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Communication studies is an academic field that deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning. The discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets such as television broadcasting. Communication studies also examines how messages are interpreted through the political, cultural, economic, and social dimensions of their contexts.

Other names[link]

Communication is institutionalized under many different names at different universities, including "communication", "communication studies", "speech communication", "rhetorical studies", "communications science", "media studies", "communication arts", "mass communication", "media ecology," and "communication and media science."

Scope[link]

Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline often overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy, among others. From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece). The field applies to outside disciplines as well, including engineering, architecture, mathematics, and information science.

In the United States, the National Communication Association (NCA) recognizes nine distinct but often overlapping sub-disciplines within the broader communication discipline: technology, critical-cultural, health, intercultural, interpersonal-small group, mass communication, organizational, political, and rhetorical. Students take courses in these subject areas. Other programs and courses often integrated in communication programs include journalism, film criticism, theatre, public relations, political science (e.g., political campaign strategies, public speaking, effects of media on elections), as well as radio, television and film production. More recently, computer-mediated communication and the implications of new media for communication have drawn new research and courses.

Flexibility[link]

Part of what makes communication a popular major is its great reputation for being flexible.^[1] Graduates of formal communication programs take many different career paths, including university professors, marketing researchers, media editors and designers, journalists, actors, human resources managers, corporate trainers, public relations practitioners, and media managers and consultants in a variety of fields.

History[link]

Professional associations[link]

• National Communication Association (NCA): The main national professional organization covering many of the areas of communication studies in the U.S.
• International Communication Association is the main international association for communication studies, which combines an older focus on quantitatively based social science studies with newer critical and cultural studies of communicative phenomena.
• Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
• Association for Business Communication (ABC)
• International Association of Business Communicators (IABC)
• Society for Technical Communication (STC)
• Public Relations Society of America (PRSA)
• European Communication Research and Education Association / ECREA is the main European association for communication studies.
• European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing (EATAW) is the main European association for writing studies.
• Association for Teachers of Technical Writing (ATTW)
• International Association for Media and Communications Research (IAMCR) is a large international association for communication studies.
• IEEE Professional Communication Society

Bibliography[link]

• Carey, James. 1988 Communication as Culture.
• Cohen, Herman. 1994. The History of Speech Communication: The Emergence of a Discipline, 1914-1945. Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association.
• Gehrke, Pat J. 2009. The Ethics and Politics of Speech: Communication and Rhetoric in the Twentieth Century. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
• Packer, J. & Robertson, C, eds. 2006. Thinking with James Carey: Essays on Communications, Transportation, History.
• Peters, John Durham and Peter Simonson, eds. 2004. Mass Communication and American Social Thought: Key Texts 1919-1968.
• Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin 2004, 'How Not to Found a Field: New Evidence on the Origins of Mass Communication Research', Journal of Communication, September 2004.

See also[link]

• Outline of communication (Communication topics)
• Communication sciences
• Critical theory
• Linguistics
• Philosophy of language
• Rhetorics
• Semiotics
• Text and conversation theory

References[link]

External links[link]

• Communication Studies An educational resource.

Geert Lovink
Geert Lovink in 2010
Born	1959 (age 52–53)
Nationality	Dutch
Alma mater	University of Amsterdam, University of Melbourne, University of Queensland
Occupation	Professor
Employer	University of Amsterdam, Hogeschool van Amsterdam, European Graduate School
Website
http://networkcultures.org/ http://laudanum.net/geert/

Geert Lovink (born 1959, Amsterdam) is a Research Professor of Interactive Media at the Hogeschool van Amsterdam (HvA), a Professor of Media Theory at the European Graduate School, and an Associate Professor of New Media at the University of Amsterdam (UvA).^[1] Lovink earned his master's degree in political science at the University of Amsterdam, holds a PhD from the University of Melbourne and has been a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Queensland.^[2]

Lovink is the founding director of the Institute of Network Cultures, whose goals are to explore, document and feed the potential for socio-economical change of the new media field through events, publications and open dialogue.^[3] As theorist, activist and net critic, Lovink has made an effort in helping to shape the development of the web.

Activities[link]

Since the early eighties, Lovink has been involved in a range of different projects and initiatives in the field of new media.

