historic place attracts so many visitors and what is it about the enigmatic setting that still baffles scientists today.
http://wn.com/The_History_Channel_My_Favourite_Place_Stonehenge
Bill Bailey takes a prehistoric mystery tour around Stonehenge, meeting an unusual mix of archaeologists and druids and investigating why this historic place attracts so many visitors and what is it about the enigmatic setting that still baffles scientists today.
- published: 18 Apr 2008
- views: 20338
- author: TheHistoryChannelUK
Building Stonehenge - This Man can Move Anything
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Wally Wallington has demonstrated that he can lift a Stonehenge-sized pillar weighing 22000 lbs and moved a barn over 300 ft. What makes this so special is that he does it using only himself, gravity, and his incredible ingenuity. www.theforgottentechnology.com
http://wn.com/Building_Stonehenge_This_Man_can_Move_Anything
Wally Wallington has demonstrated that he can lift a Stonehenge-sized pillar weighing 22000 lbs and moved a barn over 300 ft. What makes this so special is that he does it using only himself, gravity, and his incredible ingenuity. www.theforgottentechnology.com
- published: 15 Oct 2006
- views: 6079640
- author: shengd
![Ylvis - Stonehenge [OFFICIAL VIDEO HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130131074508im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/_GxkBDJajg4/default.jpg "Ylvis - Stonehenge [OFFICIAL VIDEO HD]")
Ylvis - Stonehenge [OFFICIAL VIDEO HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
What's the meaning of Stonehenge? There's a question Vegard can't get out of his head. So he made a rock-anthem about it. "Stonehenge" by YLVIS. From the norwegian talkshow "I kveld med YLVIS" ▶ iTunes: itunes.apple.com ▶ Facebook: www.facebook.com Vocals by Vegard Ylvisåker. Music by Ylvisåker/Devik Lyrics by Løchstøer/Ylvisåker Directed by Ole Martin Hafsmo From norwegian talkshow "I kveld med Ylvis". Fra "I kveld med Ylvis", sesong 1. Stongehenge - Ylvis TVNorge © 2011
http://wn.com/Ylvis_Stonehenge_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_HD_
What's the meaning of Stonehenge? There's a question Vegard can't get out of his head. So he made a rock-anthem about it. "Stonehenge" by YLVIS. From the norwegian talkshow "I kveld med YLVIS" ▶ iTunes: itunes.apple.com ▶ Facebook: www.facebook.com Vocals by Vegard Ylvisåker. Music by Ylvisåker/Devik Lyrics by Løchstøer/Ylvisåker Directed by Ole Martin Hafsmo From norwegian talkshow "I kveld med Ylvis". Fra "I kveld med Ylvis", sesong 1. Stongehenge - Ylvis TVNorge © 2011
- published: 01 Nov 2011
- views: 465736
- author: TVNorgeNO
Stonehenge, part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
part1
http://wn.com/Stonehenge,_part_1
(film en francais)Stonehenge Apocalypse.2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 87:03
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/film_en_francaisStonehenge_Apocalypse2011
Man Moves Huge Blocks!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:12
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Michigan man moves massive blocks in his backyard using simple contraptions. Visit WT Wallington's website at: www.theforgottentechnology.com Visit my totally unrelated website at: clicksypics.com
http://wn.com/Man_Moves_Huge_Blocks!
Michigan man moves massive blocks in his backyard using simple contraptions. Visit WT Wallington's website at: www.theforgottentechnology.com Visit my totally unrelated website at: clicksypics.com
- published: 18 Oct 2006
- views: 726683
- author: EpistemeUM
Simple building. Stonehenge Reloaded by only one white man!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Source www.facebook.com www.myclickshow.com Wally Wallington has demonstrated that he can lift a Stonehenge-sized pillar weighing 22000 lbs and moved a barn over 300 ft. What makes this so special is that he does it using only himself, gravity, and his incredible ingenuity.
http://wn.com/Simple_building_Stonehenge_Reloaded_by_only_one_white_man!!
Source www.facebook.com www.myclickshow.com Wally Wallington has demonstrated that he can lift a Stonehenge-sized pillar weighing 22000 lbs and moved a barn over 300 ft. What makes this so special is that he does it using only himself, gravity, and his incredible ingenuity.
- published: 09 Sep 2007
- views: 164175
- author: giorkos3
Spinal Tap - Stonehenge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
In ancient times, hundreds of years|before the dawn of history, lived an ancient race of people. The Druids. No one knows who they were or what they were doing. But their legacy remains. Hewn into the living rock of Stonehenge. Stonehenge Where the demons dwell Where the banshees live and they do live well Stonehenge Where a man is a man And the children dance to the pipes of Pan And you, my love Won't you take my hand We'll go back in time To that mystic land Where the dewdrops cry And the cats meow I will take you there I will show you how And, oh, how they danced, the little children of Stonehenge, beneath the haunted moon, for fear that daybreak might come too soon.
http://wn.com/Spinal_Tap_Stonehenge
In ancient times, hundreds of years|before the dawn of history, lived an ancient race of people. The Druids. No one knows who they were or what they were doing. But their legacy remains. Hewn into the living rock of Stonehenge. Stonehenge Where the demons dwell Where the banshees live and they do live well Stonehenge Where a man is a man And the children dance to the pipes of Pan And you, my love Won't you take my hand We'll go back in time To that mystic land Where the dewdrops cry And the cats meow I will take you there I will show you how And, oh, how they danced, the little children of Stonehenge, beneath the haunted moon, for fear that daybreak might come too soon.
- published: 13 May 2011
- views: 65997
- author: Snagamir
![Stonehenge - Ylvis [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO] [FULL HD] - YouTube](http://web.archive.org./web/20130131074508im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/PhK283aJBK4/default.jpg "Stonehenge - Ylvis [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO] [FULL HD] - YouTube")
Stonehenge - Ylvis [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO] [FULL HD] - YouTube
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Subscribe for more! Do you know the meaning of stonehenge? Music video from the talkshow "I kveld med Ylvis" on TVNorge. Starring: Vegard Ylvisåker. Produced by Funkenhauser Productions
http://wn.com/Stonehenge_Ylvis_OFFICIAL_MUSIC_VIDEO_FULL_HD_YouTube
Subscribe for more! Do you know the meaning of stonehenge? Music video from the talkshow "I kveld med Ylvis" on TVNorge. Starring: Vegard Ylvisåker. Produced by Funkenhauser Productions
- published: 02 Nov 2011
- views: 181772
- author: Hankeeeeey
![Stonehenge -Ylvis [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO] [FULL HD] [3D]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130131074508im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/klJhWr_FTaE/default.jpg "Stonehenge -Ylvis [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO] [FULL HD] [3D]")
Stonehenge -Ylvis [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO] [FULL HD] [3D]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Stonehenge -Ylvis This is from the Norwegian talkshow I Kveld med Ylvis. ---- Stonehenge - Ylvis --- My life is so successfull I've got everything a man could ever need. Got a 1000 dollar haircut and i even have a talkshow on TV. And I know I should be happy, but instead There's a question I can't get out of my head. What's the meaning of Stonehenge? It's killing me that no one knows why it was built 5000 years ago. Why did they build the Stonehenge? How could they rasie the stones so high completely without the technology we have today? When I make my jalapeños calamri and prosciutto I'm the king! My wife applaud(s) me in the kitchen when I tell her all I bought is from the local store (and) When the kids have gone to bed, we're all alone She gives me a smile then she plays with my balls (but?) All I think of is Stonehenge I think about it when I dream the biggest henge that I have ever seen What's the purpose of Stonehenge? A giant granite brithdaycake or a prison far too easy to escape? Stonehenge! Stonehenge! Lots of stones in a row! (chor) They were 25 tons each stone, my friend but amazingly they got them all down in the sand And they moved it (Stonehenge!) And they dragged it (Stonehenge!) And they rolled it 46 miles from Waleeees! - Heeey (46 miles from Wales! ) What's the deal with Stonehenge? (chor) (Oh, whats the deal, whats the deal, whats the deal) You should have left a tiny hint when you made this fucking labyrinth, of stone! (Who the.. ) Who the fuck ...
http://wn.com/Stonehenge_-Ylvis_OFFICIAL_MUSIC_VIDEO_FULL_HD_3D_
Stonehenge -Ylvis This is from the Norwegian talkshow I Kveld med Ylvis. ---- Stonehenge - Ylvis --- My life is so successfull I've got everything a man could ever need. Got a 1000 dollar haircut and i even have a talkshow on TV. And I know I should be happy, but instead There's a question I can't get out of my head. What's the meaning of Stonehenge? It's killing me that no one knows why it was built 5000 years ago. Why did they build the Stonehenge? How could they rasie the stones so high completely without the technology we have today? When I make my jalapeños calamri and prosciutto I'm the king! My wife applaud(s) me in the kitchen when I tell her all I bought is from the local store (and) When the kids have gone to bed, we're all alone She gives me a smile then she plays with my balls (but?) All I think of is Stonehenge I think about it when I dream the biggest henge that I have ever seen What's the purpose of Stonehenge? A giant granite brithdaycake or a prison far too easy to escape? Stonehenge! Stonehenge! Lots of stones in a row! (chor) They were 25 tons each stone, my friend but amazingly they got them all down in the sand And they moved it (Stonehenge!) And they dragged it (Stonehenge!) And they rolled it 46 miles from Waleeees! - Heeey (46 miles from Wales! ) What's the deal with Stonehenge? (chor) (Oh, whats the deal, whats the deal, whats the deal) You should have left a tiny hint when you made this fucking labyrinth, of stone! (Who the.. ) Who the fuck ...
- published: 31 Oct 2011
- views: 379263
- author: xxiamnoXiousxx
Stonehenge -- Secrets of an Ancient Monument
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
www.thehistoryexplorer.com More than 5000 years ago, the farming people of what is now southwest England began an epic construction project. Its creation would span one and a half millennia, in stages that saw it grow from a ditch-encircled earthen mound to a mighty circle of colossal standing stones -- some of them brought from the mountains of distant Wales. But why was Stonehenge built? And what was its true purpose? What prompted them to embark on such a colossal project, without the wheel and with only primitive stone tools? How did they move and raise the gigantic blocks that make up Stonehenge's celebrated circle? And what do the alignments of the stones, which track the Sun and Moon with pinpoint precision, really signify? This fascinating film delves deep into the mysteries of our long-lost past in the search for clues -- and comes up with answers that are as surprising as they are thought-provoking.
http://wn.com/Stonehenge_-_Secrets_of_an_Ancient_Monument
www.thehistoryexplorer.com More than 5000 years ago, the farming people of what is now southwest England began an epic construction project. Its creation would span one and a half millennia, in stages that saw it grow from a ditch-encircled earthen mound to a mighty circle of colossal standing stones -- some of them brought from the mountains of distant Wales. But why was Stonehenge built? And what was its true purpose? What prompted them to embark on such a colossal project, without the wheel and with only primitive stone tools? How did they move and raise the gigantic blocks that make up Stonehenge's celebrated circle? And what do the alignments of the stones, which track the Sun and Moon with pinpoint precision, really signify? This fascinating film delves deep into the mysteries of our long-lost past in the search for clues -- and comes up with answers that are as surprising as they are thought-provoking.
