The Rockefeller Foundation is a prominent philanthropic organization and private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The preeminent institution established by the six-generation Rockefeller family, it was founded by John D. Rockefeller ("Senior"), along with his son John D. Rockefeller, Jr. ("Junior"), and Senior's principal business and philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates, in New York State May 14, 1913, when its charter was formally accepted by the New York State Legislature.^[3] Its central historical mission is "to promote the well-being of mankind throughout the world."^[2]

Some of its objectives and achievements include:

• Financially supported education in the United States "without distinction of race, sex or creed"^[4]
• Helped establish the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom;
• Established the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Harvard School of Public Health, two of the first such institutions in the United States;^[5][6]
• Developed the vaccine to prevent yellow fever;^[7][8]
• Developed and funded various German eugenics programs, including the one that Josef Mengele worked in before he went to Auschwitz.^[9][10]
• Funded the work of dozens of Nobel Laureates^{[citation needed]}
• Helped found The New School^{[citation needed]}
• Supported the establishment of a large range of American and international cultural institutions;^{[citation needed]}
• Funded agricultural development to expand food supplies around the world.^{[citation needed]}

Although it is no longer the largest foundation by assets, the Rockefeller Foundation's pre-eminent legacy ranks it among the most influential NGOs in the world.^[11] By year-end 2008 assets were tallied at $3.1 billion from $4.6 billion in 2007, with annual grants of $137 million.^[1]

Leadership[link]

The foundation's president is Judith Rodin, who succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005. A former president of the University of Pennsylvania, Rodin is the first woman to head the foundation. She has said she wants to change the foundation's organizational structure and identify the major 21st-century trends that could be affected by the foundation. It now seeks ideas that might change the lives of large numbers of poor or vulnerable people within three to five years.^{[citation needed]}

Beginnings[link]

Rockefeller's interest in philanthropy on a large scale began in 1889, influenced by Andrew Carnegie's published essay, The Gospel of Wealth, which prompted him to write a letter to Carnegie praising him as an example to other rich men.^{[citation needed]} It was in that year that he made the first of what would become $35 million in gifts, over a period of two decades, to fund the University of Chicago.^[12]

His initial idea to set up a large-scale tax-exempt foundation occurred in 1901, but it was not until 1906 that Senior's famous business and philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates, seriously revived the idea, saying that Rockefeller's fortune was rolling up so fast his heirs would "dissipate their inheritances or become intoxicated with power", unless he set up "permanent corporate philanthropies for the good of Mankind".^[13]

It was also in 1906 that the Russell Sage Foundation was established, though its program was limited to working women and social ills. Rockefeller's would thus not be the first foundation in America (Benjamin Franklin was the first to introduce the concept), but it brought to it unprecedented international scale and scope. In 1909 he signed over 73,000 shares of Standard Oil of New Jersey, valued at $50 million, to the three inaugural trustees, Junior, Gates and Harold Fowler McCormick, the first installment of a projected $100 million endowment.^[13]

They applied for a federal charter for the foundation in the US Senate in 1910, with at one stage Junior even secretly meeting with President William Howard Taft, through the aegis of Senator Nelson Aldrich, to hammer out concessions.^{[citation needed]} However, because of the ongoing (1911) antitrust suit against Standard Oil at the time, along with deep suspicion in some quarters of undue Rockefeller influence on the spending of the endowment, the end result was that Senior and Gates withdrew the bill from Congress in order to seek a state charter.^[13]

On May 14, 1913, New York Governor William Sulzer approved a state charter for the foundation - two years after the Carnegie Corporation - with Junior becoming the first president. With its large-scale endowment, a large part of Senior's fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes. The total benefactions of both him and Junior and their philanthropies in the end would far surpass Carnegie's endowments, his biographer Ron Chernow states, ranking Rockefeller as "the greatest philanthropist in American history."^[13]

Early grants and connections[link]

The first Secretary of the foundation was Jerome Davis Greene, the former Secretary of Harvard University, who wrote a "memorandum on principles and policies” for an early meeting of the trustees that established a rough framework for the foundation's work. On December 5, the Board made its first grant of $100,000 to the American Red Cross to purchase property for its headquarters in Washington, D.C.^[2] At the beginning the foundation was global in its approach and concentrated in its first decade entirely on the sciences, public health and medical education.

It was initially located within the family office at Standard Oil's headquarters at 26 Broadway, later (in 1933) shifting to the GE Building (then RCA), along with the newly named family office, Room 5600, at Rockefeller Center; later it moved to the Time-Life Building in the Center, before shifting to its current Fifth Avenue address.

In 1913 the foundation set up the International Health Commission (later Board), the first appropriation of funds for work outside the US, which launched the foundation into international public health activities. This expanded the work of the Sanitary Commission worldwide, working against various diseases in fifty-two countries on six continents and twenty-nine islands, bringing international recognition of the need for public health and environmental sanitation. Its early field research on hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever provided the basic techniques to control these diseases and established the pattern of modern public health services.^{[citation needed]}

The Commission established and endowed the world's first school of Hygiene and Public Health, at Johns Hopkins University, and later at Harvard, and then spent more than $25 million in developing other public health schools in the US and in 21 foreign countries - helping to establish America as the world leader in medicine and scientific research. In 1913 it also began a 20-year support program of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, whose mission was research and education on birth control, maternal health and sex education.

In 1914 the foundation set up the China Medical Board, which established the first public health university in China, the Peking Union Medical College, in 1921; this was subsequently nationalised when the Communists took over the country in 1949. In the same year it began a program of international fellowships to train scholars at the world’s leading universities at the post-doctoral level; a fundamental commitment to the education of future leaders.

Also in 1914, the trustees set up a new Department of Industrial Relations, inviting William Lyon MacKenzie King to head it. He became a close and key advisor to Junior through the Ludlow massacre, turning around his attitude to unions; however the foundation's involvement in IR was criticized for advancing the family's business interests.^{[citation needed]} It henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, which were beyond the control of the foundation itself.^[14]

Through the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, established by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. in 1918 and named after his mother, the family shifted the focus of philanthropy into the social sciences, stimulating the founding of university research centres and creating the Social Science Research Council. This memorial fund was subsequently folded into the foundation in a major reorganization in 1928/9.

