Australian federal election, 1972

1969 ← 2 December 1972 → 1974

All 125 seats of the Australian House of Representatives 63 seats were needed for a majority   First party Second party   Leader Gough Whitlam William McMahon Party Labor Liberal/Country coalition Leader since 8 February 1967 10 March 1971 Leader's seat Werriwa Lowe Last election 59 seats 66 seats Seats won 67 seats 58 seats Seat change 8 8 Percentage 52.70% 47.30% Swing 2.50 2.50

Prime Minister before election William McMahon Liberal/Country coalition Elected Prime Minister Gough Whitlam Labor

Federal elections were held in Australia on 2 December 1972. All 125 seats in the House of Representatives were up for election. The Liberal Party of Australia had been in power since 1949, under Prime Minister of Australia William McMahon since March 1971 with coalition partner the Country Party led by Doug Anthony, but were defeated by the Australian Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam.

See Australian Senate election, 1970 for Senate composition.

Seats changing hands[link]

• Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election.

Issues[link]

The 1972 Election campaigns was concerned with a combination of Vietnam and domestic policy issues, and the role of the federal government in resolving these issues. The Coalition of the Liberal and Country parties had been in Government for 23 years. Successive Coalition governments had focused their energies on national economic development and defence. However, Australia's economic development in the 1950s and 1960s had led to the emergence of a range of "quality of life" issues related to urban development, education, and healthcare. By 1972 these "quality of life" issues had come to represent a major political problem for the coalition parties. Traditionally all of these areas had been handled by the state governments, and the Coalition had always asserted the importance of states' rights, a view backed by Liberal state premiers like Robert Askin and Henry Bolte. Throughout 1966 to 1972, Gough Whitlam, as Labor leader, developed policies designed to deal with the problems of urban and regional development using the financial powers granted to the federal government under the Australian Constitution. The Labor focus on "cities, schools and hospitals", as Whitlam put it, made it electorally appealing especially to the growing proportion of the Australian electorate living in the outer suburbs of the major cities.

Many commentators came to believe that the inability of the coalition parties to counteract these policies made its focus on national development and defence seem dated by contrast, especially as the Vietnam War began to enter its final stages. Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War had been initially popular, but as the prospect of a US victory diminished protests grew, especially focusing on the need to conscript soldiers to fight. Liberal policies towards Vietnam had always focused on the need to "contain" communist China, but the gradual US and Australian withdrawal was hard to reconcile with this commitment. In addition, the government was embarrassed after criticising the opposition leader, Gough Whitlam, for visiting China only shortly before American President Nixon visited in 1972.

Finally the incumbent Prime Minister William McMahon was no match for Whitlam, a witty and powerful orator. McMahon's position was precarious to begin with as he had only emerged as Liberal Leader after a prolonged period of turmoil following the Coalition's unexpectedly poor showing at half Senate elections held in 1970, and various state elections. He was further weakened by concerns about inflation and negative press coverage. For example, Rupert Murdoch and his Australian newspaper supported the ALP. The ALP ran a strong campaign under the famous slogan, ‘It's Time’ – a slogan which, coupled with its progressive policy programme, gave it great momentum within the electorate after 23 years of Conservative rule.^[1]

No Senate seats were up for election, although Queensland did hold a by-election for a single Senate seat^[2] because it had fallen vacant when Liberal Senator Annabelle Rankin resigned in 1971. The Queensland Parliament's temporary appointee, Neville Bonner (Australia's first Aboriginal Senator), faced and won a by-election held in conjunction with the next House of Representatives following, as required by Section 15 of the Constitution before it was amended by referendum in 1977.

Significance[link]

The 1972 election ended 23 years of conservative Government. The new Labor Government of Gough Whitlam was eager to make long-planned reforms, although it struggled against a lack of experience in its cabinet. The 1972 election is also unusual as Whitlam only scraped into office with a thin majority of 9 seats. Typically, elections that produce a change of government in Australia are decisive (as in the 1983 election, 1996 election or 2007 election, for example). The comparatively small size of Whitlam's win is partly explained by his strong performance at the previous election of 1969, where he achieved a 7 percent swing, gaining 18 seats, from a low of 41 of 124 seats and a 43 percent two-party figure at the 1966 election. In addition, the Senate was hostile to Whitlam, with the Coalition and Democratic Labor Parties holding more seats than the ALP, as the term of the Senate at the time was 1970 to 1974. This in particular would make governing difficult and led to the early double dissolution election of 1974.

