- published: 28 Oct 2007
- views: 3332357
- author: planestuff
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- 1578
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- 20th century
- 20th-century
- Afro Honduran
- AIDS
- Aldermen
- Alfonso XIII
- Alubarén
- American Airlines
- Amerindians
- Amman
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- Annual budget
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Arab people
- Arterial road
- Aruba
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- Atlántida Department
- Auto mechanic
- Banjarbaru
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- Big business
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-
Alubarén
Alubarén is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán.
Coordinates: 13°48′N 87°28′W / 13.8°N 87.467°W / 13.8; -87.467
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Amman
Amman (Arabic: عمان
/ɑːˈmɑːn/; ʿAmmān; Rabat Ammon) is the capital and largest city of Jordan. It is the country's political, cultural and commercial centre and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The Greater Amman area has a population of 2,842,629 as of 2010. The population of Amman is expected to jump from 2.8 million to almost 6.5 million by 2025 due to constant and rapid immigration. The recent economic growth experienced in Amman is unmatched by any other Arab city except those located in the Gulf. Amman is also the administrative seat of the homonymous governorate. Amman is also ranked a Gamma global city on the World city index.
Amman was named one of the MENA's best cities according to economic, labour, environmental, and socio-cultural factors. Amman is among the most popular locations for multinational corporations to set up their regional offices, alongside Doha and only behind Dubai. Furthermore, it is expected that in the next 10 years these three cities will capture the largest share of multinational corporation activity in the region. It is a major tourist destination in the region and the capital is especially popular among Gulf tourists. Amman is considered one of the richest and most Western-oriented cities in the Middle East.
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Anguilla
Anguilla ( /æŋˈɡwɪlə/ ang-GWIL-ə) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla itself, approximately 26 km (16 mi) long by 5 km (3.1 mi) wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The island's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is 91 km2 (35 sq mi), with a population of approximately 13,500 (2006 estimate).
Anguilla has become a popular tax haven, having no capital gains, estate, profit or other forms of direct taxation on either individuals or corporations.
Anguilla was first settled by Amerindian tribes who migrated from South America. The earliest Amerindian artifacts found on Anguilla have been dated to around 1300 BC, and remains of settlements date from 600 AD. The date of European discovery is uncertain: some sources claim that Columbus sighted the island in 1493, while others state that the island was first discovered by the French in 1564 or 1565. The name Anguilla derives from the word for "eel" in any of various Romance languages (modern Spanish: anguila; French: anguille; Italian: anguilla; Portuguese: enguia), probably chosen because of the island's eel-like shape.
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Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (
i/ænˈtiːɡə ænd bɑrˈbjuːdə/; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands and further south, the island of Redonda). The permanent population number approximately 81,800 (at the 2011 Census) and the capital and largest port and city is St. John's, on Antigua.
Separated by a few nautical miles, Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. The country is nicknamed "Land of 365 Beaches" due to the many beaches surrounding the islands. Its governance, language, and culture have all been strongly influenced by the British Empire, of which the country was formerly a part.
Antigua was first settled by Archaic Age hunter-gatherer Amerindians, erroneously referred to as Siboney or Ciboney.Carbon-dating has established that the earliest settlements started around 3100 BC. They were succeeded by the Ceramic Age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people who migrated from the lower Orinoco River.
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Aruba
Aruba ( /əˈruːbə/ ə-ROO-bə, Dutch pronunciation: [aˈruba]) is a 33 km-long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, located 27 km north of the coast of Venezuela and 130 km (approx.) east of Guajira Peninsula (Colombia). Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, it forms a group referred to as the ABC islands of the Leeward Antilles, the southern island chain of the Lesser Antilles.
Aruba is one of the four constituent countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands, together with the Netherlands, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten whose citizens share a single nationality: Dutch citizen. Aruba has no administrative subdivisions, but for census purposes is divided into 8 regions. Its capital is Oranjestad. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, Aruba has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather. It has a land area of 179 square kilometres (69 sq mi) and is densely populated with a total of 101,484 inhabitants at the 2010 Census. It lies outside the hurricane belt. It is also home to the endemic Aruba Island Rattlesnake.
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Atlántida Department
Atlántida is a department located on the north Caribbean shore of Honduras, Central America. The capital is the port city of La Ceiba.
In the past decades the tourism took over to become the most important legitimate economic source for the coastal area. In 2005 it had an estimated population of about 372,532 people. The department covers a total surface area of 4,251 km².
The department was formed in 1902 from territory previously parts of the departments of Colón, Cortés, and Yoro. In 1910 it had a population of some 11,370 people. La Ceiba is known as the night life city in the Atlántida department. With tourist coming from all over the world to enjoy a nice Caribbean weather and beach resorts, La Ceiba is the preferred destination. Another important city in the area is Tela. Similar to La Ceiba, Tela has incredible resorts and is known for the beach parties that make this city an attractive destination. San Juan Pueblo, a small town midway of La Ceiba and Tela is showing prosperity and quickly growing into one of the most industrialized towns.
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Banjarbaru
Banjarbaru is a city in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is located 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Banjarmasin. The city had a population of 199,359 at the 2010 Census.
Banjarbaru City is located on the major road crossing South Kalimantan. The central road Jalan Jendral Achmad Yani, splits Banjarbaru in 2 sides. The city is bordered by Martapura to the north, Karang Intan to the east, Gambut and Aluh-Aluh to the west and Bati–Bati (Tanah Laut Subdistrict) to the south.
Banjarbaru is located at the foot of the Meratus Mountains, with 80% of the city area elevated between 0 to 25 metres (82 ft) above sea level, but also incorporating areas up to 500 m (1,600 ft) high. Similarly slopes vary between 0 to 8% for most of the city's territory, with some areas sloping up to 15%.
Main economic activities in order of their contribution to the Regional Bruto Product are: Commerce, restaurant and hotel (21.7%), Services (16.3%), Building (16.3%), Processing industry (15.7%) and Mining: (8.7%), while Agriculture only contributes 4.9%.
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Barbados
Coordinates: 13°10′N 59°33′W / 13.167°N 59.55°W / 13.167; -59.55
Barbados (i/bɑrˈbeɪdɒs/ or /bɑrˈbeɪdoʊs/) is a sovereign island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is 34 kilometres (21 mi) in length and up to 23 kilometres (14 mi) in width, covering an area of 431 square kilometres (166 sq mi). It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about 168 kilometres (104 mi) east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and 400 kilometres (250 mi) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
Barbados was initially visited by the Spanish around the late 1400s to early 1500s and first appears on a Spanish map from 1511. The Spanish explorers may have plundered the island of whatever native peoples resided therein to become slaves. The Portuguese visited in 1536, but they too left it unclaimed, with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. The first English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados in 1624. They took possession of it in the name of the British king James I. Two years later in 1627 the first permanent settlers arrived from England and it became an English and later British colony.
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Basseterre
Basseterre ( /bæsˈtɛər/), estimated population 15,500 in 2000, is the capital of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the West Indies. Geographically, the Basseterre port is located at 17°18′N 62°44′W / 17.3°N 62.733°W / 17.3; -62.733Coordinates: 17°18′N 62°44′W / 17.3°N 62.733°W / 17.3; -62.733, on the south western coast of Saint Kitts Island, and it is one of the chief commercial depots of the Leeward Islands. The city lies within the parish of Saint George Basseterre and the southern part of the parish of Saint Peter Basseterre.
Basseterre is one of the oldest towns in the Eastern Caribbean. About the origin of the name see Basse-Terre Island.
Basseterre was founded in 1627 by the French, under Sieur Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc. It served as capital of the French colony of Saint-Christophe, which consisted of the northern and southern extremities of the island of St. Kitts (the centre was yielded to Britain). When Phillipe de Longviliers de Poincy was made the French governor of St. Kitts in 1639, the town turned into a large, successful port, commanding Eastern Caribbean trade and colonisation. De Poincy then quickly made Basseterre capital of the entire French West Indies colony, which included the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, and remained so until his death in 1660. The city was made capital of the entire island of St. Kitts in 1727, following French expulsion from the island and full British control.
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Belize
Belizei/bəˈliːz/ (formerly British Honduras) is a country located on the north eastern coast of Central America and it is the only country in the area where English is the official language, although Kriol and Spanish are more commonly spoken. Belize is bordered to the north by Mexico, south and west by Guatemala, and to the east by the Caribbean Sea. Its mainland is about 290 kilometres (180 mi) long and 110 kilometres (68 mi) wide.
With 22,960 square kilometres (8,860 sq mi) of land and a population of only 333,200 inhabitants (2010 est.), Belize possesses the lowest population density in Central America. The country's population growth rate of 2.21% (2008 est.), however, is the highest in the region and one of the highest in the western hemisphere. Belize's abundance of terrestrial and marine species, and its diversity of ecosystems give it a key place within the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.
Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages and it is the only nation in the region with a British colonial heritage but as a part of the Western Caribbean Zone, it also shares a common heritage with the Caribbean portions of other Central American countries. In general, Belize is considered to be a Central American nation with strong ties to both the Caribbean and Latin America. Belize is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), and Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA).
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Belmopan
Belmopan ( /ˌbɛlmoʊˈpæn/), estimated population 20,000 is the capital city of Belize.
Belmopan is located at 17°15′N 88°46′W / 17.25°N 88.767°W / 17.25; -88.767, at an altitude of 76 metres (250 ft) above sea level. Belmopan was constructed just to the east of Belize River, 80 km (50 mi) inland from the former capital, the port of Belize City, after that city's near destruction by Hurricane Hattie in 1961. The government was moved to Belmopan in 1970, and its National Assembly Building is designed to resemble a Pre-Columbian Maya temple.
After Hurricane Hattie, with winds of up to 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph), destroyed approximately 75% of the houses and business places in low-lying and coastal Belize City, the government of the day proposed to encourage and promote the building of a new capital city. This new capital would be situated on better terrain, would entail no costly reclamation of land, and would also provide for an industrial area. In 1962, a committee chose the site now known as Belmopan is located 82 kilometres (51 mi) west of the old capital of Belize City.
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Belo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌbɛloɾiˈzõtʃi],Beautiful Horizon) is the capital and largest city in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, located in the southeastern region of the country. It is the third largest metropolitan area in the country. Belo Horizonte (also known as "Belô", "Beagá", or "BH") has a population of 2,475,440 inhabitants (2010) in the city and 5,497,922 people in the official Metropolitan Area (2010).
The region was first settled in the early 18th century, but the city as it is known today was planned and constructed in the 1890s, in order to replace Ouro Preto as the capital of Minas Gerais. The city features a mixture of contemporary and classical buildings, and is home to several modern Brazilian architectural icons, most notably the Pampulha Complex. In planning the city, Aarão Reis and Francisco Bicalho sought inspiration in the urban planning of Washington, D.C. The city has employed notable programs in urban revitalization and food security, for which it has been awarded international accolades.
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Bogotá
Bogotá, Distrito Capital (Spanish pronunciation: [boɣoˈta] (
listen)), from 1991 to 2000 called Santafé de Bogotá, is the capital, and largest city, of Colombia. It is also designated by the national constitution as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca, even though the city of Bogotá now comprises an independent Capital district and no longer belongs administratively to that department. Bogotá is the most populous city in the country, with 7.363.782 inhabitants as of 2010. Bogotá and its metropolitan area, which includes municipalities such as Chía, Cota, Soacha, Cajicá and La Calera, had a population of 7,881,156 in 2005.
In terms of land area, Bogotá is the largest city in Colombia, and one of the biggest of Latin America. It figures amongst the thirty largest cities of the world and it is the third-highest capital city in South America (after La Paz and Quito) at 2,625 metres (8,612 ft) above sea level. With its many universities and libraries, Bogotá has become known as "The Athens of South America". Bogotá owns the largest moorland of the world, which is located in the Sumapaz Locality. The city ranked 54th in the 2010 Global Cities Index and is listed as global city of the Beta+ kind by the GaWC.
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Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
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Bonaire
Bonaire ( /bɒˈnɛər/; Dutch: Bonaire, Papiamentu: Boneiru) is a special municipality (officially public body) of the Netherlands, consisting of the Caribbean island of Bonaire and, nestled in its western crescent, the uninhabited islet of Klein Bonaire. Together with Aruba and Curaçao it forms a group referred to as the ABC islands of the Leeward Antilles, the southern island chain of the Lesser Antilles. The name Bonaire is thought to have originally come from the Caiquetio word 'Bonay'. The early Spanish and Dutch modified its spelling to Bojnaj and also Bonaire, which means "Good Air".
Bonaire was part of the Netherlands Antilles until the country's dissolution on 10 October 2010, when the island (including Klein Bonaire) became a special municipality within the country of the Netherlands.
Bonaire's earliest known inhabitants were the Caquetio Indians, a branch of the Arawak who came by canoe from Venezuela in about AD 1000. Archeological remains of Caquetio culture have been found at certain sites northeast of Kralendijk and near Lac Bay. Caquetio rock paintings and petroglyphs have been preserved in caves at Spelonk, Onima, Ceru Pungi, and Ceru Crita-Cabai. The Caquetios were apparently a very tall people, for the Spanish name for the ABC Islands was 'las Islas de los Gigantes' or 'the islands of the giants.'
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Brades
Brades (or Brades Estate; approx. pop. 1,000) is a village and de facto capital of the Caribbean island of Montserrat since 1998. Brades is located in the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat. The official capital Plymouth in the south of the island has been abandoned since 1997 due to the eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano, which buried Plymouth. Interim government buildings have since been built at Brades.
Several names have been suggested for the new capital, which is now being constructed in the Little Bay area. They include Port Diana, in memory of Princess Diana, and St. Patrick's, to commemorate the March 17th uprising and to attract Irish-American tourists.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Bridgetown
The city of Bridgetown ( /ˈbrɪdʒtaʊn/), metropolitan pop 96,578 (2006), is the capital and largest city of the nation of Barbados. Formerly, the Town of Saint Michael, the Greater Bridgetown area is located within the parish of Saint Michael. Bridgetown is sometimes locally referred to as "The City", but the most common reference is simply "Town".
The Bridgetown port, found along Carlisle Bay (at 13°06′22″N 59°37′55″W / 13.106°N 59.632°W / 13.106; -59.632 (Bridgetown port)) lies on the southwestern coast of the island. Parts of the Greater Bridgetown area (as roughly defined by the Ring Road Bypass or more commonly known as the ABC Highway), sit close to the borders of the neighbouring parishes Christ Church and St. James. The Grantley Adams International Airport for Barbados, is located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) southeast of Bridgetown city centre, and has daily flights to major cities in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada and the Caribbean. While there is no longer local municipal government, it is governed as a political constituency within the national Parliament.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Caracas
Caracas (Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈɾakas]), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela; natives or residents are known as Caraquenians in English (Spanish: Caraqueños).
Caracas is located in the northern part of the country, following the contours of the narrow Caracas Valley on the Venezuelan coastal mountain range (Cordillera de la Costa). Terrain suitable for building lies between 760 and 910 m (2,493.44 and 2,985.56 ft) above sea level. The valley is close to the Caribbean Sea, separated from the coast by a steep 2200 m (7400 ft) high mountain range, Cerro Ávila; to the south there are more hills and mountains.
El Distrito Metropolitano de Caracas (Metropolitan District of Caracas) includes the Distrito Capital (the capital city proper) and four other municipalities in Miranda State: Chacao, Baruta, Sucre, and El Hatillo. The Distrito Capital had a population of 2,097,350 as of 2009, while that of Distrito Metropolitano was estimated at 4,196,514 as of (2008).
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Castries
Castries ( /ˈkæstriːz/), population 10,634, aggl. 37,963 (2001-05-12), is the capital city of Saint Lucia, a country in the Caribbean. The district with the same name had a population of 61,341 in 2001-05-22, and stretches over an area of 30.5 square miles (79 km2).
Castries is located in a flood gut and is actually built on reclaimed land. It houses the seat of government and the head offices of many of the businesses both foreign and local. The city's design is in a grid pattern similar to a metropolitan city like New York but on a much smaller scale. It has a sheltered harbour which receives cargo vessels and ferry boats as well as cruise ships. It contains duty free shopping facilities such as Point Seraphine and La Place Carinage; many restaurants which offer varied menus from local to Chinese; supermarkets and many other shopping facilities. The city is well served by a bus system and taxi service.
St Lucia's main post office is located in Castries. Because most parts of the country do not use standard street addresses, mail is largely sent to P.O. boxes. Any mail sent without a town name ends up in the Castries post office.
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Catacamas
Catacamas is a municipality in the Olancho Department of Honduras. It is the largest municipality in Central America in terms of area.
Catacamas, the "Florida City" as called by the great poet and writer Olanchano Froylán Turcios, extends over a vast plain irrigated by the Rio Guayape in the heart of the luxuriant department of Olancho.
Easily accessible by paved road, 210 km north-east of Tegucigalpa, Catacamas has historically been characterized by their hospitality, resilience and progressive spirit of its people and its nature, suitable for agricultural and forest production.
It is a very attractive city located in a valley 450 meters above sea level. The lush North White Stone Mountain, part of Agalta Mountains National Park, is located here and is home to a variety of botanical species such as conifers, broadleaf plants, some 80 varieties of orchids and numerous wildlife including cats and quetzals.
To the north and west are the mountains "Cerro de la Cruz" and the hill "El Cuartel", among others, where you achieve the best panoramic views of the city, including the sports center and cultural park "Ramón Díaz López”.
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Cockburn Town
Cockburn Town ( /ˈkoʊbərn/ KOH-bərn) is the capital city of the Turks and Caicos Islands.
Cockburn Town is located on the largest island in the Turks Islands archipelago, Grand Turk Island. Historic 18th and 19th century Bermudian architecture line Duke and Front Streets in Cockburn Town. The town is known for its long, narrow streets and old street lamps.
The closest anchorage to Cockburn Town is Hawk's Nest Anchorage, which, though sheltered, should only be entered in good light because of reefs near the entrance. In April, 2011, a number of British, Canadian and Australian Cadets came to the island on exercise.
The seat of government ever since 1766, Cockburn Town was the first permanent settlement on any of the islands, founded in 1681 by salt collectors who arrived in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The city supposedly lies on the place where Juan Ponce de León first landed on the island.
Cockburn Town is home to the Turks & Caicos National Museum, which is housed in the colonial-era Guinep House, on Front Street. The house is believed to be over 180 years old and much of its structural material came from local shipwrecks, including a ship's mast, which is one of the building's main supports. The site was donated to the Museum in 1990.
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Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
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Comayagua
Comayagua (Spanish pronunciation: [komaˈʝaɣwa]) is a city in Honduras, some 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Tegucigalpa on the highway to San Pedro Sula at an elevation of 1,949 feet (594 m) above sea level. In 2003 the estimated population was 60,000 people. It is the capital of the Comayagua department of Honduras. The city is noted for its wealth of Spanish Colonial architecture. The central square has a cathedral with the oldest clock in the Americas.[citation needed]
Comayagua was founded with the name Santa María de la Nueva Valladolid by Conquistador Alonso de Cáceres under orders from Francisco de Montejo, Governor of Yucatán on December 8, 1537. From 1540 on Comayagua was the capital of the Honduras Province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. In 1786 (23 December) the Spanish Crown created the Intendencia of Comayagua, with Comayagua as its capital, which lasted until 1812. From 1812 to 1814 it was the capital of the Province of Comayagua when it again reverted to being the capital of the Intendencia of Comayagua until 1820. In 1820, Honduras was again called the Province of Comayagua or Honduras, with Comayagua as its capital. After independence from the Spanish it was the capital of the state of Honduras in the Federal Republic of Central America. After Honduras became an independent republic, the capital alternated between Comayagua and Tegucigalpa (Comayagua being preferred by Conservative administrations, and Tegucigalpa by Liberal ones) before being permanently established at Tegucigalpa in 1880.
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Comayagua Department
Comayagua is one of the 18 departments (departamentos) into which the Central American nation of Honduras is divided.
The departmental capital is Comayagua.
The department covers a total surface area of 5,196 km² and, in 2005, had an estimated population of 390,643 people.
Coordinates: 14°27′N 87°38′W / 14.45°N 87.633°W / 14.45; -87.633
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Costa Rica
Costa Rica is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east.
Costa Rica, which means "Rich Coast", constitutionally abolished its army permanently in 1949. It is the only Latin American country included in the list of the world's 22 older democracies. Costa Rica has consistently been among the top Latin American countries in the Human Development Index (HDI), ranked 69th in the world in 2011. Also was cited by the UNDP in 2010 as one of the countries that have attained much higher human development than other countries at the same income levels, and in 2011 was highlighted by UNDP for being a good performer on environmental sustainability, and better record on human development and inequality than the median of their region. It was also the only country to meet all five criteria established to measure environmental sustainability. The country is ranked fifth in the world, and first among the Americas, in terms of the 2012 Environmental Performance Index.
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Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, (i/ˈkjuːbə/; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] ( listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. To the north of Cuba lies the United States (140 km or 90 mi away) and the Bahamas, Mexico is to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain. Cuba remained a territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. A fragile democracy, increasingly dominated by radical politics eventually evolved, solidified by the Cuban Constitution of 1940, but was definitely quashed in 1952 by former president Fulgencio Batista, and an authoritarian regime was set up, intensifying and catalyzing already rampant corruption, political repression and crippling economic regulations.Batista was ousted in January 1959 by the July 26 movement, and a new administration under Fidel Castro established, which had by 1965 evolved into a single-party state under the revived Communist Party of Cuba, which holds power to date.
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Curarén
Curarén is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán.
Coordinates: 13°51′0″N 87°32′0″W / 13.85°N 87.533333°W / 13.85; -87.533333
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Curaçao
Curaçao (Dutch: Curaçao;Papiamentu: Kòrsou) is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the Venezuelan coast. The Country of Curaçao (Dutch: Land Curaçao, Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), which includes the main island plus the small, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao"), is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its capital is Willemstad.
Curaçao is the largest and most populous of the three ABC islands (for Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) of the Lesser Antilles, specifically the Leeward Antilles. It has a land area of 444 square kilometres (171 square miles). As of 1 January 2009, it had a population of 141,766.
Prior to 10 October 2010, when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved, Curaçao was administered as the Island Territory of Curaçao (Dutch: Eilandgebied Curaçao, Papiamentu: Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou), one of five island territories of the former Netherlands Antilles. The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code CUW and the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code CW has been assigned to Curaçao.
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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
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Distrito Central
Distrito Central is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán. It contains the departmental and national capital of Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela.
Coordinates: 14°08′N 87°13′W / 14.133°N 87.217°W / 14.133; -87.217
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Dominica
Dominica ( /ˌdɒmɪˈniːkə/ DOM-i-NEE-kə;French: Dominique; Kali‘na (Carib): Wai‘tu kubuli), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles region of the Caribbean Sea, south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique. Its size is 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi) and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of 1,447 metres (4,747 ft). The Commonwealth of Dominica had a population of 71,293 at the 2011 Census. The capital is Roseau.
Dominica has been nicknamed the "Nature Isle of the Caribbean" for its unspoiled natural beauty. It is the youngest island in the Lesser Antilles, still being formed by geothermal-volcanic activity, as evidenced by the world's second-largest hot spring, Boiling Lake. The island features lush mountainous rainforests, home of many rare plant, animal, and bird species. There are xeric areas in some of the western coastal regions, but heavy rainfall can be expected inland. The Sisserou Parrot (also known as the Imperial Amazon), the island's national bird, is featured on the national flag. Dominica's economy is heavily dependent on tourism, agriculture and heavy taxation.
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Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (i/dəˌmɪnɨkən rɨˈpʌblɪk/; Spanish: República Dominicana [reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana]) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with 48,442 square kilometres (18,704 sq mi) and an estimated 10 million people.
Taínos inhabited what is now the Dominican Republic since the 7th century. Christopher Columbus landed on it in 1492, and it became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas, namely Santo Domingo, the country's capital and Spain's first capital in the New World. Santo Domingo can boast of many firsts in the Americas, including the first cathedral, and castle, both in the Ciudad Colonial area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Ecuador
Ecuador (i/ˈɛkwədɔr/ E-kwə-dawr), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor], which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, (along with Chile), that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.
