Louis XVI, dressed in culottes, drinks a toast to the sans-culottes

Culottes is a word that originated in French. Historically, "culottes" referred to the knee-breeches commonly worn by gentlemen of the European upper-classes from the late Middle Ages or Renaissance through the early nineteenth century. This style of tight pants ending just below the knee was first popularized in France during the reign of Henry III (1574–1589).^[1] Culottes were normally closed and fastened about the leg, to the knee, by either buttons, a strap and buckle, or by a draw-string. During the French Revolution of 1789–1799, working-class revolutionaries were known as the "sans-culottes" – literally, "without culottes" – a name derived from their rejection of aristocratic apparel.^[2]

In military uniforms[link]

Military uniforms incorporated culottes as a standard uniform article, the lower leg being covered by either stockings, leggings, or knee-high boots. Culottes were a common part of military uniforms during the European wars of the eighteenth-century (the Great Northern War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, the Franco-British Colonial Wars, and the American Revolution).

Later definitions[link]

The women's fashion industry commonly takes words that have historically been used to describe men's garments and uses them to describe an entirely different garment, often creating confusion among historians and history students and readers. For example, currently, the term "culottes" in French is now used to describe women's panties, an article of clothing that has little or no relation to the historic culottes.

A pair of modern culottes. From the crotch downwards, separate legs can be discerned

Women's culottes[link]

Another latter-day use of the word culottes describes a split or divided skirt^[3] or any garment which "hangs like a skirt, but is actually pants."^[1] During the Victorian Era (mid- to late-nineteenth century) long split skirts were developed for horseback riding so that women could sit astride a man's saddle rather than riding side-saddle. The term "culottes" was co-opted from the original French definition of the word to describe these split riding skirts. Later, split skirts were developed to provide women more freedom to do activities such as gardening, cleaning, bike riding, etc. and still look like one is wearing a skirt.^[4]

Skort[link]

In place of the term "culottes," the term skort (a portmanteau for skirt and shorts) is more widely used in some areas. While some garments sold as culottes resemble short trousers, to truly be a skort it needs to look like a skirt. Thus, they differ from trousers or shorts by being much fuller at the bottom (hem) than at the waist. A skort is shorts that have a front covering to resemble a skirt^[5] or short pant legs with a same length or longer skirt sewn over the top.^[6]

Some culottes have a part sewn over only the front, some are shorts with a skirt sewn over them. While these may not be completely the same, they are often called by either name, so either term can apply.

School uniforms[link]

Culottes are used in girls' school uniforms along with skirts as an option or culottes are brought in as a replacement to skirts. Culottes are worn as part a uniform mainly to primary, middle and Catholic schools. Culottes were also part of the uniform of Brownie Guides ^[7] up until recently, when the uniform was modernised and the traditional brown culottes were replaced.

References[link]

Notes

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008)

Pauline Julien, CQ (May 23, 1928 – October 1, 1998) was a singer, songwriter, actress, feminist activist and Quebec sovereigntist.

Born in Trois-Rivières, Québec, Julien was the companion of the poet and Québec provincial MLA Gérald Godin, another Trifluvian and sovereigntist. She also worked with Gilles Vigneault and recorded with him. Julien performed pro-independence songs in Montréal clubs as early as 1964 and later made a career as one of Québec's most successful female popular singers. Julien's best-loved songs include "La Manic", the haunting ballad about love and separation in isolated Manicouagan, a river region of northern Québec near Labrador.

In 1970, Julien and Godin were arrested during the October Crisis and were released 8 days later without charge.

In 1994 France decorated her with the title Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres. Julien was made a Chevalière de l'Ordre national du Québec.

Diagnosed with a debilitating brain disease, Julien took her own life in late September 1998 in Montreal.

Discography[link]

• 1962 - Enfin Pauline Julien
• 1963 - Pauline Julien
• 1964 - Pauline Julien à la Comédie canadienne
• 1965 - Pauline Julien chante Raymond Levesque
• 1966 - Pauline Julien chante Boris Vian
• 1967 - Suite québécoise
• 1969 - Comme je crie… comme je chante… (textes de Gilbert Langevin)
• 1971 - Fragile
• 1972 - Au milieu de ma vie, peut-être la veille de....
• 1973 - Aller voir, vous avez des ailes
• 1974 - Licence complète
• 1975 - En scène
• 1976 - Tout ou rien (Récital Brecht)
• 1978 - Les 7 péchés capitaux
• 1978 - Femmes de paroles
• 1979 - Mes amies d'filles
• 1980 - Fleur de peau
• 1984 - Où peut-on vous toucher ?
• 1993 - Pauline Julien (Collection Québec Love)
• 1996 - Pauline Julien
• 1997 - Brecht & Weill
• 1998 - Au temps des boîtes à chansons
• 1998 - Les années de la Butte à Mathieu

Movies[link]

• 1964 : Fabienne sans son Jules
• 1964 : La Terre à boire : Diane
• 1967 : Entre la mer et l'eau douce : Elle-même
• 1971 : La Nuit de la poésie 27 mars 1970
• 1973 : La Mort d'un bûcheron : Charlotte Juillet
• 1974 : Bulldozer : Mignonne Galarneau