See also[link]

• Candidates of the Australian federal election, 1972
• Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1972-1974

Notes[link]

References[link]

• AustralianPolitics.com 1972 election details
• "It's Time For Leadership" – Whitlam policy speech, 13 November 1972
• University of WA election results in Australia since 1890
• AEC 2PP vote
• Prior to 1984 the AEC did not undertake a full distribution of preferences for statistical purposes. The stored ballot papers for the 1983 election were put through this process prior to their destruction. Therefore the figures from 1983 onwards show the actual result based on full distribution of preferences.

v t e Elections and referendums in Australia Federal elections 1901 1903 1906 1910 1913 1914¹ 1917 1919 1922 1925 1928 1929² 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1951¹ 1953³ 1954² 1955 1958 1961 1963² 1964³ 1966² 1967³ 1969² 1970³ 1972² 1974¹ 1975¹ 1977 1980 1983¹ 1984 1987¹ 1990 1993 1996 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 Next by-elections Referendums 1906a 1910a 1911 1913 1916 1917 1919 1926 1928a 1937 1944 1946a 1948 1951 1967a 1973 1974 1977a 1984 1988 1999 ¹ Double dissolution election ² House of Representatives-only election ³ Senate-only election a One or more proposals carried See also: Elections in Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Nothern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia

v t e Politics of Australia Commonwealth Queen Governor-General Prime Minister Cabinet Executive Council Ministry Foreign relations Parliament Senate House of Representatives Opposition Leader High Court Lower courts Constitution Act Statute of Westminster Australia Act Federal elections pre-1969 1969 1972 1974 1975 1977 1980 1983 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 Next by-elections State/territory governments Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State/Territorial elections Most recent NSW 2011 election Vic 2010 election Qld 2012 election WA 2008 election SA 2010 election Tas 2010 election ACT 2008 election NT 2008 election Next NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT Local government In NSW Vic Qld (2012 Brisbane City Council election) WA SA Tas NT Political parties Labor Coalition (Liberal, National, LNP, CLP) Greens DLP KAP Other parties

Australia

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Foreign relations

Other countries · Atlas Politics portal view talk edit

Australia elects a legislature – the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia – using various electoral systems: see Australian electoral system. The Parliament consists of two chambers:

• The House of Representatives has 150 members, elected for a three-year term in proportional single-member constituencies with a system of alternative vote known as preferential voting.
• The Senate has 76 members, elected through a preferential system of proportional representation in 12-seat state constituencies and two-seat territorial constituencies with a system of single transferable vote. Electors choose territorial senators for non-fixed terms that are delimited by the election dates for the House of Representatives. The state senators serve for a six-year term that is fixed except in the case of a double dissolution, with half of the seats renewed every three years. In the event of a double dissolution, the terms of all the members of the Senate and the House of Representatives seats end immediately.

Australia has a de facto two-party system between the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition of the Liberal Party of Australia, National Party of Australia, the Liberal National Party and Country Liberal Party. It is very difficult for other parties to win representation in the House, let alone form the government. However, minor parties and independent candidates do have reasonable access to the Senate by virtue of its more favourable voting system. In recent decades, several parties besides the ALP and the Coalition have secured significant representation in the Senate, notably the D.L.P (1955–1974); the Australian Democrats (1977–2007); the Greens (WA) (1990–present)^[1] and the Australian Greens (1996–present). Independent and other individual senators have also exercised influence, e.g., Brian Harradine (1975–2005), Family First's Steve Fielding (2005–2011), and Nick Xenophon (2008-current); and, variously from 1984, representatives of the Nuclear Disarmament Party and One Nation.

Voting in Australian federal and state elections is compulsory.