• 1982 Member of Adilkno
• 1989–94 Editor for the media art magazine Mediamatic
• 1993 Co-founder of the support campaign for independent media in South-East Europe Press Now
• 1994 Co-founder of the Amsterdam-based free community network Digital City (DDS)
• 1995 Co-founder (together with Pit Schultz) of the international nettime circle
• 1996–99 Public researcher at the Society for Old and New Media, De Waag
• 1996 Coordinating projects and teaching once a year at the IMI mediaschool in Osaka/Japan
• 2000 organizer of the Tulipomania Dotcom conference
• 2000–08 Consultant/editor to the exchange program of Waag Society and Sarai New Media Centre (Delhi)
• 2001 Co-founder of FibreCulture, a forum for Australian Internet research and culture
• 2002 Co-organizer of Dark Markets, on new media and democracy in times of crisis in Vienna
• 2003 Co-organizer of Uncertain States of Reportage in Delhi
• 2004 Co-organizer (together with Trebor Scholz) of the conference on the art of (online) collaboration Free Cooperation at SUNY Buffalo

On 31 May 2010 Geert Lovink took part in Quit Facebook Day and deleted his Facebook account.^[4]

Theories[link]

Geert Lovink was one of the key theorists behind the concept of tactical media – the use of media technologies as a tool to distribute the ideas that are opposed to an issue against different levels of government. As an Internet activist, he describes tactical media as a "deliberately slippery term, a tool for creating 'temporary consensus zones' based on unexpected alliances. A temporary alliance of hackers, artists, critics, journalists and activists."^[5] In essence, he believes that these new resources of which audiences could become participants in actions against higher powers became an area in which many different types of people could unite. Lovink also was a founder of such projects as "nettime", "organised networks", "virtual media" and more.

Projects[link]

These are some of the projects Lovink is or has been involved with:

• Critical Point of View (CPoV): Wikipedia Research Initiative
• Urban Screens: The City as Interface
• Society of the Query: stop searching, start questioning, on the dominant role of search engines in our culture
• Video Vortex: on independent production and distribution of online video content
• New Network Theory: on smart mobs
• MyCreativity: on creative industries
• The Art and Politics of Netporn
• Incommunicado: on information technology for development
• A Decade of Webdesign

Bibliography[link]

• Lovink, Geert. Dynamics of Critical Internet Culture (1994-2001), PhD thesis, English Department, The University of Melbourne, 2002.
• Lovink, Geert. Dark Fiber: Tracking Critical Internet Culture, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, 2002. ISBN 0-262-12249-9
• Lovink, Geert. Uncanny Networks, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, 2002.
• Lovink, Geert. My First Recession, Rotterdam: NAi/V2_Publishing, 2003.
• Lovink, Geert. The Principle of Notworking, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005.
• Lovink, Geert. "New Media, Art and Science: Explorations Beyond the Official Discourse", in Scott McQuire and Nikos Papastergiadis (eds), Empires, Ruins + Networks: The Transcultural Agenda in Art, Melbourne: University of Melbourne Press, 2005.
• Lovink, Geert. Tactical Media, the Second Decade, Brazilian Submidialogia, 2005.
• Lovink, Geert and Rossiter, Ned. "Dawn of the organized networks", Fibreculture Journal 5 2005.
• Lovink, Geert. Zero Comments: Blogging and Critical Internet Culture, London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
• Lovink, Geert. Networks Without a Cause: A Critique of Social Media, Cambridge and Malden: Polity, 2011.

References[link]

1. ^ Geert Lovink Faculty Profile at European Graduate School. Biography, bibliography, photos and video lectures.
2. ^ http://laudanum.net/geert/biography.shtml
3. ^ http://networkcultures.org/wpmu/portal/about/the-institute/
4. ^ Join the Facebook Exodus on May 31!, blogpost, 27 May 2010.
5. ^ Meikle, Grahama (2004) "Networks of Influence: Internet Activism in Australia and Beyond" in Gerard Goggin (ed.) Virtual Nation: the Internet in Australia, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney pp 73-87

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Geert Lovink

Michael Hardt

Michael Hardt speaking at the Seminário Internacional Mundo. 2008
Born	1960 Washington, D.C.
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western Philosophy
School	Continental philosophy, Autonomist thought, Queer theory
Main interests	Political philosophy, literature
Influenced by Antonio Negri

Michael Hardt at Subversive Film Festival

Michael Hardt (born 1960)^[1] is an American literary theorist and political philosopher perhaps best known for Empire, written with Antonio Negri and published in 2000.^[2] It has been praised as the "Communist Manifesto of the 21st Century."^[3]

Hardt and his co-author suggest that what they view as forces of contemporary class oppression, globalization and the commodification of services (or production of affects), have the potential to spark social change of unprecedented dimensions. A sequel, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, published in August 2004, details the notion, first propounded in Empire, of the multitude as possible locus of a democratic movement of global proportions.

The third and final part of the trilogy, Commonwealth, appeared in the Fall of 2009.