John D. Rockefeller, Jr. became the foundation chairman in 1917. One of the many prominent trustees of the institution since has been C. Douglas Dillon, the United States Secretary of the Treasury under both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. The foundation also supported the early initiatives of Henry Kissinger, such as his directorship of Harvard's International Seminars and the early foreign policy magazine Confluence, both established by him while he was still a graduate student.^[15]

Programs: scale and scope[link]

Through the years the foundation has expanded greatly in scope. Historically, it has given more than $14 billion in current dollars^[12] to thousands of grantees worldwide and has assisted directly in the training of nearly 13,000 Rockefeller Fellows.

Its overall philanthropic activity has been divided into five main subject areas:^[16]

• Medical, health, and population sciences,
• Agricultural and natural sciences,
• Arts and humanities,
• Social sciences,
• International relations.

A major program beginning in the 1930s was the relocation of German (Jewish) scholars from German universities to America. This was expanded to other European countries after the Anschluss occurred; when war broke out it became a full-scale rescue operation. Another program, the Emergency Rescue Committee was also partly funded with Rockefeller money; this effort resulted in the rescue of some of the most famous artists, writers and composers of Europe. Some of the notable figures relocated or saved (out of a total of 303 scholars) by the Foundation were Thomas Mann, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Leó Szilárd, enriching intellectual life and academic disciplines in the US. This came to light afterwards through a brief, unpublished history of the Foundation's program.^[17]

Another significant program was its Medical Sciences Division, which extensively funded women's contraception and the human reproductive system in general. Other funding went into endocrinology departments in American universities, human heredity, mammalian biology, human physiology and anatomy, psychology, and the pioneering studies of human sexual behavior by Dr. Alfred Kinsey.^[18]

Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory Field Assistant, Nariva Swamp, Trinidad. 1959

In 1950 the Foundation mounted a major program of virus research, establishing field laboratories in Poona, India; Port of Spain, Trinidad; Belém, Brazil; Johannesburg, South Africa; Cairo, Egypt; Ibadan, Nigeria; and Cali, Colombia.^{[citation needed]} In time, major funding was also contributed by the countries involved, while in Trinidad the British government and neighbouring British-controlled territories also assisted. Sub-professional staff were almost all recruited locally and, wherever possible, local people were given scholarships and other support to be professionally trained. In most cases, locals eventually took over management of the facilities. Support was also given to research on viruses in many other countries. The result of all this research was the identification of a huge number of viruses affecting humans, the development of new techniques for the rapid identification of viruses, and a quantum leap in our understanding of arthropod-borne viruses.^[19]

In the arts it has helped establish or support the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario, Canada, and the American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Connecticut; Arena Stage in Washington, D.C.; Karamu House in Cleveland, Ohio; and Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York. In a recent shift^[when?] in program emphasis, President Rodin eliminated the division that spent money on the arts, the creativity and culture program. One program that signals the shift was the foundation's support as the underwriter of Spike Lee's documentary on New Orleans, When the Levees Broke. The film has been used as the basis for a curriculum on poverty, developed by the Teachers College at Columbia University for their students.^[20]

Thousands of scientists and scholars from all over the world have received foundation fellowships and scholarships for advanced study in major scientific disciplines. In addition, the foundation has provided significant and often substantial research grants to finance conferences and assist with published studies, as well as funding departments and programs, to a vast range of foreign policy and educational organizations, including:^{[citation needed]}

• Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) - Especially the notable 1939-45 War and Peace Studies that advised the US State Department and the US government on World War II strategy and forward planning;
• Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA) in London;
• Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington - Support of the diplomatic training program;
• Brookings Institution in Washington - Significant funding of research grants in the fields of economic and social studies;
• World Bank in Washington - Helped finance the training of foreign officials through the Economic Development Institute;
• Harvard University - Grants to the Center for International Affairs and medical, business and administration Schools;
• Yale University - Substantial funding to the Institute of International Studies;
• Princeton University - Office of Population Research;
• Columbia University - Establishment of the Russia Institute;
• University of the Philippines, Los Baños - Funded research for the College of Agriculture and built an international house for foreign students
• McGill University - The Rockefeller Foundation funded the Montreal Neurological Institute, on the request of Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, who had met David Rockefeller years before.
• Library of Congress - Funded a project for photographic copies of the complete card catalogues for the world's fifty leading libraries;
• Bodleian Library at Oxford University - Grant for a building to house five million volumes;
• Population Council of New York - Funded fellowships;
• Social Science Research Council - Major funding for fellowships and grants-in-aid;
• National Bureau of Economic Research.^[21]
• National Institute of Public Health of Japan (formerly The Institute of Public Health (国立公衆衛生院, Kokuritsu Kōshū Eisei-in^?) "School of Public Health"ja) in Tokyo (1938);
• Group of Thirty - In 1978 the Foundation invited Geoffrey Bell to set up this high-powered and influential advisory group on global financial issues, whose current chairman is a longtime Rockefeller associate Paul Volcker.^[22]
• London School of Economics - funded research and general budget
• University of Lyon, France - funded research in natural sciences, social sciences, medicine and the new building of the medical school during the 1920s-1930s
• The Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory
• The Results for Development Institute - funded the Center for Health Market Innovations

The Green Revolution[link]

Agriculture was introduced to the Natural Sciences division of the foundation in the major reorganization of 1928. In 1941, the foundation gave a small grant to Mexico for maize research, in collaboration with the then new president, Manuel Avila Camacho. This was done after the intervention of vice-president Henry Wallace and the involvement of Nelson Rockefeller; the primary intention being to stabilise the Mexican Government and derail any possible communist infiltration, in order to protect the Rockefeller family's investments.^[23]