Election timing[link]

Although elections for the House of Representatives have usually corresponded to half-elections of the Senate, the rules which determine when the elections occur differ:

• The House of Representatives lasts no more than three years after it first meets, but may be dissolved earlier. After the House is dissolved, the next House must meet within 140 days. The maximum period between elections is therefore 3 years, 140 days, and the minimum approximately a month.

• The terms of senators representing the states are of fixed duration (unless a double dissolution occurs), and elections must occur within a year before the term expires. The terms of senators representing the territories are not fixed, and are tied to the dates of elections for the House of Representatives.

Where a House is dissolved early, House and Senate elections may be asynchronous until either the House is again dissolved sufficiently early or a double dissolution occurs.

Caretaker convention[link]

A series of conventions has evolved covering the conduct of the business of government by ministers, their departments of state, and the Public Service during the "caretaker period" of the election. This period begins after the announcement of the election date, when the Governor-General of Australia dissolves the federal parliament on advice from the Prime Minister. It ends after the election result is known and clear, when a newly elected government is sworn into office.

Primary, TPP and seat results since 1937[link]

ALP = Australian Labor Party, L+NP = grouping of Liberal/National/LNP/CLP Coalition Parties (and predecessors), Oth = other parties and independents.

See also[link]

• Electoral calendar
• Electoral system
• Australian electoral system
• List of Australian federal elections
• List of Australian federal by-elections

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)

External links[link]

• Adam Carr's Election Archive
• Archived websites from Australian electoral campaigns since 1996
• Guidance on Caretaker Conventions – Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)

v t e Elections and referendums in Australia Federal elections 1901 1903 1906 1910 1913 1914¹ 1917 1919 1922 1925 1928 1929² 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1951¹ 1953³ 1954² 1955 1958 1961 1963² 1964³ 1966² 1967³ 1969² 1970³ 1972² 1974¹ 1975¹ 1977 1980 1983¹ 1984 1987¹ 1990 1993 1996 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 Next by-elections Referendums 1906a 1910a 1911 1913 1916 1917 1919 1926 1928a 1937 1944 1946a 1948 1951 1967a 1973 1974 1977a 1984 1988 1999 ¹ Double dissolution election ² House of Representatives-only election ³ Senate-only election a One or more proposals carried See also: Elections in Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Nothern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia

v t e Politics of Australia Commonwealth Queen Governor-General Prime Minister Cabinet Executive Council Ministry Foreign relations Parliament Senate House of Representatives Opposition Leader High Court Lower courts Constitution Act Statute of Westminster Australia Act Federal elections pre-1969 1969 1972 1974 1975 1977 1980 1983 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 Next by-elections State/territory governments Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State/Territorial elections Most recent NSW 2011 election Vic 2010 election Qld 2012 election WA 2008 election SA 2010 election Tas 2010 election ACT 2008 election NT 2008 election Next NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT Local government In NSW Vic Qld (2012 Brisbane City Council election) WA SA Tas NT Political parties Labor Coalition (Liberal, National, LNP, CLP) Greens DLP KAP Other parties

The Honourable Bob Hawke AC GCL
23rd Prime Minister of Australia Elections: 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990
In office 11 March 1983 – 20 December 1991
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor General	Sir Ninian Stephen Bill Hayden
Deputy	Lionel Bowen Paul Keating Brian Howe
Preceded by	Malcolm Fraser
Succeeded by	Paul Keating
Leader of the Opposition
In office 3 February 1983 – 11 March 1983
Preceded by	Bill Hayden
Succeeded by	Andrew Peacock
Treasurer of Australia
In office 3 June 1991 – 4 June 1991
Preceded by	Paul Keating
Succeeded by	John Kerin
Member of the Australian Parliament for Wills
In office 18 October 1980 – 20 February 1992
Preceded by	Gordon Bryant
Succeeded by	Phil Cleary
Personal details
Born	Robert James Lee Hawke (1929-12-09) 9 December 1929 (age 82) Bordertown, South Australia, Australia
Political party	Labor Party
Spouse(s)	Hazel Masterson (1956–1995) Blanche d'Alpuget (1995–present)
Children	Three One died in infancy
Alma mater	University of Western Australia University College, Oxford Australian National University

Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL (born 9 December 1929) is a former Australian politician who served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991.