Biography[link]

Born in Washington, D.C., Hardt attended Winston Churchill High School in Potomac, Maryland. He studied engineering at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania from 1978 to 1983. In college during the 1970s energy crisis, he began to take an interest in alternative energy sources.^[1] Talking about his college politics, he said, "I thought that doing alternative energy engineering for third world countries would be a way of doing politics that would get out of all this campus political posing that I hated."

After college, he worked for various solar energy companies.^[2] Hardt also worked with non-governmental organizations in Central America on tasks like bringing donated computers from the United States and putting them together for the University of El Salvador. Yet, he says that this political activity did more for him than it did for the Salvadorans.

In 1983, he moved to Seattle to study comparative literature at the University of Washington.^[1] While there, he received an M.A. in 1986 and his PhD in 1990.^[4] From there he went to Paris where he would meet Negri.

Hardt speaks fluent French, Spanish and Italian and is Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University and a Professor of Philosophy and Politics at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee.^[2]

Ideas[link]

Hardt is concerned with the joy of political life, and has stated, "One has to expand the concept of love beyond the limits of the couple."^[5] The politics of the multitude is not solely about controlling the means of productivity or liberating one's own subjectivity. These two are also linked to love and joy of political life and realizing political goals.

Hardt does not consider teaching a revolutionary occupation, nor does he think the college is a particularly political institution. "But thinking of politics now as a project of social transformation on a large scale, I'm not at all convinced that political activity can come from the university."^[6]

Hardt says visions of a public education and equal and open access to the university are gradually disappearing: the "war on terror" has promoted only limited military and technological knowledges, while the required skills of the biopolitical economy, "the creation of ideas, images, code, affects, and other immaterial goods" are not yet recognized as the primary key to economic innovation.^[7]

Duke Lacrosse Controversy[link]

During the 2006 Duke University lacrosse case, he was one of the so-called Group of 88 professors who, shortly after members of the university's lacrosse team were accused of rape, signed a controversial letter attacking the players and thanking protesters for "making a collective noise" on "what happened to this young woman."^[8] After a year-long ordeal that is now widely viewed as one of the most conspicuous miscarriages of justices by a prosecutor in modern American history, the lacrosse players were found innocent of the rape charges. The "Group of 88" letter has since come to be regarded as a notorious example of unfair prejudgment.^[9]

Co-authorship with Antonio Negri[link]

Most of Hardt's works have been co-written with Antonio Negri, who was in prison for most of his career.

Occupation movements of 2011-2012[link]

In May 2012 Hardt and Negri self-published an electronic pamphlet on the occupation and encampment movements of 2011-2012 called Declaration that argues the movement explores new forms of democracy. The introduction was published at Jacobin under the title "Take Up the Baton."

Bibliography[link]

Books[link]

• Gilles Deleuze: an Apprenticeship in Philosophy, ISBN 0-8166-2161-6, 1993
• Labor of Dionysus: a Critique of the State-form, with Antonio Negri, ISBN 0-8166-2086-5, 1994
• Empire, with Antonio Negri, ISBN 0-674-00671-2, 2000
• Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, with Antonio Negri, ISBN 1-59420-024-6, 2004
• Commonwealth, with Antonio Negri, ISBN 0-674-03511-9, 2009

Electronic Pamphlet / Kindle single[link]

• Declaration, with Antonio Negri, ASIN: B00816QAFY

Articles[link]

• "The Withering of Civil Society". Social Text (Duke University Press) (45): 27–44. 1995. 
• "Prison Time". Yale French Studies (Yale University Press) (91): 64–79. 1997. 
• "Affective Labor". boundary 2 (Duke University Press) 26 (2): 89–100. 1999. 
• Hardt, Michael; Antonio Negri (1999). "Value and Affect". boundary 2 (Duke University Press) 26 (2): 77–88. 
• Hardt, Michael; Antonio Negri (2003). "The Rod of the Forest Warden: A Response to Timothy Brennan". Critical Inquiry (The University of Chicago Press) 29 (2): 368–373. 
• "Take Up the Baton."

Film appearances[link]

• Marx Reloaded, Arte, April 2011.
• Examined Life, Sphinx Productions, 87 min., 2008.
• Antonio Negri: A Revolt that Never Ends, ZDF/Arte, 52 min., 2004.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri

• Michael Hardt @ European Graduate School. Faculty Page with Biography, Bibliography and Video Lectures.
• Michael Hardt @ Duke University
• Full text of Empire [1]
• Slavoj Žižek. "Have Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri Rewritten the Communist Manifesto For the Twenty-First Century?" European Graduate School. (2001)
• Michael Hardt. "Sovereignty" Theory & Event. Volume 5, Issue 4, 2001
• Michael Hardt. "The Withering of Civil Society" Social Text. No. 45 Winter, 1995. pp. 27–44
• Michael Hardt. "Porto Alegre – Today's Bandung?" New Left Review. No. 14, March–April 2002
• Ed Vulliamy. "Empire hits back" The Guardian. July 15, 2010. Profile of Hardt in the Guardian.