The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
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El Salvador
El Salvadori/ɛl ˈsælvədɔr/ (Spanish: República de El Salvador, literally 'Republic of The Savior') is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country as well as Central America. El Salvador borders the Pacific Ocean on the west, and the countries of Guatemala to the north and Honduras to the east. Its easternmost region lies on the coast of the Gulf of Fonseca, opposite Nicaragua. As of 2009, El Salvador had a population of approximately 5,744,113 people, composed predominantly of Mestizos.
The colón was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when it adopted the U.S. Dollar.
In 2010 El Salvador ranked in the top 10 among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and in the top 3 in Central America (behind Costa Rica and Panama), due in part to ongoing rapid industrialization. In addition, tropical forests and overall forest cover has expanded by nearly 20 percent from the year 1992 to 2010. Making it one of the few countries experiencing reforestation.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallisut: Kalaallit Nunaat, "Land of the Kalaallit";Danish: Grønland) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe (specifically Norway and later Denmark) for more than a millennium. Greenland is, by area, the world's largest island. With a population of 56,615 (January 2011 estimate) it is the least densely populated dependency or country in the world.
Greenland has been inhabited, though not continuously, by Arctic peoples via Canada for 4500–5000 years. In the 10th century, Norsemen settled on the uninhabited southern part of Greenland. In the 13th century, the Inuit arrived, and in the late 15th century the Norse colonies were abandoned. In the early 18th century, contact between Scandinavia and Greenland was re-established and Denmark established rule over Greenland.
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Grenada
Grenada (
i/ɡrɨˈneɪdə/) is an island country and Commonwealth realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" because of the production of nutmeg and mace crops of which Grenada is one of the world's largest exporters. Its size is 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi), with an estimated population of 110,000. Its capital is St. George's. The national bird of Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada Dove.
Grenada was first sighted by Europeans in 1498 during the third voyage of Christopher Columbus to the new world. At the time the indigenous Island Caribs (Kalinago) who lived there called it Camahogne. The Spaniards did not permanently settle on Camahogne. The English failed in their attempt at settlement in 1609.
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Guadeloupe
Coordinates: 16°15′N 61°35′W / 16.25°N 61.583°W / 16.25; -61.583
Guadeloupe ( /ɡwɑːdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is a Caribbean island located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. Its departmental code is "971". As the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also an integral part of the Republic. Besides Guadeloupe island, the smaller islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the Îles des Saintes are included in Guadeloupe.
As part of France, Guadeloupe is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; hence, as for all Eurozone countries, its currency is the euro. However, Guadeloupe is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture and the capital of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Guadalupe in 1493 after the Virgin Mary, venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, in Extremadura.
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Guaimaca
Guaimaca is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán.
Coordinates: 14°32′N 86°49′W / 14.533°N 86.817°W / 14.533; -86.817
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Guatemala
Guatemala (i/ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ GWAH-tə-MAH-lə), officially the Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala]), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its area is 108,890 km2 (42,043 mi2) with an estimated population of 13,276,517.
A representative democracy, its capital is Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City. Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contributes to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The former Mayan civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization, which continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish. The Mayas live in Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, the southern part of Mexico and northern parts of El Salvador.
Guatemala became independent from Spain in 1821, joining the Mexican Empire. After it became an independent country in its own right, it was ruled by a series of dictators, assisted by the United Fruit Company. The late 20th century saw Guatemala embroiled in a 36-year-long civil war. Following the war, Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections. In the most recent election, held in 2011, Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, won the presidency.
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Guatemala City
Guatemala City (in full, La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción; locally known as Guatemala or Guate), is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Guatemala and Central America. It is also the capital city of the local Municipio de Guatemala, and Guatemala Department.
The city is located at 14°38′N 90°33′W / 14.633°N 90.55°W / 14.633; -90.55, in a mountain valley called Valle de la Ermita in the south central part of the country Guatemala.
Within the confines of modern Guatemala City is the ancient Maya city of Kaminaljuyu. Kaminaljuyu was first occupied between 1200 and 1000 BC and the city continued to be inhabited for about 2000 years before it was abandoned in the Late Classic Period of Mesoamerican chronology (600–900 AD). It is one of America's most notable archaeological sites. The center of Kaminaljuyu was located a short distance from the oldest part of Guatemala City. However, in the late 20th century, the city grew around the ruins, and, in some cases, over some of the outlying ruins before they were protected.
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Gulf of Fonseca
The Gulf of Fonseca (Spanish: Golfo de Fonseca), part of the Pacific Ocean, a gulf in Central America, bordering El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua.
Fonseca Bay was discovered in 1522 by Gil Gonzalez de Avila, and named by him after his patron, Archbishop Juan Fonseca, the implacable enemy of Columbus[citation needed].
In 1849, E. G. Squier negotiated a treaty for the United States to build a canal across Honduras from the Caribbean Sea to the Gulf. Frederick Chatfield, the British commander in Central America, was afraid that American presence in Honduras would destabilize the British Mosquito Coast, and sent his fleet to occupy El Tigre Island at the entrance to the Gulf. Shortly thereafter, however, Squier demanded the British leave, since he had anticipated the occupation and negotiated the island's temporary cession to the United States. Chatfield could only comply.
All three countries—Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua—with coastline along the Gulf have been involved in a lengthy dispute over the rights to the Gulf and the islands located within. In 1992, a chamber of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decided the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute, of which the Gulf dispute was a part. The ICJ determined that El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua were to share control of the Gulf of Fonseca. El Salvador was awarded the islands of Meanguera and Meanguerita, while Honduras was awarded El Tigre island.
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Haiti
Haitii/ˈheɪti/ (French: Haïti [aiti]; Haitian Creole Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (République d'Haïti; Repiblik Ayiti), is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti (land of high mountains) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft). The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages.
Haiti's regional, historical, and ethno-linguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, the first black-led republic in the world, and the second republic in the Americas when it gained independence in 1804 as part of a successful slave revolution lasting nearly a decade. In 2012, Haiti announced its intention to seek associate membership status in the African Union. Haiti is the only predominantly Francophone independent nation in the Americas. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France.
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Havana
Havana (/həˈvænə/; Spanish: La Habana, [la aˈβana] ( listen)) is the capital city, province, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city proper has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of 726.75 km2 (280.60 sq mi) — making it the largest city by area, the most populous city, and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay, which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbours: Marimelena, Guanabacoa and Atarés. The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north, entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay.
Havana was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the continent becoming a stopping point for the treasure laden Spanish Galleons on the crossing between the New World and the Old World. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War.
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Honduras
Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was at times referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became the modern-day state of Belize. The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
Honduras was home to several important indigenous cultures, most notably the Maya. Much of the country was conquered by Spain who introduced its predominant language and many of its customs in the sixteenth century. It became independent in 1821 and has been a republic since the end of Spanish rule.
Its size is just over 112,492 km² with an estimated population of almost eight million. Its capital is Tegucigalpa. Its northern portions are part of the Western Caribbean Zone.
It is notable for its production of minerals, tropical fruit, and recently for exportation of clothing for the international market.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Insular area
An insular area is a United States territory, that is neither a part of one of the 50 U.S. states nor the District of Columbia, the federal district of the U.S. They are called "insular" from the Latin word insula ("island") because they were once administered by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs, now the Office of Insular Affairs at the Department of the Interior. The term insular possession is also sometimes used.
Because those insular areas that are inhabited are unincorporated territories, their native-born inhabitants are not constitutionally entitled to United States citizenship, under the Citizenship Clause.[citation needed] However, Congress has extended citizenship rights to all inhabited territories except American Samoa, and these citizens may vote and run for office in any U.S. jurisdiction in which they are residents. The people of American Samoa are U.S. nationals, but not U.S. citizens; they are free to move around and seek employment within the whole United States without immigration restrictions, but cannot vote or hold office outside of American Samoa.[citation needed]
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Jamaica
Coordinates: 18°10′57″N 77°19′18″W / 18.1823878°N 77.3217773°W / 18.1823878; -77.3217773
Jamaica (i/dʒəˈmeɪkə/), officially the Commonwealth of Jamaica, is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, and 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno name for the island was Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs".
Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it became an English colony in 1655 under the name "Jamaica". It achieved full independence from Britain on August 6, 1962. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm in concert with the Monarchy of Jamaica holding ultimate executive power, where Queen Elizabeth II is the current head of state and Queen of Jamaica.Kingston is the country's largest city and the capital.
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Jordan
Jordan ( /ˈdʒɔr.dən/;Arabic: اَلأُرْدُنّ, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: اَلمَمْلَكَة اَلأُرْدُنِيَّة اَلهَاشِمِيَّة), Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdaniyyah Al-Hashimiyyah) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing control of the Dead Sea with the latter. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Over half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. However, the western part of Jordan is arable land and forests. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city is Amman. According to the CIA World Factbook, Jordan has the second highest life expectancy in the Middle East, after Israel. The average life expectancy is one position behind the United Kingdom, although the age remains exactly the same (80.05 years).
The precursor to modern Jordan was founded in 1921 as the Hashemite Emirate, and it was recognized by the League of Nations as a state under the British mandate in 1922 known as The Emirate of Transjordan. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the West Bank area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan and Palestine, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949.
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Kingstown
Kingstown is the chief port of Saint Vincent, and the capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. With a population of 25,418 (2005) Kingstown is the largest town in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and is the centre for the island's agricultural industry and a port of entry for tourists. The city lies within the parish of Saint George in the south-west corner of Saint Vincent. Exports include bananas which are shipped mainly to the United Kingdom, coconuts, and arrowroot. The city contains numerous shops, eating places and markets.
It is built partially on reclaimed land and is the location of many important buildings, including the Financial Complex which was built in 1991 and accommodates the Office of the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister as well as those of other departments of government, a Court Office of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court and almost all of the governmental ministries.
France started a settlement here shortly after 1722.
The botanical garden, conceived in 1765, is the oldest in the Western hemisphere. William Bligh, made famous from the Mutiny on the Bounty, brought seeds of the Breadfruit tree here for planting, ca 1793.
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Kralendijk
Kralendijk is the capital city and main port of the island of Bonaire in the Caribbean Netherlands. The language spoken in the town is Papiamentu, but Dutch and English are widely used. In Dutch, Kralendijk means "coral reef" or "coral dike". The Papiamentu name for the town is Playa or "beach". As of 2006[update], the town had a population of 3,061.
Off the coast of Kralendijk lies the uninhabited island of Klein Bonaire, a diving and snorkeling paradise. This small island can be reached by water taxi, or, for divers, by practically all of the local dive operators.
Fort Oranje was built in 1639 to defend Bonaire's main harbor. The fort was extensively modified during the end of the seventeenth century. The English settlement of "Playa" was established adjacent to the fort in 1810. The town was renamed "Kralendijk" by the Dutch colonial rulers in about 1840.
On May 10, 1940, 461 Dutch and German citizens were transported to Bonaire and interned in a camp just south of the fort. After World War II, this camp was converted into a hotel, which is now the Divi Bonaire.
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La Ceiba
La Ceiba is a port city on the northern coast of Honduras in Central America. It is located on the southern edge of the Caribbean, forming part of the south eastern boundary of the Gulf of Honduras. With an estimated population of over 174,000 living in approximately 170 residential areas (called colonias or barrios), it is the fourth largest city in the country and the capital of the Honduran department of Atlántida. La Ceiba was officially founded on August 23, 1877. The city was named after a giant ceiba tree which grew near the old dock, which itself finally fell into the sea in late 2007. The city has been officially proclaimed the "Eco-Tourism Capital of Honduras" as well as the "Entertainment Capital of Honduras". Every year, on the third or fourth Saturday of May, the city holds its famous carnival to commemorate Isidore the Laborer (Spanish San Isidro Labrador). During this time, the city is host to approximately 500,000 tourists.
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La Paz
Nuestra Señora de La Paz (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnwes.tɾa seˈɲoɾa ðe la pas]; English: Our Lady of Peace; Aymara: Chuquiago Marka or Chuqiyapu), simply known as La Paz, is the seat of government of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of the La Paz Department, and the second largest city in the country (in population) after Santa Cruz de la Sierra. It is located in the western part of the country in the department of the same name at an elevation of roughly 3,650 m (11,975 ft) (the city is built on steep hills) above sea level, making it the world's highest "de facto" capital city, or administrative capital.
While the official capital of Bolivia is Sucre and it is the seat of Justice, La Paz has more government departments, hence the "de facto" qualifier. The city sits in a "bowl" surrounded by the high mountains of the altiplano.
As it grows, the city of La Paz climbs the hills, resulting in varying elevations from 3,000 to 4,100 m (9,800 to 13,500 ft). Overlooking the city is towering triple-peaked Illimani, which is always snow-covered and can be seen from several spots of the city, including from the neighbor city of El Alto. As of the 2001 census, the city had a population of 877,363.La Paz Metropolitan area, formed by the cities of La Paz, El Alto and Viacha, make the most populous urban area of Bolivia, with a population of 2.3 million inhabitants and surpassing the metropolitan area of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
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Lamaní
Lamaní is a municipality in the Honduran department of Comayagua. It is located about 25 minutes from the City of Comayagua, in the vicinity of the Piedra Parada Mountain. Temperatures can range anywhere within the 90 degrees Fahrenheit range to as low as 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
Many of Lamani's residents own farms where they raise cows and other livestock. Farmers also cultivate rice, beans, corn, lettuce, tomato, wheat, among other crops. Lamani Residents are typically humble, friendly, and very hospitable.
It has recently undergone changes to its physical and communications infrastructure, such as paving of roads, access to the internet, cable television service, etc. They have their own medical clinic and preparatory schools. Some studious residents have turned out to be lawyers, doctors, engineers, and even soccer players, most notably Fernando "Azulejo" Bulnes, who played for Atlético Español in 1965-1966.
Lamani has two main festivities throughout the year. Christmas is celebrated throughout 4 days, oftentimes hosting bullfights in two town stadiums, simultaneously. One is sanctioned by a private party, the other is sanctioned by the municipality of Lamani. Thousands of people attend these bullfights. The other is called El Dia De La Virgen del Carmen, which celebrates the patron saint of Lamani. It is celebrated much in the same fashion that Christmas is celebrated.
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Lepaterique
Lepaterique is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán.
A military base located in Lepaterique was used during the 1980s by the Contras and by the Argentine 601 Intelligence Battalion, which was involved in Operation Condor.
In August 2005, Honduran media revealed that Triple Canopy, Inc., a private military contractor, was using the base to train mercenaries before they were sent on mission in Iraq
Coordinates: 14°4′0″N 87°28′0″W / 14.066667°N 87.466667°W / 14.066667; -87.466667
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Lima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population approaching 9 million, Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Lima is home to one of the largest financial hubs in Latin America. It has been defined as a beta world city by GaWC international ranking.
Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as la Ciudad de los Reyes, or "the City of Kings". It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today, around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan area.
Lima is home to one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.
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Madrid
Madrid (English /məˈdrɪd/, Spanish: [ma'ðrid]) is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third largest in the European Union after London and Paris. The city spans a total of 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq mi).
The city is located on the Manzanares river in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid (which comprises the city of Madrid, its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages); this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, and residence of the Spanish monarch, Madrid is also the political centre of Spain. The current mayor is Ana Botella from the People's Party (PP).
Madrid urban agglomeration has the 3rd largest GDP in the European Union and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, environment, media, fashion, science, culture, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. Due to its economic output, high standard of living, and market size, Madrid is considered the major financial centre of Southern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula; it hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Spanish companies, such as Telefónica, Iberia or Repsol. Madrid is the most touristic city of Spain, the fourth-most touristic of the continent, and is the 10th most livable city in the world according to Monocle magazine, in its 2010 index. Madrid also ranks among the 12 greenest European cities in 2010. Madrid is currently a Candidate City for the 2020 Summer Olympics.
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Manado
Coordinates: 1°29′35″N 124°50′28.54″E / 1.49306°N 124.8412611°E / 1.49306; 124.8412611
Manado (pronounced [məˈnado][citation needed]) is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. Manado is located at the Bay of Manado, and is surrounded by a mountainous area. The city has about 405,715 inhabitants, making it the second-largest city in Sulawesi after Makassar. The municipality of Manado is divided into nine districts: Malalayang, Sario, Wanea, Tikala, Wenang, Mapanget, Singkil, Tuminting and Bunaken.
The name Manado comes from manadou or wanazou meaning "on the far coast" or "in the distance," and originally referred to the further of two islands which can be seen from the mainland. When the settlement on this island was relocated to the mainland, the name Manado was brought with it, after which the island itself became referred to as Manado Tua ("Old Manado").
The first mention of Manado comes from a world map by cartographer Nicolas Desliens, where it showed the island Manarow (today's Manado Tua). Before Europeans arrived to North Sulawesi the area was under the rule of the Sultan of Ternate, who exacted tribute and introduced the Muslim religion among some of its inhabitants. The Portuguese made the Sultan their vassal, taking possession of the Minahasa and established a factory in Wenang.
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Managua
Managua (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈnaɣwa]) is the capital city of Nicaragua as well as the department and municipality by the same name. It is the largest city in Nicaragua in terms of population and geographic size. Located on the southwestern shore of Lake Xolotlán or Lake Managua, the city was declared the national capital in 1852. Prior to its inception as the capital city, the title had alternated between the cities of León and Granada. The city has a population of about 2,200,000, composed predominantly of mestizos and whites. Managua is the second most populous city in Central America, after Guatemala City.
Founded in 1819, the city was given the name: Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua. Its original purpose was to serve as a rural fishing village. Efforts to make Managua the capital of Nicaragua began in 1824, after the Central American nations formally attained their independence from Spain. Managua's location between the rival cities of León and Granada made it a logical and ideal compromise site. Modern-day Managua was built in the 1850s on the site of an indigenous community. The city occupies an area on a fault. Seismologists predict that Managua will continue to experience a severe earthquake every 50 years or less. The city's economy is based mainly on trade and industry. Managua is Nicaragua's chief trading center for coffee, cotton, other crops and industry. It serves as an important industrial, commercial, political and cultural center. Its chief products include beer, coffee, matches, textiles, and shoes. Today, Managua is Nicaragua's main political, social, cultural, educational and economic hub. The city is served by the Augusto C. Sandino International Airport, the country's primary international airport and regional Brasiles Airport and Punta Huete, military airport, recently renewed.
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Maraita
Maraita is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán.
Coordinates: 13°53′N 87°02′W / 13.883°N 87.033°W / 13.883; -87.033
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Marale
Marale is a municipality in the department of Francisco Morazán, Honduras.
Marale is bordered on the north by the municipality of Yoro, south by the municipalities of El Porvenir and San Ignacio, to the east by the municipalities of Mangulile, Yocón and Orica, and west by the municipalities of Sulaco, Yorito and San José del Potrero. It is surrounded by several ranges of hills, known as El Portillo, La Loma de la Cruz and Mud Loma.
Marale was founded in 1820, and in 1889 became one of the municipalities of the Cedros District.
The municipality of Marale encompasses the following eleven villages:
The main source of livelihood in the parish is agriculture, especially the production of corn and beans.
The parish is mainly Roman Catholic.
The new year is marked with the celebration of La Feria, in honour of Cristo negro (Black Christ).
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
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Montserrat
Coordinates: 16°45′N 62°12′W / 16.75°N 62.2°W / 16.75; -62.2
Montserrat ( /mɒntsəˈræt/) is an island that is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. This island measures approximately 16 km (9.9 mi) long and 11 km (6.8 mi) wide, giving 40 kilometres (25 mi) of coastline. Montserrat is nicknamed the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish ancestry of some of its inhabitants.
Montserrat's Georgian era historic capital city of Plymouth was destroyed and two-thirds of the island's population was forced to flee because of an eruption of the previously dormant Soufriere Hills volcano that began on July 18, 1995. The eruption continues today on a much reduced scale, the damage being confined to the area around Plymouth, including its docking facilities, and also the area around the former W. H. Bramble Airport on the eastern side of the island, the remnants of which were buried by flows from volcanic activity on February 11, 2010.
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Nacaome
Nacaome is the capital city of the Valle department of Honduras. It is a manufacturing and commercial center located on the banks of Nacaome River.
Nacaome is an old city founded when aboriginal Cholulas and Chaparrastiques, tired of fighting each other, thought it best to join together to build new houses in the middle of their territory on the west side of the Chapulapa River (the aboriginal name of the Nacaome River). They named the new town Naca-Ome, meaning "union of two races" in their dialects. In Nahuatl Naca means race or body and Ome means two. This foundation happened before the Spanish conquerors came.
Nacaome was affected by Hurricane Stan, October 2005.
Coordinates: 13°53′N 87°48′W / 13.883°N 87.8°W / 13.883; -87.8
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New Orleans
New Orleans ( /nuː ˈɔrliənz/ or /ˈnuː ɔrˈliːnz/, locally /nuː ˈɔrlənz/ or /ˈnɔrlənz/; French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] ( listen)) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city proper was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The New Orleans metropolitan area (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a larger trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,214,932.
The city is named after Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, and is well known for its distinct French Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz), and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is often referred to as the "most unique" in America.
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua (i/ˌnɪkəˈrɑːɡwə/ nik-ə-RAH-gwə), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: República de Nicaragua [reˈpuβlika ðe nikaˈɾaɣwa] ( listen)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's physical geography divides it into three major zones: Pacific lowlands; wet, cooler central highlands; and the Caribbean lowlands. On the Pacific side of the country are the two largest fresh water lakes in Central America—Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua. Surrounding these lakes and extending to their northwest along the rift valley of the Gulf of Fonseca are fertile lowland plains, with soil highly enriched by ash from nearby volcanoes of the central highlands. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot.
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Nueva Armenia
Nueva Armenia is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán.
Coordinates: 13°45′0″N 87°10′0″W / 13.75°N 87.166667°W / 13.75; -87.166667
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Nuuk
Nuuk, formerly Godthåb, is the capital of Greenland, the northernmost capital in North America, and the largest city in Greenland. Its present name is the Kalaallisut for "Cape", from its position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord on the eastern shore of the Labrador Sea. Nuuk is the largest cultural and economic center in Greenland. The major cities closest to the capital are Iqaluit and St. John's in Canada and Reykjavik in Iceland.
Nuuk is the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality. In January of 2010, it had a population of 15,469, making it one of the smallest capital cities in the world by population.
The site has a long history of habitation. The area around Nuuk was first occupied by the ancient pre-Inuit, Paleo-Eskimo people of the Saqqaq culture as far back as 2200 BC when they lived in the area around the now abandoned settlement of Qoornoq. For a long time it was occupied by the Dorset culture around the former settlement of Kangeq but they disappeared from the Nuuk district before AD 1000. The Nuuk area was later inhabited by Viking explorers in the 10th century, and shortly thereafter by Inuit peoples. Inuit and Norsemen both lived with little interaction in this area from about 1000 until the disappearance of the Norse settlement for uncertain reasons during the 15th century.
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Ojojona
Coordinates: 13°56′N 87°18′W / 13.933°N 87.3°W / 13.933; -87.3 Ojojona is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán, located 34km South of Tegucigalpa. It was founded in 1579 by Spanish miners who worked the silver and gold mines of the area.
Location The municipality has borders at north with the Central District, at south with the municipality of Reitoca and Sabanagrande, at the east with the municipalities of Santa Ana and Sabanagrande and at west with the municipalties of Reitoca and Lepaterique. It is situated in a small plateau in one of the hills of Cerro de Hule, at the base of the Payaguagre mountain.
Villages The municipality has 12 recognized villages:
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Olancho Department
Olancho is one of the 18 departments into which the Central American nation of Honduras is divided. It is the largest of all the departments, and Hondurans frequently point out that the department is larger than the neighboring Republic of El Salvador. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Olancho resisted government authority from Tegucigalpa to the point of causing a civil war. To this day, the old independent sentiments persist among Olanchanos, although the department's role as an agricultural producer has made it an integral part of the Honduran economy. The current president of Honduras, Porfirio Lobo, hails from the department, specifically from the city of Catacamas.
The departmental capital is Juticalpa.