After a decade as president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, he entered parliament as a Labor MP at the 1980 federal election and became Prime Minister within three years, leading Labor to victory at four consecutive federal elections: 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990. Hawke was defeated as Labor leader in a 1991 spill against Paul Keating. He is Labor's longest-serving Prime Minister and Australia's third-longest-serving Prime Minister.

Early life and education[link]

Hawke's memorial at the Turf Tavern for downing a yard of ale (2.5 imperial pints or 1.4 litres) in just 11 seconds in 1963 [sic] while at Oxford University, a record at the time, and entered in the Guinness Book of Records. The record was actually set in 1953.

Hawke was born in Bordertown, a small town in South Australia near the Victorian border. His father Clem was a Congregationalist minister; his uncle, Albert Hawke, was Labor Premier of Western Australia between 1953 and 1959 and was a close friend of Labor Prime Minister John Curtin, who was in many ways Bob Hawke's role model. Hawke's mother, Ellie, had an almost messianic belief in her son's destiny^[1] and this contributed to his supreme self-confidence throughout his career. Both his parents were of Cornish origins^[2] and he himself has stated that his background is Cornish.^[3] This led the Cornish writer and historian A.L. Rowse to write "Bob Hawke's characteristics are as Cornish as Australian. I know them well: the aggressive individualism, the egoism, the touchiness, the liability to resentment, even a touch of vindictiveness."^[4] While attending the 1952 World Christian Youth Conference, held in Kottayam in southern India, Hawke was struck by "this enormous sense of irrelevance of religion to the needs of the people" and abandoned his Christian beliefs.^[5] By the time he entered politics he was a self-described agnostic.^[6] Hawke told Andrew Denton in 2008 that his father's Christian faith continued to influence his outlook however: "[My father] said if you believe in the fatherhood of God you must necessarily believe in the brotherhood of man, it follows necessarily and even though I left the church and was not religious, that truth remained with me."^[7]

Hawke was raised in Perth and attended Perth Modern School and completed undergraduate degrees in Law and Arts (Economics) at the University of Western Australia. At age 15, he boasted that he would one day become Prime Minister of Australia.^[8] He joined the Labor Party in 1947, and successfully applied for a Rhodes Scholarship at the end of 1952.^[9][10] In 1953, Hawke went to the University of Oxford to commence a Bachelor of Arts at University College.^[11] He soon found he was covering much the same ground as his Bachelor's degree from Perth, and switched to a Bachelor of Letters, with a thesis on wage-fixing in Australia.^[12] The thesis was successfully presented in January 1956.^[13]

His academic achievements were complemented by setting a new world speed record for beer drinking: he downed 2 1/2 pints - equivalent to a yard of ale - from a sconce pot in eleven seconds as part of a college penalty.^[14][15] In his memoirs, Hawke suggested that this single feat may have contributed to his political success more than any other, by endearing him to a voting population with a strong beer culture.^[13]

In March 1956, Hawke married Hazel Masterson, at Trinity Church, Perth, Western Australia.^[16] In the same year, Hawke accepted a scholarship to undertake doctoral studies in the area of arbitration law in the law department of the Australian National University (ANU), Canberra.^[13][16] Soon after arrival at ANU, Hawke became the students' representative on the University Council.^[16]

In 1957, Hawke was recommended to the ACTU president Albert Monk for the position of ACTU research officer to replace Harold Souter, who had become ACTU secretary. The recommendation was made by Hawke's mentor at ANU, H.P. Brown, who for a number of years had assisted the ACTU in national wage cases. Hawke decided to abandon his doctoral studies and accept the offer. The Hawke family moved to Melbourne.^[17]

Trade union leader[link]

Not long after Hawke began work at the ACTU, he became responsible for the presentation of its annual case for higher wages to the national wages tribunal, the Conciliation and Arbitration Commission. He was first appointed as the ACTU advocate in 1959. The 1958 case, under advocate R.L Eggleston, had yielded only a five-shilling increase.^[18] The 1959 case found for a fifteen-shilling increase, and was regarded as a personal triumph for Hawke.^[19] He went on to attain such success and prominence in his role as ACTU advocate, that in 1969 he was encouraged to run for ACTU President, despite the fact that he had never held elected office in a trade union.