By 1943 this program, under the foundation's Mexican Agriculture Project, had proved such a success with the science of corn propagation and general principles of agronomy that it was exported to other Latin American countries; in 1956 the program was then taken to India; again with the geopolitical imperative of providing an antidote to communism.^[23] It wasn't until 1959 that senior foundation officials succeeded in getting the Ford Foundation (and later USAID, and later still, the World Bank) to sign on to the major philanthropic project, known now to the world as the Green Revolution, originally conceived as CIMMYT The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. It also provided significant funding for the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. Part of the original program, the funding of the IRRI was later taken over by the Ford Foundation.^[23]

Costing around $600 million, over 50 years, the revolution brought new farming technology, increased productivity, expanded crop yields and mass fertilization to many countries throughout the world. Later it funded over $100 million dollars of plant biotechnology research and trained over four hundred scientists from Asia, Africa and Latin America. It also invested in the production of transgenic crops, including rice and maize. In 1999, the then president Gordon Conway addressed the Monsanto Company board of directors, warning of the possible social and environmental dangers of this biotechnology, and requesting them to disavow the use of so-called terminator genes;^[24] the company later complied.

In the 1990s, the foundation shifted its agriculture work and emphasis to Africa; in 2006 it joined with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in a $150 million effort to fight hunger in the continent through improved agricultural productivity.

The Bellagio Center[link]

The foundation also owns and operates the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in Bellagio, Italy. The Center comprises several buildings, spread across a 50-acre (200,000 m²) property, on the peninsula between lakes Como and Lecco in Northern Italy. The Center is sometimes colloquially referred to as the Villa Serbelloni. The Villa is only one of the many buildings in which residents and conference participants are housed. The property was bequeathed to the Foundation in 1959 under the presidency of Dean Rusk (who was later to become U.S. President Kennedy's secretary of state).

The Bellagio Center operates both a conference center and a residency program. The residency program is a competitive program to which scholars, artists, writers, musicians, scientists, policymakers and development professionals from around the world can apply to work on a project of their own choosing for a period of four weeks.

Family involvement[link]

The Rockefeller family helped lead the foundation in its early years, but later limited itself to one or two representatives, to maintain the foundation's independence and avoid charges of undue family influence. These representatives have included the former president John D. Rockefeller 3rd, and then his son John D. Rockefeller, IV, who gave up the trusteeship in 1981. In 1989, David Rockefeller's daughter, Peggy Dulany, was appointed to the board for a five-year term.

In October 2006, David Rockefeller, Jr. joined the board of trustees, re-establishing the direct family link and becoming the sixth family member to serve on the board. By contrast, the Ford Foundation has severed all direct links with the Ford family.^{[citation needed]}

Stock in the family's oil companies is a major part of the foundation's assets, beginning with Standard Oil and now with its corporate descendants, including Exxon Mobil.^[25]

Historical legacy[link]

The second-oldest major philanthropic institution in America after the Carnegie Corporation, the foundation's impact on philanthropy in general has been profound. It has supported United Nations programs throughout its history, such as the recent First Global Forum On Human Development, organized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1999.[1]

The early institutions it set up have served as models for current organizations: the UN's World Health Organization, set up in 1948, is modeled on the International Health Division; the U.S. Government's National Science Foundation (1950) on its approach in support of research, scholarships and institutional development; and the National Institute of Health (1950) imitated its longstanding medical programs.^[26]

The Rockefeller Foundation, funded Nazi racial studies even after it was clear what this research was being used to rationalize the demonizing of Jews and other groups. Up until 1939 the Rockefeller Foundation was funding research used to support Nazi racial science studies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics (KWIA.) Reports submitted to Rockefeller did not hide what these studies were being used to justify, but Rockefeller continued the funding and refrained from criticizing this research so closely derived from Nazi ideology. The Rockefeller Foundation did not alert “the world to the nature of German science and the racist folly” that German anthropology promulgated and Rockefeller funded for years after the passage of the 1935 Nuremberg racial laws.^[27]

Current trustees[link]

• Ann M. Fudge, 2006-, former chairman and CEO, Young & Rubicam Brands, New York.
• Helene D. Gayle, 2009-, president and CEO of CARE.
• Alice S. Huang, Senior Faculty Associate, California Institute of Technology.
• Thomas J. Healey, 2003-, Partner, Healey Development LLC; teaching course at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government; formerly with Goldman, Sachs and an Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury.
• Strive Masiyiwa, 2003-, Zimbabwean businessman and cellphone pioneer, founding Econet Wireless.
• Diana Natalicio, 2004-, President, The University of Texas at El Paso
• Sandra Day O'Connor, 2006-, Associate Justice, Retired, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D.C. (First woman appointed to the Supreme Court.)
• Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, 2009-, Managing Director of the World Bank; former Finance Minister and Foreign Minister of Nigeria.
• Richard Parsons, 2007-, Chairman of the Board, Citigroup Inc.
• Surin Pitsuwan, 2010-, Secretary general of ASEAN and Thai politician.
• David Rockefeller, Jr., 2006-, Chair of foundation board Dec. 2010- ; Vice Chairman of Rockefeller Family & Associates; Director and former Chair, Rockefeller & Co., Inc.; current Trustee of the Museum of Modern Art.
• Judith Rodin- President of the Foundation; ex-officio member of Board
• John W. Rowe, 2007-, professor at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; former Chairman and CEO of Aetna Inc.