Rugged mountains rise in the western and northern portions of the department, notably the Sierra de Agalta, the Montaña de Tembladeros, and the Montaña de Botaderos. Vast pine and hardwood forests cover these mountains. Central Olancho has rolling plains, watered by the Guayape River and its affluents. These plains, sometimes called pampas due to their similarity to the vast Argentinian plains, are famous for their large cattle herds and extensive farming. The main cities, Juticalpa and Catacamas, are located there. The eastern part of the department is covered with rainforests, though the influx of impoverished, farmers and intense timber extraction have increased deforestation rates in the area. A portion of the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, a tropical rainforest with diverse wildlife and declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO, straddles the border of Olancho and the neighboring departments of Gracias a Dios (department) and Colón (department).
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Ottawa
Ottawa (i/ˈɒtəwɑː/ or /ˈɒtəwə/) is the capital of Canada. It is the second largest city in Ontario and the fourth largest city in the country. The city is located on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, located on the north bank of the Ottawa River; together they form the National Capital Region (NCR).
Founded in 1826 as Bytown and incorporated as "Ottawa" in 1855, the city has evolved into a political and technological centre of Canada. Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous minor annexations and ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and major amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area. The name "Ottawa" is derived from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade". Initially an Irish and French Christian settlement, Ottawa has become a multicultural city with a diverse population.
The 2011 census had the city's population as 883,391, and the metropolitan population as 1,236,324.Mercer ranks Ottawa with the second highest quality of living of any large city in the Americas, and 14th highest in the world. It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world. In 2012, the city was ranked for the third consecutive year as the best community in Canada to live in by MoneySense.
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Palu
Palu is a chartered city (kota) on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, located 1,650 km northeast of Jakarta, at 0°54′S 119°50′E / 0.9°S 119.833°E / -0.9; 119.833Coordinates: 0°54′S 119°50′E / 0.9°S 119.833°E / -0.9; 119.833. It is the capital of the province of Central Sulawesi. The city sits on the mouth of Palu River, at the head of a long, narrow bay. Because of its sheltered position between mountain ridges, the climate is unusually dry. Palu has a population of 335,297, not including those living in nearby regencies.
The town was ruled by the colonial Dutch until Indonesia reached its independence following World War II. The residence of the Dutch controleur still exists as a testament of that era.
On 24 January 2005 at 04:10 (UTC+8), an earthquake with magnitude 6.2 Richter scale occurred in the city. According to the local meteorological office, the hypocenter of the earthquake was around 1.249° S, 119.922° E, some 16 km southeast of Palu at the depth of 30 km of Bora Village's hot spring, Biromaru sub-district, Donggala Regency. Panic ensued as most people sought refuge in the highlands for fear of a repeat disaster like the tsunami as occurred in Aceh. The earthquake killed one person, injured four others, and destroyed 177 buildings.
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Panama
Panama (i/ˈpænəmɑː/ PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá [reˈpuβlika ðe panaˈma]), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City. Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, named the Republic of Gran Colombia.When Gran Colombia the dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined. Nueva Granada later became the Republic of Colombia.
With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the Panama Canal to be built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the century.
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Panama City
Panama City (Spanish: Ciudad de Panamá) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama. It has a population of 880,691, with a total metro population of 1,272,672, and it is located at the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal, in the province of Panama. The city is the political and administrative center of the country, and a hub for international banking and commerce. It is considered a Beta World City.
With an average GDP per capita of $11,700, Panama has been among the top five places for retirement in the world, according to International Living magazine.[citation needed] Panama City has a dense skyline of mostly highrise buildings, and it is surrounded by a large belt of tropical rainforest. Panama's Tocumen International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in Central America, offers daily flights to major international destinations.
Panama City was chosen to be the American Capital of Culture for 2003 (jointly, with Curitiba, Brazil).[citation needed]
Panama was founded on August 15, 1519 by Spanish conquistador Pedro Arias Dávila. The city was the starting point of expeditions that conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. It was a stopover point of one of the most important trade routes in the history of the American continent leading to the fairs of Nombre de Dios and Portobelo, where most of the gold and silver that Spain took from the Americas passed through. The city was destroyed by a devastating fire, when the pirate Henry Morgan sacked it on January 28, 1671. It was rebuilt and formally established on January 21, 1673 in a peninsula located 8 km from the original settlement. The place where the previously devastated city was located is still in ruins, and has become a tourist attraction known as "Panama Viejo".
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Peru
Perui/pəˈruː/ (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Perú;Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
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Port of Spain
Port of Spain, also written as Port-of-Spain, is the capital of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the country's third-largest municipality, after San Fernando and Chaguanas. The city has a municipal population of 49,031 (2000 census), a metropolitan population of 128,026 (1990 unofficial estimate) and a transient daily population of 250,000. It is located on the Gulf of Paria, on the northwest coast of the island of Trinidad and is part of a larger conurbation stretching from Chaguaramas in the west to Arima in the east with an estimated population of 600,000.
Port of Spain is Trinidad and Tobago's most developed city. The city serves primarily as a retail and administrative centre and it has been the capital of the island since 1757. It is also an important financial services centre for the Caribbean and is home to two of the largest banks in the region.
The city is also home to the largest container port on the island and is one of several shipping hubs of the Caribbean, exporting both agricultural products and manufactured goods. Bauxite from the Guyanas and iron ore from Venezuela are trans-shipped via facilities at Chaguaramas, about five miles (8 km) west of the city. The pre-lenten Carnival is the city's main annual cultural festival and tourist attraction.
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Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.
It is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and engineering. Princeton does not have schools of medicine, law, divinity, or business, but it does offer professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science and the School of Architecture.
Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, as the College of New Jersey, the university moved to Newark in 1747, then to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The present-day College of New Jersey in nearby Ewing, New Jersey, is an unrelated institution. Princeton was the fourth chartered institution of higher education in the American colonies. Princeton had close ties to the Presbyterian Church, but has never been affiliated with any denomination and today imposes no religious requirements on its students.
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Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
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Quito
San Francisco de Quito, most often called Quito (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkito]), is the capital city of Ecuador in northwestern South America. It is located in north-central Ecuador in the Guayllabamba river basin, on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes mountains. With a population of 2,197,698 according to the last census (2001), and, as estimated by the municipality, approximately 2,504,991 in 2005, Quito is the second most populous city in Ecuador, after Guayaquil. It is also the capital of the Pichincha province and the seat of Metropolitan District of Quito. The canton recorded a population of 1,842,201 residents in the 2001 national census. In 2008, the city was designated as the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations.
The elevation of the city's central square (Plaza de la Independencia or Plaza Grande) is 2,800 metres (9,200 ft), making Quito the second-highest administrative capital city in the world (after La Paz, Bolivia), and the highest legal capital (ahead of Sucre, also in Bolivia, and Bogotá, Colombia).
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Reitoca
Reitoca is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán. The name derives from Rerituca, which means "Place of the soft juncus" in Nahuatl.
Coordinates: 13°50′N 87°28′W / 13.833°N 87.467°W / 13.833; -87.467
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Road Town
Road Town, located on Tortola, is the capital of the British Virgin Islands. It is situated on the horseshoe-shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island's south coast. The population was about 9,400 in 2004.
The name is derived from the nautical term "the roads", a place less sheltered than a harbor but which ships can easily get to. A 28 hectare (70 acre) development called Wickham's Cay, consisting of two areas that were reclaimed from the sea and a marina have enabled Road Town to emerge as a haven for yacht chartering and a centre of tourism. This area is the newest part of the city and the hub for the new commercial and administrative buildings of the BVI. The oldest building in Road Town, the HM Prison on Main Street, dates from the 1840s.
Road Town is one of the principal centres for bareboating (self-hire yacht chartering) in the Caribbean. Many successful yacht-charter businesses operate from Road Town, especially BVI Yacht Charters, Bareboat BVI and The Moorings . Cruise ships can be often seen docked here as well.
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Roseau
Roseau (Kwéyòl: Wozo) is the capital and largest city of Dominica. With a population of 14,847 (2001 census), it is a small and compact urban settlement, located within the Saint George parish and surrounded by the Caribbean Sea, the Roseau River and Morne Bruce. Built on the site of the ancient Kalinago Indian village of Sairi, it is the oldest and most important urban settlement on the island.
It is located on the west (leeward) coast of Dominica, and is a combination of modern and colonial (French Style) architecture.
Roseau is Dominica's most important port for foreign trade. Some exports include bananas, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges and cocoa. The service sector is also a large part of the local economy.
There is a prominent diocese called Roman Catholic Diocese of Roseau.
The city of Roseau sits on an alluvial fan formed hundreds of years ago as the river after which it was named meandered across the area from what is now known as Newtown to its current location. Over the last two thousand years Amerindians migrating through the islands settled the area attracted by the nearby river. With the arrival of the Europeans on the island in the 16th and 17th centuries, a small settlement was established by the French who in their tradition of naming places after what they found there named the settlement with their name for the river reeds which grew along the river banks. A plan was created for the settlement which mirrored examples in France where streets extended from a central point at what is today the Old Market and extended out to the rest of the settlement.
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Saba
Saba ( /ˈseɪbə/) is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality (officially public body) of the Netherlands. It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point within both the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands proper.
Saba, including the islet of Green Island, became a special municipality within the country of the Netherlands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010.
The island has a land area of 13 km² (5 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, the population was 1,824 inhabitants, which means a population density of 140 inhabitants per km². Its current major towns and settlements include The Bottom (the capital), Windwardside, Hell's Gate and St. Johns.
As the island is part of the Netherlands, Dutch is the official language. Despite the island's Dutch affiliation, English is the principal language spoken on the island and has been used in its school system since the 19th century. English can therefore be used in communications of and to the government although there is a local dialect. Since January 1, 2011, the U.S. dollar has been the official currency, replacing the Netherlands Antillian Guilder.
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Saint Lucia
Saint Luciai/seɪnt ˈluːʃə/ (French: Sainte-Lucie) is a sovereign island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km2 (238.23 sq mi) and has a population of 174,000 (2010). Its capital is Castries. Two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis, an economist, and Derek Walcott, a poet and playwright, have come from the island. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after the Faroe Islands.
One of the Windward Islands, it was named after Saint Lucy of Syracuse by the French, the first European colonizers. They signed a treaty with the native Carib people in 1660. England took control of the island from 1663 to 1667; in ensuing years, it was at war with France 14 times and rule of the island changed frequently (it was seven times each ruled by the French and British). In 1814, the British took definitive control of the island. Because it switched so often between British and French control, Saint Lucia was also known as the "Helen of the West Indies".
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San Juan de Flores
San Juan de Flores is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán.
It is also known as Cantaranas or "Singing Frogs" in English and is located approximately 55 minutes north of the capital, Tegucigalpa and about 20 minutes away from Valle de Angeles.
Annual Events: Festival de Alimentos tradicionales en vías de extinción. (Cantarranas, Francisco Morazán) (Food festival - food near extinction) [1] Includes all typical/traditional Honduran food. The Food Festival is organize on April of each year.
Coordinates: 14°16′N 87°02′W / 14.267°N 87.033°W / 14.267; -87.033
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San Pedro Sula
San Pedro Sula is a city in Honduras. It is located in the northwest corner of the country, in the Valle de Sula (Sula Valley), about 60 km south of Puerto Cortés on the Caribbean. With an estimated population of 873,824 people in the main municipality, and 1,245,598 in its metro area (2010), it is the second largest city, after the capital Tegucigalpa. It is considered the industrial center of Honduras. It is the capital of the Cortés Department. The city serves as a major transportation hub for the rest of the country, while economically maintaining its base in light industry and the commercial production of coffee, bananas, beef, sugar cane, tobacco, and forestry. According to The Economist, San Pedro Sula generates two-thirds of country's Gross domestic product (GDP).
San Pedro Sula has a museum of archeology and history, which includes both Pre-Columbian artifacts and expositions detailing the evolution of the city. The cigar making business is important, as are garment assembly plants, known as maquiladoras. Ramon Villeda Morales International Airport (SAP) is one of the most important airports in Honduras due to its local and international connections. The first private university in Honduras was founded in San Pedro Sula in 1978, Universidad de San Pedro Sula (The accredited private university).
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San Salvador
The city of San Salvador (English: "Holy Saviour") is the capital city of the Republic of El Salvador. San Salvador is a part of the San Salvador Department, one of fourteen in the nation. San Salvador is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center. As a "gamma" global city, San Salvador is one of the most important financial centers in Central America. It is located in the Salvadoran highlands, surrounded by volcanoes and prone to earthquakes, which is why the Pipil and the Spaniards called the area in which the city is located "el valle de las hamacas" (the valley of the hammocks, "salcoatitan" in Pipil language). The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 540,000 people (2.3million metropolitan), making it the third largest Central American city and the second largest metropolitan area. San Salvador is nicknamed "San Sivar" by Salvadorans.
Before the Spanish conquest, the Pipil peoples established their capital, Cuzcatlán, near the current location of San Salvador. Not much is known about Cuzcatlán, as it was abandoned by its inhabitants in an effort to avoid Spanish rule.
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Santo Domingo
Santo Domingo, known officially as Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is the capital and largest city in the Dominican Republic. Its metropolitan population was 2,084,852 in 2003, and estimated at 3,712,391 in 2010. The city is located on the Caribbean Sea, at the mouth of the Ozama River. Founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 1496, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas, and was the first seat of Spanish colonial rule in the New World. It lies within the boundaries of the Distrito Nacional (D.N.; "National District"), itself bordered on three sides by Santo Domingo Province.
Santo Domingo was called "Ciudad Trujillo", from 1930 to 1961, after the Dominican Republic's dictator, Rafael Trujillo, named the capital after himself. Following his assassination, the city resumed its original designation. Today, Santo Domingo is the Dominican Republic's major metropolis, and is the largest city in the Caribbean by population.[citation needed] Santo Domingo is ranked as a Gamma world city by Loughborough University.
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Seoul
Seoul (Korean pronunciation: [sʌ.ul] ( listen), English /soʊl/), officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world. The Seoul National Capital Area is the world's second largest metropolitan area with over 25 million inhabitants, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Almost a quarter of South Koreans live in Seoul, half of South Koreans live in the metropolitan area, along with over 275,000 international residents.
Located in the Han River, Seoul has been a major settlement for over 2,000 years, with its foundation dating back to 18 B.C. when Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, established its capital in what is now south-east Seoul. It continued as the capital of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire. The Seoul National Capital Area is home to four UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeokgung, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty.
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Sint Eustatius
Sint Eustatius, also known affectionately to the locals as Statia/ˈsteɪʃə/ or Statius, is a Caribbean island and a special municipality (officially public body) of the Netherlands.
It lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands and immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba, at 17°30′N 62°58′W / 17.5°N 62.967°W / 17.5; -62.967. The island is named after the legendary Christian martyr Saint Eustace. The regional capital is Oranjestad.
The island has an area of 21 km² (8.1 sq. miles). In the 2001 census, the population was recorded as 3,543 inhabitants, equating to a population density of 169 inhabitants per square kilometre. The official language is Dutch, however English is also recognised as an administrative language. A local English-based creole is also spoken informally. Travel to the island by air is through F.D. Roosevelt Airport.
Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles, Sint Eustatius became a special municipality within the country of the Netherlands on 10 October 2010.
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Sint Maarten
Sint Maarten (Dutch pronunciation: [sɪnt ˈmaːrtə(n)]) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It encompasses the southern half of the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, while the northern half of the island constitutes the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin. Its capital is Philipsburg.
Before 10 October 2010, Sint Maarten was known as the Island Territory of Sint Maarten (Dutch: Eilandgebied Sint Maarten), and was one of five island territories (Eilandgebieden) that constituted the Netherlands Antilles.
In 1493, during Christopher Columbus' second voyages to the West Indies, upon first sighting the island he named it Isla de San Martín after Saint Martin of Tours because it was 11 November, St. Martin Day. However, though he claimed it as a Spanish territory, Columbus never landed there, and Spain made the settlement of the island a low priority.
The French and Dutch, on the other hand, both coveted the island. While the French wanted to colonize the islands between Trinidad and Bermuda, the Dutch found San Martín a convenient halfway point between their colonies in New Amsterdam (present day New York) and Brazil. With few people inhabiting the island, the Dutch easily founded a settlement there in 1631, erecting Fort Amsterdam as protection from invaders. Jan Claeszen Van Campen became its first governor, and soon thereafter the Dutch East India Company began their salt mining operations. French and British settlements sprang up on the island as well. Taking note of these successful colonies and wanting to maintain their control of the salt trade, the Spanish now found St. Martin much more appealing. The Eighty Years' War which had been raging between Spain and the Netherlands provided further incentive to attack.
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Soto Cano Air Base
Soto Cano Air Base (commonly known as Palmerola Air Base) is a Honduran military base 5 mi (8.0 km) to the south of Comayagua in Honduras. It houses between 500 - 600 US troops and is also used by the Honduran Air Force academy. The airbase became operational in 1981, changing the old location the Honduras Air Force Academy in Toncontin, Tegucigalpa to Palmerola.
The US government once used Palmerola as a base of operations to support their foreign policy objectives in the 1980s. Now the U.S. military uses Soto Cano as a launching point for its war on drugs efforts in Central America as well as humanitarian aid missions throughout Honduras and Central America.
In addition to the Honduran Air Force Academy, the US military's Joint Task Force Bravo (JTF-B) is headquartered at Soto Cano. JTF-B consists of Medical Element - Military Hospital, Army Forces, Air Force Forces, Joint Security Forces, and the 1st Battalion-228th Aviation Regiment (consisting of some 18 aircraft, a mix of UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters and CH-47 Chinook helicopters).
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Taipei
Taipei City (/ˌtaɪˈpeɪ/; [tʰǎipèi]; Chinese: 臺北市 or 台北市; pinyin: Táiběi Shì) is the capital of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Situated at the northern tip of the island of Taiwan, Taipei is located on the Tamsui River; it is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, a port city on the Pacific Ocean. It lies in the two relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung (基隆河) and Xindian (新店溪) rivers, which join to form the Tamsui River along the city's western border. The city proper (Taipei City) is home to an estimated 2,618,772 people. Taipei, New Taipei, and Keelung together form the Taipei metropolitan area with a population of 6,900,273. However, they are administered under different local governing bodies. "Taipei" sometimes refers to the whole metropolitan area, while "Taipei City" refers to the city proper. Taipei City proper is surrounded on all sides by New Taipei.
Taipei is the political, economic, and cultural center of Taiwan. The National Palace Museum which has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts and artworks in the world is located in Taipei. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major industrial area. Railways, high speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Talanga
Talanga is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán. It lies on the highway connecting Tegucigalpa with the department of Olancho. Talanga is a medium-sized municipality relying heavily on agriculture. Its most important crops include corn, sugar cane and livestock fodder.
Perhaps the most notable feature of Talanga is that the streets are all dirt. In most towns of its size in Honduras, the primary streets are paved. The town is just finishing installing a sewer system (as of 2006) and paving is an upcoming project. For now, the town is the epitome of "wild, wild west," with ox carts, cowboys on horseback, stray dogs, untended livestock, and minimal law enforcement. Talanga has a very good indoor market with produce, meat, pots and pans, and other household goods. There are about seven well-stocked hardware stores, as well as two internet cafes. The town square was recently built with concrete fixtures and a basketball court. There is a hill with a cross near the town center with an excellent view of the town and surrounding area. The people of Talanga are very friendly and one would be hardpressed to walk the main street without having people say "buenas" and starting conversations.
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Tatumbla
Tatumbla is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán. Tatumbla is located in the mountains above Tegucigalpa, about a 45 minute bus ride.
Coordinates: 14°1′0″N 87°6′0″W / 14.016667°N 87.1°W / 14.016667; -87.1
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Tegucigalpa
Tegucigalpa (Spanish pronunciation: [teɣusiˈɣalpa], formally Tegucigalpa, Municipality of the Central District Spanish: Tegucigalpa, Municipio del Distrito Central or Tegucigalpa, M.D.C.), and commonly referred as Tegus, is the capital of Honduras and seat of government of the Republic, along with its twin sister Comayagüela. Founded on September 29, 1578 by the Spanish, it became the country's capital on October 30, 1880 under President Marco Aurelio Soto. The current Constitution of Honduras, enacted in 1982, names the sister cities of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela as a Central District to serve as the permanent national capital, under articles 8 and 295.
During the short-lived Constitution of the Republic of Central America of 1921, Tegucigalpa served as a Federal District and capital of then-newly formed as one nation: the states of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. After this failed attempt to maintain a Central American republic, Honduras returned to become an individual sovereign nation and on January 30, 1937, Article 179 of the 1936 Honduran Constitution was reformed under Decree 53 to established Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela as a Central District.
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Tela
Tela is a town in Honduras on the northern Caribbean coast. It is located in the department of Atlantida.
Tela was founded by the Spanish conquistador Cristóbal de Olid on 3 May 1524 near an indigenous town named Tehuacán, ruled by a cacique named Cucumba which had a very good source of clean water, food and medicinal plants. Olid named his town Triunfo de la Cruz (Triumph of the Cross) as it was founded on this Catholic holy day. The name Triunfo de la Cruz continues to be used to day to refer to a small promontory in the bay. There are historians who say that the origin of the name is a contraction of Tetela, which in the Nahua language means "land of hills and craggy mountains." Tela, like other towns on the northern Honduras (Atlantic) coast was part of the Western Caribbean Zone and although there was a light Spanish presence was connected powerfully to the world of that zone. Thus, English privateers and later pirates frequently operated in the area, and independent or nearly independent indigenous groups also frequented the area. At the end of sixteenth century Tela Bay was frequented by buccaneers who roamed the Caribbean Sea, looking for ways to attack the Spanish schooners that hauled fortunes in precious metals and stones, from Trujillo, Puerto Cortés, Havana, and other Atlantic ports.
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Tennessee
Tennessee (i/tɛnɨˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144.Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902.
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861, and the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.
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The Bahamas
The Bahamasi/bəˈhɑːməz/, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets. It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its land area is 13,939 km2 (5,382 sq mi), with a population of 353,658. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands; the designation of Bahamas refers normally to the Commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
Originally inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 to 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
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The Bottom
The Bottom is the capital and largest town of the island of Saba, the Caribbean Netherlands, and is the first stop on the way from Saba's Port in Fort Bay towards the rest of the island. It has approximately 500 inhabitants of the total 1,424 islanders.
The Bottom is home to the government offices, a hospital, a nursing home, a sports field, three churches, a library, various shops and the Saba University School of Medicine. The Bottom is also home to the Saba Carnival which is held once a year during the summer, as well as Saba Day in December.
As capital of the island, The Bottom hosts a number of events throughout the year. During the summer the 'Saba Carnival' is held here. It's a parade full of colour accompanied with the music of steel drums and local artists. It is a highly anticipated event on the Saban calendar as most of the island meets together to dance, sing and enjoy the festival. The Saba Carnival usually lasts for a few days in which the island rotates around this town.
Another event held in the Bottom is 'Saba Day'. This is the national day of the island in which all offices, schools and stores are closed. The island celebrates its diversity and culture through various activities and parades. The Bottom holds host to a concert at the sports field where local and other Caribbean artists come to perform. There are fishing competitions at sea, drawing competitions for children etc.
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Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago (i/ˌtrɪnɨdæd/ & /tɵˈbeɪɡoʊ/) officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
The country covers an area 5,128 square kilometres (1,980 sq mi) and consists of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous smaller landforms. Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the main islands, comprising about 94% of the total area and 96% of the total population of the country. The nation lies outside the hurricane belt.
The island of Trinidad was a Spanish colony from the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 to the capitulation of the Spanish Governor, Don José Maria Chacón, on the arrival of a British fleet of 18 warships on 18 February 1797. During the same period, the island of Tobago changed hands between Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Courlander colonizers. Trinidad and Tobago was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. The country obtained independence in 1962, becoming a republic in 1976. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago's economy is primarily industrial, with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Valle de Ángeles
Valle de Ángeles is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco Morazán.
The local holiday is October 4th, San Francisco Day.
The town is bordered on the north by the municipality of Central District, on the south by the municipality of San Antonio de Oriente, east by the municipalities of Morocelí and Villa de San Francisco and west by the municipality of Santa Lucía. It is located about 22 km northwest of the capital city, Tegucigalpa in the valley of the same name, between the mountains of Los Lagos, El Carrizal, Palo Hueco and Chinacla.