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 11756
- author: impincusa
The Stonehenge Conspiracy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:22
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
A reexamination of the theory that the stones at Stonehenge were carried by Neolithic tribesmen from sites far away, including West Wales. It is concluded that this is nothing but a popular myth; that the sarsens were collected locally; and that the bluestones were in all probability carried by glacier ice to the vicinity of Stonehenge. There they were collected up over a wider and wider radius -- and eventually, the builders lost motivation, ran out of energy and ran out of stones. So Stonehenge was really just an aberration or a folly, and it was never finished. www.brianjohn.info brian-mountainman.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/The_Stonehenge_Conspiracy
A reexamination of the theory that the stones at Stonehenge were carried by Neolithic tribesmen from sites far away, including West Wales. It is concluded that this is nothing but a popular myth; that the sarsens were collected locally; and that the bluestones were in all probability carried by glacier ice to the vicinity of Stonehenge. There they were collected up over a wider and wider radius -- and eventually, the builders lost motivation, ran out of energy and ran out of stones. So Stonehenge was really just an aberration or a folly, and it was never finished. www.brianjohn.info brian-mountainman.blogspot.com
- published: 22 Aug 2010
- views: 18495
- author: plasingli
Stonehenge Nouvelles revelations
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:08
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Stonehenge_Nouvelles_revelations
photo: AP / Aleppo Revolution Against Assad Regime
29 Jan 2013
By Alexander Dziadosz and Oliver Holmes. BEIRUT, Jan 29 (Reuters) - At least 65 people were found shot dead with their hands bound in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on Tuesday in a "new massacre" in the near two-year revolt against President Bashar al-Assad, activists said. Opposition campaigners blamed the government but it was impossible to confirm who was responsible ... The U.N ... State media did not mention the incident ... STALEMATE ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
photo: AP / Korea Aerospace Research Institute
30 Jan 2013
Launch of 140-tonne rocket likely to anger North Korea, which incurred tougher UN sanctions after December launch. The rocket takes off from its launchpad at Naro, south of Seoul. South Korea has twice before failed to put a satellite into space. Photograph. Kari/AFP/Getty Images ... Relief greeted the Naro rocket's flawless liftoff from a space centre on the south coast at 4pm local time ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / David Guttenfelder
30 Jan 2013
SEOUL - Until Tuesday, North Korea appeared on Google Maps as a near-total white space -- no roads, no train lines, no parks and no restaurants. The only thing labeled was the capital city, Pyongyang. This all changed when Google, on Tuesday, rolled out a detailed map of one of the world's most secretive states ... Similar processes were used in other once-unmapped countries like Afghanistan and Myanmar ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
28 Jan 2013
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Sunday declared a state of emergency and a nightime curfew for one month in three restive cities after days of deadly violence. Mr. Morsy, facing his worst crisis since taking office in June, said the measures would take effect on Sunday night in the cities of Port Said, Suez and Ismailia ... Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Patrick Semansky
30 Jan 2013
LAS VEGAS -- Seizing an opening to rewrite the nation's immigration laws, President Barack Obama challenged Congress on Tuesday to act swiftly to put 11 million illegal immigrants living in the United States on a clear path to citizenship ... The response suggests that reaching consensus on immigration law changes remained difficult despite a new bipartisan push since the November elections ... Mr ... Sen ... He continued ... Although Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
The Examiner
31 Jan 2013
Rating for Death Song of Uther Pendragon. 5. "I am not my father. Now, cut her down." Arthur's proclamation to a villager as he orders the release of an elderly woman accused of sorcery may have sounded hollow to his subjects, but by the time we finish this episode, those words couldn't be more true ... Bless his heart ... Arthur and Merlin set off on horses for the Great Stones of Nemeton, which look suspiciously like Stonehenge ... 5 stars ... Tweet ... ....(size: 12.8Kb)
noodls
30 Jan 2013
(Source. Washington University in Saint Louis). Nominated early this year for recognition on the UNESCO World Heritage List, which includes such famous cultural sites as the Taj Mahal, Machu Picchu and Stonehenge, the earthen works at Poverty Point, La., have been described as one of the world's greatest feats of construction by an archaic civilization of hunters and gatherers ... Louis. ... WUSTL Photo ... WUSTL Photo ... # # # ... The U.S ... (noodl....(size: 9.0Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
Whether it's the discovery of an entire village buried near Stonehenge, or that a brain being attacked by a rare virus makes a person act psychotic, or that speaking up for a just cause is never easy but always right, or discovering the real meaning embedded in statistics, each Assembly Series program brings a new way of seeing the world ... "Stonehenge....(size: 11.5Kb)
BBC News
29 Jan 2013
A new version of the UK citizenship test, with a greater focus on history, has been announced by the Home Office ... McGovern says that landmark historical events such as the location of Stonehenge, or who fought in the Battle of Trafalgar will give those new to the UK a starting point to learn about important periods of history ... (Stonehenge, Hadrian's Wall, Offa's Dyke or Fountains Abbey) ... TRUE OR FALSE? ... (464, 564, 646, 664) ... ....(size: 7.4Kb)
The Florida Times Union
29 Jan 2013
Proficient Auto Transport of Jacksonville doesn’t fit the typical profile of a company financed by high-rolling venture capital. The company’s business of delivering new automobiles to dealerships is more gasoline alley than Silicon Valley ... Florida companies are not big players in venture capital circles ... Unable to afford to buy the company on his own, Williams brought in Stonehenge Growth Capital ... “It’s a marriage,” Williams said....(size: 4.5Kb)
PR Newswire
28 Jan 2013
Investment Will Create Up to 50 New Jobs and Improve Operations. Google. NEW YORK, Jan ... "The local job creation will have a substantial impact in this community.". Other parties involved in the deal include Cate Street Capital, Stonehenge Community Development, US Bancorp Community Development Corporation, Vulcan Capital and the Finance Authority of Maine. About Enhanced Capital ... Media Contact. ... Marissa@WolfComPR.com. (646) 820-3830 ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
Orange News
28 Jan 2013
Tweet. Changes to the Life in the UK citizenship test, which must be taken by all migrants wanting to settle permanently in Britain, have been unveiled. The Home Office said the revised exam, which is being introduced in March, will focus less on the practicalities of daily living in Britain and more on the nation's culture and past, with topics such as sport, music and key historical facts featuring heavily ... ... 1 ... A) Stonehenge ... 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 5....(size: 4.4Kb)
Huffington Post
28 Jan 2013
Authorities in Southern California are investigating a grave discovery. A Santa Ana couple who has lived in their home for less than one year says they found human bones -- including a skull -- buried in their yard ... Cpl ... Police are questioning the home's former owner, Larry T ... The American Stonehenge is a monument of six granite slabs inscribed with ten messages translated into twelve languages including Sanskrit and Babylonian ... a mutant....(size: 31.8Kb)
The Guardian
27 Jan 2013
New citizenship test will quiz people on all aspects of British life including comedy, music, history and science. Monty Pythons' Life of Brian. people hoping to become UK citizens could be quizzed on the comedy team. Photograph. Evening Standard/Getty Images ... "Instead of telling people how to claim benefits it encourages participation in British life," he said ... Stonehenge B. Hadrian's Wall C. Offa's Dyke D ... 20 B. 40 C. 50 D ... A. 16 B. 18 C. 21 D ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
The Independent
27 Jan 2013
It has been described as “essential reading” for migrants and takes readers on a whirlwind historical tour of Britain from Stone Age hunter-gatherers to Morecambe and Wise, skipping lightly through the Black Death and Tudor England. The latest Home Office citizenship handbook, Life in the United Kingdom ... Previously, historical information was included in the handbook but was not tested ... Best of British. The Test. 1 ... a) Stonehenge ... 2 ... 3 ... 5 ... 6....(size: 3.9Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
26 Jan 2013
EXPLORE. The writer plays tourist with her siblings. I HAVE been living in Ireland for the last two years but there are many places that I have yet to see ... It is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco) World Heritage Site dating back to 3200 BC, before Stonehenge and the pyramids of Giza. Wise, ancient architects planned the position of every single stone in the tomb to create something magical ... 1 / 2. ....(size: 3.5Kb)
noodls
25 Jan 2013
(Source. The United Kingdom Parliament). Members of the Lords debated the role of communities, the arts and creative industries in delivering an Olympic legacy yesterday (Thursday 24 January). Lord Mawson (Crossbench) opened the debate and said ... He argued ... He said ... It showed that there are innovative ways of bringing arts and heritage together in the physical framework, such as, for example, setting fire to Stonehenge.'....(size: 5.2Kb)
Sacramento Bee
25 Jan 2013
LOS ANGELES -- LOS ANGELES-When humans gaze up at the night sky, they may view the fuzzy streak of the Milky Way and contemplate their place in the universe ... If any bug needs a straight line to follow, it's the dung beetle ... To put the critters' routing skills to the test, she and her colleagues tracked their insect subjects through a dung-rolling course on a South African game reserve called Stonehenge ... Order Reprint ....(size: 4.6Kb)
For other uses, see Stonehenge (disambiguation).
| Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites * | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, iii |
| Reference | 373 |
| Region ** | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1986 (10th Session) |
 Map of Wiltshire showing the location of Stonehenge
|
|
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO |
|
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 2.0 miles (3.2 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones set within earthworks. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.[1]
Archaeologists believe the iconic stone monument was constructed anywhere from 3000 BC to 2000 BC, as described in the chronology below. Radiocarbon dating in 2008 suggested that the first stones were erected in 2400–2200 BC,[2] whilst another theory suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC (see phase 1 below).
The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 in a co-listing with Avebury Henge monument. It is a national legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument. Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage, while the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.[3][4]
Archaeological evidence found by the Stonehenge Riverside Project in 2008 indicates that Stonehenge could possibly have served as a burial ground from its earliest beginnings.[5] The dating of cremated remains found on the site indicate that deposits contain human bone material from as early as 3000 BC, when the initial ditch and bank were first dug. Such deposits continued at Stonehenge for at least another 500 years.[6]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The Oxford English Dictionary cites Ælfric's 10th-century glossary, in which henge-cliff is given the meaning "precipice", or stone, thus the stanenges or Stanheng "not far from Salisbury" recorded by 11th-century writers are "supported stones". William Stukeley in 1740 notes, "Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire...I doubt not, Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones."[7] Christopher Chippindale's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English words stān meaning "stone", and either hencg meaning "hinge" (because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones) or hen(c)en meaning "hang" or "gallows" or "instrument of torture". Like Stonehenge's trilithons, medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them, rather than the inverted L-shape more familiar today.