Notable past trustees[link]

• Alan Alda, 1989-1994 - Actor and film director.
• Winthrop W. Aldrich 1935-1951 - Chairman of the Chase National Bank, 1934–1953; Ambassador to the Court of St. James, 1953-1957.
• John W. Davis 1922-1939 - J. P. Morgan's private attorney; founding president of the Council on Foreign Relations.
• C. Douglas Dillon 1960-1961 - US Treasury Secretary, 1961–1965; Member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
• Orvil E. Dryfoos 1960-1963 - Publisher of the New York Times, 1961-1963.
• Peggy Dulany, 1989-1994 - Fourth child of David Rockefeller; Founder and president of Synergos.
• John Foster Dulles 1935-1952 {Chairman} - US Secretary of State, 1953–1959; Senior partner, Sullivan & Cromwell law firm.
• Charles William Eliot 1914-1917 - President of Harvard, 1869-1909.
• Frederick Taylor Gates 1913-1923 - John D. Rockefeller Sr.'s principal advisor.
• Stephen Jay Gould 1993-2002 - Author; Professor and Curator, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
• Rajat Gupta, 2006–11, former director, Goldman Sachs, Procter & Gamble, AMR Corporation; Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General; former Managing Director, McKinsey & Company.
• Wallace Harrison 1951-1961 - Rockefeller family architect; lead architect for the UN Headquarters complex.
• Charles Evans Hughes 1917-1921;1925-1928 - Chief Justice of the United States, 1930-1941.
• Robert A. Lovett 1949-1961 - US Secretary of Defense, 1951-1953.
• Yo-Yo Ma 1999-2002 - Cellist.
• Jessica T. Mathews, President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.
• John J. McCloy Chairman: 1946-1949; 1953-1958 - Prominent US Presidential Advisor; Chairman of the Ford Foundation, 1958–1965; Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations.
• Bill Moyers 1969-1981 - Journalist.
• James F. Orr, III, (Board Chair), President and Chief Executive Officer, LandingPoint Capital, Boston, Massachusetts.
• Mamphela Ramphele, Chairperson, Circle Capital Ventures, Cape Town, South Africa.
• John D. Rockefeller 1913-1923.
• John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Chairman: 1917-1939.
• John D. Rockefeller 3rd Chairman: 1952-1972.
• John D. Rockefeller, IV 1976-81.
• Julius Rosenwald 1917-1931 - Chairman of Sears Roebuck, 1932-1939.
• Dean Rusk 1950-1961 - US Secretary of State, 1961-1969.
• Raymond W. Smith, Chairman, Rothschild, Inc., New York; Chairman of Arlington Capital Partners; Chairman of Verizon Ventures; and a Trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
• Frank Stanton 1961-1966? - President of CBS, 1946-1971.
• Arthur Hays Sulzberger 1939-1957 - Publisher of the New York Times, 1935-1961.
• Paul Volcker 1975-1979 - Chairman, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve Board; President, NY Federal Reserve Bank.
• Thomas J. Watson, Jr 1963-1970?^[28] - President of IBM, 1952-1971.
• James Wolfensohn - Former President of the World Bank.
• George D. Woods 1961-1967? - President of the World Bank, 1963-1968.
• Vo-Tong Xuan, 2002–2010, Vice President for Academic Affairs, Tan Tao University, Ho Chi Minh City; former rector of An Giang University, the second university in Vietnam's Mekong Delta.
• Owen D. Young 1928-1939 - Chairman of GE, 1922–1939, 1942-1945.

Presidents[link]

• Judith Rodin - 2005- ; former president of the University of Pennsylvania, and provost, chair of the Department of Psychology, Yale University.
• Gordon Conway - 1998-2004; an agricultural ecologist and former President of the Royal Geographical Society.
• Peter Goldmark, Jr. - 1988-1997; former executive director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.^[29]
• Richard Lyman - 1980-1988; president of Stanford University (1970–1980).
• John Knowles - 1972-1979; physician, general director of the Massachusetts General Hospital (1962–1971).^[30]
• J. George Harrar - 1961-1972; plant pathologist, "generally regarded as the father of 'the Green Revolution.'"^[31]
• Dean Rusk - 1952-1961; United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969
• Chester Barnard - 1948-1952; Bell System executive and author of landmark 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive
• Raymond Fosdick - 1936-1948; brother of American clergyman Harry Emerson Fosdick
• Max Mason - 1929-1936
• George E. Vincent - 1917-1929; member of the John D. Rockefeller/Frederick T. Gates General Education Board (1914–1929)^[32]
• John D. Rockefeller, Jr. - 1913-1917.

Bibliography[link]

See also[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

• Rockefeller Foundation website, including a timeline
• Hookworm and malaria research in Malaya, Java, and the Fiji Islands; report of Uncinariasis commission to the Orient, 1915-1917 The Rockefeller foundation, International health board. New York 1920

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Judith Rodin
Born	(1944-09-09) September 9, 1944 (age 67) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Occupation	President, Rockefeller Foundation; Former President, University of Pennsylvania
Spouse	Paul R. Verkuil

Judith Rodin (born Judith Seitz; September 9, 1944^[1]) was the 7th president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1994 to 2004 and the first permanent female president of an Ivy League university.^[2] She has been succeeded in this position by Amy Gutmann. She is currently the president of the Rockefeller Foundation, a position she has held since 2005. A University of Pennsylvania alumna, she received her Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1970.

Rodin expanded and improved the University and created numerous interdisciplinary programs. She led an effort to engage, support and build new relationships with the university's surrounding communities. She encouraged revitalization in University City and West Philadelphia through public safety, Wharton School alliances for small businesses, developing buildings and streetscapes that turned outward to the community, and establishing a university-led partnership school, the Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander University of Pennsylvania Partnership School.^[3]

During her tenure at Penn, the University tripled its endowment and rose from 16th to 4th in the U.S. News & World Report college ranking.^[4] Rodin brought Bono, of the rock group U2, to address the university at the 2004 commencement.^[5]

At one time, she was the highest-paid university president in the country.^[6] In her final year at Penn, Rodin's salary was $986,915.^[7]

Professional highlights[link]

Rodin became president of the Rockefeller Foundation in March 2005.

She is on the Board of Directors of Citigroup, AMR Corporation (the parent company of American Airlines), and Comcast Corporation, where she served as the presiding director until 2006.^[8] Rodin has also served on the board of corporations, including Aetna, Electronic Data Systems (EDS) and BlackRock.^[9] She continues to serve as a trustee of the Brookings Institution.