Awards[link]

• 1962 - Second prix au Festival de Sopot
• 1965 - Trophée de la Meilleure Diseuse au Gala des Artistes
• 1970 - Grand Prix du disque Charles-Cros, Suite québécoise
• 1975 - Prix Calixa-Lavallée
• 1985 - Grand Prix du disque Charles-Cros, Où peut-on vous toucher
• 1994 - Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de France
• 1997 - Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Québec

See also[link]

32x28px	Music of Canada portal
	Film portal
	Quebec portal
	Music portal

• List of Quebec musicians
• List of Mauriciens
• Music of Quebec
• Gérald Godin

External links[link]

• Hommage à Pauline Julien sur Lycos
• Fiche de Pauline Julien dans Québec info Musique
• Pauline Julien at the Internet Movie Database

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Lynda Lemay
Lynda Lemay during a concert in Carcassonne in July 2007
Background information
Birth name	Lynda Lemay
Born	(1966-07-25) 25 July 1966 (age 45) Portneuf, Quebec, Canada
Origin	Portneuf, Quebec, Canada
Genres	Chanson
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, Guitarist
Instruments	Vocals, Guitar
Years active	1989 – present
Website	www.lyndalemay.com

Lynda Lemay (born 25 July 1966 in Portneuf, Quebec) is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter. Through her mother she is a descendant of Zacharie Cloutier.^[1]

After winning regional awards in 1989 she went to France where her lyrics about everyday life events, sometimes rather ironic, became almost instant classics. She regularly tours in Quebec and France, with particularly frequent appearances at the Paris Olympia.^[2][3]

Discography[link]

• 1990 — Nos rêves
• 1994 — Y
• 1995 — La visite
• 1998 — Lynda Lemay
• 1999 — Live
• 2000 — Du coq à l'âme
• 2002 — Les lettres rouges (certified Gold)^[4]
• 2003 — Les secrets des oiseaux
• 2005 — Un Paradis quelque part
• 2006 — Un éternel hiver
• 2006 — Ma Signature
• 2008 — Allo, c'est moi
• 2010 — Blessée
• 2011 — Best Of ^[5] CAN #12^[6]

Awards and recognition[link]

• 1995: 4 Félix Award nominations: Female Artist of the Year, Pop Album of the Year (Y), Songwriter of the Year, Concert of the Year^[7]
• 1996: Félix Award nomination: Artist with best recognition outside Quebec^[8]
• 1998: Félix Award winner, Female Artist of the Year; 4 other Félix nominations: Pop Album of the Year (Lynda Lemay), Best Selling Album of the Year (ibid.), Concert of the Year, Artist with best recognition outside Quebec^[9]
• 1999: 2 Félix Award nominations: Pop Album of the Year (Lynda Lemay live), Artist with best recognition outside Quebec^[10]
• 2000: Félix Award winner, Artist with best recognition outside Quebec^[11]
• 2001: 4 Félix Award nominations: Female Artist of the Year, Pop Album of the Year (Du coq à l'âme), Concert of the Year, Quebec Artist with most recognition outside Quebec^[12]
• 2002: 3 Félix Award nominations: Female Artist of the Year, Pop Album of the Year (Les lettres rouges), Quebec Artist with best recognition outside Quebec^[13]
• 2004: Félix Award nomination: Quebec Artist with best recognition outside Quebec^[14]

References[link]

1. ^ http://www.perche-quebec.com/files/loiseauHTML/menu/frame_accueil.htm
2. ^ "Lynda Lemay (biography)" (in French). Radio France Internationale. March 2007. http://www.rfimusique.com/siteFr/biographie/biographie_9037.asp. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
3. ^ "Tournée de Lynda Lemay en France (Lynda Lemay touring France)". TVA/LCN. 2000-04-03. http://lcn.canoe.ca/artsetspectacles/general/archives/2000/04/20000403-093849.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
4. ^ "Gold & Platinum Certification – November 2002". Canadian Recording Industry Association. http://www.cria.ca/gold/1102_g.php. Retrieved 2010-08-20. 
5. ^ http://www.showbizz.net/musique/lynda-lemay-un-premier-extrait-de-son-nouvel-album-est-lance-88799.html
6. ^ http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html
7. ^ Gala de l'ADISQ - 1995
8. ^ Gala de l'ADISQ - 1996
9. ^ Gala de l'ADISQ - 1998
10. ^ Gala de l'ADISQ - 1999
11. ^ Gala de l'ADISQ - 2000
12. ^ Gala de l'ADISQ - 2001
13. ^ Gala de l'ADISQ - 2002
14. ^ Gala de l'ADISQ - 2004

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lynda Lemay

• (French) Lynda Lemay's official site
• (French) Lynda Lemay fan club
• (French) Tout l'univers de Lynda Lemay
• (French) Lynda Lemay at Quebec Info Musique

This article about a Canadian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e