The "henge" portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henges.[7] Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch.[8] As often happens in archaeological terminology, this is a holdover from antiquarian usage, and Stonehenge is not truly a henge site as its bank is inside its ditch. Despite being contemporary with true Neolithic henges and stone circles, Stonehenge is in many ways atypical – for example, at over 7.3 metres (24 ft) tall, its extant trilithons supporting lintels held in place with mortise and tenon joints, make it unique.[9][10]
Early history[link]
Mike Parker Pearson, leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project based at Durrington Walls, noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence:
Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead.[6]— Mike Parker Pearson
Stonehenge evolved in several construction phases spanning at least 1,500 years. There is evidence of large-scale construction on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape's time frame to 6,500 years. Dating and understanding the various phases of activity is complicated by disturbance of the natural chalk by periglacial effects and animal burrowing, poor quality early excavation records, and a lack of accurate, scientifically verified dates. The modern phasing most generally agreed to by archaeologists is detailed below. Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan, right.
Before the monument (8000 BC forward)[link]
Archaeologists have found four, or possibly five, large Mesolithic postholes (one may have been a natural tree throw), which date to around 8000 BC, beneath the nearby modern tourist car-park. These held pine posts around 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) in diameter which were erected and eventually rotted in situ. Three of the posts (and possibly four) were in an east-west alignment which may have had ritual significance; no parallels are known from Britain at the time but similar sites have been found in Scandinavia. Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later, during the earlier Neolithic, people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape. In approximately 3500 BC, a Stonehenge Cursus was built 700 metres (2,300 ft) north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area.
Stonehenge 1 (ca. 3100 BC)[link]
The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous (Santonian Age) Seaford Chalk, (7 and 8), measuring about 110 metres (360 ft) in diameter, with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south (14). It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot.[11] The builders placed the bones of deer and oxen in the bottom of the ditch, as well as some worked flint tools. The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch, and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial. The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections, like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area. The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank. This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC, after which the ditch began to silt up naturally. Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits, each about a metre (3'3") in diameter(13), known as the Aubrey holes after John Aubrey, the 17th-century antiquarian who was thought to have first identified them. The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a timber circle, although there is no excavated evidence of them. A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle.[12] If this were the case, it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years. A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period.
Stonehenge 2 (ca. 3000 BC)[link]
Evidence of the second phase is no longer visible. The number of postholes dating to the early 3rd millennium BC suggest that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period. Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance, and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance. The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes, being only around 0.4 metres (16 in) in diameter, and are much less regularly spaced. The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up. At least twenty-five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later, intrusive, cremation burials dating to the two centuries after the monument's inception. It seems that whatever the holes' initial function, it changed to become a funerary one during Phase 2. Thirty further cremations were placed in the enclosure's ditch and at other points within the monument, mostly in the eastern half. Stonehenge is therefore interpreted as functioning as an enclosed cremation cemetery at this time, the earliest known cremation cemetery in the British Isles. Fragments of unburnt human bone have also been found in the ditch-fill. Dating evidence is provided by the late Neolithic grooved ware pottery that has been found in connection with the features from this phase.
Stonehenge 3 I (ca. 2600 BC)[link]
Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC, the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes (the Q and R Holes) in the centre of the site. These stone sockets are only partly known (hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming ‘crescents’); however, they could be the remains of a double ring. Again, there is little firm dating evidence for this phase. The holes held up to 80 standing stones (shown blue on the plan), only 43 of which can be traced today. The bluestones (some of which are made of dolerite, an igneous rock), were thought for much of the 20th century to have been transported by humans from the Preseli Hills, 150 miles (240 km) away in modern-day Pembrokeshire in Wales. Another theory that has recently gained support is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier.[13] Other standing stones may well have been small sarsens, used later as lintels. The stones, which weighed about four tons, consisted mostly of spotted Ordovician dolerite but included examples of rhyolite, tuff and volcanic and calcareous ash; in total around 20 different rock types are represented. Each monolith measures around 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height, between 1 m and 1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft) wide and around 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) thick. What was to become known as the Altar Stone (1), is almost certainly derived from either Carmarthenshire or the Brecon Beacons and may have stood as a single large monolith.
The north-eastern entrance was widened at this time, with the result that it precisely matched the direction of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset of the period. This phase of the monument was abandoned unfinished, however; the small standing stones were apparently removed and the Q and R holes purposefully backfilled. Even so, the monument appears to have eclipsed the site at Avebury in importance towards the end of this phase.
The Heelstone (5), a tertiary sandstone, may also have been erected outside the north-eastern entrance during this period. It cannot be accurately dated and may have been installed at any time during phase 3. At first it was accompanied by a second stone, which is no longer visible. Two, or possibly three, large portal stones were set up just inside the north-eastern entrance, of which only one, the fallen Slaughter Stone (4), 4.9 metres (16 ft) long, now remains. Other features, loosely dated to phase 3, include the four Station Stones (6), two of which stood atop mounds (2 and 3). The mounds are known as "barrows" although they do not contain burials. Stonehenge Avenue, (10), a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 2 miles (3.2 km) to the River Avon, was also added. Two ditches similar to Heelstone Ditch circling the Heelstone (which was by then reduced to a single monolith) were later dug around the Station Stones.
Stonehenge 3 II (2600 BC to 2400 BC)[link]
During the next major phase of activity, 30 enormous Oligocene-Miocene sarsen stones (shown grey on the plan) were brought to the site. They may have come from a quarry, around 25 miles (40 km) north of Stonehenge on the Marlborough Downs, or they may have been collected from a "litter" of sarsens on the chalk downs, closer to hand. The stones were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before 30 were erected as a 33 metres (108 ft) diameter circle of standing stones, with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top. The lintels were fitted to one another using another woodworking method, the tongue and groove joint. Each standing stone was around 4.1 metres (13 ft) high, 2.1 metres (6 ft 11 in) wide and weighed around 25 tons. Each had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind; the orthostats widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground, while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument. The inward-facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces. The average thickness of the stones is 1.1 metres (3 ft 7 in) and the average distance between them is 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). A total of 75 stones would have been needed to complete the circle (60 stones) and the trilithon horseshoe (15 stones). Unless some of the sarsens have since been removed from the site, the ring appears to have been left incomplete. The lintel stones are each around 3.2 metres (10 ft), 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide and 0.8 metres (2 ft 7 in) thick. The tops of the lintels are 4.9 metres (16 ft) above the ground.
Within this circle stood five trilithons of dressed sarsen stone arranged in a horseshoe shape 13.7 metres (45 ft) across with its open end facing north east. These huge stones, ten uprights and five lintels, weigh up to 50 tons each. They were linked using complex jointing. They are arranged symmetrically. The smallest pair of trilithons were around 6 metres (20 ft) tall, the next pair a little higher and the largest, single trilithon in the south west corner would have been 7.3 metres (24 ft) tall. Only one upright from the Great Trilithon still stands, of which 6.7 metres (22 ft) is visible and a further 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) is below ground.
The images of a 'dagger' and 14 'axeheads' have been carved on one of the sarsens, known as stone 53; further carvings of axeheads have been seen on the outer faces of stones 3, 4, and 5. The carvings are difficult to date, but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons; recent laser scanning work on the carvings supports this interpretation. The pair of trilithons in the north east are smallest, measuring around 6 metres (20 ft) in height; the largest, which is in the south west of the horseshoe, is almost 7.5 metres (25 ft) tall.
This ambitious phase has been radiocarbon dated to between 2600 and 2400 BC,[14] slightly earlier than the Stonehenge Archer, discovered in the outer ditch of the monument in 1978, and the two sets of burials, known as the Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen, discovered 3 miles (4.8 km) to the west. At about the same time, a large timber circle and a second avenue were constructed 2 miles (3.2 km) away at Durrington Walls overlooking the River Avon. The timber circle was orientated towards the rising sun on the midwinter solstice, opposing the solar alignments at Stonehenge, whilst the avenue was aligned with the setting sun on the summer solstice and led from the river to the timber circle. Evidence of huge fires on the banks of the Avon between the two avenues also suggests that both circles were linked, and they were perhaps used as a procession route on the longest and shortest days of the year. Parker Pearson speculates that the wooden circle at Durrington Walls was the centre of a 'land of the living', whilst the stone circle represented a 'land of the dead', with the Avon serving as a journey between the two.[15]
Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC)[link]
This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones. They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring. Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales. All the stones formed well-spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III. The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically. Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work, Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors, as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well-founded and began to fall over. However, only minor changes were made after this phase.
Stonehenge 3 V (1930 BC to 1600 BC)[link]
Soon afterwards, the north eastern section of the Phase 3 IV bluestone circle was removed, creating a horseshoe-shaped setting (the Bluestone Horseshoe) which mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons. This phase is contemporary with the Seahenge site in Norfolk.
After the monument (1600 BC on)[link]
The last known construction at Stonehenge was about 1600 BC (see 'Y and Z Holes'), and the last usage of it was probably during the Iron Age. Roman coins and medieval artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout prehistory and beyond, or exactly how it would have been used. Notable is the massive Iron Age hillfort Vespasian's Camp built alongside the Avenue near the Avon. A decapitated 7th century Saxon man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923.[16] The site was known to scholars during the Middle Ages and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups.
Function and construction[link]
Main article: Theories about Stonehenge
See also: Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge
File:Mesolithic post at Stonehenge.JPG
In the Mesolithic period, two large wooden posts were erected at the site. Today, they are marked by circular white marks in the middle of the car park.
Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. This multiplicity of theories, some of them very colourful, are often called the "mystery of Stonehenge".[citation needed]
There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. Over the years, various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used, usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise. However, conventional techniques using Neolithic technology have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size. Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory, or as a religious site.