Academic[link]

She was Provost of Yale University from 1992 to 1994, when she moved to University of Pennsylvania.^[10] She held various professorial and other positions at Yale from 1972 to 1994, including Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Chair of the Department of Psychology. Rodin has published more than 200 articles and chapters in academic publications and written or co-written 11 books; most recently, Public Discourse in America (2003).^[11]

Commencement speeches and honorary degrees[link]

2007

• Dartmouth College^[12]

2006

• University of Pittsburgh^[13]
• Franklin & Marshall^[14]
• Yeshiva University^[15]

2004

• New York University^[16]
• University of Pennsylvania^[17]
• Brown University^[18]

Awards and honors[link]

In 2003, Rodin received the Philadelphia Award, given to "citizen[s] of the region who [have] done the most to advance the best and largest interest of the community."^[19] Rodin has been named one of Crain's 50 Most Powerful Women in New York list three years in a row. Rodin has also been recognized as one of Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women, and the National Association of Corporate Directors' (NACD's) 2011 Directorship 100, in recognition of her work promoting the highest standards of corporate governance.

Personal[link]

Rodin is married to Paul R. Verkuil,^[20] a former president of the College of William and Mary, former dean of the Tulane University Law School and former CEO of the American Automobile Association.^[21] Verkuil is a professor at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, where he served previously as dean.^[21] They have three children.^[22]

Work at Penn[link]

As president, Rodin guided the University through a period of unprecedented growth and development that has transformed Penn’s academic core and dramatically enhanced the quality of life on campus and in the surrounding community. Under her leadership, Penn invigorated its resources, doubling its research funding and tripling both its annual fundraising and the size of its endowment; created Penn Medicine; launched a comprehensive and widely acclaimed neighborhood revitalization program; attracted record numbers of undergraduate applicants, creating Penn’s most selective classes ever; risen in the U.S News & World Report rankings of top national research universities from 16th in 1994 to 4th in 2002; established new interdisciplinary institutes and created over a dozen groundbreaking interdisciplinary, multi-school, undergraduate and graduate degree programs throughout the University; planned or completed new buildings and major renovations in every school and center; and expanded its international programs and collaborations.

In 2003, she was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Pennsylvania's Most Politically Powerful Women".^[23]

See also[link]

• List of Ivy League university presidents

References[link]

External links[link]

Other biographical summaries[link]

• Biography from the Rockefeller Foundation* Profile at Sourcewatch.org

Reviews of Rodin's tenure at Penn[link]

• "Rodin legacy" at Penn
• Critical Review of Rodin's Tenure at Penn
• Daily Pennsylvanian editorial board Evaluation of Rodin's era

Ian Bremmer
Ian Bremmer
Born	(1969-11-12) November 12, 1969 (age 42) United States
Occupation	Political scientist, author, entrepreneur
Nationality	United States
Education	B.A., Tulane University M.A., Ph.D., Stanford University

Ian Bremmer (born November 12, 1969) is an American political scientist specializing in US foreign policy, states in transition, and global political risk. He is the president and founder of Eurasia Group, a leading global political risk research and consulting firm, and a professor at Columbia University. Eurasia Group provides financial, corporate, and government clients with information and insight on how political developments move markets. Bremmer is of Armenian and German descent.^[1]

Bremmer has authored/published eight books, including the national bestsellers Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World (Portfolio, May 2012), which details risks and opportunities in a world without global leadership, and The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations (Portfolio, May 2010), which describes the global phenomenon of state capitalism and its implications for economics and politics. He also wrote The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall (Simon & Schuster, 2006), selected by The Economist as one of the best books of 2006.^[2]

Bremmer is a frequent writer and commentator in the media. He is a contributor for the Financial Times A-List,^[3] and writes an opinion blog for Reuters.com as well as "The Call" blog on ForeignPolicy.com. He has also published articles in the Washington Post, the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, Harvard Business Review, and Foreign Affairs. He is a panelist for CNN International's "Connect the World" and appears regularly on CNBC, Fox News Channel, National Public Radio, and other networks.

Bremmer is most widely known for advances in political risk; called the "rising guru" in the field by the Economist^[4] and, more directly, bringing political science as a discipline to the financial markets.^[5] In 2001, Bremmer created Wall Street’s first global political risk index, now the GPRI (Global Political Risk Index) —a joint venture with investment bank Citigroup. Bremmer's definition of an emerging market as "a country where politics matters at least as much as economics to the market"^[6] is a standard reference in the political risk field.

Among his professional appointments, Bremmer serves on the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs and the Advisory Board of the Westport Public Library. In 2007, he was named as a 'Young Global Leader' of the World Economic Forum, and in 2010 was appointed Chair of the Forum's Global Agenda Council for Geopolitical Risk.

Bremmer received his B.A. at Tulane University, and his M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University in 1994. He then served on the faculty of the Hoover Institution where, at 25, he became the Institution’s youngest ever National Fellow. He has held research and faculty positions at Columbia University (where he presently teaches), the EastWest Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the World Policy Institute, where he has served as Senior Fellow since 1997.

Key concepts[link]

The J-Curve[link]

Bremmer's J curve outlines the link between a country's openness and its stability. While many countries are stable because they are open (the United States, France, Japan), others are stable because they are closed (North Korea, Cuba, Iraq under Saddam Hussein). States can travel both forward (right) and backwards (left) along this J curve, so stability and openness are never secure. The J is steeper on the left hand side, as it is easier for a leader in a failed state to create stability by closing the country than to build a civil society and establish accountable institutions; the curve is higher on the far right than left because states that prevail in opening their societies (Eastern Europe, for example) ultimately become more stable than authoritarian regimes.