He was elected to the presidency of the ACTU in 1969 on a modernising platform, by a narrow margin (399 to 350)^[20] and with the support of the left of the union movement, including some associated with the Communist Party.

Hawke declared publicly that "socialist is not a word I would use to describe myself" and his approach to government was pragmatic. He concerned himself with making improvements to workers' lives from within the traditional institutions of government, rather than to any ideological theory. He opposed the Vietnam war, but was a strong supporter of the US-Australian alliance, and also an emotional supporter of Israel. It was his commitment to the cause of Jewish Refuseniks that led to a planned assassination attempt by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and its Australian operative Munif Mohammed Abou Rish.^[21]

In industrial matters, Hawke continued to demonstrate a preference for and considerable skill at negotiation, and was generally liked and respected by employers as well as the unions he advocated for. As early as 1972 speculation began that he would soon enter Parliament and become Labor leader. But while his career continued successfully, his heavy use of alcohol and his notorious womanising^[22] placed considerable strains on his family life.

In 1973 Hawke became Federal President of the Labor Party. When the Gough Whitlam government was controversially dismissed by the Governor-General in 1975 and the government defeated at the ensuing election, Whitlam initially offered the Labor leadership to Hawke, although it was not within Whitlam's power to decide who would succeed him.^[23] Hawke decided not to enter Parliament at that time, a decision he soon regretted. He was, however, influential in averting national strike action.^[24] The strain of this period took its toll, and in 1979 he suffered a physical collapse.

This shock led Hawke to make a sustained and ultimately successful effort to conquer his alcoholism – John Curtin was his inspiration in this as in other things. He was helped in this by his relationship with the writer Blanche d'Alpuget, who in 1982 published an admiring biography of Hawke. His popularity with the public was unaffected, and polling suggested that he was a far more popular politician than either Bill Hayden, the Labor leader since 1977, or the incumbent Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.

Parliamentarian[link]

Hawke addresses the Labour Day crowd in October 1980

Hawke initially attempted to enter parliament at the 1963 federal election in the seat of Corio and achieved a 3.1 percent swing against the national trend, but fell short.^[25] Later, he was elected to the House of Representatives for the Melbourne seat of Wills at the 1980 election held on 18 October. Immediately upon his entry into Parliament, Hawke was appointed to the Opposition front bench, taking his place as Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations, Employment and Youth.^[26] With the opinion polls indicating that Hawke was 'a certain election winner',^[27] Hayden called a leadership ballot for 16 July 1982. Although Hayden defeated the ambitious Hawke, his five vote victory over the former President of the ACTU was not large enough to dispel doubts in caucus that he could lead the ALP to victory at the next election, due sometime in the forthcoming year.^[28]

Hayden's leadership was further questioned when Labor performed poorly in a December 1982 by-election for the Victorian seat of Flinders, following the resignation of the former Liberal minister, Sir Phillip Lynch. Labor needed a swing of 5.5% to win the seat, but only achieved 3%.^[29] This convinced many doubters within caucus that only Hawke could guarantee a Labor victory at the upcoming election. Labor party power-brokers such as Graham Richardson and Barrie Unsworth now lined up behind Hawke.^[29] More significantly, Hayden's staunch friend and political ally, Labor Senate Leader John Button, eventually became convinced that Hawke's chances of victory were greater than Hayden's. Button's influence was crucial in encouraging Hayden's decision to resign less than two months after Labor's lacklustre performance in Flinders.^[30] Hawke's leadership ambitions were realised when Hayden announced his resignation as Labor leader on the morning of 3 February 1983, at a meeting of the shadow ministry in Brisbane. Hawke was named interim leader.^[30] The same day, Fraser, hoping to capitalise on Labor's feuding, and unaware of events that had taken place in Brisbane, called a double dissolution election for 5 March.^[31] He believed he'd caught Labor before it could replace Hayden, and was surprised to find out Hayden had resigned mere hours before the writs were dropped. Hawke was formally elected Hayden's successor five days later. Twenty five days later, Labor won power on a 24-seat swing, ending seven years of conservative rule.