More recently two major new theories have been proposed. Professor Geoffrey Wainwright OBE, FSA, president of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and Professor Timothy Darvill, OBE of Bournemouth University have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing – the primeval equivalent of Lourdes.[17] They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves. However they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well.[18] Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions. A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the "Amesbury Archer" grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany; and the "Boscombe Bowmen" probably arrived from Wales or Brittany, France.[19] On the other hand, Professor Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon. He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living, whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead. A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death, to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased.[15] It should be pointed out that both explanations were mooted in the 12th century by Geoffrey of Monmouth (below), who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument. Whatever religious, mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge, its design includes a celestial observatory function, which might have allowed prediction of eclipse, solstice, equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion[20]
Modern history[link]
Folklore[link]
"Heel Stone," "Friar’s Heel" or "Sun-Stone"[link]
The Heel Stone lies just outside the main entrance to the henge, next to the present A344 road. It is a rough stone, 16 feet (4.9 m) above ground, leaning inwards towards the stone circle. It has been known by many names in the past, including "Friar's Heel" and "Sun-stone". Today it is uniformly referred to as the Heel Stone or Heelstone. When one stands within Stonehenge, facing north-east through the entrance towards the heel stone, one sees the sun rise above the stone at summer solstice.
A folk tale, which cannot be dated earlier than the seventeenth century, relates the origin of the Friar's Heel reference.
- The Devil bought the stones from a woman in Ireland, wrapped them up, and brought them to Salisbury plain. One of the stones fell into the Avon, the rest were carried to the plain. The Devil then cried out, "No-one will ever find out how these stones came here!" A friar replied, "That’s what you think!," whereupon the Devil threw one of the stones at him and struck him on the heel. The stone stuck in the ground and is still there.
Some claim "Friar's Heel" is a corruption of "Freyja's He-ol" from the Nordic goddess Freyja and the Welsh word for track. The Heel Stone lies beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue.
A simpler explanation for the name might be that the stone heels, or leans.
The name is not unique; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the 19th century by antiquarian Charles Warne at Long Bredy in Dorset.[21]
Arthurian legend[link]
In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth included a fanciful story in his work Historia Regum Britanniae that attributed the monument's construction to Merlin.[22] Geoffrey's story spread widely, appearing in more and less elaborate form in adaptations of his work such as Wace's Norman French Roman de Brut, Layamon's Middle English Brut, and the Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd. According to Geoffrey, Merlin directed its removal from Ireland, where it had been constructed on Mount Killaraus by Giants, who brought the stones from Africa. After it had been rebuilt near Amesbury, Geoffrey further narrates how first Ambrosius Aurelianus, then Uther Pendragon, and finally Constantine III, were buried inside the ring of stones. In many places in his Historia Regum Britanniae Geoffrey mixes British legend and his own imagination; it is intriguing that he connects Ambrosius Aurelianus with this prehistoric monument as there is place-name evidence to connect Ambrosius with nearby Amesbury.
According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, the rocks of Stonehenge were healing rocks, called the Giant's dance, which giants brought from Africa to Ireland for their healing properties. Aurelius Ambrosias (5th century), wishing to erect a memorial to the 3,000 nobles, who had died in battle with the Saxons and were buried at Salisbury, chose Stonehenge (at Merlin's advice) to be their monument. So the King sent Merlin, Uther Pendragon (Arthur's father), and 15,000 knights to Ireland to retrieve the rocks. They slew 7,000 Irish but, as the knights tried to move the rocks with ropes and force, they failed. Then Merlin, using "gear" and skill, easily dismantled the stones and sent them over to Britain, where Stonehenge was dedicated. Shortly after, Aurelius died and was buried within the Stonehenge monument, or "The Giants' Ring of Stonehenge".
In another legend of Saxons and Britons, in 472 the invading king Hengist invited Brythonic warriors to a feast, but treacherously ordered his men to draw their weapons from concealment and fall upon the guests, killing 420 of them. Hengist erected the stone monument—Stonehenge—on the site to show his remorse for the deed.[23]
16th century to present[link]
Main article: Recent history of Stonehenge
Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since King Henry VIII acquired Amesbury Abbey and its surrounding lands. In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the Earl of Hertford. It subsequently passed to Lord Carleton and then the Marquis of Queensbury. The Antrobus family of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824. During World War I an aerodrome had been built on the downs just to the west of the circle and, in the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom, a main road junction had been built, along with several cottages and a cafe. The Antrobus family sold the site after their last heir was killed serving in France during the First World War. The auction by Knight Frank & Rutley estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included "Lot 15. Stonehenge with about 30 acres, 2 rods, 37 perches of adjoining downland." [c. 12.44 ha][24]
Cecil Chubb bought the site for £6,600 and gave it to the nation three years later. Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of—or even as a present for—his wife, in fact he bought it on a whim as he believed a local man should be the new owner.[24]
In the late 1920s a nation-wide appeal was launched to save Stonehenge from the encroachment of the modern buildings that had begun to appear around it.[25] By 1928 the land around the monument had been purchased with the appeal donations, and given to the National Trust in order to preserve it. The buildings were removed (although the roads were not), and the land returned to agriculture. More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme, returning the surrounding fields to native chalk grassland.[26]
Neopaganism[link]
File:Druid ritual 1905.JPG
The 1905 mass initiation ritual held by the Ancient Order of Druids at Stonehenge.
Throughout the twentieth century, Stonehenge began to be revived as a place of religious significance, this time by adherents of Neopagan and New Age beliefs, particularly the Neo-druids: the historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that "it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it."[27] The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids, who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905, in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation. This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press, who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards.[28]
Between 1972 and 1984, Stonehenge was the site of a Stonehenge Free Festival. After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985 this use of the site was stopped for several years, and currently ritual use of Stonehenge is carefully controlled.[29]
Setting and access[link]
As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side – the A344 to Shrewton on the north side, and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south. Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site. However, the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads have led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions. On 6 December 2007, it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors' centre had been cancelled.[30] On 13 May 2009, the government gave approval for a £25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent.[31] On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre 2.4 km (1.5 miles) to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.[32] Approval is still needed for the closure of the A344 and two nearby byways, which are popular with off-road enthusiasts and whose objections may further jeopardise the scheme.[33][34]
When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk amongst and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion.[35] Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones, but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away. English Heritage does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox. Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year.[36]
The current access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism, highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey. In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be "in moderate trouble".[37]
Archaeological research and restoration[link]
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Throughout recorded history Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from antiquarians and archaeologists. John Aubrey was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666, and recorded in his plan of the monument the pits that now bear his name. William Stukeley continued Aubrey’s work in the early 18th century, but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well, identifying (somewhat incorrectly) the Cursus and the Avenue. He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area, and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the Druids[38] Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named Disc Barrows as Druids' Barrows. The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect John Wood in 1740.[39] His original annotated survey has recently been computer redrawn and published.[40] Importantly Wood’s plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon, which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958.
File:Stonehenge 1877.JPG
An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877
William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early 19th century. He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood, animal bones, pottery and urns. He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood. At the same time Richard Colt Hoare began his activities, excavating some 379 barrows on Salisbury Plain before working with Cunnington and William Coxe on some 200 in the area around the Stones. To alert future diggers to their work they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened.
In 1877 Charles Darwin dabbled in archaeology at the stones, experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth for his book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms.
William Gowland oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901 which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling. In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position.[40] Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date, revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done. During the 1920 restoration William Hawley, who had excavated nearby Old Sarum, excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch. He also located a bottle of port in the slaughter stone socket left by Cunnington, helped to rediscover Aubrey's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the Y and Z Holes.[41]
File:Stonehenge on 27.01.08.jpg
The monument from a similar angle in 2008 showing the extent of reconstruction
Richard Atkinson, Stuart Piggott and John F. S. Stone re-excavated much of Hawley's work in the 1940s and 1950s, and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones. Atkinson's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument's construction.
In 1958 the stones were restored again, when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases. The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over. It was again re-erected, and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones. Later archaeologists, including Christopher Chippindale of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge and Brian Edwards of the University of the West of England, campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and in 2004 English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book Stonehenge: A History in Photographs.[42][43][44]
In 1966 and 1967, in advance of a new car park being built at the site, the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher. They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC, as well as a 10-metre (33 ft) length of a palisade ditch – a V-cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away. Subsequent aerial archaeology suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge, near the avenue.[41]
Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans during which they discovered the remains of the Stonehenge Archer in the outer ditch,[45] and in 1979 rescue archaeology was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable-laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside, revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone.
In the early 1980s Julian Richards led the Stonehenge Environs Project, a detailed study of the surrounding landscape. The project was able to successfully date such features as the Lesser Cursus, Coneybury henge and several other smaller features.
In 1993 the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called 'a national disgrace' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. Part of English Heritage's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date. This two year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph Stonehenge in its landscape, which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site. It presented a rephasing of the monument.[46]
More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the Stonehenge Riverside Project, led by Mike Parker Pearson. This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones — notably Durrington Walls, where another ‘Avenue’ leading to the River Avon was discovered. The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated, and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones, most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue. In April 2008 Professor Tim Darvill of the University of Bournemouth and Professor Geoff Wainwright of the Society of Antiquaries, began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve dateable fragments of the original bluestone pillars. They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC,[2] although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge. They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC, which, along with the Mesolithic postholes, adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started. In August and September 2008, as part of the Riverside Project, Julian Richards and Mike Pitts excavated Aubrey Hole 7, removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s, and re-interred in 1935.[47] A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the Ministry of Justice in May 2008, in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008. One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely, privately and decently.[48][49]
A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009. A shallow mound, rising to about 40 cm (16 inches) was identified between stones 54 (inner circle) and 10 (outer circle), clearly separated from the natural slope. It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in 18th- and 19th-century illustrations. Indeed, there is some evidence that, as an uncommon geological feature, it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset.[11] A circular, shallow bank, little more than 10 cm (4 inches) high, was found between the Y and Z hole circles, with a further bank lying inside the "Z" circle. These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes, or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within.[11]
In July 2010, the Stonehenge New Landscapes Project discovered what appears to be a new henge less than 1 km (0.62 miles) away from the main site.[50]
On 26 November 2011, archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the Stonehenge Cursus pathway, aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone.[51][52] The new discovery is part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010.[53] The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape. According to the team leader Professor Vince Gaffney, this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge.[52]
On 18 December 2011, geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the exact source of the rock used to create Stonehenge's first stone circle. The researchers have identified the source as a 70-metre (230 ft) long rock outcrop called Craig Rhos-y-Felin (51°59′30.07″N 4°44′40.85″W / 51.9916861°N 4.7446806°W / 51.9916861; -4.7446806), near Pont Saeson in north Pembrokeshire, located 220 kilometres (140 mi) from Stonehenge.[54] [55]
See also[link]
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References[link]
- ^ "Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan". UNESCO: 18. July 2008.
- ^ a b Morgan, James; Tim Darvill and Geoff Wainwright (21 September 2008). "Dig pinpoints Stonehenge origins". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7625145.stm. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
- ^ "How did Stonehenge come into the care of English Heritage?". FAQs on Stonehenge. English Heritage. http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.4189. Retrieved 17 December 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Ancient ceremonial landscape of great archaeological and wildlife interest". Stonehenge Landscape. National Trust. http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stonehengelandscape. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
- ^ Pitts, Mike (8 August 2008). "Stonehenge: one of our largest excavations draws to a close". British Archaeology (York, England: Council for British Archaeology) (102): p13. ISSN 1357-4442.