State Capitalism[link]

Ian Bremmer describes state capitalism as a system in which the state dominates markets primarily for political gain. In his book, The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations (New York: Portfolio, 2010), Bremmer describes China as the primary driver for the rise of state capitalism as a challenge to the free market economies of the developed world, particularly in the aftermath of the financial crisis.^[7]

G-Zero[link]

The term G-Zero refers to a breakdown in global leadership brought about by a decline of Western influence and the inability of other nations to fill the void.^[8][9] It is a reference to a perceived shift away from the pre-eminence of the Group of Seven industrialized countries and the expanded Group of Twenty, which includes major emerging powers like China, India, Brazil, Turkey, and others. In his book, Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World (New York: Portfolio, 2012), Bremmer explains that, in the G-Zero, no country or group of countries has the political and economic leverage to drive an international agenda or provide global public goods.^[10][11]

Pivot State[link]

Bremmer uses 'pivot state' to describe a nation that is able to build profitable relationships with multiple other major powers without becoming overly reliant on any one of them. This ability to hedge allows a pivot state to avoid capture--in terms of security or economy-- at the hands of a single country. In his book, Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World (New York: Portfolio, 2012), Bremmer explains how, in a volatile G-Zero world, the ability to pivot will take on increased importance. At the opposite end of the spectrum are shadow states that are frozen within the influence of a single power. The United States' neighbors illustrate the terms very well. With significant trade ties with both the United States and Asia and formal security ties with NATO, Canada is a good example of a pivot state that is hedged against a slowdown in or conflict with any single major power. Mexico, on the other hand, is a shadow state due to its overwhelming reliance on the US economy.

Selected bibliography[link]

Books[link]

• Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World. (New York: Portfolio, May 2012). ISBN 978-1-59184-468-6
• The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations. (New York: Portfolio, 2010). ISBN 978-1-59184-301-6
• The Fat Tail: The Power of Political Knowledge for Strategic Investing. (with Preston Keat), (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009; revised paperback, 2010). ISBN 0-19-532855-8
• Managing Strategic Surprise: Lessons from Risk Management & Risk Assessment. (edited with Paul Bracken and David Gordon), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). ISBN 0-521-88315-6
• The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall. (Simon & Schuster, 2006; revised paperback, 2007). ISBN 0-7432-7471-7
• New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations. (edited with Raymond Taras), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). ISBN 0-521-57799-3
• Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States. (edited with Raymond Taras), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). ISBN 0-521-43860-8
• Soviet Nationalities Problems. (edited with Norman Naimark), (Stanford: Stanford Center for Russian and East European Studies: 1990). ISBN 0-87725-195-9
• Bremmer's books at Google Books
• "The J Curve" official website
• "The Fat Tail" official website
• "The End of the Free Market" official website
• "Every Nation For Itself" official website

Essays[link]

• Five Myths About America's Decline, Washington Post, May 4, 2012
• The Future Belongs to the Flexible, Wall Street Journal, April 27, 2012
• France's What-If Campaign, International Herald Tribune, February 16, 2012
• Far Too Soon to Write Off America, Financial Times,, December 28, 2011
• An Upbeat View of America's 'Bad' Year, with David F. Gordon, International Herald Tribune, December 28, 2011
• Searching the World for Good Governance, International Herald Tribune, November 27, 2011
• Whose Economy Has It Worst?, with Nouriel Roubini, Wall Street Journal, November 12, 2011
• The G-Zero Order, with David F. Gordon, International Herald Tribune, October 26, 2011
• Hungary's New Path is the Hidden Danger to Europe, Financial Times, October 9, 2011
• China's Bumpy Road Ahead, Wall Street Journal, July 9, 2011
• On the Economy, Be Careful What You Wish For, Foreign Policy, July/August 2011
• The Collateral Damage in Pakistan, International Herald Tribune, May 5, 2011
• Washington's Stark Choice: Democracy or Riyadh, Financial Times, March 17, 2011
• Get Ready for a Growth Supercycle, Wall Street Journal, March 2, 2011
• The J Curve Hits the Middle East, Financial Times, February 16, 2011
• A G-Zero World, with Nouriel Roubini, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2011
• Cyberteeth Bared, with Parag Khanna, International Herald Tribune, December 22, 2010
• The Fourth Wave, Foreign Policy, December 2010
• Democracy in Cyberspace, Foreign Affairs, November/December 2010
• Japan's Overblown Anxiety, International Herald Tribune, November 16, 2010
• Paradise Lost: Why Fallen Markets Will Never Be the Same, with Nouriel Roubini, Institutional Investor, September 2010
• BP's Lucky it Spilled in US, not Chinese Waters, USA Today, July 14, 2010
• Sagging Global Growth Requires Us To Act, with Nouriel Roubini, The Financial Times, July 12, 2010
• When the State Battles the Corporation, The International Herald Tribune, June 23, 2010
• Dangerous Insecurity, The International Herald Tribune, May 25, 2010
• As Free Market Democracies Flail, Watch Out for China, USA Today, May 25, 2010
• The Long Shadow of the Invisible Hand, The Wall Street Journal, May 22, 2010
• Fight of the Century, Prospect, April 2010
• At Davos, All the Globalizers are Gone, Washington Post, January 29, 2010
• A Year of US-China Discord, with David Gordon, Project Syndicate, January 2010
• State Capitalism Comes of Age, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2009
• AIG and 'Political Risk', with Sean West, The Wall Street Journal, March 20, 2009
• Outrage is an Unaffordable Luxury, The Washington Post, March 18, 2009
• Expect the World Economy to Suffer through 2009, with Nouriel Roubini, The Wall Street Journal, January 23, 2009
• Reasons to be Gloomy, Slate, September 18, 2008
• Threat or Opportunity? What Sovereign Wealth Funds Mean for US Companies, with Juan Pujadas, The View, Summer 2008
• A Political Scientist in China, Slate, October 5, 2007
• The Dawn of the Next Cold War, Newsweek International, February 26, 2007
• In the Right Direction, The National Interest, Jan/Feb 2007
• Hedging Political Risk in China, with Fareed Zakaria, Harvard Business Review, November 2006
• Lowering the Temperature, Comment is Free, October 20, 2006
• The World is J-Curved, Washington Post, October 1, 2006
• Prices Transform Oil into a Weapon, International Herald Tribune, August 27, 2005
• Managing Risk in an Unstable World, Harvard Business Review, June 2005
• George Kennan's Lessons for the War on Terror, International Herald Tribune, March 24, 2005
• Diary of a Political Scientist, Slate, February 2–6, 2004
• Ian Bremmer’s articles at Project Syndicate

Blogs[link]

• Bremmer Davos blog for the Financial Times
• Bremmer's "The Call" blog on ForeignPolicy.com
• Bremmer's blog on Reuters