The region was an important mining town in the history of Honduras, with enclaves such as Las Animas and El Socorro, which produced gold, silver, copper, tin, lead and zinc.
Tourist Attractions: Honduran cuisine, colonial architecture and farming, hiking trails, caving, ethnic crafts, contemporary art, ecotourism, Rainforest climate.
This town is visited by many tourists who enjoy the beautiful scenery and the road is completely paved from Tegucigalpa. A few kilometers there is an important forest reserve called Parque Nacional "La Tigra. La Tigra is a cloud forest rich in biodiversity, which supplies fresh water to 40% of people in the Honduran capital.
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Valle Department
Valle is one of the 18 departments into which the Central American nation of Honduras is divided.
The departmental capital is Nacaome. The department faces the Gulf of Fonseca and contains mangrove swamps; inland, it is very hot and dry.
The department covers a total surface area of 1,565 km² and, in 2005, had an estimated population of 160,346 people.
Valle Department was organized in 1893.
Coordinates: 13°32′N 87°29′W / 13.533°N 87.483°W / 13.533; -87.483
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Venezuela
Venezuela (i/ˌvɛnɨˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela [repuˈβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its northern coastline of roughly 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
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Villa de San Antonio
Villa de San Antonio is a municipality in the Honduran department of Comayagua. The municipality consists of a 'casco urbano,' or main town, with approximately 7,000 residents, and a large number of 'aldeas' or villages, which bring the municipality's entire population to 17,000. The town is located 20 minutes by car from the department capitals of Comayagua and La Paz, and 90 minutes from Tegucigalpa. Principal economic activities include farming, factory work, and construction. The 'casco urbano' contains two kindgergartens, two elementary schools, and one middle-high school, where students may study for diplomas in 'bachillerato' (liberal arts) or 'comercio.' There are two orphanages within the 'casco urbano;' the independent Hogar Tierra Santa and the Hogar San Antonio, affiliated with the Catholic charity Apufran. There is a health center staffed by a doctor and two nurses. 'The municipality of Villa de San Antonio was founded in 1537, the same year as the nearby city of Comayagua.
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Willemstad
Willemstad (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɪ.ləm.ˌstɑt]) is the capital city of Curaçao, an island in the southern Caribbean Sea that forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Formerly the capital of the Netherlands Antilles prior to its dissolution in 2010, it has an estimated population of 140,000. The historic centre of the city consists of two quarters: Punda and Otrobanda. They are separated by the St. Anna bay, an inlet that leads into the large natural harbour called the 'Schottegat'.
Punda was established in 1634, when the Dutch captured the island from Spain. The original name of Punda was de punt in Dutch. Otrobanda, which was founded in 1707, is the newer section of the city and is considered to be the cultural center of Willemstad. Its name originated from the Papiamentu otro banda, which means "the other side." Punda and Otrobanda are connected by Queen Emma Bridge, a long bridge of boats. Although still in use, these days most road traffic now uses the Queen Juliana Bridge built in 1967 (rebuilt 1974) which arches high over the bay further inland. Nearby is also the now non-functioning Queen Wilhelmina Bridge draw bridge.
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Yoro department
Yoro is one of the 18 departments into which the Central American nation of Honduras is divided. The department contains rich agricultural lands, concentrated mainly on the valley of the Aguan River and the Sula Valley, on opposite ends. The departmental capital is Yoro. The department covers a total surface area of 7,939 km² and, in 2005, had an estimated population of 503,886 people. It is famous for the Lluvia de Peces (rain of fishes), a tradition by which fish fall from the sky during very heavy rains.
Coordinates: 15°08′N 87°06′W / 15.133°N 87.1°W / 15.133; -87.1
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Yuscarán
Yuscarán is a town in Honduras, the capital of the El Paraíso department. It is located 65 kilometers from Tegucigalpa. This quaint village was a major mining center in the 18th and 19th centuries, first for the Spanish Crown and later for U.S. mining companies. The same topography that produced rich veins of precious metal also gives the town its spectacular mountain scenery and its windy cobblestone roads.
The entire village was declared a national monument by the Honduran government in 1979. Today more than 200 colonial homes remain, paying tribute to Yuscaran’s historic past.
The mountain of Montserrat towers over the town to the southeast. This biological reserve is also the main source of water for the area, the same pure water that the villagers use to produce the famous Yuscaran-brand sugar cane alcohol known as “burning water” (aguardiente, or simply guaro).
Ancient rock paintings can be found in the nearby communities of Orealí and Oropolí.
The municipality of Yuscarán was founded in 1730. After gold, silver and other precious metals were found in its foothills in 1746, Spanish mining companies flooded the area and Spaniards settled the town. Thus, Yuscarán was constructed in the traditional colonial style of 18th century Spain.
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Afro Honduran
Afro-Honduran are Hondurans of African descent. They are estimated to be a population of 150,000, or 2% of the country. The percentage of the population might be higher. Some Afro-Honduran might be classed as mestizo.The National Assembly of Afro-Honduran Organizations and Communities put the population at 10%.
Afro-descendant in Honduras come in three flavors. Those brought during colonial times and mixed with Indians and Spanish, the Garifuna, and the Bay Islands Creoles.
The first African slaves were brought into Honduras in 1540, to replace the dwindling indian labor population. They were mainly used in silver mines. By the 1600s most had run-away and cohabited with the native population, poor Spanish, and freed black population.
In 1797, 5,000 Garifuna from the island of St. Vincent were shipped by the British to the Honduran island of Roatan. Garifuna eventually migrated to the mainland, where they allied themselves with Spain. During the war of independence, Garifunas fought on the side of Spain. Come independence they were marginalized.
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Arab people
Arab people, also known as Arabs (Arabic: عرب, ʿarab), are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing an important part of Arab identity.
The word "Arab" has had several different, but overlapping, meanings over the centuries (and sometimes even today). In addition to including all Arabized people of the world (with language tending to be the acid test), it has also at times been used exclusively for bedouin (Arab nomads [although a related word, "`a-RAB," with the Arabic letter "alif" in the second syllable, once was sometimes used when this specific meaning was intended] and their now almost entirely settled descendants). It is sometimes used that way colloquially even today in some places. Townspeople once were sometimes called "sons of the Arabs." As in the case of other ethnicities or nations, people identify themselves (or are identified by others) as "Arabs" to varying degrees. This may not be one's primary identity (it tends to compete with country, religion, sect, etc.), and whether it is emphasized may depend upon one's audience.
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Charles III of Spain
Charles III (Spanish: Carlos III; Italian: Carlo III; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was the King of Spain and the Spanish Indies from 1759 to 1788. He was the eldest son of Philip V of Spain and his second wife, the Princess Elisabeth Farnese. In 1731, the fifteen-year-old Charles became the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, as Charles I, at the death of his childless great uncle Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma.
In 1734, as the Duke of Parma, he conquered the kingdoms of Naples and of Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, reigning as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily. In 1738 he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony, an educated, cultured woman who gave birth to thirteen children, eight of whom reached adulthood. Charles and Maria Amalia resided in Naples for nineteen years; she died in 1760.
Upon succeeding to the Spanish throne on 10 August 1759, Charles, a proponent of enlightened absolutism, on 6 October 1759 abdicated the Neapolitan and Sicilian thrones in favour of Ferdinand, his third surviving son, who became Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, or Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily. Charles III's descendants ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until 1861.
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Chinese people
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:
Race (hereditary reasons), nationality, citizenship, place of residence (geographical factors), and ancestry (historical and genealogical factors) can be used to define someone as Chinese.
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Francisco Morazán
General Francisco Morazán (Central American pronunciation: moɾaˈsan; October 3, 1792 – September 15, 1842) was a Honduran general and a politician who ruled several Central American states at different times during the turbulent period from 1827 to 1842. He rose to prominence at the legendary Battle of La Trinidad on November 11, 1827. Since then, and until his execution in 1842, Morazán dominated the political and military scene of Central America.
In the political arena, Francisco Morazán was recognized as a visionary and great thinker, as he attempted to transform Central America into one large and progressive nation. He enacted liberal reforms in the new Federal Republic of Central America, including freedom of the press, speech and religion. Morazán also limited church power by making marriage secular and abolishing government-aided tithing.
These reforms made him some powerful enemies, and his period of rule was marked by bitter infighting between liberals and conservatives. But through his military skills, Morazán was able to keep a firm grip on power until 1837, when the Federal Republic became irrevocably fractured. This was exploited by the conservative leaders, who rallied around the leadership of Rafael Carrera and in order to protect their own interests, ended up dividing Central America into five nations.
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Jaime Rosenthal
Jaime Rolando Rosenthal Oliva (1936, San Pedro Sula) is a Honduran politician.
His Romanian-Jewish father, Yankel Rosenthal, emigrated from Romania to Honduras in 1929. Jaime Rosenthal is the leader of one of Liberal Party of Honduras's (PLH) wings, and has been a perennial candidate for President. Because of his age, Jaime Rosenthal is preparing his son Yani to run for the Presidency of Honduras in the near future.
Rosenthal has a BS in Civil Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an SM degree from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He was one of the Vice Presidents (known as Designados Presidenciales) during the Presidency of Jose Azcona Hoyo (Jan. 1986-Jan.1990) and resigned because of political differences, also former Honduras Congressman (Jan. 2002- Jan. 2006)
Rosenthal, with his brother, Edwin Rosenthal, and other businessmen, own Grupo Continental.[citation needed],some of his companies are:
Mr. Rosenthal and his brother, Edwin Rosenthal among with other businessmen, are the owners of Grupo Continental (Continental Group), which includes among others:
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Julio Lozano Díaz
Julio Lozano Díaz (27 March 1885 – 20 August 1957), was first vice-president (1949–1954) and then president of Honduras, from 5 December 1954 until 21 October 1956.
Previously he was an accountant for the Rosario Mining Company.
Born in Tegucigalpa Honduras, Díaz assumed presidential authority on 16 November 1954 while President Juan Manuel Gálvez was out of the country seeking medical attention. In December, citing a constitutional crisis over the stalemated presidential elections, he proclaimed himself the chief of state and he began instituting his own policies. Generally unpopular, and in ill health, Díaz was forced to resign by the military. He won a democratic election in 1956, but the result was deemed illegitimate and was annulled by the military junta.
Diaz died the following year in Miami, Florida.
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Manuel Zelaya
José Manuel Zelaya Rosales (born 20 September 1952) is a politician who was President of Honduras from January 27, 2006 until June 28, 2009. The eldest son of a wealthy businessman, he inherited his father's nickname "Mel", and, before entering politics, was involved in his family's logging and timber businesses.
Elected as a conservative, Zelaya shifted to the political left during his presidency, forging an alliance with the ALBA. On 28 June 2009, in the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis, he was seized by the military and secreted to Costa Rica in the 2009 Honduran coup d'état. On 21 September 2009 he returned to Honduras clandestinely and resurfaced in the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa. In 2010 he left Honduras for exile in the Dominican Republic, an exile which lasted more than a year.
He is now a deputy of the Central American Parliament representing Honduras.
The surname 'Zelaya' (pronounced 'zelaja' in Latin American Spanish) is a word from the Basque language, meaning 'field.' Zelaya was born the first of four children in Juticalpa, Olancho.[citation needed] Two of his brothers remain alive: one is Carlos Armando and the other is Marco Antonio. Zelaya's mother, Ortensia Rosales de Zelaya, has been described as his best campaigner. His family first lived in Copán, then they moved east to Catacamas, Olancho.
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Marco Aurelio Soto
Marco Aurelio Soto (1846—1908) was President of Honduras from 27 August 1876 until 19 October 1883. he was known as a liberal. He was a reforming President and had a great impact on the Honduras of his time, including the establishment of the Biblioteca Nacional de Honduras in 1880.
Dr. Marco Aurelio Soto was born on November 13, 1846 in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. His parents were Dr. and Mrs. Maximo Soto Francisca Martínez. When he was nine years old he moved with his father, Dr. Don Maximo Soto to Guatemala, where he studied with brilliant success, and crowned his career as a lawyer.
As a very young man began to draw attention to their well-written literary and political articles, the latter inspired by the principles proclaimed by the revolution of 1871. General Justo Rufino Barrios Soto called Soto to the duties of a Sub-secretary of state, where he revealed remarkable talent. Shortly after the minister himself was relieved of office, Soto stayed in charge of the Ministry of the Interior, Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs, to which he was soon permanently appointed.
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Pech people
The Pech are an indigenous people in northeastern Honduras, whose population, as of early 2005, had been reduced to 3,800. The Pech language is a member of the Chibchan family of languages, and, although it is still spoken by older people, it is in danger of extinction in the relatively near future.
The region where the Pech live was originally densely forested, principally with the pitch-pine (Spanish ocote), as well as with mahogany & other tree-species. However, the forest has been heavily logged in all but one Pech location. Pech traditional religion included ceremonies to the spirit of the mountains, the spiritual owners of animals, and to the mermaid who cares for the fish. The Pech have traditionally hunted rainforest animals, such as peccaries, monkeys, and so on. However, near most of their villages these animals are now extinct or near extinction due to habitat-loss and over hunting. In addition, the government has sponsored the moving of thousands of Honduran Spanish-speakers into the Pech area as part of its agrarian reform program, activity which is almost certain to lead to further erosion of Pech language & culture. Their language and people are in the most danger of becoming extinct.
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Porfirio Lobo Sosa
Porfirio Lobo Sosa (born 22 December 1947), known as Pepe Lobo, is the President of Honduras, a politician and agricultural landowner. A member of the National Party (a center-right conservative political party) and a former deputy in the National Congress of Honduras from 1990, he was President of the National Congress of Honduras from 2002 to 2006. He came second to Manuel Zelaya with 46% of the vote in the 2005 general election. He was elected president in the 2009 presidential election and took office on 27 January 2010.
Lobo was born in Trujillo and grew up on the ranch of La Empalizada near Juticalpa, Olancho. His parents are Porfirio José Lobo López and Rosa Sosa Hernández de Lobo, both deceased. His father served as deputy in the National Congress in 1957 and was a known political leader in the department of Olancho. His brother Ramón Rosa Lobo Sosa is a deputy in the National Congress for the department of Colón.
After attending a Catholic school in Juticalpa, he furthered his studies at the San Francisco Institute of Tegucigalpa and then at the University of Miami in the United States. After obtaining his bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Miami, he returned to Honduras to work in the family's agricultural business, and to teach political economics and English at the La Fraternidad Institute in Juticalpa for 11 years. He was granted a doctorate by Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow. Porfirio Lobo Sosa holds a black belt in taekwondo.
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Tolupan people
The Tolupan or Jicaque people are an indigenous ethnic group of Honduras, primarily inhabiting the northwest coast of Honduras and the community La Montaña del Flor in central Honduras.
The Jicaque are agrarian people, and they raise beans, maize, and sweet and bitter manioc. They also fish, hunt, and raise livestock. They are polygamous. Culturally, they are similar to the Miskito and Sumo people.
In the 19th century, a Roman Catholic missionary, Manuel Jesús de Subirian encouraged many Jicaque to assimilate to mainstream culture, settle in villages, and grow maize. The other Jicaque who maintained their traditional lifeways lived in Montaña de la Flor, and ultimately the Honduran government granted them a 760-hectare reservation.
The Jicaque are also called the Cicaque, Hicaque, Ikake, Taguaca, Taupane, Tol, Tolpan, Torrupan, or Xicaque people.
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Wilmer Velásquez
Wilmer Raynel Neal Velásquez (born April 28, 1972 in San Pedro Sula, Cortés) is a retired Honduran footballer.
Velásquez is currently the all-time top goalscorer in the Honduran National Football League with 196 goals, and was the second player to reach 150 goals after Denilson Costa.
In 2005, Velásquez was crowned one of the 'Top Goalscorers in the World' by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics. He made 15 goals with both the Honduras national football team and his club, Olimpia, finishing second only behind Brazilian player Adriano Leite Ribeiro, who scored 18 goals.
Velásquez played in Mexico without any fortune and returned to Honduras. He has also played in Chile and Brazil.
He has won 12 titles of the Honduran League, all of them with Club Deportivo Olimpia.
wn.com/Wilmer_Velásquez
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Cockpit view of a jet landing into Tegucigalpa Honduras TGU
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
A Boeing 737 cockpit view of the approach and landing into the Tegucigalpa airport located in Honduras. Tegucigalpa (TGU) is considered by many to be one of the world's most dangerous airports due to; the steep approach required; elevation; short, sloping runway and high terrain in very close proximity.
http://wn.com/Cockpit_view_of_a_jet_landing_into_Tegucigalpa_Honduras_TGU
A Boeing 737 cockpit view of the approach and landing into the Tegucigalpa airport located in Honduras. Tegucigalpa (TGU) is considered by many to be one of the world's most dangerous airports due to; the steep approach required; elevation; short, sloping runway and high terrain in very close proximity.
Tegucigalpa, Honduras Toncontin airport landing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:52
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
AA landing in Tegucigalpa, prior to May 2009 984 ft extension increasing the length of the runway from 6112 ft to its current 7096 ft., combined with further blasting of hill on approach which somewhat decreases the risks and approach angle.
http://wn.com/Tegucigalpa,_Honduras_Toncontin_airport_landing
AA landing in Tegucigalpa, prior to May 2009 984 ft extension increasing the length of the runway from 6112 ft to its current 7096 ft., combined with further blasting of hill on approach which somewhat decreases the risks and approach angle.
- published: 21 May 2007
- views: 3209581
- author: Roy Schachter
One Sunday in Tegucigalpa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Sunday scenes in Tegucigalpa, Honduras
http://wn.com/One_Sunday_in_Tegucigalpa
Tegucigalpa Street
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Walking the streets of Comayaguela in Tegucigalpa, Honduras
http://wn.com/Tegucigalpa_Street
Walking the streets of Comayaguela in Tegucigalpa, Honduras
- published: 05 Mar 2011
- views: 10967
- author: md561
Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Tegucigalpa,_Honduras
Driving through downtown Tegucigalpa, Honduras
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
On the way to the airport........Morning......January 14, 2011
http://wn.com/Driving_through_downtown_Tegucigalpa,_Honduras
On the way to the airport........Morning......January 14, 2011
- published: 16 Jan 2011
- views: 11604
- author: summitshasta
Landing in Tegucigalpa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Landing in Toncontin International airport in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Filmed from American Airlines flight 953.
http://wn.com/Landing_in_Tegucigalpa
Landing in Toncontin International airport in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Filmed from American Airlines flight 953.
- published: 05 Apr 2008
- views: 40792
- author: milvus7migrans
The siege of Tegucigalpa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:12
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Repression ordered to the neighborhoods of the Honduran capital, forcing the poor to fight or starve
http://wn.com/The_siege_of_Tegucigalpa
Repression ordered to the neighborhoods of the Honduran capital, forcing the poor to fight or starve
- published: 25 Sep 2009
- views: 12689
- author: TheRealNews
American Airlines scary landing Tegucigalpa Honduras TGU
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
American Airlines scary landing on remote airport in Tegucigalpa Honduras TGU
http://wn.com/American_Airlines_scary_landing_Tegucigalpa_Honduras_TGU
American Airlines scary landing on remote airport in Tegucigalpa Honduras TGU
- published: 10 Jun 2008
- views: 89274
- author: docrw
HONDURAS, PASEO POR CALLES DE TEGUCIGALPA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Recorrido por algunas calles de la ciudad de Tegucigalpa, Honduras
http://wn.com/HONDURAS,_PASEO_POR_CALLES_DE_TEGUCIGALPA
Recorrido por algunas calles de la ciudad de Tegucigalpa, Honduras
- published: 09 Nov 2012
- views: 546
- author: MrFarellano
Fruit Bats - Tegucigalpa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
KEXP 90.3 FM Seattle presents Fruit Bats performing "Tegucigalpa" during the Bay area live remote at Opus Music Studios in Berkeley, CA. www.kexp.org KEXP 90.3 FM Seattle presents Fruit Bats performing "Tegucigalpa" during the Bay area live remote at Opus Music Studios in Berkeley, CA. www.kexp.org
http://wn.com/Fruit_Bats_Tegucigalpa
KEXP 90.3 FM Seattle presents Fruit Bats performing "Tegucigalpa" during the Bay area live remote at Opus Music Studios in Berkeley, CA. www.kexp.org KEXP 90.3 FM Seattle presents Fruit Bats performing "Tegucigalpa" during the Bay area live remote at Opus Music Studios in Berkeley, CA. www.kexp.org
- published: 11 Feb 2009
- views: 24428
- author: kexpradio
Driving in Tegucigalpa, Honduras
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:23
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Riding in a taxi through Tegucigalpa, Honduras. I know, it is mostly in Comayaguela but few people have ever heard of it and know it as Tegucigalpa.
http://wn.com/Driving_in_Tegucigalpa,_Honduras
Riding in a taxi through Tegucigalpa, Honduras. I know, it is mostly in Comayaguela but few people have ever heard of it and know it as Tegucigalpa.
- published: 05 Mar 2011
- views: 20586
- author: md561
Daddy Yankee de gira en Tegucigalpa, Honduras
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Daddy_Yankee_de_gira_en_Tegucigalpa,_Honduras
Fruit Bats The Ruminant Band Tegucigalpa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Fruit_Bats_The_Ruminant_Band_Tegucigalpa
Toncontin landing over road. Amazing! - Tegucigalpa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Until 2004, traffic was stopped at the landing of aircraft at Toncontin International Airport in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Nowadays, this way is closed. Another view of the same place: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Toncontin_landing_over_road_Amazing!_Tegucigalpa
Until 2004, traffic was stopped at the landing of aircraft at Toncontin International Airport in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Nowadays, this way is closed. Another view of the same place: www.youtube.com
- published: 28 Jan 2009
- views: 976005
- author: obatala38
Tegucigalpa, Honduras Toncontin airport landing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
melkotlyar.com adventure to the 2nd most dangerous airport in the world. Check out this vid I took from inside the plane left wing side. We get so close to the houses and trees and did a pretty sharp turn. You have to be specially trained to land on this run way.....so rad!!! AA landing in Tegucigalpa, post May 2009 984 ft extension increasing the length of the runway from 6112 ft to its current 7096 ft., combined with further blasting of hill on approach which somewhat decreases the risks and approach angle.
http://wn.com/Tegucigalpa,_Honduras_Toncontin_airport_landing
melkotlyar.com adventure to the 2nd most dangerous airport in the world. Check out this vid I took from inside the plane left wing side. We get so close to the houses and trees and did a pretty sharp turn. You have to be specially trained to land on this run way.....so rad!!! AA landing in Tegucigalpa, post May 2009 984 ft extension increasing the length of the runway from 6112 ft to its current 7096 ft., combined with further blasting of hill on approach which somewhat decreases the risks and approach angle.
- published: 04 Jun 2011
- views: 14186
- author: Mel Ethan Cutler
Cockpit view. Landing in Toncontin Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
From the cockpit Real Full Approach procedure former RWY 02 Toncontín Intl , Tegucigalpa, Honduras . Nov 2006. Speedy González.
http://wn.com/Cockpit_view_Landing_in_Toncontin_Tegucigalpa,_Honduras
From the cockpit Real Full Approach procedure former RWY 02 Toncontín Intl , Tegucigalpa, Honduras . Nov 2006. Speedy González.
- published: 09 Sep 2007
- views: 52025
- author: OFRAMex1
Fruit Bats - Tegucigalpa (Live at the Mural)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Fruit Bats perform during the free Concerts at the Mural series presented by KEXP and Seattle Center. Recorded 8/21/09.
http://wn.com/Fruit_Bats_Tegucigalpa_Live_at_the_Mural
Fruit Bats perform during the free Concerts at the Mural series presented by KEXP and Seattle Center. Recorded 8/21/09.
- published: 23 Aug 2009
- views: 10489
- author: kexpradio
Tegucigalpa, Toncontin Intl (MHTG/TGU) arrival
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Delta Airlines B737 Flight no DL551 from Altanta. RNAV Rwy 02 Approach.
http://wn.com/Tegucigalpa,_Toncontin_Intl_MHTG_TGU_arrival
Delta Airlines B737 Flight no DL551 from Altanta. RNAV Rwy 02 Approach.