- ^ a b Schmid, Randolph E. (29 May 2008). "Study: Stonehenge was a burial site for centuries". Associated Press. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iqofgTOoY9jVxd8Vir3t2lq-yfowD90VGRV80. Retrieved 29 May 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Stonehenge; henge2". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
- ^ See the English Heritage definition.
- ^ Anon. "Stonehenge : Wiltshire England What is it?". Megalithic Europe. The Bradshaw Foundation. http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/stonehenge/what_is_it.php. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- ^ Alexander, Caroline. "If the Stones Could Speak: Searching for the Meaning of Stonehenge". National Geographic Magazine. National Geographic Society. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/06/stonehenge/alexander-text. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- ^ a b c Field, David; et al (March 2010). "Introducing Stonehedge". British Archaeology (York, England: Council for British Archaeology) (111): 32–35. ISSN 1357-4442.
- ^ Parker Pearson, Mike; Julian Richards and Mike Pitts (9 October 2008). "Stonehenge 'older than believed'". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/wiltshire/7660860.stm. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
- ^ John, Brian (2007):The Stonehenge Bluestones—glacial transport back in favour
- ^ Pearson, Mike; Ros Cleal, Peter Marshall, Stuart Needham, Josh Pollard, Colin Richards, Clive Ruggles, Alison Sheridan, Julian Thomas, Chris Tilley, Kate Welham, Andrew Chamberlain, Carolyn Chenery, Jane Evans, Chris Knüsel, (September 2007). "The Age of Stonehenge". Antiquity 811 (313): 617–639.
- ^ a b M. Parker Pearson. Bronze Age Britain. 2005. p63-67. ISBN 0-7134-8849-2
- ^ "Skeleton unearthed at Stonehenge was decapitated", BBC News (9 June 2000), ABCE News (13 June 2000), Fox News (14 June 2000), New Scientist (17 June 2000), Archeo News (2 July 2000)
- ^ news.yahoo.com, UK experts say Stonehenge was place of healing[dead link]
- ^ Maev Kennedy (23 September 2008). "The magic of Stonehenge: new dig finds clues to power of bluestones". Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/sep/23/archaeology.heritage. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ "Stonehenge boy 'was from the Med'". BBC News. 28 September 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11421593. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
- ^ Hawkins, GS (1966). Stonehenge Decoded. ISBN 978-0-88029-147-7.
- ^ Warne, Charles, 1872, Ancient Dorset. Bournemouth
- ^ Historia Regum Britanniae, Book 8, ch. 10.
- ^ Drawing on the writings of Nennius, the tale is noted in Spenser's Faerie Queene, and given further circulation in William Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum of 1655. Source: The illustrated guide to Old Sarum and Stonehenge. Salisbury, England: Brown and Company. 1868. pp. 35–39. OCLC 181860648.
- ^ a b The man who bought Stonehenge Heffernan, T. H. J. This is Amesbury
- ^ The London Mercury Vol.XVII No.98 1927
- ^ "The Future of Stonehenge: Public consultation". English Heritage. 2008. p. 2. http://www.stonehengeconsultation.org/Stonehenge_Consultation_Booklet.pdf. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ Hutton 2009. p. 323.
- ^ Hutton 2009. p. 321-322.
- ^ MacLeod, Nicola E.; Aitchison, Cara; Shaw, Stephen Joseph (2000). Leisure and tourism landscapes: social and cultural geographies. New York: Routledge. pp. 103–104. ISBN 0-415-27166-5.
- ^ A303 Stonehenge Road Scheme Hansard report of proceedings in the House of Commons 6 December 2007
- ^ "Stonehenge Centre gets Go-Ahead". BBC News. 13 May 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8047968.stm. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
- ^ Morris, Steven (19 November 2010). "Stonehenge development saved by lottery’s £10m". The Guardian (UK): p. 14.
- ^ Pitts, Mike (March 2010). "New centre for Stonehenge—if drivers agree". British Archaeology (York, England: Council for British Archaeology) (111): 6. ISSN 1357-4442.
- ^ "End in sight after ‘decades of dithering’ as Government steps in to help secure future for Stonehenge" (Press release). Department of Culture, Media and Sport. 4 April 2011. http://www.dcms.gov.uk/news/media_releases/8019.aspx. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
- ^ Proposals for a tunnel at Stonehenge: an assessment of the alternatives. The World Archaeological Congress
- ^ Planning Your Visit to Stonehenge. English Heritage
- ^ Milmo, Cahal (3 November 2006). "Troubled Stonehenge 'lacks magic'". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/troubled-stonehenge-lacks-magic-422736.html. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- ^ Stukeley, William, 1740, Stonehenge A Temple Restor'd to the British Druids. London
- ^ Wood, John, 1747, Choir Guare, Vulgarly called Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain. Oxford
- ^ a b Johnson, Anthony, Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma. (Thames & Hudson, 2008) ISBN 978-0-500-05155-9
- ^ a b Cleal, Rosamund; et al. (1995). "Y and Z holes". Archaeometry and Stonehenge. English Heritage. http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/stoneh/yz.htm. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
- ^ Young, Emma. "Concrete Evidence". New Scientist (9 January 2001). http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn310-concrete-evidence.html. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
- ^ Taverner, Roger (8 January 2001). "How they rebuilt Stonehenge". Western Daily Press, quoted in Cosmic Conspiracies: How they rebuilt Stonehenge. http://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicstonehenge.htm. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
- ^ Richards, Julian C. (2004). Stonehenge: A History in Photographs. London: English Heritage. ISBN 1-85074-895-0.
- ^ "Stonehenge execution revealed". BBC News. 9 June 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/784348.stm. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
- ^ Whittle, Alasdair (1996). "Eternal stones: Stonehenge completed". Antiquity (70): 463–465.
- ^ "The Stonehenge Riverside Project". Sheffield University. 20 August 2008. http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/stonehenge. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
- ^ Anon (29 September 2009). "StonehengeBones – epetition response". The prime minister's office epetitions. Crown copyright:Ministry of Justice. http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20787. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- ^ Anon (April 2008). "Statement on burial law and archaeology". Review of Burial Legislation. Crown copyright:Ministry of Justice. http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/docs/burial-law-archaeology-statementii.pdf. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- ^ "A new ‘henge’ discovered at Stonehenge". University of Birmingham. 22 July 2010. http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/iaa/departments/archaeology/news/2010/new-henge.aspx. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
- ^ Boyle, Alan, Pits Add to Stonehgenge Mystery, msnbc.com Cosmic Log, November 28, 2011
- ^ a b Discoveries Provide Evidence of a Celestial Procession at Stonehenge, University of Birmingham Press Release, November 26, 2011
- ^ Birmingham Archaeologists Turn Back Clock at Stonehenge, University of Birmingham Press Release, July 5, 2010
- ^ Keys, David (18 December 2011). "Scientists discover source of rock used in Stonehenge's first circle". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/news/scientists-discover-source-of-rock-used-in-stonehenges-first-circle-6278894.html. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ "Craig Rhosyfelin - Rock Outcrop in Wales in Pembrokeshire". Megalith.co.uk. http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=28658. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
Bibliography[link]
- Atkinson, R J C, Stonehenge (Penguin Books, 1956)
- Bender, B, Stonehenge: Making Space (Berg Publishers, 1998)
- Burl, A, Great Stone Circles (Yale University Press, 1999)
- Aubrey Burl, Prehistoric Stone Circles (Shire, 2001) (In Burl's Stonehenge (Constable, 2006), he notes, cf. the meaning of the name in paragraph two above, that "the Saxons called the ring 'the hanging stones', as though they were gibbets.")
- Chippindale, C, Stonehenge Complete (Thames and Hudson, London, 2004) ISBN 0-500-28467-9
- Chippindale, C, et al., Who owns Stonehenge? (B T Batsford Ltd, 1990)
- Cleal, R. M. J., Walker, K. E. & Montague, R., Stonehenge in its landscape (English Heritage, London, 1995)
- Cunliffe, B, & Renfrew, C, Science and Stonehenge (The British Academy 92, Oxford University Press, 1997)
- Godsell, Andrew "Stonehenge: Older Than the Centuries" in "Legends of British History" (2008)
- Hall, R, Leather, K, & Dobson, G, Stonehenge Aotearoa (Awa Press, 2005)
- Hawley, Lt-Col W, The Excavations at Stonehenge. (The Antiquaries Journal 1, Oxford University Press, 19–41). 1921.
- Hawley, Lt-Col W, Second Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge. (The Antiquaries Journal 2, Oxford University Press, 1922)
- Hawley, Lt-Col W, Third Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge. (The Antiquaries Journal 3, Oxford University Press, 1923)
- Hawley, Lt-Col W, Fourth Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge. (The Antiquaries Journal 4, Oxford University Press, 1923)
- Hawley, Lt-Col W, Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1923. (The Antiquaries Journal 5, Oxford University Press, 1925)
- Hawley, Lt-Col W, Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1924. (The Antiquaries Journal 6, Oxford University Press, 1926)
- Hawley, Lt-Col W, Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during 1925 and 1926. (The Antiquaries Journal 8, Oxford University Press, 1928)
- Hutton, R, From Universal Bond to Public Free For All (British Archaeology 83, 2005)
- John, Brian, "The Bluestone Enigma: Stonehenge, Preseli and the Ice Age" (Greencroft Books, 2008) ISBN 978-0-905559-89-6
- Johnson, Anthony, Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma (Thames & Hudson, 2008) ISBN 978-0-500-05155-9
- Legg, Rodney, "Stonehenge Antiquaries" (Dorset Publishing Company, 1986)
- Mooney, J, Encyclopedia of the Bizarre (Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2002)
- Newall, R S, Stonehenge, Wiltshire -Ancient monuments and historic buildings- (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1959)
- North, J, Stonehenge: Ritual Origins and Astronomy (HarperCollins, 1997)
- Pitts, M, Hengeworld (Arrow, London, 2001)
- Pitts, M W, On the Road to Stonehenge: Report on Investigations beside the A344 in 1968, 1979 and 1980 (Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48, 1982)
- Richards, J, English Heritage Book of Stonehenge (B T Batsford Ltd, 1991)
- Julian Richards Stonehenge: A History in Photographs (English Heritage, London, 2004)
- Stone, J F S, Wessex Before the Celts (Frederick A Praeger Publishers, 1958)
- Worthington, A, Stonehenge: Celebration and Subversion (Alternative Albion, 2004)
- English Heritage: Stonehenge: Historical Background
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stonehenge |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Stonehenge |
- Stonehenge English Heritage – General information
- Stonehenge Landscape The National Trust – Information about the surrounding area.