Prime Minister 1983–91[link]

The inaugural days of the Hawke government were distinctly different from those of the Whitlam era. Rather than immediately initiating extensive reform programmes, Hawke announced that Fraser's pre-election concealment of the budget deficit meant that many of Labor's election commitments would have to be deferred.^[32] Hawke managed to persuade the Labor caucus to divide the ministry into two tiers, with only the most important ministers attending regular cabinet meetings. Caucus still selected the full ministry, but allowed Hawke to select which ministers would comprise the 13-strong inner cabinet.^[33] This was to avoid what Hawke viewed as the unwieldy nature of the 27-member Whitlam cabinet. The caucus under Hawke also exhibited a much more formalised system of parliamentary factions, which significantly altered the dynamics of caucus operations.^[33]

A cheque for Ash Wednesday bushfire relief to South Australian Premier John Bannon is presented by Hawke in April 1983.

Hawke used his great authority to carry out a substantial set of policy changes. Accounts from ministers indicate that while Hawke was not usually the driving force for economic reform (that impetus coming from the Treasurer Paul Keating and Industry Minister John Button), he took the role of reaching consensus and providing political guidance on what was electorally feasible and how best to sell it to the public, at which he was highly successful. Hawke proved to be very popular with the Australian electorate and continues to hold the highest historical ACNielsen approval rating.^[34]

Keating and Hawke provided a study in contrasts. Hawke was a Rhodes Scholar; Keating left high school early.^[35] Hawke's enthusiasms were cigars, horse racing and all forms of sport; Keating preferred classical architecture, Mahler symphonies, and collecting English Regency and French Empire antiques.^[36] Hawke was consensus-driven; Keating revelled in aggressive debate. Hawke was a lapsed Protestant; Keating was a practising Catholic. Despite their differences, the two formed an effective political partnership.

According to political commentator Paul Kelly, 'the most influential economic decisions of the 1980s were the floating of the Australian Dollar and the deregulation of the financial system'.^[37] Although the Fraser government had played a part in the process of financial deregulation by commissioning the Campbell report^[38] – published in 1981 – opposition from Fraser himself, the National Party and Treasury Secretary John Stone stalled the deregulation process. When the Hawke-Keating Government implemented a comprehensive program of financial deregulation and reform, it 'transformed economics and politics in Australia'.^[37] The Australian economy became significantly more integrated with the global economy.^[37] Both Hawke and Keating have claimed the credit for being the driving force behind the Australian Dollar float.^[39]

Among other reforms, the Hawke Government dismantled the tariff system,^[40] privatised state sector industries, ended subsidisation of loss-making industries, and sold off the state-owned Commonwealth Bank of Australia.^[41] The tax system was reformed, with the introduction of fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax^[42] – a reform strongly opposed by the Liberal Party at the time, but not reversed when they returned to office. Partially offsetting these imposts upon the business community – the 'main loser' from the 1985 Tax Summit, according to Paul Kelly – was the introduction of full dividend imputation, a reform insisted upon by Keating.^[43] Funding for schools was considerably increased, while financial assistance was provided for students to enable them to stay at school longer. Considerable progress was also made in directing assistance “to the most disadvantaged recipients over the whole range of welfare benefits.”^[44]

Hawke benefited greatly from the disarray into which the Liberal opposition fell after the resignation of Fraser. The Liberals were divided between supporters of the dour socially conservative John Howard and the urbane Andrew Peacock. The arch-conservative Premier of Queensland, Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, also helped Hawke with his "Joh for Canberra" campaign in 1987, which proved highly damaging for the conservatives. Exploiting these divisions, Hawke led the Labor Party to comfortable election victories in 1984 and 1987.