- published: 30 May 2009
- views: 11114
- author: edetroit
Landing & Take Off At Tegucigalpa Airport - Toncontín International
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
The airport's single runway is 2163 m (7096 feet) in length, and is at an altitude of 1004 m (3294 feet). Toncontín, as it has one of the shortest international runways in the world. The airport has a bad reputation...what do you think?...rate and comment.
http://wn.com/Landing_Take_Off_At_Tegucigalpa_Airport_Toncontín_International
The airport's single runway is 2163 m (7096 feet) in length, and is at an altitude of 1004 m (3294 feet). Toncontín, as it has one of the shortest international runways in the world. The airport has a bad reputation...what do you think?...rate and comment.
- published: 18 Mar 2010
- views: 17160
- author: mikepettengill
The Bridge - Tegucigalpa 1965
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
People and vehicles crossing a bridge in downtown Tegucigalpa, Honduras, during January/February 1965. Still photos at: www.flickr.com
http://wn.com/The_Bridge_Tegucigalpa_1965
People and vehicles crossing a bridge in downtown Tegucigalpa, Honduras, during January/February 1965. Still photos at: www.flickr.com
- published: 04 Jan 2008
- views: 5403
- author: Ed Strong
Tegucigalpa Approach; "Don't be afraid!"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:52
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
Skimming the hilltop on a heart-thumping ride into Tegucigalpa Honduras.
http://wn.com/Tegucigalpa_Approach;_Don't_be_afraid!
Skimming the hilltop on a heart-thumping ride into Tegucigalpa Honduras.
- published: 15 May 2007
- views: 51175
- author: psp747
Short 360 Landing in Tegucigalpa Honduras
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
I was on board of what they call the "Box plane" from Taca Airlines
http://wn.com/Short_360_Landing_in_Tegucigalpa_Honduras
I was on board of what they call the "Box plane" from Taca Airlines
- published: 13 Aug 2007
- views: 31609
- author: tikirisi
photo: US Army / Chief Warrant Officer 4 Daniel McClinton
06 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "The art of war is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin." Sun Tzu, "The Art of War," 4th Century BCE. During confirmation hearings for the next U.S. Defense Secretary, it was appalling to observe several senators haggling with Chuck Hagel over whether the surge during the disastrous U.S.-Iraqi preemptive war and military occupation was a success or not ... The U.S....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: WN / Arturo Ubaub
06 Feb 2013
A powerful 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck near the Solomon Islands on Wednesday, triggering a small tsunami and prompting alerts across the South Pacific that were later cancelled. By News Wires (text). ... Damage reports were limited, and there were no reports of casualties. The quake struck 340 km (211 miles) east of Kira Kira in the Solomons, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Hawaii said ... Hot spot ... (REUTERS). Date created ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
06 Feb 2013
GAO, Mali. French-led forces have killed hundreds of Islamists in fighting to reclaim northern Mali and with the rebels' last bastion secured, France said Tuesday it will begin withdrawing its troops from March ... The defence ministry said the Islamists died in French air strikes on vehicles transporting fighters and equipment, and in "direct combat in Konna and Gao", key central and northern towns ... "The combat isn't over ... - AFP. ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
05 Feb 2013
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has arrived in Cairo, marking the first visit to Egypt by an Iranian president since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution. Ahmadinejad flew into the capital, Cairo, to attend a summit of the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation (OIC), which begins on Wednesday. Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi kissed the Iranian leader as he got off the plane on Tuesday ... "My wish is bigger than this ... Iran does not recognise Israel ... ....(size: 17.9Kb)
photo: US Navy / U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Michael Baltz
06 Feb 2013
As many as 54 countries have been complicit in CIA's extraordinary rendition operations in which terrorism suspects were held in secret prisons overseas or turned over to foreign governments for interrogation, a human rights organisation has said in a report ... The report by the Open Society Justice Initiative said its information was based on "credible public sources" and "reputable human rights organisations" ... Agencies ... ....(size: 18.7Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Feb 2013
US Clinton Dempsey (C) and Honduras Roger Espinoza (R) and Victor Bernardez (L) vie for the ball during their Brazil-2014 FIFA World Cup CONCACAF football qualifier at Olimpico Metropolitano stadium in San Pedro Sula, 240 km north of Tegucigalpa, on February 6, 2013 ... stadium in San Pedro Sula, 240 km north of Tegucigalpa, on February 6, 2013....(size: 12.3Kb)
noodls
07 Feb 2013
The Organization of American States (OAS) will held an interactive workshop tomorrow entitled "Integrating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs)" in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, to be led by officials from the Department of Economic Development, Trade and Tourism of the Secretariat for Integral Development ......(size: 2.8Kb)
U~T San Diego
07 Feb 2013
Tegucigalpa, 6 feb (EFE). — La selección de Honduras inició hoy con buen pie el hexagonal final de las eliminatorias de la Concacaf para el Mundial de Brasil 2014 al vencer por 21 a la de Estados Unidos, que terminó exhausta en la cancha del Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, de San Pedro Sula (norte) ... Ficha técnica.. 2.Honduras ... Seleccionador. Luis Fernando Suárez. 1.Estados Unidos ... Seleccionador. Jürgen Klinsmann. Goles. 01, m.35 ... 11, m.38....(size: 3.8Kb)
noodls
06 Feb 2013
The public is invited to tour the recently constructed Tegucigalpa Honduras Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ... Following this public open house, on 17 March 2013, a member of the First Presidency of the Church will formally dedicate the Tegucigalpa Honduras Temple as the 141st temple operating of the Church ... The Tegucigalpa ......(size: 4.1Kb)
Huffington Post
06 Feb 2013
US Clinton Dempsey (C) and Honduras Roger Espinoza (R) and Victor Bernardez (L) vie for the ball during their Brazil-2014 FIFA World Cup CONCACAF football qualifier at Olimpico Metropolitano stadium in San Pedro Sula, 240 km north of Tegucigalpa, on February 6, 2013 ... stadium in San Pedro Sula, 240 km north of Tegucigalpa, on February 6, 2013....(size: 11.6Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
06 Feb 2013
The New York Times
06 Feb 2013
SAN PEDRO SULA, Honduras — Near the start of an afternoon news conference inside a hotel ballroom here on Tuesday, a member of the local news media prefaced his question to Jurgen Klinsmann, the coach of the United States soccer team, with a greeting ... Go to the Goal Blog ... “Between U.S ... The United States Embassy in Tegucigalpa advised all American journalists to stay at a single hotel just outside the city center ... ... U.S ... ....(size: 10.4Kb)
U~T San Diego
05 Feb 2013
Tegucigalpa, 5 feb (EFE). — La selección de fútbol de Honduras, que dirige el colombiano Luis Fernando Suárez buscará mañana vencer a un ordenado equipo de Estados Unidos, del alemán Jurgen Klinsmann, en el primer partido del hexagonal final de la Concacaf del Mundial de Brasil 2014 ... Honduras busca su tercera clasificación a un mundial, tras haber asistido a los de España 1982 y Sudáfrica 2010 ... Posibles alineaciones.. Honduras ... Hora....(size: 3.6Kb)
The Miami Herald
03 Feb 2013
The crew members aboard the USS Underwood could see through their night goggles what was happening on the fleeing go-fast boat. Someone was dumping bales ... U.S ... U.S ... The U.S ... Contributing to this report were Associated Press writers Dario Lopez aboard the USS Underwood in the Caribbean, Garance Burke in San Francisco, Frank Bajak in Lima, Peru, and Alberto Arce in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, along with Romina Ruiz-Goiriena in Guatemala City. 1 ....(size: 3.9Kb)
Al Jazeera
03 Feb 2013
This week on Counting the Cost we look at one of the world's most unique economies. Macau’s economy expanded 14 percent last year and shows no signs of slowing down. In fact, quite the opposite. If all predictions are correct, the former Portuguese colony will have the fastest growing economy in the world this year with an unemployment rate of two percent ... He says ... Mariana Sanchez reports from the capital Tegucigalpa ... Friday ... Share ... ....(size: 8.8Kb)
Seattle Post
03 Feb 2013
The crew members aboard the USS Underwood could see through their night goggles what was happening on the fleeing go-fast boat. Someone was dumping bales ... U.S ... U.S ... The U.S ... Contributing to this report were Associated Press writers Dario Lopez aboard the USS Underwood in the Caribbean, Garance Burke in San Francisco, Frank Bajak in Lima, Peru, and Alberto Arce in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, along with Romina Ruiz-Goiriena in Guatemala City. ....(size: 13.9Kb)
Star Tribune
03 Feb 2013
The crew members aboard the USS Underwood could see through their night goggles what was happening on the fleeing go-fast boat. Someone was dumping bales ... U.S ... U.S ... The U.S ... Contributing to this report were Associated Press writers Dario Lopez aboard the USS Underwood in the Caribbean, Garance Burke in San Francisco, Frank Bajak in Lima, Peru, and Alberto Arce in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, along with Romina Ruiz-Goiriena in Guatemala City. ....(size: 14.3Kb)
Huffington Post
03 Feb 2013
-- The crew members aboard the USS Underwood could see through their night goggles what was happening on the fleeing go-fast boat. Someone was dumping bales ... U.S ... U.S ... The U.S ... Contributing to this report were Associated Press writers Dario Lopez aboard the USS Underwood in the Caribbean, Garance Burke in San Francisco, Frank Bajak in Lima, Peru, and Alberto Arce in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, along with Romina Ruiz-Goiriena in Guatemala City....(size: 24.9Kb)
| Tegucigalpa Municipio del Distrito Central Municipality of the Central District |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
| Tegucigalpa, M.D.C. | |||
 |
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|
|||
| Nickname(s): Tegus,[1] Tepaz,[2] Cerro de Plata (Silver Mountain)[3] | |||
 |
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 Tegucigalpa
|
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| Coordinates: 14°6′N 87°13′W / 14.1°N 87.217°W / 14.1; -87.217 | |||
| Country |  Honduras |
||
| Department | Francisco Morazán | ||
| Municipality | Central District | ||
| Founded | September 29, 1578 | ||
| Capital | October 30, 1880 | ||
| Merged as Central District | January 30, 1937 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Mayor-Council | ||
| • Body | Municipal Corporation | ||
| • Mayor | Ricardo Álvarez (PNH)[4] | ||
| • Vice Mayor | Juan Diego Zelaya Aguilar[5] | ||
| • Aldermen |
10
|
||
| • General Manager | José Oswaldo Guillén | ||
| • Municipal Secretary | Cosette Lopez Osorio | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 201.5 km2 (77.8 sq mi) | ||
| • Central District | 1,396.5 km2 (539.2 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 990 m (3,250 ft) | ||
| Population (2010 estimate) | |||
| • City | 1 126 534 | ||
| • Density | 5,604.6/km2 (14,516/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 1 324 000 | ||
| • Metro density | 948.08/km2 (2,455.5/sq mi) | ||
| • Demonym | Spanish:teguicigalpense, comayagüelense, capitalino(a) | ||
| Time zone | Central America (UTC-6) | ||
| Postal code | Tegucigalpa: 11101,[6] Comayagüela: 12101[6] | ||
| Area code(s) | (country) +504 (city) 2[7] | ||
| Annual budget (2008) | 1.555 billion lempiras (US$82,189,029) | ||
| Website | Government of Tegucigalpa | ||
Tegucigalpa (Spanish pronunciation: [teɣusiˈɣalpa], formally Tegucigalpa, Municipality of the Central District Spanish: Tegucigalpa, Municipio del Distrito Central or Tegucigalpa, M.D.C.[3]), and commonly referred as Tegus,[1][8] is the capital of Honduras and seat of government of the Republic, along with its twin sister Comayagüela.[9] Founded on September 29, 1578 by the Spanish,[10] it became the country's capital on October 30, 1880 under President Marco Aurelio Soto.[11] The current Constitution of Honduras, enacted in 1982, names the sister cities of Tegucigalpa[a] and Comayagüela[b] as a Central District[c] to serve as the permanent national capital, under articles 8 and 295.[12][13]
During the short-lived Constitution of the Republic of Central America of 1921, Tegucigalpa served as a Federal District and capital of then-newly formed as one nation: the states of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.[14] After this failed attempt to maintain a Central American republic, Honduras returned to become an individual sovereign nation and on January 30, 1937, Article 179 of the 1936 Honduran Constitution was reformed under Decree 53 to established Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela as a Central District.[15]
Tegucigalpa is located in the southern-central highland region of Honduras[16] in the department of Francisco Morazán of which it is also the departmental capital.[17] It is situated in a valley, surrounded by mountains and both Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela, being sister cities, are physically separated by the Choluteca River.[18] The Central District is the largest of the 28 municipalities in the Francisco Morazán department.[19]
Tegucigalpa is Honduras' largest and most populous city as well as the nation's political and administrative center. Tegucigalpa is host to 25 foreign embassies and 16 consulates[20][21] in addition to being the home base of several state-owned entities such as ENEE and Hondutel, the national energy and telecommunications companies, respectively.[22] The city is also home to the country's most important university, the National Autonomous University of Honduras,[23] as well as the national soccer team.[24] The capital's international airport, Toncontín, is notorious around the world for its extremely short runway for an international airport and the unusual maneuvers pilots must undertake upon landing or taking off to avoid the nearby mountains.[25][26][27]
The Central District Mayor's Office (Alcaldia Municipal del Distrito Central) is the city's governing body,[28] headed by a mayor[29] and 10 aldermen forming the Municipal Corporation (Corporación Municipal).[30] Being the department's seat as well, the governor's office of Francisco Morazán is also located in the capital. In 2008, the city operated on an approved budget of 1.555 billion lempiras (US$82,189,029).[31] In 2009, the city government reported a revenue of 1.955 billion lempiras (US$103,512,220). (More than any other capital city in Central America, except Panama City)
Tegucigalpa's infrastructure has not kept with the population growth.[32] Deficient urban planning,[33] densely condensed urbanization, and poverty[34] are ongoing problems.[35] Heavily congested roadways where current road infrastructure is unable to efficiently handle the over 400 thousand vehicles create havoc on a daily basis.[36] Both current national and local governments have taken approaches at improving or increasing infrastructure as well as to reducing poverty in the city.[37][38]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Most sources indicate that the origin and meaning of the word Tegucigalpa is derived from the Nahuatl language.[39] The most widely accepted version suggests that it comes from the Nahuatl word Taguz-galpa, which translates to cerros de plata in Spanish (hills of silver in English), but this interpretation is uncertain since the natives who occupied the region at time were unaware of the existence of mineral deposits in the area.
Another source suggests that Tegucigalpa derives from another language in which it means painted rocks, as explained by Leticia Oyuela in her book "Minimum History of Tegucigalpa".[40] Other theories indicate it may derive from the term Togogalpa which refers to tototi (small green parrot, in Nahuatl) and Toncontín, a small town near Tegucigalpa (toncotín was a Mexican dance of Nahuatl origin).[41][42]
In Mexico, it is believed the word Tegucigalpa is from the Nahuatl word Tecuztlicallipan, meaning "place of residence of the noble" or Tecuhtzincalpan, meaning "place on the home of the beloved master".[43]
Honduran philologist Alberto de Jesús Membreño, in his book "Indigenous Toponymies of Central America", states that Tegucigalpa is a Nahuatl word meaning "in the homes of the sharp stones" and rules out the traditional meaning "hills of silver" arguing that Taguzgalpa was the name of the ancient eastern zone of Honduras.[44]
History[link]
Tegucigalpa was founded by Spanish settlers as Real de Minas de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa on September 29, 1578 on the site of an existing native settlement of the Pech, Tolupans and the Twahkas.[45] The first mayor of Tegucigalpa was Juan de la Cueva, who took office in 1579.[46] The Dolores Church (1735), the San Miguel Cathedral (1765), the Casa de la Moneda (1780), and the Immaculate Conception Church (1788) were some of the first important buildings constructed.[47]
Almost 200 years later, on June 10, 1762, this mining town became Real Villa de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa y Heredia under the rule of Alonso Fernández de Heredia, then-acting governor of Honduras. The late 1700s and early 1800s saw disruption in Tegucigalpa's local government, from being extinguished in 1788 to becoming part of Comayagua in 1791 to returning to self-city governance in 1817.[48]
In 1817, then-mayor Narciso Mallol started the construction of the first bridge, a ten-arch masonry, connecting both sides of the Choluteca River. Upon completion four years later, it linked Tegucigalpa with her neighbor city of Comayagüela.[49] In 1821, Tegucigalpa legally became a city.[50] In 1824, the first Congress of the Republic of Honduras, declared Tegucigalpa and Comayagua, then the two most important cities in the country, to alternate as capital of the country.[51]
After October 1838, following Honduras' independence as a single Republic, the capital continued to switch back and forth between Tegucigalpa and Comayagua until October 30, 1880, when Tegucigalpa was declared the permanent capital of Honduras by then-president Marco Aurelio Soto.[11] A popular myth claims that the society of Comayagua, the long-time colonial capital of Honduras, publicly disliked the wife of President Soto, who took revenge by moving the capital to Tegucigalpa.[52] A more likely theory is that the change took place because President Soto was an important partner of the Rosario Mining Company, an American silver mining company, whose operations were based in San Juancito, close to Tegucigalpa, and he needed to be close to his personal interests.[53]
By 1898, it was decided that both Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela, being neighbor cities on the banks of the Choluteca River, would form the capital, but with separate names and separate local governments.[54] During this period, both cities had a population of about 40,000 people.
Between the 1930s and 1960s, Tegucigalpa continued to grow reaching a population of over 250,000 people, giving way to what would become one of the biggest neighborhoods in the city, the Colonia Kennedy; the nation's autonomous university, the UNAH; and the construction of the Honduras Maya Hotel.[55] It still remained relatively small and provincial until the 1970s, when migration from the rural areas began in earnest. During the 1980s, several avenues, traffic overpasses, and large buildings were erected, a relative novelty to a city characterized until then by two-story buildings.[56] However, lacking the enforcement of city planning and zoning laws, it led to highly disorganized urbanization. This lack of proper urbanization as the population has grown is evident on the surrounding slopes of the several hills in the city where some of the city's most impoverished neighborhoods have prevailed.[57]
On October 30, 1998, Hurricane Mitch devastated the capital, along with the rest of Honduras.[58] For five days, Mitch pounded the country creating devastating landslides and floods, causing the death of thousands as well as heavy deforestation and the destruction of thousands of homes.[59] A portion of Comayagüela was destroyed along with several neighborhoods on both sides of the Honduran capital. After the hurricane, infrastructure in Tegucigalpa was severely severed. Even 12 years later, remnants of Hurricane Mitch are still visible specially along the banks of the Choluteca River.[60][61]
Today, Tegucigalpa continues to sprawl far beyond its former colonial core: towards the east, south and west, creating a large but disorganized metropolis. In an effort to modernize the capital, increase its infrastructure and improve the quality of life of its inhabittants, the current administration has passed several ordinances and projects to turn the city around within the upcoming years.[62]
Geography[link]
Tegucigalpa is located on a chain of mountains at elevations of 935 metres (3,068 ft) on its lowest points and 1,463 metres (4,800 ft) on its highest suburban areas. Like most of the interior highlands of Honduras, the majority of Tegucigalpa's current area was occupied by open woodland. The area surrounding the city continues to be open woodland supporting pine forest interspersed with some oak, scrub, and grassy clearings as well as needle leaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous forest.
The metropolitan area of both Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela cover a total area of 77.6 square miles (201 km2) while the entire Municipality of the Central District covers a total area of 539.1 square miles (1,396 km2).[63] Geological faults have been identified in the District's high regions surrounding the capital which are a threat to the neighborhoods on and below the hills.[64]
The Choluteca River, which runs crossing the city from south to north, physically separates Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela.[65] El Picacho Hill, a rugged mountain of moderate height convert rises above the downtown area; several neighborhoods, both upscale residential and lower income, are located on its slopes. The city consists of gentle hills, and the ring of mountains surrounding the city tends to trap pollution.[66] During the dry season, a dense cloud of smog lingers in the basin until the first rains fall.
Tucked in a valley and bisected by a river makes Tegucigalpa prone to flooding during the rainy season, as experienced to the fullest during Hurricane Mitch and to a lesser degree every year during the rainy season. Despite being several thousand feet above sea level, the city currently lacks an efficient flood control system, including canals and sewerage powerful enough to channel rain water back into the river to flow down to the ocean. The river itself is a threat since it isn't deep enough below the streets nor there are levies high enough to prevent it from breaking out.[67] There are currently more than 100 neighborhoods deemed zones of high risk, several of them ruled out as uninhabitable in their entirety.[57]
There is a reservoir, known as Embalse Los Laureles, west of the city providing 30 percent of the city's water supply as well as a water treatment plant south of the city about 7.3 kilometres (4.5 mi) from the airport; part of the Concepción Reservoir just 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southwest of the water plant.[68]
See also: Choluteca river basin and Water management in greater Tegucigalpa
The Central District shares borders with 13 other municipalities of Francisco Morazán:[19] (to the north) Cedros and Talanga; (south) Ojojona, Santa Ana, San Buenaventura and Maraita; (east) San Juan de Flores, Villa de San Francisco, Santa Lucía, Valle de Ángeles, San Antonio de Oriente, and Tatumbla; (and to the west) Lepaterique. It is also bordered on the west by two municipalities of the Comayagua Department, Villa de San Antonio[69] and Lamaní, with the latter exactly at the quadripoint where the Central District, Lepaterique, Villa de San Antonio and Lamaní all meet.
Climate[link]
Teguicigalpa features a more moderate form of a tropical wet and dry climate. Of the major Central American cities, Tegucigalpa's climate is among the most pleasant due to its high altitude.[70] Like much of central Honduras, the city has a tropical climate, though tempered by the altitude—meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions—with even temperatures averaging between 19 °C (66 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) degrees.[71]
The months of December and January are coolest, with an average min/ low temperature of 14 °C (57 °F); whereas March and April—popularly associated with Holy Week's holidays—are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) degrees on the hottest day.[72] The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October.[73] There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year, June and September usually the wettest months.
The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211.2 and the average rainy days per month is 8.9. The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182.5 millimetres (7.19 in) is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season. The wettest months of the rainy season are May—June and September—October, averaging 16.2 rainy days during each of those periods.
| Climate data for Tegucigalpa (Tegucigalpa Airport) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 25.7 (78.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.5 (83.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
20.9 (69.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.1 (62.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
15.0 (59.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 3.2 (0.126) |
4.9 (0.193) |
6.9 (0.272) |
25.9 (1.02) |
117.2 (4.614) |
249.5 (9.823) |
180.6 (7.11) |
181.6 (7.15) |
235.2 (9.26) |
131.0 (5.157) |
42.6 (1.677) |
7.6 (0.299) |
1,186 (46.69) |
| Avg. rainy days | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 18 | 10 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 107 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 220.3 | 229.6 | 267.1 | 243.7 | 215.6 | 173.4 | 192.1 | 206.2 | 182.8 | 196.8 | 196.8 | 210.9 | 2,535.3 |
| Source no. 1: worldweather.org;[74] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: weather-and-climate.com (Sunshine hours)[75] climatetemp.info (Avg. rainy days)[76] | |||||||||||||
Hurricane Mitch[link]
Main article: Hurricane Mitch
Tegucigalpa, as with the rest of Honduras, experienced significant damaged by Hurricane Mitch, something of a magnitude Hondurans had not witnessed since Hurricane Fifi. Mitch destroyed part of the Comayagüela section of the city, as well as other places along the banks of the Choluteca River. The storm remained over Honduran territory for five days, dumping heavy rainfall late in the rainy season. The ground was already saturated and could not absorb the heavy precipitation, while deforestation and debris left by the hurricane led to catastrophic flooding throughout widespread regions of the country, especially in Tegucigalpa.[77]
The heavy rain caused flash floods of Choluteca's tributaries, and the swollen river overflowed its banks, tearing down entire neighborhoods and bridges across the ravaged city. The rainfall also triggered massive landslides around El Berrinche Hill, close to the downtown area. These landslides destroyed most of the Soto neighborhood, and debris flowed into the river, forming a dam. The dam clogged the waters of the river and many of the low-lying areas of Comayagüela were submerged; historic buildings located along Calle Real were either completely destroyed or so badly damaged that repair was futile.[78]
Cityscape[link]
Situated in a valley and surrounded by mountain ranges, Tegucigalpa is hilly with several elevations and few flat areas. The city is also highly disorganized, particularly around its oldest districts.[79][80][81] It has seen a rapid growth in the last 30 years[82] and only until recently has the government passed certain laws to establish city planning and zoning rules.[83] Surface roads can be narrow with the most important avenues carrying no more than two or three lanes running in each direction, adding to the problem of heavy traffic congestion. Several of the main boulevards have been equipped with interchanges, overpasses and underpasses, allowing for sections of controlled-access highways but considering that even the city's beltway does not entirely circle the city, the roads are generally limited-access. Intense webs of electrical and telephone lines above the streets are a common sight in the capital, and virtually in all Honduran cities, since implementation of underground utility lines has only been adopted in the recent years.