- Ancient Places TV: HD Video of Stonehenge Excavations of 2008
- Stonehenge Today and Yesterday By Frank Stevens, at Project Gutenberg.
- The History of Stonehenge BBC animation of the monument's construction.
- Stonehenge, a Temple Restor'd to the British Druids By William Stukeley, at Sacred Texts.
- Stonehenge, and Other British Monuments Astronomically Considered By Norman Lockyer, at Sacred Texts.
- Stonehenge Laser Scans Wessex Archaeology information about the scanning of the Sarsen carvings.
- Glaciers and the bluestones of Wales British Archaeology essay about the bluestones as glacial deposits.
- Stonehenge 20th Century Excavations Databases An English Heritage commissioned report by Wessex Archaeology on the 20th Century excavations.
- A stunning 360° top to bottom Flash tour
- Stonehenge: Stones being repositioned during restoration work in 1914
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Eddie Izzard | |
|---|---|
 Izzard performing at the Garrick Theatre, 2 December 2008 |
|
| Birth name | Edward John Izzard[1] |
| Born | (1962-02-07) 7 February 1962 (age 50) Colony of Aden, Aden Protectorate (now Aden, Yemen)[2] |
| Medium | Stand up, Television, Film |
| Nationality | British |
| Years active | 1982–present |
| Genres | Surreal humour, Improvisational comedy, Observational comedy. |
| Subject(s) | History, Celebrities, Religion, Culture, Sex |
| Influences | Monty Python,[3][4] Billy Connolly,[5] Lenny Bruce, Bill Hicks,[5] Steve Martin,[4] Spike Milligan, Jerry Sadowitz.[4] |
| Influenced | Hal Sparks, Harry Hill, Rhod Gilbert[6] |
| Notable works and roles |
Live at the Ambassadors |
| Website | eddieizzard.com |
| Emmy Awards | |
|
Individual Performance In A Variety Or Music Program |
|
| British Comedy Awards | |
|
Top Stand-up |
|
Edward John "Eddie" Izzard[1] (born 7 February 1962) is an English stand-up comedian, actor, and writer. His comedy style takes the form of rambling, whimsical monologue and self-referential pantomime. He had a starring role in the television series The Riches as Wayne Malloy and has appeared in many motion pictures such as Ocean's Twelve, Ocean's Thirteen, Mystery Men, Shadow of the Vampire, The Cat's Meow, Across the Universe, The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian and Valkyrie. He is also the voice of Nigel in the 2006 animated film The Wild and Miles Axlerod in the 2011 Disney/Pixar animated film Cars 2.
He has cited his main comedy role model as Monty Python, and John Cleese once referred to him as the "Lost Python".[3] In 2009, he completed 43 marathons in 51 days for Sport Relief in spite of having no prior history of long distance running.[7] He is also known for his transvestism. He has won numerous awards including a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program for his comedy special Dress to Kill, in 2000. Izzard's web site won the Yahoo People's Choice Award[8] and earned the Webby Award.[9]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Izzard was born in Aden, Yemen, then the Colony of Aden in the Aden Protectorate.[2] He was the younger son of British parents Dorothy Ella, a midwife and nurse, and Harold John Izzard, an accountant who was working in Aden with British Petroleum.[10][11] A year after his birth, the family moved to Bangor in Northern Ireland and lived there until he was five.[1][2][3][10] The family then moved to Skewen in south west Wales (near Swansea) where his mother died of cancer when Eddie was six and his brother Mark was eight.[1][11][12] Following his mother's death, Izzard attended boarding schools:[1][11] St John's School in Porthcawl,[4] St. Bede's Preparatory School, Eastbourne,[citation needed] and Eastbourne College[citation needed].
Career[link]
Early career[link]
Izzard began to toy with comedy at the University of Sheffield with student friend Rob Ballard.[5][13] After leaving his accountancy degree course, he and Ballard took their act to the streets,[5][13] often in Covent Garden.[4][14][15] After his split with Ballard, Izzard spent a great deal of the early 1980s working as a street performer in Europe and the United States. He then moved his act into the stand-up comedy venues of Britain. His first gig was at the Banana Cabaret in Balham, London.[1][16] In 1987, he made his first stage appearance at The Comedy Store, London.[3] In 1989, he met actress Sarah Townsend who was running a Fringe venue at the Edinburgh Festival.[17] He refined his material throughout the 1980s, and in the early 1990s he finally began earning some measure of recognition through his improvisation, in part at his own club "Raging Bull" in Soho.[15]
Success as a comedian[link]
In 1991, Izzard got a spot on the Fry and Laurie produced AIDS benefit Hysteria 3, where he did his "Wolves" sketch, which broke him into the mainstream comedy circuit and television. His resultant stand-up work brought him British Comedy Awards in 1993 (for Live at the Ambassadors), a part in "Filth" which was a stand up presentation by left-wing sympathetic comedians in aid of raising money for the Terrence Higgins Trust in 1994, and 1996 (for Definite Article).
In 1996, he got a part in his first United States-produced film, The Secret Agent, where he met and befriended Robin Williams. Williams already knew of Izzard's act, and discussed bringing his act to the United States. As a result, Izzard took Definite Article on a successful stint in New York City in the same year, and as a support act to Williams took Dress to Kill to San Francisco in 1998 (the footage from which forms the performance on the Dress To Kill DVD). His US breakthrough came in 1999, when Dress to Kill was shown on the American television channel HBO, about a year or so after he performed the show on tour in the US, UK and France. Suddenly, America was aware of Izzard, and the show went on to earn him two Emmy Awards in 2000 (for performance and writing).
In 1999, after complaints that his act recycled jokes appearing on his DVDs, the BBC's consumer programme Watchdog investigated Izzard's live act. Izzard explained that like most comedy performers, he used some of his most successful routines in each show. Nonetheless, Izzard was issued a warning by the Department of Trade and Industry. Much of the problem was caused by the recording and selling of the American leg of his tour on DVD in the UK for the Christmas market before the UK leg of the tour took place. Izzard was greatly upset by early reactions to his UK shows, and the investigation, as he was initially unaware of the show's core material having already been seen. He commented on this debacle in later performances and furiously started to write new tangential material hoping to satisfy audiences. This also led to DVD releases of first the US tour show and later the altered UK version with new and evolved material. Since then, Izzard has rarely performed his stand-up act on television, saying that it uses up material at too high a rate, whereas stage material can be continually re-used in front of different audiences for several months.[citation needed]
In 2005, Izzard used his rambling style to provide the voice-over for the British government's television advertisements promoting recycling. The tagline of the ads was "Recycle. The possibilities are endless!" Izzard also performed on stage with Scottish musician Midge Ure at Live8 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He played the piano on the song "Vienna".
In January 2006, the US television network FX announced the production of a new drama series called The Riches (formerly Low Life). Izzard and British actress Minnie Driver star as a married couple, Wayne and Dahlia Malloy, who have been part of a caravan of con-artist Irish travellers swindling their way across the US with their children. After finding another family killed in a car accident, the Malloys assume their identities and start a new life as law-abiding suburbanites in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The youngest son has shown a preference for wearing girls' clothing, leading to some speculation that the role was based upon Izzard's experiences. Izzard has stated in several interviews that the character of Sam had been given transvestite tendencies long before he was cast as Wayne Malloy, but he has contributed his perspective to keep the character believable.
Theatrical, TV and film appearances[link]
In 1994, Izzard made his West End drama debut as the lead in the world premiere of David Mamet's The Cryptogram with Lindsay Duncan, in the production at London's Comedy Theatre. The success of that role led to his second starring role in David Beaird's black comedy 900 Oneonta. In 1995, he portrayed the title character in Christopher Marlowe's Edward II.
In 1998 Izzard appeared briefly on stage with the Monty Python team in The American Film Institute's Tribute to Monty Python (also referred to as Monty Python Live at Aspen). He walked on stage with the five surviving Pythons and he was summarily escorted off by Eric Idle and Michael Palin as he attempted to participate in a discussion about how the group got together.
Izzard portrayed comedian Lenny Bruce in the 1999 production of Julian Barry's 1971 play Lenny. In 2001, he replaced Clive Owen in Peter Nichols' 1967 play A Day in the Death of Joe Egg at the Comedy Theatre. Izzard and Victoria Hamilton then repeated their lead roles when the show was brought to Broadway in 2003, with The Roundabout Theatre Company production. The revival received four Tony Award nominations including Best Revival of a Play, Best Leading Actor and Actress for its stars Izzard and Hamilton in their Broadway debuts, and Best Direction for Laurence Boswell. In June 2010, Izzard replaced James Spader in the role of Jack Lawson in David Mamet's play Race on Broadway.[18]
Izzard has appeared in numerous films, starting with 1996's The Secret Agent. He has appeared as several real-life individuals, including Charlie Chaplin in The Cat's Meow, actor Gustav von Wangenheim in Shadow of the Vampire and General Erich Fellgiebel in Valkyrie. Other roles have included Mr. Kite in Across the Universe, Lussurioso in Revengers Tragedy and criminal expert Roman Nagel in Ocean's Twelve and Ocean's Thirteen. Voice work has included the titular It in Five Children and It, Nigel in The Wild and the mouse warrior Reepicheep in The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian. He said in 2009 that he would not be reprising his role as Reepicheep and the role was ultimately played by Simon Pegg in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. He also had a brief appearance in James Cameron's oscar winning film, Titanic. He appeared as a cabin boy on the ship.
Izzard appeared in the BBC science fiction miniseries The Day of the Triffids based on the 1951 novel, alongside Jason Priestley, Vanessa Redgrave, Joely Richardson, Dougray Scott and Brian Cox.[19] He played Dr. Hatteras, a sceptical psychology professor, in the Showtime series United States of Tara.[20]
In December 2011, he appeared in the British drama Lost Christmas as Anthony. The film was written by David Logan and John Hay. In January 2012, he appeared as Long John Silver in Sky1's adaptation of Treasure Island alongside Elijah Wood and Philip Glenister among others.
Comic style[link]
Izzard's style is heavily influenced by Monty Python, or rather Spike Milligan, especially in his use of a stream-of-consciousness delivery that jumps between topics as he free associates on stage. He does not generally work from a script, owing to his dyslexia. Instead, he interrupts himself with new joke ideas, the characters he portrays turn into other characters, and he nonchalantly leaps from topic to topic. This often results in brief pauses in the routine which he fills with 'so, yeah', and other verbal tics that have become his trademarks. Thinking aloud is also part of Izzard's ongoing attempt to make the process of writing the show itself part of the humour. As he put it in a 2004 interview with The Guardian, "It's the oral tradition. Human beings have been doing it for thousands of years".[21] He frequently notes the reaction to a joke midstream by pretending to write on his hand ("Should be funnier"; "Lost them there"; "They didn't believe me"; "They didn't follow, never do that again"; "Never link those two [references] together ever again.") He asks the audience questions and verbally engages with hecklers.