Hawke's Prime Ministership saw considerable friction between himself and the grassroots of the Labor Party, who were unhappy at what they viewed as Hawke's iconoclasm and willingness to cooperate with business interests. All Labor Prime Ministers have at times engendered the hostility of the organisational wing of the party, but none more so than Hawke, who expressed his willingness to cull Labor's "sacred cows". The Socialist Left faction, as well as prominent Labor figure Barry Jones, offered severe criticism of a number of government decisions. He has also received criticism for his 'confrontationalist style' in siding with the airlines in the 1989 Australian pilots' strike.^[45]

In spite of the criticisms levelled against the Hawke Government, it succeeded in enacting a wide range of social reforms during its time in office.^[46][47] Deflecting arguments that the Hawke Government had failed as a reform government, Neville Wran, John Dawkins, Bill Hayden, and Paul Keating made a number of speeches during the Eighties arguing that the Hawke Government had been a recognisably reformist Labor government, drawing attention to Hawke’s achievements as prime minister during his first four or five years in office. Apart from the reintroduction of Medibank (under the name Medicare), these included a doubling of child care places, the introduction of occupational superannuation, a boost in school retention rates, a focus on young people’s job skills, a doubling of subsidised home care services, the elimination of poverty traps in the welfare system, a 50% increase in public housing funds, an increase in the real value of the old-age pension,^[48] the development of a new youth support program, the re-introduction of six-monthly indexation of single adult unemployment benefits, and significant improvements in social security provisions.^[49] As pointed out by John Dawkins, the proportion of total government outlays allocated to families, the sick, single parents, widows, the handicapped, and veterans had been higher under the Hawke Government than under the Whitlam Government.^[48]

A notable success for which the government's response is given considerable credit was Australia's public health campaign about AIDS.^[50] In the later years of the Hawke government, Aboriginal affairs saw considerable attention, with an investigation of the idea of a treaty between Aborigines and the government, though this idea was overtaken by events, notably including the Mabo court decision.

The Hawke government also made some notable environmental decisions. In its first months in office it stopped the construction of the Franklin Dam, on the Franklin River in Tasmania,^[51] responding to a groundswell of protest about the issue. In 1990, a looming tight election saw a tough political operator, Graham Richardson, appointed Environment Minister, whose task it was to attract second-preference votes from the Australian Democrats and other environmental parties. Richardson claimed this as a major factor in the government's narrow re-election in 1990,^[52] Hawke's last triumph.

Richardson felt that the importance of his contribution to Labor's victory would automatically entitle him to the ministerial portfolio of his choice – Transport and Communications.^[53] He was shocked, however, at what he perceived as Hawke's ingratitude in allocating him Social Security instead. He vowed – in a telephone conversation with Peter Barron,^[32] a former Hawke political staffer – to do 'whatever it takes' to 'get' Hawke.^[54] He immediately transferred his allegiance to Keating and subsequently claimed credit for playing a vital role in Keating's campaign for the leadership as a numbers man.^[55]

Decline and fall[link]

The late 1980s recession and high interest rates saw the government in considerable electoral trouble. Although Keating was the main architect of the government's economic policies, he took advantage of Hawke's declining popularity to plan a leadership challenge. In 1988 Hawke had responded to pressure from Keating to step down by making a secret agreement (the so-called "Kirribilli agreement" or "Kirribilli accord") to resign in favour of Keating some time after winning the 1990 election.^[56] After Keating made a speech to the Federal Parliamentary Press Gallery that Hawke considered disloyal, Hawke indicated to Keating that he would renege on the agreement.^[57]

Bob Hawke with then Labor leader Mark Latham unveils a plaque in 2004 to commemorate the centenary of the Chris Watson Labor government in 1904.

Bob Hawke campaigning in support of Kevin Rudd and Labor for the 2007 federal election with Julie Owens MP for Parramatta at a local retail precinct.

In June 1991 Keating responded by resigning from Cabinet and challenging for the Labor Party leadership. Hawke defeated Keating's leadership challenge, but he was clearly a wounded leader.^[58] Hawke had himself sworn in as Treasurer for one day while he decided between the rival claims of Ralph Willis and John Kerin for the job, eventually choosing Kerin, who proved to be unequal to the job.^[59]

Hawke's leadership was further damaged as a consequence of the new Liberal leader, Dr John Hewson, releasing Fightback!, a detailed proposal for sweeping economic change, including a goods and services tax and deep cuts to government spending and personal income tax, in November 1991.^[60] Hawke's response to this challenge was judged to be ineffective,^[61] and a rattled Labor Party turned to Keating. At a second challenge, on 19 December 1991, Keating defeated Hawke in a party-room ballot, 56 votes to 51. Hawke resigned from Parliament on 20 February 1992,^[62] sparking the 1992 Wills by-election, which was won by independent Phil Cleary from a record field of 22 candidates.