Interviews[link]

• Ian Bremmer on Charlie Rose
• Bremmer interviews on The Daily Show
• PWC interview with Bremmer, CEOs
• PWC interview with Bremmer on political risk
• Mckinsey Quarterly interview with Bremmer
• Bremmer at the Council on Foreign Relations
• Bremmer interviews in The Big Think
• Bremmer interview in Newsweek
• Bremmer's J Curve in the Daily Telegraph
• Bremmer's End of the Free Market in the Daily Telegraph
• The J Curve on BBC Newsnight
• SFO interview with Bremmer
• Foreign Policy Association interview with Bremmer
• Barrons interview with Bremmer
• Financial Times interview with Bremmer
• Reuters interview with Bremmer
• Foreign Policy interview with Bremmer and Nouriel Roubini
• Spears interview with Bremmer
• Strategy & Business interview with Bremmer
• The Big Interview with Bremmer on The Wall Street Journal
• Bremmer interview in the Washington Post
• Bremmer guest hosts CNBC Squawk Box

Testimony[link]

• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Congressional Ways & Means Committee, US-China relations

Research[link]

Ian Bremmer's research interests include:

• International political economy;
• Geoeconomics and geopolitics;
• States in transition and global emerging markets;
• US foreign policy

Current appointments[link]

• Senior Fellow, World Policy Institute
• Adjunct Professor, School for International and Public Affairs, Columbia University
• Founding Chair, Global Agenda Council on Geopolitical Risk, World Economic Forum
• Member, Council on Foreign Relations
• Member, International Institute for Strategic Studies

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ian Bremmer

Ian Bremmer[link]

• Bremmer webpage
• Bremmer bio at Eurasia Group
• Ian Bremmer on Facebook
• Ian Bremmer on Twitter
• RSA Vision webcasts - Ian Bremmer on "The Fat Tail"
• Bremmer's op-ed commentaries on Project Syndicate.

Eurasia Group[link]

• Official website
• Economist profile of Eurasia Group
• Google News on Eurasia Group

Fried on the Open Hardware Summit 2010

Limor Fried, aka ladyada,^[1] is an American electrical engineer and owner of the electronics hobbyist company, Adafruit Industries. She is influential in the open-source hardware community, having participated in the first Open Source Hardware Summit and the drafting of the Open Source Hardware definition.

Career[link]

Fried received her Masters in Engineering from MIT. She is the founder of Adafruit Industries, as well as the engineer behind the electronic kits sold by the company.

In 2009, she was awarded the Pioneer Award by the Electronic Frontier Foundation for her participation in the open source hardware and software community.^[2]

In 2011, Fried was awarded the Most Influential Women in Technology award by Fast Company^[3].

Open Kinect Project[link]

After Microsoft launched the Kinect for Xbox 360, Fried, along with Phillip Torrone, organized a $2,000 challenge^[4] for open source Kinect drivers. After Microsoft condemned the challenge as modification to their product, Adafruit increased the prize to $3,000^[5].

Microsoft does not condone the modification of its products ... With Kinect, Microsoft built in numerous hardware and software safeguards designed to reduce the chances of product tampering. Microsoft will continue to make advances in these types of safeguards and work closely with law enforcement and product safety groups to keep Kinect tamper-resistant."^[6]

After significant advancements in the open source drivers, spokespeople from Microsoft stated that they did not condemn the challenge, and in fact were excited to see what the community developed^[7].

References[link]

External links[link]

• ladyada.net -- Limor Fried's personal website
• adafruit.com -- Limor Fried's company
• Citizen Engineer - Consumer Electronics Hacking and Open Source Hardware -- talk given at HOPE Number Six by Phillip Torrone and Limor Fried (ladyada)
• The Geeky, Personal, and Social Impact Sides of Creating Defensive Technology -- talk given at HOPE Number Six by Mitch Altman and Limor Fried (ladyada)
• Kindle etching and DIY adventures with Adafruit Industries -- Engadget report on ladyada's work
• Adafruit Industries -- Rocketboom report on ladyada's company

Steven Lawrence Rattner
Steven Rattner at the Financial Times View from the Top conference in 2011
Born	(1952-07-05) July 5, 1952 (age 59) Great Neck, New York
Residence	New York, New York
Nationality	United States
Education	Brown University
Occupation	Private equity investor, investment banker, journalist
Employer	Quadrangle Group, Lazard Freres & Co., New York Times
Known for	Automotive industry crisis of 2008-2009
Spouse	Maureen White
Children	4

Steven Lawrence Rattner (born July 5, 1952) is an American financier who served as the lead auto advisor (informally the "car czar") in the United States Treasury Department under President Barack Obama.^[1] He was previously a co-founding principal of the Quadrangle Group, a global private equity firm specializing in the media and communications industries. He also spent two decades as an investment banker at Lehman Brothers, Morgan Stanley, and Lazard Freres & Co., where he became Deputy Chairman and Deputy Chief Executive Officer.^[2] Rattner began his career as an economic correspondent for The New York Times in New York, Washington and London.

Rattner is currently chairman of Willett Advisors LLC, the investment firm that manages New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg's personal and philanthropic assets. He continues to be deeply involved in public policy matters, including as a contributing writer for the Op-Ed page of The New York Times, as the author of a monthly column for the Financial Times, and as the economic analyst for MSNBC's Morning Joe.

Education and background[link]

Born in New York City, Rattner was raised in the suburb of Great Neck, where he attended local public schools. He received his A.B. with honors in economics from Brown University in 1974 and was awarded the Harvey Baker Fellowship. While at Brown, he served as editor-in-chief of The Brown Daily Herald in 1973.