Among Izzard's comic talents are mimicry and mime. He portrays God as an authority figure using the voice of James Mason and casts Sean Connery as Noah; these impersonations appear in many of his performances. Izzard also imitates activities such as sawing wood, vacuum cleaning, and mowing the lawn, anthropomorphising the machines with accents and personalities. Successful impressions, such as his Scottish clarinet teacher, Mrs. Badcrumble, become running gags which recur in different shows. He tackles topics both contemporary and historic, including frequent re-imaginings of historical events which result in scenes like 'Cake or Death: Church of England runs the Inquisition', or 'Jesus Ministers to the Dinosaurs'.
When asked about his comedy style by George Stroumboulopoulos, host of CBC Television's talk show, The Hour, Izzard described his use of history by saying,
"I just talk complete bullshit. The history, the politics, I noticed that no one was using history, so there's a lot of history lying about the place, and it's all free, and it's on Wikipedia! You know, I use Wikipedia like a crazy idiot, now. Then I take all this stuff, and I regurgitate it into a weird angle".[22]
In 2008, in his Stripped tour, Izzard began using Wikipedia itself as part of his stand-up act, reading from a live copy of an article and mocking Wikipedia's self-referential editorial style.
Traditionally, Izzard has focused on the creative possibilities of thinking through absurd situations in real time. He also turns much of the attention on himself and his personality, including his cross-dressing ("It is my manifest destiny to wear a dress on all seven continents"). Contemporary popular culture (Harry Potter, Star Wars, etc.) is also a frequent subject, brought up both to critique its weaknesses and to enhance his anecdotes.
His bent towards the surreal even went so far as to produce a sitcom called Cows in 1997 for Channel 4, a live action comedy with actors dressed in cowsuits.[23]
Transvestism[link]
File:EddieIzzard17Oct2003.jpg
Izzard performing Sexie, 17 October 2003
Izzard started to freely talk about his transvestism in venues like Edinburgh Festival as early as 1992.[24][25] In his show, Dress to Kill, Izzard describes himself as an "executive", "action" and "professional" transvestite, as "a male tomboy" rather than a drag queen or a "weirdo" transvestite (he cites J. Edgar Hoover and Hermann Göring as examples of the latter). In the past he regularly cross-dressed on stage but, since gaining success as a television and film actor, has decided to stay in "boy-mode" for the last several years. While there are those who suspect Izzard's cross-dressing was simply a comedic hook, he says that cross-dressing is, for him, neither a part of his performance nor a sexual fetish.[citation needed] He remarks in his show Unrepeatable, "Women wear what they want and so do I". According to Izzard, "Most transvestites fancy women".[26] He dismisses claims that he is a male homosexual, saying he is "a straight transvestite or a male lesbian".[27] He has also described himself as "a lesbian trapped in a man's body",[28] transgender,[24] and "a complete boy plus half girl".[27]
Activism[link]
Izzard has engaged in campaigning work. He is especially well known as a pro-European Union campaigner supporting the further integration of the UK into the EU. In May 2005, he appeared on the BBC's political debate show Question Time, describing himself as a 'British-European', comparing this with other cultural identities such as 'African-American'. As part of his integration campaigning, he was one of the first people to spend a euro in London. This pan-European approach has influenced his work: he regularly performs in French,[15][20] in which he is fluent,[14] and occasionally in German,[15] in addition to English. In July 2003, Izzard received an honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England for "pro-Europe campaigning", "his contribution to promoting modern languages and tolerance of other cultures and lifestyles" and for having "transcended national barriers" with his humour.[29]
He has also campaigned unsuccessfully against the closure of the departments of Drama and Languages, Linguistics and Translation at the University of East Anglia, although the department of Drama was later reprieved. In 1998, Izzard was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party.[30] He appeared in a party political broadcast for the Labour Party in the run up to the 2005 general election. He donated nearly £10,000 to the party in 2008,[31] appeared again in a party political broadcast for the 2009 European election and again in a 2010 election video entitled 'Brilliant Britain'. Izzard appeared in literature to support changing the British electoral system from first-past-the-post to alternative vote for electing Members of Parliament to the House of Commons in the Alternative Vote referendum in 2011.[32] In 2011, Eddie Izzard revealed that he had political ambitions and wanted to become an MP, Mayor or MEP by 2020.[33]
On 20 July 2006, he received an honorary doctorate in Letters from the Faculty of Arts at the University of Sheffield,[34] where he spent one year on an Accounting and Financial Management course in the early 80s. During his time at the University he established the now-defunct Alternative Productions Society in the Union of Students with the aim of promoting fringe-based arts. On 4 March 2010, he was elected as the Honorary President of the University of Sheffield Students' Union.[35]
On 7 July 2007, Izzard was one of the presenters from the London leg of Live Earth. During an interview for the 2008 Stripped tour, Izzard spoke about becoming more active in European politics as well as running for political office in Europe within the next decade. Izzard added a stop in New Orleans during his 2008 Stripped tour. All proceeds from the performance of 23 June 2008 were donated to Neighborhood Housing Services of New Orleans.[36]
Marathons[link]
On 27 July 2009, with only 5 weeks' training and no significant prior history of running, Izzard began seven weeks of back-to-back marathon runs (with Sundays off) across the UK to raise money for Sport Relief. He ran from London to Cardiff, to Belfast, to Edinburgh, and back to London carrying flags of England, Scotland or Wales depending on which country he was in, and carried a self-designed green flag bearing a white dove when in Northern Ireland. The blog Eddie Iz Running was a document of his road running marathon, in which he ran 43 marathons in 51 days. He completed the run on 15 September 2009, after having run at least 27 miles each day, 6 days a week for 7 weeks straight, covering more than 1,100 miles across the UK.[37] Izzard received a special award at BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2009 for his achievements.[38]
Izzard ran his final marathon in five hours and 30 seconds, narrowly outside his projected time. However, had he not stopped and waited 20 minutes for his film crew to catch up with him he could have finished well under his target time. In March 2010, Izzard took part in the Sport Relief Mile event.[39]
Following the completion of the marathon runs, Izzard has started training to take part in an Ironman Triathlon, saying he has become fascinated with fitness "because there's no point in throwing away all that training".[40]
Personal life[link]
During his Stripped tour, Izzard said he realised he was an atheist. "I was warming the material up in New York, where one night, literally on stage, I realised I didn’t believe in God at all. I just didn’t think there was anyone upstairs."[41]
He keeps his romantic life private, saying one of the reasons is due to the wishes of his companions not wanting to become content for his show.[41] Izzard dated Sarah Townsend, the director of the documentary Believe: The Eddie Izzard Story,[14] whom he first met while she was running a Fringe venue at the Edinburgh Festival in 1989.[17]
Izzard speaks French and has performed stand up in French during his shows.[14] He also speaks German and used it in the 2001 film All the Queen's Men.
He supports Crystal Palace FC.[42]
Izzard is an outspoken supporter of the Labour Party, and in September 2011 declared his ambition to stand for the party in the future as an MP, MEP or as Mayor of London.[43]
Critical reception[link]
On 18 March 2007, Izzard was listed as number 3 of the 100 Greatest British National Comedians (just behind Peter Kay at number 2 and Billy Connolly at number 1) as part of British television station Channel 4's ongoing 100 Greatest..., series. However in the 2010 updated version of the list he was ranked 5th[44] In a 2005 poll to find The Comedian's Comedian, Izzard was voted amongst the top 20 greatest comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. He was number 75 in Comedy Central's 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time.
During the 1999 television special It's... the Monty Python Story,[45] which Izzard hosted, John Cleese said Izzard was the "Lost Python"; Izzard furthered that idea via his substitution for Graham Chapman in public performance of Python material with the rest of the original members of the troupe. He also made a cameo appearance in the Python reunion interview Monty Python Live at Aspen.
In 2008, Izzard received the James Joyce Award of the Literary and Historical Society of UCD, Dublin, Ireland. In March 2010, Sheffield Students' Union of the University of Sheffield overwhelmingly elected him their honorary President.