Hawke apparently had few regrets, although his bitterness towards Keating surfaced in his memoirs. Hawke now claims to have buried his differences and considers Keating a friend.^[63]

In July 1990, Hawke had overtaken Malcolm Fraser to become Australia's second-longest serving Prime Minister. This record has since been overtaken by John Howard. Hawke remains the Australian Labor Party's longest-serving Prime Minister.

It is also said by a former Tony Blair staffer that UK Labour and Blair learnt from the Hawke government in the 1980s on how to govern when they took power in the UK.^[64]

Life after politics[link]

After politics, Hawke entered the business world with considerable success. Hazel Hawke, who for the sake of the Labor cause had put up with the open secret of his relationship with his biographer Blanche d'Alpuget while he was Prime Minister, divorced him, and shortly afterwards he married d'Alpuget. He had little to do with the Labor Party during Keating's leadership. In fact he often criticised the Keating Government publicly.^[65] After the election of the Howard Liberal government in 1996 he became a close supporter of Opposition Leader Kim Beazley.

Bob Hawke at Parliament House for the national apology to the Stolen Generations.

In the run up to the 2007 election, Hawke (at the age of 78) made a considerable personal effort to support the Australian Labor Party's campaign, making speeches at a large number of campaign office openings across Australia. As well as campaigning against WorkChoices, Hawke also attacked John Howard's record as Treasurer, stating "it was the judgement of every economist and international financial institution that it was the restructuring reforms undertaken by my government with the full cooperation of the trade union movement which created the strength of the Australian economy today".^[66]

In 2009, Hawke helped establish the Centre for Muslim and Non-Muslim Understanding at the University of South Australia. Interfaith dialogue is an important issue for Hawke, who told the Adelaide Review that he is "convinced that one of the great potential dangers confronting the world is the lack of understanding in regard to the Muslim world. Fanatics have misrepresented what Islam is. They give a false impression of the essential nature of Islam."^[67]

In the 2010 election campaign, Hawke leant considerable support to Julia Gillard in the election against Tony Abbott.

In 2011 Hawke publicly supported NSW Premier Kristina Keneally in an election campaign, who was facing almost certain defeat to opposition leader Barry O'Farrell, describing her campaign as "gutsy".^[68]

Honours[link]

Bust of Bob Hawke by political cartoonist, caricaturist and sculptor Peter Nicholson located in the Prime Ministers Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens

Hawke was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1979.^[69]

In late 2008, he was made Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu, the highest Papua New Guinean honour available to non-Papua New Guinean citizens, entitling him to be referred to as "Chief". In a letter to Bob Hawke, Papua New Guinean Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare informed him that he was being honoured for his "support for Papua New Guinea [...] from the time you assisted in the development of our trade union movement, and basic workplace conditions, to the strong support you gave us during your term as Prime Minister of Australia".^[70]

In August 2009 Bob Hawke became just the third person to be awarded life membership of the Australian Labor Party.^[71]

Bob Hawke has received the following honours from academic institutions:^[72][73]

• Honorary Fellow – University College, Oxford
• Honorary Doctor of Letters – University of Western Australia
• Honorary Doctor of Civil Law – Oxford University
• Honorary Doctor of Humanities – Rikkyo University
• other honorary doctoral degrees from Nanjing University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of New South Wales, and the University of South Australia
• The University of South Australia named the Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Library in his honour.

Television film[link]

A television film titled Hawke detailing his political career aired on the Ten Network in Australia on 18 July 2010, with Richard Roxburgh playing the title character. Rachael Blake and Felix Williamson portrayed Hazel Hawke and Paul Keating respectively. Patrick Brammall starred as then Deputy Prime Minister Kim Beazley.^[74]

See also[link]

• First Hawke Ministry
• Second Hawke Ministry
• Third Hawke Ministry
• Fourth Hawke Ministry
• The Accord

References[link]