Interviews

• Real Democracy: An interview with Michael Hardt Michael Hardt talks to Shift Magazine about the global democracy movement.
• Astra Taylor's 2008 film Examined Life features Hardt rowing a boat in Central Park and ruminating on revolution.
• "For the Love of the Multitude" a conversation with Michael Hardt on The T-Machine
• "The Collaborator and the Multitude: An Interview with Michael Hardt" Hardt talks about Multitude, the sequel to Empire. (2004)
• "An Interview with Michael Hardt" (March 27–28, 2004) Hardt talks about the Free Trade Area of the Americas with dissidentvoice.org.
• "Conversation with Michael Hardt" Part of the 'Conversations with History' series organized by Harry Kreisler.
• Croatian Radio Interview
• "Power Within a Global Paradigm: Prof Michael Hardt Speaks in Olin"
• "Interview with Aut-Op-Sy" Interview conducted by the autonomist email list "Aut-Op-Sy".

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (February 2012)

Jarrett Sorko
Jarrett Sorko live at Phog Lounge in Windsor, Ontario
Birth name	Jarrett William Sorko
Born	(1991-07-28)July 28, 1991 Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Medium	Stand-up, Rapper
Nationality	Canadian
Years active	2009-Present
Genres	Musical Comedy, Satire, Word Play
Influences	George Carlin, Bo Burnham, Jon Lajoie
Website	http://www.jarrettsorko.com

Jarrett William Sorko (born July 28, 1991)^[1] is a Canadian comedian, musician and internet celebrity. Sorko released the song "Yo, I'm From Windsor Dude" in March 2011. As a result, Sorko received major press coverage^[2] in his hometown of Windsor, Ontario drawing attention to both the city and himself. Sorko took advantage of his creative writing and musical talent and has helped use the success of his viral video to create a promising comedy career for himself.^[3]

Personal life[link]

Jarrett Sorko attended Catholic Central High School in Windsor, Ontario. While at this school Jarrett achieved honour roll all four of his years and graduated at the top of his class. He was also very influenced by art and had his art on display in different galleries and museums.^[4] With high grades Jarrett was able to pursue both architecture and art in University for a year before dropping out because he wanted to follow other creative inspiration.^[5]

After dropping out of his program in University because his heart wasn't in it Jarrett began working full-time. After working for a while and the economy slowly declining Sorko became unemployed at the beginning of 2011.^[6] Due to his lack of cash and his life-long dream Jarrett decided to become a comedian. Since his early school days Jarrett had been playing guitar and piano so he decided to take his musical talent and combine it with his creative writing to create music that he says he hopes "put a smile on people's faces when they listen to it".^[7] In March 2011 Jarrett released his first recorded song "Yo, I'm From Windsor Dude" on YouTube and it became viral overnight. Many radio stations, newspapers and TV outlets picked it up.^[8] Jarrett helped put Windsor, Ontario on the maps with his viral video that reached over 40,000 views in the first few days.^[9]

Career[link]

After the overnight success of his "Yo, I'm From Windsor Dude" song Jarrett began writing and performing comedic and satirical songs full-time at comedy clubs. Jarrett became known for combining rap music and comedy. Jarrett was originally inspired by the antics and pranks of TV shows like Jackass and a lot of his early work reflects this.^[10] His friends describe him as someone who is never afraid to do anything no matter how preposterous the idea may be.^[11] Jarrett brought this socially crazy persona into his comedy trying to create a routine that is not only intellectual but also physically entertaining at the same time.

With much local interest in what he was going to do next Jarrett began working on writing and perfecting his comedy routine more and more and performing at every chance he was given. This has helped him become one of the best known comedians in Windsor, Ontario. To keep interest high in his comedy Jarrett began working on his Thug Life mix tape which was released in September 8 of 2011.^[12] The release of the mix tape and the songs on it gave a new perspective to the music Sorko was beginning to create. He stepped away from the purity of his "Yo, I'm From Windsor Dude" song and began to touch upon more political and comedic ideas that could reach a world-wide audience as opposed to his Windsor based music and comedy.^[13]

As of right now Sorko has been said to be working on new songs that will be released on YouTube as well as working on an hour long comedy routine that he hopes to take on a Canadian comedy tour.^[14] There is rumour that Jarrett has been in contact with Just for Laughs Canada talking about setting up this tour. As of right now Jarrett does not have a booking agent as he takes care of all the booking himself.^[15]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Jarrett Sorko's channel on YouTube

Discography[link]

Mixtapes

• Thug Life (2011)^[16]

References[link]