Career in journalism[link]

Upon graduating from Brown, Rattner was hired in Washington D.C. as a news clerk to New York Times columnist James Reston. After a year, he was transferred to New York as a reporter to cover business and energy. In 1977, he was sent back to Washington to cover the energy crisis. At age 27, he became the paper's chief Washington economic correspondent, where he became close friends with future Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. He concluded his service to The New York Times with a two-year stint in London as European Economic Correspondent.^[3]

Career in finance[link]

At the end of 1982, Rattner left The New York Times and was recruited by Roger Altman to join the investment bank Lehman Brothers as an associate. After Lehman was sold to American Express in 1984, he followed Eric Gleacher and several colleagues to Morgan Stanley, where he founded the firm's communications group. In 1989, after Morgan Stanley filed for an IPO, he joined Lazard as a general partner and completed various deals for companies such as Viacom and Comcast. Working alongside Felix Rohatyn, Rattner became a preeminent Lazard rainmaker in the 1990s. Michel David-Weill named him the firm's Deputy Chairman and Deputy Chief Executive in 1997.^[2]

In March 2000, Rattner and three Lazard partners left the firm and founded the Quadrangle Group, which initially focused on investing a $1 billion media-focused private equity fund.^[4] Headquartered in the Seagram Building, Quadrangle grew to manage more than $6 billion across several business lines, including private equity, distressed securities, and hedge funds. The firm also hosted an annual gathering for media executives called Foursquare, where speakers included Rupert Murdoch and Mark Zuckerberg. In 2008, the firm's asset management division announced it had been selected to invest the personal assets of Rattner's close friend, the billionaire New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg.^[5]

Throughout his business career, Rattner served on several corporate boards including Cablevision, IAC/InterActiveCorp and Protection One.

Public service[link]

From his tenure with The New York Times in Washington D.C., Rattner developed a lifelong interest in economic policy, which drew him to politics and public service. In the mid-1990s, he began to work actively on behalf of Democratic candidates, beginning with President Bill Clinton. While it was rumored that Rattner would join a Democratic administration, he did not do so until after the election of President Barack Obama.^[5]

In February 2009, with both General Motors and Chrysler insolvent, Rattner was appointed Counselor to the United States Secretary of the Treasury and lead auto adviser. He soon assembled a team that grew to 14 professionals to address the financial problems of the two auto companies.^[1]

Reporting to both Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and Lawrence Summers, the head of the National Economic Council, Rattner's team developed a plan to save both the two manufacturers and related suppliers and finance companies. The plan involved a total government (i.e., taxpayer) investment of $82 billion in the sector, coupled with controlled bankruptcies for the two auto companies, as well as new management for both.^[6]

Rattner later wrote a book: Overhaul: An Insider's Account of the Obama Administration's Emergency Auto Rescue. In the book Rattner states that the toughest decision for President Obama about the two auto companies was whether to save Chrysler. There was, however, no disagreement about asking GM CEO Richard Wagoner to step aside.^[7] By July 2009, both automakers had emerged from bankruptcy, had new management and were on their way to profitability.^[6] At that time, Rattner left Washington and returned to private life in New York. As of May 3, 2012 - approaching three years after the emergence from bankruptcy - taxpayers would lose an estimated $15 billion if the GM shares then still held by the government were sold. (Additional GM shares held by the government were sold in November 2010 in GM's initial public offering.)

Post-political career[link]

After leaving the government, Rattner wrote Overhaul, his New York Times best-selling account of the Obama Administration's successful rescue of the auto companies. He continued to speak out on auto-related matters as well as broader economic issues. Early in 2011, he began contributing a monthly column to the Financial Times on subjects ranging from the Greek crisis to the U.S. budget deficit. He also became the economic analyst for the MSNBC news show, Morning Joe.^[8][9] And in June 2011, he was named a contributing writer to The New York Times Op-Ed page, publishing a first column on how government policies drive up corn prices.

New York Pension Fund Corruption Investigation[link]

In 2005, Quadrangle made payments to private placement agent Hank Morris to help Quadrangle raise money for its second buyout fund.^[10] Morris had come highly recommended to Rattner from U.S. Senator Charles Schumer.^[11] Hank Morris was also the chief political advisor to Alan Hevesi, the trustee of the New York State Common Retirement Fund (CRF). Morris told Rattner he could increase the size of the CRF investment in Quadrangle's second buyout fund. Rattner then agreed that Quadrangle would pay Morris 1.1% of any investments greater than $25 million from the CRF. ^[12]

In 2009, Quadrangle and a dozen other investment firms, including the much larger Carlyle Group, were investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for the payments to Morris. The SEC viewed the payments as "kickbacks" in order to manage money for the New York State Common Retirement Fund since Morris was also a consultant to New York State Comptroller Alan Hevesi, who controlled the Retirement Fund.^[13] Quadrangle paid $7 million in April 2010 to settle the SEC investigation. In November, Rattner personally settled for $6.2 million without admitting or denying any wrongdoing.^[14]

Prosecution by Attorney General Cuomo[link]

The case drew significant media attention when Andrew Cuomo, then New York's Attorney General, demanded more severe penalties from Rattner than other firms or individuals involved in the alleged corruption.^[15] Rattner was once a major fundraiser for Democratic Party candidates but had repeatedly passed on supporting Cuomo's campaigns.^[16] In an appearance on the Charlie Rose Show, Rattner asserted that hiring Hank Morris as a placement agent was "legal then, legal now, and done properly."^[17] He explained he was willing to settle on reasonable terms, but called Cuomo's demands "close to extortion" and questioned whether Cuomo was motivated by the "facts" of the case.^[18]

On December 30, 2010, Rattner reached a settlement to pay $10 million in restitution but no fines or penalties. He was also not prohibited from continuing to protest his innocence.^[19]

Personal[link]

Rattner has served as a board member or trustee of a number of civic and philanthropic organizations, including the Educational Broadcasting Corporation as chairman, Mayor's Fund to Advance New York City as chairman, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Brown University, Brookings Institution and the New America Foundation. He is also member of the Council on Foreign Relations and an investor in Current TV, the network founded by Al Gore.

Rattner is married to Maureen White, who served for five years as finance chair for the Democratic National Committee and is now the Senior Advisor on Humanitarian Issues to the Special Representative-Afghanistan and Pakistan for the U.S. Department of State. They have four grown children and live in New York.^[20]

References[link]