Around the city[link]
The metropolitan area of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela is officially divided into barrios and colonias and there are currently 892 of them. Colonias represent relatively recent 20th-century middle class residential suburbs, some known as residenciales for their upper income development, and these are continuously spreading while the barrios are old inner-city neighborhoods.
While the city administration divides the capital into barrios and colonias, the fact that there are hundreds of them, makes it difficult to define the city's different regions, especially for those not familiar with the Central District. To have a better understanding of the city's regions, the metro area of the Central District can essentially be divided, first, into two sections: Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela. These two entities remain separated by the Choluteca River basin that runs between them.
Tegucigalpa[link]
The Tegucigalpa side of the District can be divided into five sections: 1) Centro Histórico (Historic Downtown); 2) Centro Contemporáneo or Zona Viva (Contemporary Downtown or Vibrant Zone); 3) North Tegucigalpa; 4) South Tegucigalpa; and 5) East Tegucigalpa:
- 1 - Centro Histórico or the Historic Downtown of Tegucigalpa is formed by the original neighborhoods that date back to its founding days. For years, this area remained neglected and rundown but in recent times, attempts have been made to revive the zone and bring back its colonial heritage. Several government offices, including the National Congress and City Hall as well as museums, parks, a cathedral and churches are located here.
- 2 - Centro Contemporáneo is the contemporary, vibrant and modern downtown of Tegucigalpa. This area is formed by the neighborhoods encompassed east of the Choluteca River, south of the northern tributary, Rio Chiquito (which confluences with the Choluteca below the Mallol Bridge), west of the beltway (Anillo Periférico), and north of Armed Forces Blvd.
This section of the city is perhaps the best developed and properly urbanized. It is formed by more than 40 neighborhoods, many of them wealthy middle class residential areas such as Colonia Palmira to the east of the historic center, on Boulevard Morazán which hosts several foreign embassies as well as upscale restaurants. Other upscale neighborhoods are Lomas del Guijarro, Loma Linda and Lomas del Mayab which house most of the apartment complexes in the city.
The leading hotels of the city are found around these neighborhoods, including within the Plaza San Martín Hotel District. These include: Marriott Hotel, Clarion Hotel, Hotel El Centenario, Intercontinental, Honduras Maya, Plaza Del Libertador, Plaza San Martín, Hotel Alameda, Excelsior Hotel and Casino.[84][85]
Boulevard Morazán and Avenida Los Próceres/Avenida La Paz are busy commercial corridors (running parallel of each other) and run through several neighborhoods home to foreign embassies, a hotel district, business establishments and corporate buildings; including Los Próceres Comercial Park (Parque Comercial). Boulevard Suyapa and Boulevard Juan Pablo II are located south of the aforementioned boulevards and they also form a busy commercial and financial district stretching through several neighborhoods such as Colonia Los Profesionales where the Presidencial House is located; Colonia Florencia Norte where Multiplaza Mall is located; Colonia Miramontes, among others—housing several financial institutions, government offices, hotels, etc.
- 3 - North Tegucigalpa is formed by both middle class and impoverished neighborhoods that lie above the surrounding hill immediately north of the historic downtown. Beyond these neighborhoods sits the United Nations National Park on the El Picacho Hill, one of the most popular destinations in the capital among its residents and visitors. Pass beyond the Park, stretching north and northwest of the city, upper income suburban neighborhoods such as El Hatillo, sit on the sides of the hills, surrounded by heavy vegetation.
- 4 - South Tegucigalpa is everything south of Boulevard Fuerzas Armadas. This area is home to Colonia Kennedy, the capital's largest neighborhood with more than 137,000 residents. South Tegucigalpa concentrates both middle class and poor neighborhoods. Two universities, UTH and UNITEC, are located just off the beltway in southern outskirt neighborhoods.
- 5 - East Tegucigalpa concentrates mostly rural and impoverished neighborhoods, the result of improvised growth with little government funding and involvement. María Pediatric Hospital and the Basílica of Suyapa lie on the side of Anillo Períferico's eastern stretch.
Comayagüela[link]
Comayagüela is found to the west bank of the Choluteca River and most of its urbanization is made up of lower income neighborhoods. Historically, Comayagüela has remained less developed than the other side of the capital, some citing insufficient contribution from public officials. In recent years, this western side of the capital has seen some growth and improvement such as the opening of Metromall near the airport. With the construction of Mall Premier and City Mall, the latter to become the largest mall in the country, Comayagüela will be receiving another upgrade. There are an estimated 650,000 residents in Comayagüela contributing 58.3 percent of the 120 million lempiras (US$6.349 million) generated every day by commerce in the Central District.
The Comayagüela side of the capital can be divided into four sections: 1) Zona Centro (Downtown Comayagüela); 2) North Comayagüela; 3) South Comayagüela; and 4) West Comayagüela:
- 1 - Zona Centro de Comayagüela is the downtown area of Comayagüela and also original founding grounds formed by its oldest barrios. These barrios are formed in a grid street plan style. Several government offices are located in this district, including the Central Bank of Honduras Annex building and the Criminal Bureau of Investigation (Dirección General de Investigación Criminal) as well as the National School of Fine Arts housed in the former City Hall building of Comayagüela, built in 1845.
- 2 - North Comayagüela is formed by relatively recent post-Hurricane Mitch middle class residential developments that stretch onto the northern hills of Comayagüela, such as Colonia Cerro Grande, a continuously growing middle class neighborhood on the northern outskirts.
- 3 - South Comayagüela is by far the better-off region of Comayagüela. This area is found south and southwest of the airport, around Los Laureles Reservoir and south of Lepaterique Road (Carretera Lepaterique also known as Carretera al Batallón). Also a post-Hurricane Mitch area, it has grown in the last decade and includes some of Comayagüela's upper income communities that have erupted in the area and continues to spread out as newer suburban middle class developments are built. Toncontín International, Metro Mall and upcoming City Mall are located in this area. Residencial la Arboleda and Residencial los Hidalgos are some of the growing upper income developments in the southern outskirts of Comayagüela.
- 4 - West Comayagüela is mostly impoverished neighborhoods spreading away from Zona Centro onto the surrounding slopes. Many of these neighborhoods came to be through improvised urbanization and lack proper infrastructure. This area prevails north of Lepaterique Road and westward of Boulevard de la Comunidad Europea (European Community Blvd).
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1791 | 5,431 | — |
| 1801 | 6,547 | +20.5% |
| 1881 | 17,309 | +164.4% |
| 1887 | 17,647 | +2.0% |
| 1895 | 17,300 | −2.0% |
| 1901 | 24,000 | +38.7% |
| 1961 | 164,941 | +587.3% |
| 1974 | 302,483 | +83.4% |
| 1988 | 595,931 | +97.0% |
| 2001 | 850,445 | +42.7% |
| 2004 | 874,515 | +2.8% |
| 2006 | 920,366 | +5.2% |
| 2010 | 1,126,534 | +22.4% |
| 2011 | 1,187,363 | +5.4% |
| source:[86][87][88] | ||
As of 2011, following the trend of population growth between 1988 and 2001 of 2.79 percent, the population of Tegucigalpa is estimated anywhere between 1.2 and 1.3 million people.[89]
The 2010 Population Projections estimated that the Central District had a population of 1,126,534 residents,[90] continuing a trend of population growth in the city since the 2001 Census, which recorded 850,445 residents.[91]
In 2004, there were 185,577 households with an average of 4.9 members per household.[92] Both the city's population and metro area are expected to double by 2029.[93]
The Human Development Index (HDI) is the highest in the country measured at 0.759 in 2006. During the same year, 47.6 percent of the Central District's population lived in poverty—29.7 lived in moderate poverty and 17.9 in extreme poverty. Life expectancy in the District as of 2004 is 72.1 years. By 2010, 4.9 percent of the population remained illiterate, compared to the national rate of 15.2 percent.[94]
In 2010, the average monthly income was L.8,321 (US$440.49), compared to the total national average of L.4,767 (US$252.35) and the national urban zone average of L.7,101 (US$375.91).[95][96]
The ethnic and racial makeup of Tegucigalpa is strongly tied to the rest of Honduras.[97] 90 percent of the city-dwellers are predominantly mestizos with a small White-Hispanic minority. They are joined by Chinese[98] and Arab immigrants,[99] the latter mostly from Palestine.[100] There are indigenous Amerindians and Afro-Honduran people as well.
Tegucigalpa by numbers:[101] 4 theaters, 12 marketplaces, 12 pedestrian bridges, 12 universities, 14 hospitals, 14 museums, 28 supermarkets, 40 movie screens, 64 health centers, 64 signal light-controlled intersections, 87 middle school and high schools, 100 farmacies, 123 local emergency committees, 170 restaurants, 200 parks or plazas, 200 sports facilities, 400 firemen, 600 volunteer workers, 892 neighborhoods classified as barrios and colonias, 12 hundred physicians, two thousand public transportation vehicles, 12 thousands taxis, 60 thousand unable to read or write, and 140 thousand with direct access to potable water only.
| Ages | Male % | Female % | Ages | Male % | Female % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80+ | 0.4 | 0.5 | 35-39 | 2.9 | 3.4 |
| 75–79 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 30-34 | 3.4 | 3.8 |
| 70–74 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 25-29 | 3.9 | 4.4 |
| 65–70 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 20-24 | 5.1 | 5.9 |
| 60–64 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 15-19 | 5.5 | 6.2 |
| 55–60 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 10-14 | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| 50–54 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 5-9 | 5.9 | 5.7 |
| 45–49 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 0-4 | 5.8 | 5.5 |
| 40–45 | 2.6 | 2.9 |
Health[link]
In 2004, there were 67 public health care establishments in the Central District—five national hospitals, 22 health centers in the metropolitan area, 37 health centers throughout the rural areas, and three peripheral clinics. There are several private hospitals in the city as well as hospitals run by the Honduran Social Security Institute (IHSS), the country's government-sponsored social insurance program.
In 2003, only 58.5 percent of the employed population contributed to IHSS while the rest who remain uninsured were attributed to being employed in the informal sector or being domestic workers. Overall, only 26.5 percent of the Central District's population is covered by public health care.
The Central District reports the third highest or 20.2 percent of the country's HIV/AIDS incidents with 5,674 living with the virus. During 2004, there were 258 new diagnoses of HIV infection in the Central District.
In 2000, the maternal mortality rate in the city was 110 of every 100,000 births of which 62.3 percent were women ages 20 to 35. In 2001, the infant mortality rate was 29 per 1000 live births (Both maternal and infant mortality rates are based on local and out-of-district residents who arrive to receive medical attention). In 2005, it was estimated that 101 of every 10,000 residents suffered of a physical or mental disability.
Religion[link]
As with the rest of Honduras, Roman Catholicism is the dominating religion in the Central District and while at some point they made up as much as 95 percent of the population, contemporary estimates as recent as 2007 put them at 47 percent while Protestants make up as much as 36 percent. Their history in Tegucigalpa began around 1548 with the Spanish setting up Mercedarian missionaries as part of their conversion efforts of the native communities. By 1916, the Diocese of Comayagua was relocated and renamed the Diocese of Tegucigalpa, and it was elevated to Archdiocese under Archbishop Santiago María Martínez y Cabanas (1842–1921).[102]
Other religious groups made their way at the beginning of the 20th century including the Quakers, who in 1914 began work in the nation’s capital. In 1946, missionaries of the Southern Baptist Convention first arrived in Tegucigalpa and in the 1950s, the National Convention of Baptist Churches and the Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions followed.[102]
| Central District crime indicators* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | ||
| Homicide rate | 58.1 | 60.6 | 71.8 | |
| Intentional homicides | 621 | 654 | 792 | |
| Unintentional homicides | 93 | 100 | 151 | |
| Male victim ratio | 89.7% | 91% | 91% | |
| Top victim age group (15-39) | 68.9% | 65.5% | 73.2% | |
| Firearm involvement | 80% | 81% | 85.6% | |
| Organized crime involvement | 14.2% | 26.3% | 39% | |
| Sexual assaults | 577 | 521 | 647 | |
| Crimes against person | 3,791 | 3,746 | 4,471 | |
| Crimes against property | 659 | 3,406 | 7,863 | |
| Suicides | 72 | 64 | 69 | |
| Top suicide age group (15-39) | 48.6% | 35.9% | 47.8% | |
| Vehicle-related deaths | 222 | 235 | 246 | |
| *Data based on crimes reported to authorities. Source:[103][104][105] | ||||
The Assembly of God missionaries entered Honduras in the late 1940s and today maintain a mega-church in Tegucigalpa with more than 10,000 members. The Church of God of Cleveland, Tennessee established in Tegucigalpa in 1951, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel followed in 1952, and by the late 1950s, the Evangelical Alliance of Honduras was established. The Prince of Peace Pentecostal Church, founded in Guatemala City, began its ministry in Honduras during the 1960s. During the 1970s, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement began to grow among the upper classes in Tegucigalpa.[102]
The Christian Love Brigade Association arrived in Tegucigalpa in 1971, the Abundant Life Christian Church was founded in 1972, the Cenacle Christian Center of Charismatic Renewal began in 1978 and the Living Love Groups started in 1978.[102]
Today, they are many religious groups in Tegucigalpa including a Jewish community, the Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints who is currently building a new temple in the city.[102]
Crime and violence[link]
Honduras has the world's highest murder rate.[106] Honduras has been experiencing record-high violence in recent years. In 2010, the homicide rate in Francisco Morazán was 83.2 (per 100,000 inhabitants) compared to the national average of 86.[107]
In 2009, the Central District reached a homicide rate of 72.7 with authorities recording 792 intentional homicides and 151 involuntary homicides; this averaged to 66 murders per month or two per day. 85.6 percent of the deaths were committed by firearm and 39 percent were linked to organized crime. 91 percent of the victims were men and 81.2 were ages 15 to 39. The neighborhoods reporting the highest incidents of violent deaths are Barrio Concepción, Colonia Nueva Capital, Colonia Villa Nueva Norte, Colonia Cerro Grande, Colonia El Carrizal No. 1, Colonia el Carrizal No. 2, Colonia Flor Del Campo, Colonia La Sosa, Colonia Las Brisas, and Barrio Centro de Comayagüela.[105]
In 2009, there were 246 motor vehicle-related deaths of which 52 percent were pedestrians, including bicyclists; 39 percent were caused by private vehicle and 12 percent by public transportation vehicle. In the same year, there were 69 deaths reported as suicides of which were most common in the age bracket of 20 to 29 and 30 to 35, while 76.9 of them were men.[105]
Economy[link]
The Central District has an economy equal to 19.3 percent of country's GDP. In 2009, the city's revenue and expenditures budget was of L.2,856,439,263 (US$151,214,182)[108] while in 2010 it was of L.2,366,993,208 (US$125.204.606)[109][110] 57.9 percent or L.43.860 billion (US$2.318 billion) of the country's national budget is spent within the Central District.[111]
The District's active labor force is of 367,844 people of which 56,035 are employed in the public sector. In 2009, the unemployment rate in Tegucigalpa was 8.1 percent.[112] and an unemployed person may spend as much as four months seeking employment.[113] There are 32,665 business establishments throughout the capital, the most of any city in the country. The size of these businesses is broken down as follow: micro-enterprises (73.2%), small businesses (9.63%), medium-sized businesses (7.47%), large companies (0.28%), and the remainder unreported (9.62%).
The city's major economic sources are commerce, construction, services, textiles, sugar, and tobacco.[114] Economic activity is broken down as follow: commerce—including wholesale, retail, auto repair, household goods (42.86%); manufacturing industry (16.13%), hospitality—hotels and restaurants (14.43%), banking and real state (10.12%), social and personal services (8.94%), health-related services (3.90%), and others (3.60%).[115]
The industrial production taking place in the region include textiles, clothing, sugar, cigarettes, lumber, plywood, paper, ceramics, cement, glass, metalwork, plastics, chemicals, tires, electrical appliances, and farm machinery. Maquiladora duty-free assembly plants have been established in an industrial park in the Amarateca valley, on the northern highway.[116] Silver, lead and zinc are still mined in the outskirts of the city.[117]
Banking[link]
Honduran banks based in Tegucigalpa include Banco Atlántida (Bancatlan), Banco Continental, Banco Financiera Centroaméricana (Ficensa), Banco Financiera Comercial Hondureña (Ficohsa), Banco Hondureño del Café (Banchcafe), Banco Hondureño para la Producción y la Vivienda (Banhprovi), Banco de Occidente, Banco del País, Banco de los Trabajadores, the Central Bank of Honduras, the country's central banking public institution and Banco Nacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (Banadesa), also state-owned, with central offices located in Comayagüela.
International financial institutions in Tegucigalpa include Banco de América Central-BAC Honduras (former Banco Mercantil-BAMER), Banco Lafise (Latin American Financial Services), Citibank, HSBC, the Inter-American Development Bank (IAB), the World Bank, and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE), with its headquarters located in Colonia Miramontes on Boulevard Suyapa.[118]
Foreign investment[link]
Manufacturing assembly plants (maquiladoras) were introduced in Honduras in 1976.[119] While their contribution to the economy remained small, they boomed at the beginning of the 1990s, mostly concentrating in northern Honduras but after the mid 1990s they were expanded to the central region, including Tegucigalpa. By 2005, at least 6 maquiladoras operated in the Central District.[120]
By the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, Tegucigalpa continued to be a focus city for the development of industrial parks. The main obstacle to establish factories in Tegucigalpa has been facilitating infrastructure to provide efficient access between the capital and country's economic hubs: San Pedro Sula and Puerto Cortez.[121]
While foreign investment manufacturers and exporters have focused in northern Honduras, the presence of multinational corporations is evident in Tegucigalpa. Popular retail, restaurant, and hospitality American-branded franchises prevail throughout the Honduran capital; such as Walmart, McDonalds, Marriot, among others. Companies from other countries such as Mexico, have also made their presence with arrivals like Cinépolis movie theaters, which opened in 2010 in Cascadas Mall.[122] Foreign real estate and property developers operate in the capital District as well, such as Grupo Roble of the Multiplaza malls.
Tegucigalpa's economic challenges are tied to those of the rest of the country, such as overcoming crime, anomalies in the judicial system, educational backwardness, and deficient infrastructure in order to continue to encourage foreign investors and permit growth of local entrepreneurs.[123]
Government[link]
As capital of Honduras, as department head and as a municipality, the Central District seats three separate governments: national, departmental and municipal.[124] Prior to 1991, the central government held great jurisdiction over the execution of city management across the country, leading to uneven representation and improper distribution of resources and governance.[125] As a result, in late 1990, under Decree 134-90, the National Congress of Honduras enacted the Law of Municipalities (Ley de Municipalidades), defining the country's department and municipal institutions, representatives and their functions to give city government autonomy and decentralize it from the national government.[126]
While autonomous, the Central District is still influenced by the national government given the territory remains seat of government of the republic. Major changes in public policy and funding of major city projects usually reach the Office of the President prior to approval by the District's local government.[127]
Central District[link]
For all practical purposes the capital of Honduras is Tegucigalpa. However, politically and officially speaking, the Municipality of the Central District (DC for short) is the capital of Honduras and Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela are two entities within the district.[9] Traditionally, they are regarded as twin or sister cities in part because they were originally founded as two distinct cities.[128] When the Central District was formed on January 30, 1937 under Decree 53 of reformed Article 179 of the 1936 Honduran Constitution, both cities became one political entity sharing the title of Capital of Honduras.[15]
The current Constitution of Honduras, under Chapter 1, Article 8, states (translated), "The cities of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela, jointly, constitute the Capital of the Republic."[12] Furthermore... Chapter 11, Article 295, states (translated) "The Central District consists of a single municipality made up of the former municipalities of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela";[13] however, municipalities in Honduras are defined as political entities similar to counties, and they may contain one or more cities. For example, in the Department of Atlántida, La Ceiba is the largest city—being also the third largest in Honduras—both in terms of population and metropolitan area;[129] however, Tela, one of the eight municipalities of Atlántida, is the biggest municipality in terms of physical administrative area in that department.[130] Since the Municipality of Tela is not considered the entire city of Tela, it is not bigger than La Ceiba.
There are an additional of 41 villages and 293 hamlets through the Central District Municipality.[63] These may be assigned deputy mayors (alcalde auxiliar) to serve as local representatives.
National and departmental governments[link]
Tegucigalpa is the political and administrative center of Honduras.[131] It is also the seat of government of the Francisco Morazán department.[132] All three branches of the national government as well as their immediate divisions—including the 16 departments of the Executive Branch,[133] the National Congress,[134] the Supreme Court of Justice,[135] the Armed Forces and National Police headquarters—are located in the city. Most public agencies and state-owned companies are headquartered in the capital as well.[22]
Local government[link]
City government takes form in a mayor-council system and is regulated under the Law of Municipalities which came into effect on January 1, 1991. The Central District Municipal Government (Alcaldía Municipal del Distrito Central or AMDC) is the city's governing authority. As established by current city governing law, AMDC is structured as a municipal corporation, which is the deliberative-legislative body, voter-elected, and highest authority within the municipality.[136]
The Municipal Corporation is formed by a mayor serving as chief executive, general administrator and legal representative of the municipality[137] and a vice mayor to serve as acting mayor when required and to oversee functions within AMDC as instructed by the mayor.[138]
Ten aldermen (regidores) are also members of the Municipal Corporation who along with the mayor execute the duties as described in the Law of Municipalities, including management, budgeting, and local law and ordinance legislation.[139]
A general manager, appointed by the mayor, is to served as chief comptroller to keep management of city funds and their allocation. A municipal secretary, also appointed by the mayor, serves as the city clerk in charge of keeping record of all official proceedings. The Municipal Corporation also counts with a Municipal Development Council (Consejo de Desarrollo Municipal) which serves as an advising cabinet on all the areas of issues of the city such as human development, public safety, utilities, etc.[140]
Current administration[link]
The current mayor of the Central District is Ricardo Álvarez (PNH)[141] who is serving his second term (2006–2010, 2010–2014) after winning reelection in 2009.[142] Alvarez is the first candidate to win a consecutive reelection, he is the seventh person to serve as mayor of the Central District since local elections were restored in 1986, (prior to 1986, the Central District local government, known as Consejo Metropolitano (Metropolitan Council), was appointed by the President); and this is the eighth elected mayoral term since then.
Of the 10 aldermen currently serving, six are men and four are women. Six belong to the National Party while another two belong to the Liberal Party; one alderman belongs to the Democratic Unification Party and the other is Independent.[143]
Both the city mayor and aldermen are elected to 4-year terms by voters of the Central District. Removal of the mayor or any alderman for any cause is reserved to the Ministry of Interior and Population (Secretaría del Interior y Población), formely Secretaría de Gobernación y Justicia.[144]
Law enforcement[link]
Law enforcement in the city is the responsibility of the National Police of Honduras, the nationwide police force.[145][146] The National Police maintains its headquarters in the Central District in Colonia Casamata. The Metropolitan Police Headquarters No. 1 (Jefatura Metropolitana No. 1) is the police department in charge of law and order in the city. It operates seven police districts throughout the metropolitan area. These are Police District 1-1 El Edén, Police District 1-2 El Mandén, Police District 1-3 San Miguel, Police District 1-4 Kennedy, Police District 1-5 El Belén, Police District 1-6 La Granja and Police District 1-7 San Francisco. For 2011, the Secretary of Security designated L.2.162 billion (US$114.283 million) to law enforcement and criminal investigation in the Central District.