Discography and appearances[link]
Stand-up[link]
- Live at the Ambassadors (15 November 1993)
- Unrepeatable (1994)
- Definite Article (21 October 1996)
- Glorious (17 November 1997)
- Dress to Kill (9 November 1998)
- Circle (18 November 2002)
- Sexie (26 November 2003)
- Stripped (23 November 2009)
- Force Majeure (2013)
Stage[link]
- 900 Oneonta (1994)
- The Cryptogram (1994)
- Edward II (1995)
- Lenny (1999)
- A Day in the Death of Joe Egg (2001–2002, 2003)
- Trumbo (2003)
- Race (2010)
Filmography[link]
- The Oncoming Storm (1995) as Luthor Keeton
- The Secret Agent (1996) as Vladimir
- Velvet Goldmine (1998) as Jerry Devine
- The Avengers (1998) as Bailey
- Mystery Men (1999) as Tony P
- The Criminal (1999) as Peter Hume
- Circus (2000) as Troy
- Shadow of the Vampire (2000) as Gustav von Wangenheim
- The Cat's Meow (2001) as Charlie Chaplin
- All the Queen's Men (2001) as Tony Parker
- Revengers Tragedy (2002) as Lussurioso
- Alien Invasion (2003) as Brik
- Blueberry aka Renegade (2004) as Prosit
- Around the World in 80 Days (2004)
- Five Children and It (2004) as It (voice)
- Romance & Cigarettes (2004) as Gene Vincent
- Ocean's Twelve (2004) as Roman Nagel
- The Aristocrats (2005) as Himself
- The Wild (2006) as Nigel (voice)
- My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006) as Professor Bedlam
- Ocean's Thirteen (2007) as Roman Nagel
- Across the Universe (2007) as Mr. Kite
- The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008) as Reepicheep (voice)
- Igor (2008) as Dr. Schadenfreude (voice)
- Valkyrie (2008) as Erich Fellgiebel
- Rage (2009) as Tiny Diamonds
- The Other Side (2009) as Dean Bellamy
- Believe: The Eddie Izzard Story (2009) as Himself
- Every Day (2010) as Garrett
- Cars 2 (2011) as Miles Axelrod
- Lost Christmas (2011) as Anthony
TV appearances[link]
- Barf Bites Back (Amnesty International Gala) (1991) – ITV
- Open Fire (1994)
- Have I Got News for You (1994, 1995 and 1996) – BBC Two
- Aristophanes: The Gods are Laughing (1995)
- Whose Line Is It Anyway? (1995)
- Tales from the Crypt (1996) – HBO
- Clive Anderson Talks Back (1996)
- Inspector Derrick (1997)
- Channel Izzard (1997)
- The Roseanne Show (1998)
- Rex the Runt (1998) – BBC
- Shooting Stars (1998) – BBC
- Parkinson (3 times)
- Dennis Miller Live (1999) – HBO
- Python Night – 30 Years of Monty Python (1999) – BBC
- Good News Week (2000) – Network 10
- Mongrel Nation (2002) – Discovery Channel
- The Caroline Rhea Show (2002)
- The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2002, 2004 and 2007)
- The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009)
- 40 (2003) – Channel 4
- Late Night with Conan O'Brien (2003, 2008) NBC
- QI (Unaired pilot- 2002 or 2003, and 2010)
- Top Gear (2004) – BBC Two
- Last Call with Carson Daly (2005)
- The Sharon Osbourne Show (2006)
- Late Show with David Letterman (6 times)
- Late Late show with Craig Kilborn (4 times)
- The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)
- The Henry Rollins Show (2006)
- The Paul O'Grady Show (2009)
- The Secret Policeman's Ball (2006)
- Kitchen (2007) – five
- Comedy Cuts (interview) (2007)
- The Hour (2007)
- Friday Night with Jonathan Ross (2007 and 2009)
- The Daily Show (2000, 2003 and 2007)
- The Riches (2007–2008)
- The Secret Policeman's Ball (2008)
- The Graham Norton Show (2008 and 2011)
- Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2009)
- Kevin Pollak's Chat Show (2009)
- BBC Sports Personality of the Year (2009 award winner)
- The Day of the Triffids (2009)
- Marathon Man (2010)
- The Simpsons episode To Surveil with Love (2010)
- Chelsea Lately (2010)
- United States of Tara (2011)
- Alan Carr: Chatty Man (2011)
- The Green Room with Paul Provenza (2011)
- The Good Wife (2011) Season 3 – Episode 2, James Thrush [46]
- The Big Fat Quiz of the Year (2011)
- Treasure Island (2012) as Long John Silver
- The Secret Policeman's Ball (2012)
Video game[link]
- 102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue – Sgt. Tibbs the Cat (voice)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f Ann Low, Lenny (20 January 2009). "Not just a pretty face". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/film/not-just-a-pretty-face/2009/01/20/1232213629589.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ a b c Bono (16 May 2006). "Eddie Izzard: 'We need Europe to be a melting-pot. We need to melt'". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/eddie-izzard-we-need-europe-to-be-a-meltingpot-we-need-to-melt-478359.html. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ a b c d Sweeney, Eamon (27 November 2009). "Living the dream: Eddie Izzard". The Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/day-and-night/living-the-dream-eddie-izzard-1956032.html. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Brownfield, Paul (11 June 2000). "Where He'll Stop, Nobody Knows". articles.latimes.com. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jun/11/entertainment/ca-39615/4. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d Appleyard, Bryan (18 July 1999). "The King of Comedy". The Sunday Times (Culture 2).
- ^ "Hal Sparks » FAQ". halsparks.com. http://halsparks.com/faq/. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ Heald, Claire (15 September 2009). "Run, Izzard, run and run again". news.bbc.co.uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8256589.stm. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ "Izzard beats bus shelter website to award". Izzard beats bus shelter website to award (London). 16 January 2004. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1451842/Izzard-beats-bus-shelter-website-to-award.html.
- ^ "People's Voice Winner". People's Voice Winner. http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?season=9.
- ^ a b James, Caryn (16 March 2008). "Eddie Izzard's Master Plan". New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/arts/television/16jame.html?_r=1&pagewanted=2&ref=arts&oref=slogin. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ a b c Farndale, Nigel (30 July 2006). "I'm all boy". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3654174/Im-all-boy.html. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ Neil, Beth (13 August 2009). "Eddie, steady, go". Daily Mirror. UK. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2009/08/13/eddie-steady-go-115875-21593180/. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
- ^ a b Taylor, James C. (24 January 2010). "Eddie Izzard works in 'boy mode'". articles.latimes.com. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/24/entertainment/la-ca-izzard24-2010jan24/2. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d Burrell, Ian (16 December 2010). "Tears are never far from ruining the make-up of Eddie Izzard". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/tears-are-never-far-from-ruining-the-makeup-of-eddie-izzard-2162947.html. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d Dessau, Bruce (19 December 2003). "Going for bust". Evening Standard. UK. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/theatre/article-8272409-going-for-bust.do. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ Izzard, Eddie; Simon Amstell (11 Feb 2009). "Did You Die On Stage for Years?" (audio). Live from London: Eddie Izzard. Did You Die On Stage for Years?: itunes.apple.com. http://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/live-from-london-eddie-izzard/id305338464. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ a b Hoggard, Liz (24 November 2010). "Interview: Sarah McGuinness, singer and producer". The Scotsman (UK). http://news.scotsman.com/features/Interview-Sarah-McGuinness-singer-and.6635412.jp. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ Brantley, Ben (30 June 2010). "A New Team Tackles Mamet’s Moral Fable of Pride, Prejudice and Susceptibility". The New York Times. http://theater.nytimes.com/2010/07/01/theater/reviews/01race.html. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- ^ "Vanessa Redgrave to star in BBC's The Day of the Triffids". London: Telegraph. 11 February 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/4592119/Vanessa-Redgrave-to-star-in-BBCs-The-Day-of-the-Triffids.html. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ a b Fienberg, Daniel (2 May 2011). "Eddie Izzard talks 'United States of Tara' and more". hitfix.com. http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/the-fien-print/posts/hitfix-interview-eddie-izzard-talks-united-states-of-tara-and-more. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ Bedell, Geraldine (3 October 2004). "'Mentally, I'm all boy – plus extra girl' | | guardian.co.uk Arts". Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/features/story/0,11710,1318280,00.html. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ The Hour (TV-Series). Canada: CBC Television. 2007. Event occurs at 7m. http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=1562.
- ^ "cake or death: an eddie izzard site :: the biography". Auntiemomo.com. http://www.auntiemomo.com/cakeordeath/themannew.html. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ a b Garfield, Simon (27 May 2001). "Frock tactics". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2001/may/27/features.magazine27. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ Lister, David (26 August 1992). "It's never too late in Edinburgh: David Lister stays up well past his bedtime to rub shoulders with the stars and crack jokes with the comics on a tour of festival night-spots". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/its-never-too-late-in-edinburgh-david-lister-stays-up-well-past-his-bedtime-to-rub-shoulders-with-the-stars-and-crack-jokes-with-the-comics-on-a-tour-of-festival-nightspots-1542535.html. Retrieved 6 May 2011. "Eddie Izzard, one of the hottest names on the circuit, is chatting freely about his transvestitism. 'People ask me why I wear women's dresses. But I keep telling them, they're not women's dresses. They're my dresses.'"
- ^ Izzard, Eddie; Jordan, Lawrence (1999) (in English) (DVD). Dress to Kill. WEA Corp.
- ^ a b "Eddie Izzard: The tough transvestite who can take care of himself". The Independent (London). 23 May 2004. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/eddie-izzard-the-tough-transvestite-who-can-take-care-of-himself-564108.html. Retrieved 22 November 2008
- ^ "Comic Izzard promoting life story". news.bbc.co.uk. 17 May 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3720385.stm. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ "University of East Anglia: Events and News: Eddie Izzard". 2007. http://www1.uea.ac.uk/cm/home/schools/hum/llt/eventsandnews/Eddie+Izzard. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
- ^ "'Luvvies' for Labour". BBC News. 30 August 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/161057.stm. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ^ "Feature: Political celebrities". Politics.co.uk. http://www.politics.co.uk/features/opinion-former-index/legal-and-constitutional/feature-political-celebrities-$1238735.htm. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ "Benjamin Zephaniah 'airbrushed from Yes to AV leaflets'". BBC News. 3 April 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12950712.
- ^ Eddie Izzard Tells 'The Green Room' That He Wants to Be a Politician. 1 September 2011. http://www.aoltv.com/2011/09/02/eddie-izzard-2020-political-ambitions-green-room-video/. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ "Latest News". Shef.ac.uk. http://www.shef.ac.uk/alumni/news/izzard.html. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ "Elections Results 2010". Sheffield Students' Union. http://www.shef.ac.uk/union/student-voice/elections10/. Retrieved 5 March 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Eddie Izzard Adds New Orleans to Tour; Show to Benefit Housing Services – St. Tammany Art Association – NorthShoreNOLA". Blog.nola.com. 10 June 2008. http://blog.nola.com/staa/2008/06/eddie_izzard_adds_new_orleans.html. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ "Donate and Sponsor". Comic relief. http://www.comicrelief.com/donate/eddie. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ^ "Eddie Izzard given BBC Sports Personality special award". BBC Sport. 13 December 2009. http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tv_and_radio/sports_personality_of_the_year/8406078.stm. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
- ^ Nikkhah, Roya (21 March 2010). "Thousands prepare for mile run as Sport Relief raises record amount". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/7488535/Thousands-prepare-for-mile-run-as-Sport-Relief-raises-record-amount.html. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ^ "Izzard To Tackle Ironman Triathlon". uk.imdb.com. 4 December 2008. http://uk.imdb.com/news/ni1260952/. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
- ^ a b Armstrong, Stephen (8 February 2009). "Eddie Izzard: Hollywood to House of Commons?". The Times (UK). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/comedy/article5670333.ece?token=null&offset=12&page=2. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ Biography / Eddie Izzard. Eddieizzard.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-23.
- ^ Eddie Izzard: 'I will run for mayor, MEP or MP in 2020'. BBC. 28 September 2011
- ^ "100 Greatest Comedy Stand-ups of All Time!". channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-100-greatest-stand-ups/articles/greatest-stand-ups-of-all-time. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ "It's... the Monty Python Story (1999) (TV)". Imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0220292/. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ [1][dead link]
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eddie Izzard |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Eddie Izzard |
- Official web site
- BBC America – Eddie Izzard
- Eddie Izzard at the Internet Movie Database
- Eddie Izzard at AllRovi
- Interview with Izzard – The Observer, 3 October 2004
- It's stupid and I love it – the Goon Show and me – The Guardian, 14 February 2005.
- Izzard interviewed by Bono – The Independent, 16 May 2006
- Venus Zine Staff Picks: Eddie Izzard, Dress to Kill
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Izzard, Eddie |
| Alternative names | Izzard, Edward John |
| Short description | Comedian |
| Date of birth | 1962-02-07 |
| Place of birth | Aden, Yemen |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