As established by the Law on Police and Social Coexistence (Ley de Policía y Convivencia Social), municipalities can fund their own municipal police (Policía Municipal) and the Central District currently operates a Municipal Police force of 160 officers. The Municipal Department of Justice (Departamento Municipal de Justicia) through its Municipal Police Court (Juzgado de Policía Municipal) enforces and prosecutes local law offenses.
The Public Ministry (Ministerio Público) is the district attorney with nationwide jurisdiction in charge of prosecuting crimes on behalf of the people. It is also headquartered in the Central District and maintains regional prosecution offices throughout the country. The Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) is the country's chief legal representative and prosecutes crimes on behalf of the state.[147]
Culture[link]
Tegucigalpa is a colonial city with a history spanning for more than 400 years. According to the National Chamber of Tourism of Honduras (CANATURH), the city is visited by at least 250,000 tourists every summer.[148] For Easter 2011, at least 300,000 visitors arrived to the city.[149]
The Fair of the Capital (Feria de la Capital or Feria capitalina) is a celebration happening every year in the month of September to commemorate the city's anniversary. Several festivities occur during this time including book fairs, art expositions, concerts and a parade. The 2010 Fair was suspended due to heavy rain and flooding in the region.[150] For 2011, the fair was scheduled to run from September 26 until October 13.[151] Another yearly event is the Fair of the Horse and Culture (Feria del Caballo y la Cultura) taking place in the month of November. There is also a Christmas Fair in the month of December.
Parks and landmarks[link]
Some of the parks in the city include Parque La Leona, Parque Herrera, Parque Del Soldado, Parque Juan A. Lainez, Plaza España, Plaza del Libertador, and Central Park, the latter located in the heart of the historic center which leads to Paseo Liquidambar, a pedestrian zone street.[152] La Tigra National Park lies several kilometers north of the city and covers an area of 93.9 square miles (243 km2). The United Nations National Park on El Picacho Hill just north above the city offers a great view of the city and hosts the Picacho Metropolitan Zoo.
Some of the popular landmarks include the Metropolitan Cathedral, the former Presidential Palace (now a museum), the National University, the Basilica of the Virgin of Suyapa, La Merced Church, and the Manuel Bonilla Theater.[153]
There are several charming colonial villages within easy driving distance from Tegucigalpa: Santa Lucia (12 km/7 mi away), Valle de Angeles (21 km/13 mi away), Ojojona, Yuscarán and San Juancito. Each has its own distinct character and sense of history and all of them make easy day-trips out of the city.
Media[link]
Tegucigalpa is home to two of the nation's four most important newspapers:[154][155] La Tribuna, the liberal and leading newspaper in the city[156] and El Heraldo, the more conservative.[157] There are three other daily papers printed in the city: El Libertador, El Patriota, and Tiempos del Mundo. Hondudiario, Proceso Digital, and Honduras Weekly are online-only newspapers based in the capital, the latter offered in English. La Gaceta is the Honduran government's official newspaper, printed and published in the capital.[158]
Tegucigalpa is also served by the rest of country's newspapers, including La Prensa and El Tiempo from San Pedro Sula[159] and the sports newspaper and fashion magazine, Diez[160] and Estilo, respectively; divisions of La Prensa. Voz el Soberano and Revistazo are political watchdog online publishers.[161]
There are currently eight channels broadcasting on VHF (3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13) and 12 channels on UHF (21, 30, 33, 36, 39, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 66, 69) in the Central District region from TV networks of the major cities in the country. Cable Color, based in Tegucigalpa, is one of the major cable TV providers in the country.[162]
There are five television networks based in Tegucigalpa: Televicentro Corporation, the largest television media conglomerate in the country which operates three television networks: Compañia Televisora Hondureña (Channel 5), Telesistema Hondureño (channels 3 & 7) and Telecadena 7 & 4 (Channel 7).[163] The other four networks are Channel 11[164] owned by Grupo Continental & R. Media;[165] Televisión Educativa National-TEN (Channel 10), a public broadcasting network[166] featuring the Telenoticiero Abriendo Brecha[167] newscast; Maya TV (Channel 66),[168] and Telered 21 which has its principal offices in San Pedro Sula.
There are 24 FM radio stations and 28 AM stations transmitting into or from Tegucigalpa.[169][170] Emisoras Unidas,[171] the largest radio conglomerate in the country, is headquartered in Tegucigalpa and operates 94-SU 94.1 FM, Rock N' Pop 92.3 FM, Vox 101.9 FM, Suave 102.5 FM, Sterio Éxitos 88.1 FM, Radio Satélite 790 AM, XY Honduras 90.5 FM, Radio HRN 92.9 FM.[172]
The following radio stations are based in Tegucigalpa: 88.7 Radio Globo Honduras,[173] 91.1 Radio Kairos, 91.7 Estereo La Buenisima, 93.5 Radio Cadena Voces,[174] 94.7 Radio America,[175] 95.9 Radio Panamericana, 97.1 La 97 FM Radio, 97.7 Stereo Azul, 100.1 Super 100 Estereo, 101.3 Radio Nacional de Honduras, 103.1 Tu Alternativa, 103.7 Stereo Luz,[176] 104.3 Momentos FM Estereo, 104.9 Estereo Amor,[177][178] 106.7 Radio CHN-Cadena Hondureña de Noticias, and 107.3 W-107 Radio del Flow.
Museums[link]
There are 14 museums in Tegucigalpa. Most of the popular museums are located around historic center of the city. These include the National Identity Museum (Museo para la Identidad Nacional), founded in 2006; the National Anthropology and History Museum or Villa Roy National Museum (Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia-Museo Nacional Villa Roy), founded in 1976 on the former residence of President Julio Lozano Díaz (1954–1956) and reopened after a complete restoration in 1997;[179] the National Art Gallery (Galería de Arte Nacional), founded in 1996;[180] the Republic History Museum (Museo Histórico de la República), founded in 1993;[181] the Museum of Man (Museo del Hombre), founded in 1989,[181] the Telecommuncations Museum (Museo de las Comunicaciones), founded in 1985; the Military History Museum (Museo Histórico Militar), founded in 1983;[181] and the Archaeological Museum (Museo Arqueológico).
The Natural History Museum (Museo de la Historia Natural) is located within the National Autonomous University of Honduras.[182] The Numismatic Museum (Museo Nimismático Rigoberto Rojas) was founded in 1993 and is located in Comayagüela next to the Central Bank of Honduras Annex building.[183] There is a children's museum, (Centro Interactivo de Enseñanza CHIMINIKE), founded in 2003, located on Blvd. Fuerzas Armadas within the Government Civic Center complex, which also houses the Foreign Affairs Ministry and the Supreme Court of Justice.
Other places of cultural interest are the Colonial Museum (Museo Colonial) located in Casa Cural, the Cultural Center of Spain in Tegucigalpa - CCET, founded in 2007; and Sala Bancatlán, located in Plaza Bancatlán of Banco Atlántida.[181] The Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History, founded in 1952, promotes cultural heritage and manages several museums throughout Honduras.[184] There is an art and history museum, Santa María de los Ángeles, in Valle de Ángeles, 27 km/17 mi northwest of Tegucigalpa.[185]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Tegucigalpa
There is a variety of restaurants of different cuisine styles and origin in Tegucigalpa. Locals and visitors alike can enjoy of several restaurants serving traditional Honduran dishes as well, either from a typical streetside vendor or family restaurant to upscale food establishments.[186]
Shopping centers[link]
The centre of shopping in Tegucigalpa is Multiplaza, a multi-level indoor shopping mall that includes design name stores, a major grocery store, a movie theater complex, restaurants, and banking. This mall is located on John Paul II Blvd, forming one of the busiest commercial districts in the capital around the John Paul II Blvd and Suyapa Blvd corridors (running parallel to each other) and Central America Blvd (crosswise). Other busy corridors are the Francisco Morazán Blvd and Los Próceres Ave/La Paz Ave to the north of the city.
Shopping malls of considerable size in Tegucigalpa include:
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Tegucigalpa will be home of the largest shopping mall in Central America after the opening of City Mall in early 2012.[187][188][189]
Sports[link]
Tegucigalpa is home to Club Deportivo Olimpia and Club Deportivo Motagua, members of the Honduran National Soccer League. Between the two teams, they have won more than 30 championships. The Tiburcio Carias Andino National Stadium is the multi-purpose venue hosting the national and international soccer games taking place in the capital. Inter-city school sports championships take place in Tegucigalpa as well.[190]
The National College of Engineers Coliseum, west of the city near UNAH, is a basketball arena occasionally fitted as a music concert venue as well.[191] There is a sports facility known as Olympic Village Sports Complex (Complejo Deportivo Villa Olímpica) hosting several Olympic sports such as boxing, archery, tennis and tae-kwon-do; it is located north of the National University-UNAH.[192]
Education[link]
Tegucigalpa serves as the national education center, hosting most of the universities and higher education institutions in the country. For 2011, the national government allocated L. 9.175 billion (US$484.9 million) of the national public education budget (equal to 42.1 percent of total) to the Central District.
The public and private education system in Tegucigalpa is divided into 16 school districts (distritales).[193] All districts are part of the Departmental Directorate of Education (Dirección Departamental de Educación), which in turn is a part of the country's Secretary of Education.[194]
There are 1,235 public schools in the Central District broken down as 488 preschools, 563 elementary schools, and 184 middle and high schools. In 2003, there were a total of 287,517 students enrolled throughout the municipality—28,915 in preschool, 159,679 in elementary school, and 98,923 in middle or high school.[92]
Private schools[link]
There are about 147 bilingual schools in Tegucigalpa.[195] The American School of Tegucigalpa is considered among the country's top private schools with its K-12 education program costing a total of L.1.366 million (US$72,248) for all years (amount based on 10-11 academic year). Other popular private/bilingual schools include International School Tegucigalpa (K-12, Christian), Discovery School (K-12, secular), Los Pinares Academy (E-HS, Christian), DelCampo International School (MS-HS, secular), Dowal School (K-12, secular), Liceo Franco-Hondureño (K-12, French), Magic Castle Preschool (K), and Macris School (E-HS, Catholic).
There are two modalities in regards to the school calendar: American Period (August to July), mostly used by private and bilingual schools; and Latin Period (February to November), used by public schools.[196]
Universities[link]
There are 12 universities in Tegucigalpa, including three state-funded higher education institutions.[197]
The National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), founded in 1847, is the country's most important university and operates eight regional campuses in several other cities in the country: UNAH-Valle de Sula, UNAH-La Ceiba, UNAH-Comayagua, UNAH-Copán, UNAH-Choluteca, UNAH-Juticalpa, UNAH-Valle del Aguán, and University Technological Center UNAH–Danlí.[198] It employs 4,980 people throughout its campuses at an average annual salary of L.241,184 (US$12,747).
The other two publicly-funded institutions are Francisco Morazán National Pedagogic University (UPNFM), founded in 1989, focusing on preparing future educators in several disciplines.[199] and the National Institute of Professional Formation (INFOP), founded in 1972, focusing on economic and social development disciplines. The National University of Agriculture (UNA), founded in 1950, also state-funded and located in Catacamas, Olancho, maintains an liaison office in Tegucigalpa.
There are 10 private universities in Tegucigalpa:
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There is also two higher education centers: the Technological University Center (CEUTEC), part of UNITEC; and Guaymura University Center (CUG), founded in 1982.
Transportation[link]
All barrios and colonias in Tegucigalpa can be accessed by automobile, although some neighborhoods in the city suffer from unpaved, narrow, or hilly streets making them difficult to maneuver.[206] A grid of surface streets and a network of major avenues and boulevards cross through the major areas of the capital. However, the most transited roads suffer from heavy traffic congestion due to the region's geography and disorganized urbanization.
An estimate of 400,000 vehicles take on the city streets and roads everyday. The oldest districts were not built with the advent of the automobile in mind and therefore lack efficient roadways to accommodate the overwhelming amount of vehicles. Newer developments, such as the malls, have been built with the car in mind allowing for large parking lots to accommodate their visitors. In the last decades, several of the boulevards and avenues have bee retrofitted with grade separations to ease up the flow of traffic.
Roads and highways[link]
The Honduras Department of Public Works, Transportation and Housing (SOPTRAVI) presently divides the country's highway network into international routes (ruta internacional), national routes (ruta nacional), and provincial routes (ruta vecinal). These are assigned numbers; however, they are more often identified using their physical destinations (e.g. Tegucigalpa-Danlí highway) rather the number itself since road signage is scarce.
International routes are given a "CA-" designation followed by a highway number (i.e. CA-1) which can be of one or two digits enclosed in a highway shield. "CA-" highways are part of the Central American highway network (hence the "CA" letters) that interconnects Honduras with its neighboring countries as part of the Pan-American Highway. National highways are assigned a two or three-digit number and provincial routes are assigned a three-digit number.
Districtwide[link]
There are five highways connecting the Central District to the bordering municipalities and the rest of the country. These are Central American highways CA-5 (north and south) and CA-6 (east); and national highways 15 (north), 25 (northeast) and 33 (southwest).
CA-5 North connects the Central District to Comayagua Department going through Comayagua City and further north to Cortes Department and into San Pedro Sula where it connects to highways CA-4 and CA-13, one heading west connecting through the western departments until it reaches the Guatemalan border and the other traveling east towards Atlántida Department, connecting to La Ceiba and into Colón Department and its major cities.
CA-5 South connects to the municipalities of Ojojona, Santa Ana, and San Buenaventura and then enters Choluteca Department and later Valle Department, becoming highway CA-1 which travels to the west towards Nacaome and into El Salvador and to the east to Choluteca City and into Nicaragua, near the Gulf of Fonseca.
CA-6 connects to municipalities Maraita and San Antonio de Oriente and continues east into El Paraíso Department, passing through Danlí and El Paraiso municipalities eventually reaching the Nicaraguan border.
Highway 15 runs north through the bordering municipality of Talanga, it later enters the municipality of Guaimaca and then junctions with highway 43 which connects to Yoro department. Highway 15 continues northeast and enters Olancho Department, continuing until junction with highways 41 and 39 which lead to Colón Department.
Highway 25 runs northeast of the Central District and connects to the municipalities of Santa Lucía, Valle de Ángeles and San Juan de Flores. Highway 33 travels southwest and connects to the municipality of Lepaterique. About 30 other provincial roads connect to the towns and villages outside the urban area of the Central District.
Arterial roads[link]
The Anillo Periférico (beltway or ring road) and Boulevard Fuerzas Armadas (Armed Forces Blvd) are the city's two expressways—equipped with center dividers, interchanges, overpasses and underpasses—allowing for controlled-access traffic. These connect with the city's other major boulevards: Central America Blvd, Suyapa Blvd, European Community Blvd, Kuwait Blvd—which are essentially limited-access roadways as they have been equipped with interchanges but may lack underpasses or overpasses to bypass crossing surface road traffic.
Despite a network of major highways, none reach directly into the historic downtown, forcing drivers to rely heavily on surface streets. Like in most Central American cities, orientation and driving may be difficult to first-time visitors due to the nature of how streets are named, insufficient road signage and the native's driving behavior.[207] The current city administration has green lit several road infrastructure projects to help reduce traffic congestion and improve the overall aspect of the city.[208]
List of major thoroughfares in the Central District, including urban core arteries and outskirt roads:
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International highways
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National highways
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Rural highways
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City highways
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Major roads and streets
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Public transportation[link]
Public transportation in Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela is based on buses and taxis and they currently cover 71 percent of the capital's road migration. Bus routes are named based on the neighborhood they cover. For example, routes that travel from the downtown area to UNAH are labeled Centro-UNAH or Centro-Multiplaza-UNAH. Taxis are the quickest way to move around the city after personal auto transportation. Taxis are popular for short-distance trips or trips that required a sense of urgency. Taxis are relatively cheap for the international tourist. They are not the cheapest form of public transportation for the locals, however. There are over 12,000 taxis in the Central District.
The public transportation system in Tegucigalpa is, however, highly disorganized.[209] Being a for-profit business, it encourages competition between the fleet owners where revenue is the priority while heavily ignoring the quality and efficiency of the service. Public transportation regulation is heavily flawed. Bus drivers must compete for the passengers in order to bring the highest earnings possible while becoming a hazard for other drivers and pedestrians and contributing to traffic jams.[210] There is currently an overflow of public transportation vehicles on the roads.[211] The government has declared its public transportation system as oversupplied and inefficient.[210]
There is currently a project underway to give the public transportation system an upgrade with the addition of a bus rapid transit fleet. In late May 2011, the National Congress approved the project under a new law as part of the financing deal with the Inter-American Development Bank (IAB). The BRT system will be solely managed by the Central District government.
National and int'l ground transportation[link]
Tegucigalpa is connected with the rest of the country through its city to city bus services. There are several bus lines connecting the capital with the rest of Honduras.[212] There is no central bus terminal in the city; in turn, there are several bus stations scattered throughout the city, particularly most in Comayagüela, and some of these stations are operated directly by the bus company serving from there. Tegucigalpa is connected with the rest of Central America and Mexico through its international bus lines. Buses leave for Guatemala, El Salvador,[213] Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Mexico everyday.[214][215]
Air transportation[link]
Main article: Toncontín International Airport
Toncontín International Airport (IATA: TGU, ICAO: MHTG), serves as the main airport in and out of Tegucigalpa. It is currently served by three domestic airlines and six international airlines connecting the capital to three cities in the United States and four cities in Central America as well as four cities within Honduras.[216]
The airport is frequently criticized as being dangerous; due to its location next to a sierra, short runway, and difficult approach. Large commercial jets are required to execute a tight hairpin left turn at very low altitude to land on the short runway. International airline pilots flying into Toncontín receive additional, specific training for the Toncontín approach.
Toncontín has been improved by the work of the Airport Corporation of Tegucigalpa (CAT), which is owned by TACA of El Salvador. It is currently managed by InterAirports, the company hired by the government of Honduras to manage the four airports in the country.[217]
The airport authority and the government of Honduras resumed the airport relocation talks in April 2011 and announced that work on the new Palmerola airport would start by the fall of 2011 after years of efforts to replace Toncontín International with an airport at Palmerola in Comayagua where the Soto Cano Air Base is located.[218] However, on a September 25, 2011 update, President Lobo stated officials were still "evaluating the pros and cons" of constructing the new airport.[219] This comes three years after former President Manuel Zelaya had announced that all commercial flights would be transferred to Soto Cano Air Base; however, work on the new terminal at Soto Cano was then cancelled after Zelaya was removed from office on 28 June 2009 in the 2009 Honduran coup d'état.[220] Upon realization of the Palmerola airport, international flights to and from Toncontín would continue to operate but would be limited to small aircraft.
Sister cities[link]
Belo Horizonte, Brazil[221]
Gainesville, United States- New Orleans, United States[222]
Guadalajara, Mexico[223]
Lima, Peru[224]
Madrid, Spain[225]
Quito, Ecuador[226]
Taipei, Taiwan[227]
Amman, Jordan
Bogotá, Colombia
Caracas, Venezuela
Managua, Nicaragua
Guatemala City, Guatemala
La Paz, Bolivia
Banjarbaru, Indonesia- Manado, Indonesia
- Palu, Indonesia
Seoul, South Korea
Notes[link]
- ^ Villa de Tegucigalpa is the title given by Charles III of Spain on July 17, 1768.
- ^ Real Villa de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa y Heredia is the title given by Alonso Fernández de Heredia, then governor of Honduras, on June 10, 1762.
- ^ Real de Minas de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa is the title given by the Spanish on September 29, 1578.
Definitions[link]
^[a] Tegucigalpa refers to the urban area formed east of the Choluteca River when distinguished from Comayagüela. When broadly speaking to refer to the capital of the country, it includes Comayagüela and vice versa.
^[b] Comayagüela refers to the urban area formed west of the Choluteca River. Once a city of its own, it was incorporated as part of Tegucigalpa on September 28, 1890.
^[c] Central District refers to the entire municipality containing both Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela. As established by the Constitution of Honduras, it serves as national capital and therefore its limits as government seat are not reduced to the urban area formed by Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela but extend to the entire municipality; in turn, the Central District as a whole, is the capital of Honduras.
It should be noted that the Central District is not a federal district since it is not an entity outside the departments of Honduras (e.g. Washington, D.C., Mexico City); it is one of the municipalities making up the Department of Francisco Morazán.
References[link]
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- ^ Hondutel (2009-10-14). "Honduras Country Codes". CallingCodes.org. http://www.callingcodes.org/area-code-of-Tegucigalpa-3059.html. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
- ^ "Honduran Slang". es.Honduras.com. 2001-02-01. http://es.honduras.com/articulos/hondure-ismos-honduras-slang. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
- ^ a b Kiara Pacheco (2010-10-15). "Spanish:What is the capital of Honduras?". saberia.com. http://www.saberia.com/2010/09/cual-es-la-capital-de-honduras/. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
- ^ Oscar Acosta (original) (2011-02-13). "About Tegucigalpa". Emporis Corporation. http://www.emporis.com/city/101223?lng=3. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
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- ^ El Heraldo editor (2011-04-25). "Spanish: 300,000 tourists visited the Honduran capital". ElHeraldo.hn. http://www.elheraldo.hn/Tegucigalpa/listado-nota/Ediciones/2011/04/26/Noticias/300-mil-turistas-visitaron-la-capital-hondurena. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
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- ^ Ardegas (2010-02-07). "La Tribuna Newspaper". BornInHonduras.com. http://www.borninhonduras.com/2010/02/la-tribuna-newspaper.html. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
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- ^ "Daily Newspapers in Honduras-Cortez section". prensaescrita.com. 2002-06-30. http://www.prensaescrita.com/america/honduras.php. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
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- ^ Thomas C Hokenson (2007-05-16). "Radio Broadcasting Stations, part 2-Tegucigalpa section". radiostationworld.com. http://radiostationworld.com/locations/honduras/radio.asp?m=&pos=300. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ Luis Pineda (2010). "Emisoras Unidas Radio Stations". EmisorasUnidas.net. http://emisorasunidas.net/. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
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- ^ Grupo Invosa-Inversiones Voses, S.A. (2010-12-23). "Grupo Invosa (parent company)". grupoinvosahn.com. http://www.grupoinvosahn.com/. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
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- ^ TuneIn user (2011-05-02). "Estereo Amor 104.9". tunein.com. http://tunein.com/radio/Estereo-Amor-1049-s13255/. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
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- ^ Mario Secoff (1996-07-31). "Spanish: National Gallery". angelfire.com. http://www.angelfire.com/ca5/mas/museo/m02.html. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
- ^ a b c d Association Amicus (2003-02-28). "Other Places of Interest in the City-Museums". associationamicus.com. http://www.associationamicus.com/content.asp?SID=1331&CID=90770. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
- ^ Dirección Ejecutiva de Gestion de Tecnología (DEGT) (2003-10-01). "Spanish: Natural History Museum". UNAH.gob.hn. https://www.unah.edu.hn/?cat=1741. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
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- ^ BBC Worldwide-Lonely Planet, Inc. (2008-11-01). "Restaurants in Tegucigalpa". lonelyplanet.com. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/honduras/tegucigalpa/restaurants. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
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- ^ One World - Nations Online (2007-06-13). "Satellite View and Map of the City of Tegucigalpa (Tegus)". nationsonline.org. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_Tegucigalpa.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
- ^ Issis Ochoa (2011-10-04). "Spanish: Mayor opens one lane at La Hacienda and Suyapa intercharge". hondudiario.com. http://www.hondudiario.com/content/alcald%C3%AD-habilita-un-carril-del-paso-desnivel-en-la-hacienda. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
- ^ Karla Gómez (2010-10-01). "Organizing public transport is the solution to traffic congestion". ElHeraldo.hn. http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2010/10/02/Noticias/Ordenar-transporte-publico-es-solucion-al-trafico-vial. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
- ^ a b Miroslava de Nevo, Project Team Leader; Vera Lucía Vicentini, Alejandro Taddia, Carlos Mojica, and Caterina Vecco (INE/TSP); Trinidad Zamora (TSP/CHO); Irma Liliam Castillo, Xiomara Hernández, and Fabio Gordillo (consultants); Miguel Orellana (PDP/CHO); and Juan Carlos Pérez Segnini (LEG/SGO). (2010-11-08). "Central District Public Transportation Project". Inter-American Development Bank. http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35490469. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
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- ^ BBC Worldwide-Lonely Planet (2010-08-23). "Getting there & away". lonelyplanet.com. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/honduras/tegucigalpa/transport/getting-there-away. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
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- ^ King Quality Corporation (2008-09-28). "Spanish: Tegucigalpa to Tapachula, Mexico". king-qualityca.com. http://www.king-qualityca.com/main_frames/main_tardes/honduras/tapachula.html. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
- ^ "Airlines that fly to Toncontín International Airport". travelmath.com. 2011-01-18. http://www.travelmath.com/airlines/TGU. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
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- ^ Thelma Mejía (2009-06-02). "Honduras: Soldier, Sailor, Airport Builder?". AllBusiness.com. http://www.allbusiness.com/society-social-assistance-lifestyle/religion-spirituality/12860292-1.html. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
- ^ Greater Fort Lauderdale Sister Cities International (2007-05-04). "Sister cities of Belo Horizonte". gflsci.org. http://www.gflsci.org/Belo_Horizonte_Brazil.html. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
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- ^ Guadalajara City Government (2009-12-23). "Sister cities of Guadalajara". guadalajara.gob.mx. http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
- ^ 3reyes (2011-01-10). "Sister cities of Lima". skyscraperlife.com. http://www.skyscraperlife.com/latin-bar/50837-ciudades-latinas-hermanadas-tu-ciudad-d-3.html. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
- ^ Madrid City Government (2009-10-18). "Sister cities of Madrid". madrid.es. http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Deportes/Mapa-Mundi-de-las-ciudades-hermanadas?vgnextfmt=especial1&vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=cb1a171c30036010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&idContenido=7b9b7aefd9b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&rmEspecial=a70858fe026de11058fe026de1100c205a0aRCRD&rmCapitulo=a02858fe026de11058fe026de1100c205a0aRCRDhttp://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Deportes/Mapa-Mundi-de-las-ciudades-hermanadas?vgnextfmt=especial1&vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=cb1a171c30036010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&idContenido=7b9b7aefd9b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&rmEspecial=a70858fe026de11058fe026de1100c205a0aRCRD&rmCapitulo=a02858fe026de11058fe026de1100c205a0aRCRD. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
- ^ El Heraldo editor (2010-10-14). "Spanish: Tegucigalpa and Quito are now sister cities". ElHeraldo.hn. http://m.elheraldo.hn/14650/show/8a7301d292ee0a26675d4199e2bfcfa4&t=05b7274eb69c91427ed9ee0ac3b0de14. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
- ^ Taipei City Government (1999-09-21). "Sister cities of Taipei". tcc.gov.tw. http://www.tcc.gov.tw/eng/sister_cities.htm. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
Further reading[link]
- Miroslava de Nevo, Project Team Leader; Vera Lucía Vicentini, Alejandro Taddia, Carlos Mojica, and Caterina Vecco (INE/TSP); Trinidad Zamora (TSP/CHO); Irma Liliam Castillo, Xiomara Hernández, and Fabio Gordillo (consultants); Miguel Orellana (PDP/CHO); and Juan Carlos Pérez Segnini (LEG/SGO) (2010), Central District Public Transportation Project (Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela), Inter-American Development Bank - Assessment of the Central District's current public transportation situation and proposal for improvement.
- Olivier T. Godichet, José Rafael del Cid, Zoran S. Trputec (1997) Decentralization and Municipal Government in Honduras (in Spanish) Latin American School of Social Sciences (FLACSO) - Analysis of Hondura's municipal governments.
- Shlomo Angel with Katherine Bartley, Mary Derr, Anshuman Malur, James Mejía, Pallavi Nuka, Micah Perlin, Sanjiv Sahai, Michael Torrens, and Manett Vargas (2004) Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa, Honduras Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University - Assessment of Tegucigalpa's current urban situation and future projections.
- Observatorio de la Violencia (2010) Observatory on Violence in the Central District Instituto Universitario en Democracia, Paz y Seguridad (IUDPAS) - UNAH Crime Report on the Central District during 2009.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tegucigalpa |
- Official Portal of the Government of Honduras
- Official Portal of the Government of Tegucigalpa
- Interactive Map of Tegucigalpa
Coordinates: 14°05′00″N 87°13′00″W / 14.0833°N 87.2167°W / 14.0833; -87.2167
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Daddy Yankee | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Ramón Ayala |
| Also known as | Winchester 30-30 El Cangri El Jefe The Big Boss DY El Máximo Lider |
| Born | (1977-02-03) February 3, 1977 (age 35) |
| Origin | San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Genres | Reggaeton, Latin rap, hip-hop |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Labels | El Cartel, Interscope, Sony Music Latin |
| Website | daddyyankee.com |
Ramón Luis Ayala Rodríguez (born February 3, 1977), known artistically as Daddy Yankee, is a Latin Grammy Award-winning Puerto Rican reggaeton recording artist. Ayala was born in Río Piedras, the largest district of San Juan, where he became interested in music at a young age. In his youth he was interested in baseball, and aspired to become a Major League Baseball player. He was unable to continue this sport when he received an injury to one of his legs, leaving him unable to walk correctly. He then became involved in the underground rap movement that was in its early stages in Puerto Rico, later to be called reggaeton. After receiving lessons from several artists within the genre, he developed an independent career, first recording in a production titled Playero 37. After this he began to produce independent albums. His first solo album was No Mercy. He subsequently formed a duo with Nicky Jam, and then continued his solo career with the releases of El Cartel and El Cartel II. This led him be one of many pioneers of the reggaeton genre earning him the nickname "El Cangri".
In 2002 El Cangri.com became Ayala's first album with international success, receiving coverage in the markets of New York and Miami. Barrio Fino was released in 2004, and the album received numerous awards, including Lo Nuestro Awards and a Latin Billboard, as well as receiving nominations for the Latin Grammy and MTV Video Music Awards. Barrio Fino performed well in the sales charts of the United States, Latin America, Europe, and Japan. On June 5, 2007, El Cartel Records released El Cartel: The Big Boss, which was ranked as the top-selling album in Latin music genres in 2007. He promoted the album with an international tour which began in the United States and continued through Latin America, breaking attendance records in Ecuador and Bolivia.
His performances have appeared on more than 70 albums, including compilations such as Mas Flow 2 and Blin Blin Vol. 1. Outside of his work as a musician, Ayala has also worked as an actor and producer. Throughout his career, he has been generally reluctant to discuss his personal life, but has publicly expressed the importance of his wife and children to him.
Following the incident, he became interested in the underground movement, which at the time was in an early organizational stage.[1] He also took more interest in the events that took place in the neighborhood in which he was raised, a public housing project named Villa Kennedy.[2] Early in his career he attempted to imitate the style of Vico C. He went on to emulate other artists in the genre, including DJ Playero, DJ Nelson, and DJ Goldy, taking elements from their styles in order to develop an original style.[1] In doing so, he eventually abandoned the traditional model of rap and became one of the first artists to perform reggaeton.[1] Ayala first recorded with DJ Playero as a featured artist in a production titled Playero 37, which was released in 1992.[2]
Contents |
Musical career[link]
Independent productions[link]
His first album, titled No Mercy, was produced in 1995 when Ayala was eighteen years old.[2] The production did not sell well, and he continued his work within the genre for the rest of the decade, eventually forming a duo with Nicky Jam. One of the duo's songs, "Posición", was included in the soundtrack of One Tough Cop, a movie directed by Bruno Barreto, that was released in 1998. Beginning in 2000, Ayala began concentrating more on his solo career, releasing albums produced outside studios. The first production he released was titled El Cartel, featuring elements of the mixtape style.[2] In 2001 El Cartel II was released, a direct sequel to the previous production, and influenced by similar genres.
In 2005 El Cangri.com was released, and became the first album in Ayala's career to sell well outside Puerto Rico, mostly in the United States.[2] The album was produced by VI Music, an independent recording studio in Puerto Rico, and was not supported by a major label.[2] The most successful single from the album was "Latigazo", which received significant play on radio stations in New York and Miami.[2] The album reached #43 on Billboard's Top Latin Albums chart.[2] Following the release of this disc, Ayala performed at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum before 12,000 fans.[3] The following year VI Music produced Los Homerun-es.[2] The album became the leader in sales in Puerto Rico during a year in which several other reggaeton artists released significant productions, including Luny Tune's Mas Flow, Don Omar's The Last Don, and Tego Calderón's El Abayarde.[2] The album's success helped Ayala receive the publicity required for a crossover to the United States market, and marked the last album he released with VI music before signing a contract with Universal
2004–2005[link]
Ayala's next album, Barrio Fino, was produced by Luny Tunes and released in July 2004 by El Cartel Records and VI Music. It was the most highly anticipated album in the reggaeton community.[4] Ayala had enjoyed Salsa music since he was young, and this led him to include music of genres besides reggaeton in the album.[4] The most prominent of these cross-genre singles was "Melao", in which he performed with Andy Montañez.[4] The album was described as his most complete, and with it he intended to introduce combinations of reggaeton and other genres to the English-speaking market.[4] Barrio Fino was followed up by an international tour with performances in numerous countries including the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Honduras, Spain, Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, and the United States.[4] The album has sold over 500,000 copies in the United States alone and has sold well throughout Latin America and worldwide.[5]
In 2005 Ayala won several international awards, making him one of the most recognized reggaeton artists within the music industry.[6] The first award of the year was Lo Nuestro Awards within the "Latin music" category, which he received for Barrio Fino.[6] In this event he performed "Gasolina" in a performance that was described as "innovative".[6] Barrio Fino also won the "Reggaeton Album of the Year" award in the Latin Billboard that took place on April 28, 2005,[6] where he performed a mix of three of his songs in a duo with P. Diddy. The album was promoted throughout Latin America, the United States, and Europe, reaching certified gold in Japan. Due to the album's success, Ayala received promotional contracts with radio stations and soda companies, including Pepsi.[7] His single "Gasolina" received the majority of votes cast for the second edition of Premios Juventud, in which it received eight nominations and won seven awards.[6] Ayala also made a live presentation during the award ceremony. "Gasolina" received nominations in the Latin Grammy and MTV Video Music Awards.[6]
The successful single, "Gasolina", was covered by artists from different music genres. This led to a controversy when Los Lagos, a Mexican banda group, did a cover with the original beat but changed the song's lyrics.[8] The group's label had solicited the copyright permission to perform the single and translate it to a different music style, but did not receive consent to change the lyrics; legal action followed.[8] Speaking for the artist, Ayala's lawyer stated that having his songs covered was an "honor, but it must be done the right way."[8]
2006–present[link]
On April 30, 2006, Ayala was named one of the 100 most influential people by Time magazine, which cited the 2 million copies of Barrio Fino sold, Ayala's $20 million contract with Interscope Records, and his Pepsi endorsement.[9] During this period, Ayala and William Omar Landrón (more commonly known by his artistic name Don Omar) were involved in a rivalry within the genre, dubbed "tiraera". The rivalry received significant press coverage despite being denied early on by both artists. It originated with a lyrical conflict between the artists begun by Ayala's comments in a remix single, where he criticized Landron's common usage of the nickname "King of Kings".[10] Don Omar responded to this in a song titled "Ahora Son Mejor", part of his album Los Rompediscotecas.[10]
El Cartel: The Big Boss was released by Interscope on June 5, 2007. Ayala stated that the album marked a return to his hip-hop roots as opposed to being considered a strictly reggaeton album.[11] The album was produced in 2006, and included the participation of will.i.am, Scott Storch, Tainy Tunes, Neli, and personnel from Ayala's label. Singles were produced with Héctor Delgado, Fergie, Nicole Scherzinger and Akon.[11] The first single from the album was titled "Impacto", and was released prior to the completion of the album. The album was promoted by a tour throughout the United States, which continued throughout Latin America.[11] He performed in Mexico, first in Monterrey, where 10,000 attended the concert, and later at San Luis Potosí coliseum, where the concert sold out, leaving hundreds of fans outside the building.[12] Ayala performed in Chile as well, and established a record for attendance in Ecuador.[13] He also performed in Bolivia, setting another record when 50,000 fans attended his Santa Cruz de la Sierra concert.[13] This show was later described as "the best show with the biggest attendance in history" and as "somehappy that his album had sold more than those of Juan Luis Guerra and Juanes, and that this was an "official proof that reggaeton's principal exponent defeated the rest of the genres".[14] Ayala made a guest appearance in an album titled "Caribbean he loved the color reed|Inner Circle]], Bounty Killer, Elephant Man and Wayne Wonder.[15] In July 2008, Ayala announced that as part of his work, he would produce a cover version of Thalía's song, Ten Paciencia.[16] Prior to the album's release, Ayala scheduled several activities, including an in-store contract signing.[17] On February 27, 2009, he performed at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile.[18] In this event, the artists receive awards based on the public's reaction. After performing "Rompe", "Llamado de emergencia", "Tú me dejaste caer", "Gasolina", "Limpia parabrisas" and "Lo que pasó, pasó" over the course of two hours, Ayala received the "Silver Torch", "Gold Torch" and "Silver Seagull" recognitions.[18] On April 24, 2009, he received the Spirit of Hope Award as part of the Latin Billboard Music Awards ceremony.[19] The recognition is given to the artists that participate in community or social efforts throughout the year. The single "Grito Mundial" was released on October 8, 2009,[20] in order to promote his ninth album, Mundial. Despite releasing "El Ritmo No Perdona (Prende)" more than a month before, that single was not considered the first official promotional single.
Film and other career projects[link]
Ayala has negotiated promotional deals with several companies outside of the music industry, releasing merchandise under his name. In 2005, he became the first Latin artist to sign a deal with Reebok, in order to produce accessories,[21] including the licensed clothing line "DY", which was released in 2006.[22] He also teamed up with the company to have his own shoes and sporting goods made, which were first distributed on May 23, 2006.[11] Reebok continued the partnership with the introduction of the Travel Trainer collection in July 2007. In August 2007, Pepsi began an advertising campaign titled "Puertas", in which Ayala is depicted returning to his youth by opening a series of doors.[23]
In 2008, Ayala participated in a campaign to promote voting in the 2008 general elections in Puerto Rico. This initiative included a concert titled "Vota o quédate callao".[24] On August 25, 2008, Ayala endorsed John McCain's candidacy for President of the United States, stating that McCain "has been a fighter for the Hispanic community".[25] As part of this campaign, Ayala moderated a debate titled “Vota o quédate callao: los candidatos responden a los jóvenes”, which was aired on October 9, 2008.[26]
Ayala has worked in the film industry as both an actor and producer. His acting debut was the lead role of Vampiros, a film directed by Eduardo Ortiz and filmed in Puerto Rico.[27] The film premiered at the Festival of Latin American Cinema in New York, where it received a positive reaction. This led Image Entertainment to produce a DVD, internationally released in March 2005.[27] Ayala played the main role "Edgar" in Talento de Barrio, which was filmed in Puerto Rico and directed by José Iván Santiago. Ayala produced the film, which is based on his experience of growing up in a poor city neighborhood.[28] While the film is not directly a biography, Ayala has stated that it mirrors his early life.[28] Talento de Barrio's debut was scheduled for July 23, 2008, in New York's Latino Film Festival.[29] After the premier, Ayala expressed satisfaction, saying that he had been invited to audition for other producers.[30] On release, Talento de Barrio broke the record held by Maldeamores for the most tickets to a Puerto Rican movie sold in a single day in Caribbean Cinemas.[31]
Ayala has been involved in the administration of three organizations, the first being El Cartel Records which he co-owns with Andres Hernandez. He also created the Fundación Corazón Guerrero, a charitable organization in Puerto Rico which works with young incarcerated people.[32] On April 26, 2008, he was presented with a "Latino of the Year Award" by the student organization Presencia Latina of Harvard College, receiving it for his work with Puerto Rican youth and creating Corazón Guerrero.[33] On February 6, 2008, Ayala announced in a Baloncesto Superior Nacional press conference that he had bought part of the Criollos de Caguas' ownership.[34]
Personal life[link]
Ayala has kept most of his personal life private, rarely speaking about it in interviews.[35] He has said that he avoids doing so because such details are the only aspect of his life that are not public and that they are like a "little treasure".[35] He made an exception in 2006 when he spoke about his relationship with his wife and children in an interview with María Celeste Arrarás in Al Rojo Vivo.[35] He stated that his marriage is strong because he and his wife are "friends above anything", adding that he has tried to ignore other temptations because "weakness is the reason for the downfall of several artists."[35] He also described his "very close" communication with his children, in which he tries to offer advice against drugs and negative influences.[35] His first daughter was born when he was seventeen years old,[35] which he has described as confusing at first, adding that raising a daughter at that age was a hard experience.[36]
Studio albums[link]
Main article: Daddy Yankee discography
- 1995: No Mercy
- 2002: El Cangri.com
- 2004: Barrio Fino
- 2007: El Cartel: The Big Boss
- 2010: Daddy Yankee Mundial
- 2012: Prestige
Filmography[link]
- Film
| Year | Title | Role | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Vampiros | Bimbo | |
| 2008 | Talento de Barrio | Edgar Dinero |
- Television
| Year | Title | Role | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Cane | Daddy Yankee - Himself | |
| 2010 | The Bold and the Beautiful | Daddy Yankee - Himself | 6 episodes |
See also[link]
- Latin American music
- List of Caribbean music genres
- List of Puerto Ricans
- List of Puerto Rican songwriters
- Urban contemporary
References[link]
- ^ a b c Miguel López Ortiz. "Biografias:Daddy Yankee". http://www.prpop.org/biografias/d_bios/DaddyYankee.shtml. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Birchmeier, Jason. "Daddy Yankee Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p541678/biography. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- ^ "Daddy Yankee, Reggaetón desde Puerto Rico". Terra. http://www.terra.com/ocio/articulo/html/oci152057,2.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
- ^ a b c d e "Daddy Yankee". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/yankee_daddy/artist.jhtml?timeline=false#bio. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
- ^ "Daddy Yankee Receives Five Gold And Platinum Albums". latin-artists.com. 2005-03-13. http://www.latin-artists.com/news.php?id=559&is=1. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
- ^ a b c d e f "Daddy Yankee: Biografía". Univision. http://www.univision.com/uv/music/1541678/Daddy_Yankee/biografia;jsessionid=5EXMBJUDKMDFACWIAAOCFEYKZAAB0IWC. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
- ^ "Daddy Yankee". CMT.com. http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/yankee_daddy/bio.jhtml. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
- ^ a b c Nathalia Morales. "Gasolina grupera". Univision. http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=606337. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
- ^ Carolina Miranda (2006-04-30). "Daddy Yankee | TIME". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1187400,00.html. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
- ^ a b "Don Omar se va "calle" en tiraera a Daddy Yankee". Maleanteo.com. http://www.malianteo.com/article1163.html. Retrieved 2008-01-10. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d "The Boss is Back: Daddy Yankee Returns to his Roots". LatinRapper.com. 2007-05-22. http://www.latinrapper.com/daddy_yankee_interview.html. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Dadddy Yankee arrasa en conciertos en Mexico" (in Spanish). Reggaetonline.net. http://www.reggaetonline.net/daddy-yankee-concierto-10162007_news. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
- ^ a b "Apoteosico concierto de Daddy Yankee en Bolivia" (in Spanish). Reggaetonline.net. 2007-12-03. http://www.reggaetonline.net/daddy-yankee-12032007_news. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
- ^ "Daddy Yankee, número uno en la lista Billboard". People en Español. 2007-12-14. http://www.peopleenespanol.com/pespanol/articles/0,22490,1694944,00.html. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
- ^ "Se juntan los "mostros"" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. 2008-06-03. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/musica/espectaculos_asi/se_juntan_los_mostros/196370. Retrieved 2008-06-04. [dead link]
- ^ Sigal Ratner-Árias (2008-07-22). "Daddy Yankee hace remix de tema de Thalía" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/musica/espectaculosasi/daddy_yankee_hace_remix_de_tema_de_thalia/212831. Retrieved 2008-07-28. [dead link]
- ^ Aixa Sepúlveda Morales (2008-08-11). "Cara a Cara con su gente El Cangri" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/otros/espectaculosasi/cara_a_cara_con_su_gente_el_cangri/218516. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
- ^ a b Jorge Zapata (2009-02-28). "Daddy Yankee desató la locura en la Quinta Vergara" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/musica/espectaculosasi/daddy_yankee_desato_la_locura_en_la_quinta_vergara/278721. Retrieved 2009-02-28. [dead link]
- ^ Aixa Sepúlveda Morales (2009-04-25). "Con más corazón Daddy Yankee" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/diario/noticia/musica/espectaculos_asi/con_mas_corazon_daddy_yankee/292976. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
- ^ Posted by mundoSIX (2009-09-29). "Daddy Yankee Da Un "Grito Mundial"". Mundosix.com. http://www.mundosix.com/2009/10/daddy-yankee-da-un-grito-mundial.html. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
- ^ "Daddy Yankee lanzará su propia línea de ropa". People en Espanol. 2005-12-06. http://www.peopleenespanol.com/pespanol/articles/0,22490,1138175,00.html. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Pasarela musical: Artistas que imponen moda". APL Latino. http://musica.aol.com/artistas/fotos/galerias/ropa. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Ivan (2007-07-12). "Daddy Yankee Pepsi Puertas Commercial". Artistas del Genero. http://www.artistasdelgenero.com/daddy-yankee-pepsi-puertas. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Aixa Sepúlveda Morales (2008-08-11). "Unen sus voces en "Vota o quédate callao"" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/otros_asi/espectaculos_asi/unen_sus_voces_en_vota_o_quedate_callao/218283. Retrieved 2008-08-11. [dead link]
- ^ Mike Glover. "McCain notes 'very honorable opponent'". Associated Press. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080825/ap_on_el_pr/mccain. Retrieved 2008-08-25. [dead link]
- ^ Karol Joselyn Sepúlveda (2008-10-11). "Fue un reto total" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/otros_asi/espectaculos_asi/fue_un_reto_total/238128. Retrieved 2008-10-11. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Daddy Yankee debuta en el cine". Univision. http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?chid=9486&schid=9497&secid=&cid=837082. Retrieved 2008-01-10. [dead link]
- ^ a b Fabián Lira. "Cangri, todo un 'talento de barrio'". Univision Online. http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=605622. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Daddy Yankee estrena película en Nueva York". Primera Hora. 2008-07-11. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/otros/espectaculosasi/daddy_yankee_estrena_pelicula_en_nueva_york/209584. Retrieved 2008-07-14. [dead link]
- ^ Aixa Sepúlveda Morales (2008-07-25). "Busca ser el "Cangri" del cine" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/otros_asi/espectaculos_asi/busca_ser_el_cangri_del_cine/213822. Retrieved 2008-07-28. [dead link]
- ^ ""Talento de barrio" bate récord de taquilla en un día" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. 2008-08-15. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/cine/espectaculosasi/talento_de_barrio_bate_record_de_taquilla_en_un_dia___/220117. Retrieved 2008-08-17. [dead link]
- ^ "Daddy Yankee anuncia oficialmente creación de la fundación "Corazón guerrero"" (in Spanish). Terra. 2007-06-29. http://www.terra.com/ocio/articulo/html/oci179005.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ "Harvard Crimson: Latino of the year: hip-hop artist Daddy Yankee". http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/4/25/presencia-latina-looks-to-leave-mark/. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- ^ Carlos González (2008-02-06). ""El Cangri"ya es Criollo" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/XStatic/primerahora/template/nota.aspx?n=155108. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ a b c d e f "Daddy Yankee rompe el silencio" (in Spanish). People en Español. 2006-04-27. http://www.peopleenespanol.com/pespanol/articles/0,22490,1188459,00.html. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
- ^ "Daddy Yankee, una padre joven y abierto" (in Spanish). entretienes.com. http://www.entretienes.com/internaCont_idc_259671_id_cat_250.html. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
External links[link]
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ayala, Ramón |
| Alternative names | Yankee, Daddy |
| Short description | Reggaeton artist |
| Date of birth | February 3, 1977 |
| Place of birth | San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Daddy_Yankee
Related pages:
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http://id.wn.com/Daddy Yankee
http://es.wn.com/Daddy Yankee
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
