- published: 23 Jul 2010
- views: 1638159
- author: WildFilmsIndia
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 21st Century Tiger
- A. A. Milne
- Aardwolf
- Abyssinian genet
- Acinonyx
- Afghanistan
- African civet
- African golden cat
- African linsang
- African palm civet
- Ailuridae
- Ailuropoda
- Albinism
- Allele
- Allen's olingo
- Amazon weasel
- American badger
- American black bear
- American marten
- American mink
- Amur River
- Ancient Greek
- Andean mountain cat
- Angolan genet
- Angolan kusimanse
- Animal
- Animal Planet
- Antarctic fur seal
- Aonyx
- Aphrodisiac
- Aquatic genet
- Aquatic locomotion
- Arctic fox
- Arctocephalus
- Asia
- Asian badger
- Asian black bear
- Asian golden cat
- Asian palm civet
- Asiatic black bear
- Asiatic linsang
- Assam
- Australian sea lion
- Ayyappan
- Back-striped weasel
- Badger
- Baikal seal
- Bali
- Bali tiger
- Balinese Hinduism
- Banded linsang
- Banded mongoose
- Banded palm civet
- Bangalore
- Bangladesh
- Barasingha
- Bassariscus
- Bat-eared fox
- Bay cat
- Bayesian analysis
- Bdeogale
- Bear
- Bearded seal
- Beddard's olingo
- Beech marten
- Beijing
- Bengal
- Bengal fox
- Bengal tiger
- Bengal Tiger
- Bengal tigers
- Bergmann's Rule
- Bering land bridge
- Bhutan
- Big Five game
- Billy Arjan Singh
- Binturong
- Black tiger (animal)
- Black-backed jackal
- Black-footed cat
- Black-footed ferret
- Blanford's fox
- Blesbuck
- Bobcat
- Borneo
- Bourlon's genet
- Brown bear
- Brown fur seal
- Brown hyena
- Brown palm civet
- Buffalo Zoo
- Burma
- Bush dog
- Bushy-tailed olingo
- Cacomistle
- Calcutta
- California sea lion
- Calvin and Hobbes
- Cambodia
- Camel
- Camouflage
- Canada lynx
- Canidae
- Caniformia
- Canine tooth
- Canis
- Cape fox
- Cape genet
- Cape gray mongoose
- Captivity (animal)
- Caracal
- Careya arborea
- Carl Linnaeus
- Carnivora
- Carnivore
- Caspian Sea
- Caspian seal
- Caspian tiger
- Cat
- Caucasian Wisent
- Caucasus
- Central Asia
- Cheetah
- Chimpanzee
- China
- Chinese art
- Chinese astrology
- Chinese dragon
- Chinese language
- Chinese mountain cat
- Chiriqui olingo
- Chital
- Chittagong
- Chordate
- Chuba
- CITES
- Civet
- Climate change
- Clouded leopard
- CNN
- Coat of arms
- Coati
- Collared mongoose
- Colocolo
- Colombian weasel
- Commensalism
- Common genet
- Common kusimanse
- Conservation (ethic)
- Conservation biology
- Conservation status
- Corsac fox
- Cougar
- Coyote
- Cozumel Raccoon
- Crab-eating fox
- Crab-eating mongoose
- Crab-eating Raccoon
- Crabeater seal
- CRC Press
- Crocodile
- Crossarchus
- Crown (tooth)
- Culpeo
- Darwin's fox
- Deciduous forest
- Devi
- Dhole
- Dietary fiber
- DNA
- Dog
- Dolphin
- Domestic buffalo
- Dominance (ethology)
- Douglas Harper
- Dragon
- Dudhwa National Park
- Durga
- Eared seal
- Earless seal
- Eastern Asia
- Economy of Russia
- Egyptian mongoose
- Egyptian weasel
- Elephant
- Elephant seal
- Emblem of Malaysia
- Endangered animal
- Endangered species
- Estrous cycle
- Ethiopian wolf
- Eupleridae
- Euplerinae
- Eurasian lynx
- European badger
- European mink
- European otter
- European pine marten
- European polecat
- Eutheria
- Evergreen
- Expatriate
- Extinction
- Eyespot (mimicry)
- Falanouc
- Feces
- Felidae
- Feliformia
- Felinae
- Felis
- Female
- Fenghuang
- Fennec fox
- Ferret-badger
- Fingerprint
- Fish
- Fisher (animal)
- Fishing cat
- Flag
- Flat-headed cat
- Flehmen response
- Folk etymology
- Folklore
- Fossa (animal)
- Fossil
- Frosted Flakes
- Fur seal
- Galerella
- Galictis
- Galidictis
- Galidiinae
- Galápagos fur seal
- Galápagos sea lion
- Gambian mongoose
- Ganges
- Garhwal division
- Gaur
- Gene
- Gene pool
- General Officer
- Genet (animal)
- Genetic ancestry
- Genetic diversity
- Genetic marker
- Genetic variability
- Geoffroy's cat
- Giant forest genet
- Giant otter
- Giant panda
- Golden jackal
- Golden palm civet
- Golden tiger
- Govt. of India
- Grassland
- Gray fox
- Gray wolf
- Gray Wolf
- Greater grison
- Greek language
- Grey seal
- Grizzly bear
- Guadalupe fur seal
- Guwahati Zoo
- Habitat
- Habitat conservation
- Habitat destruction
- Hairy-nosed otter
- Harbor seal
- Hare
- Harp seal
- Harris's olingo
- Haussa genet
- Hawaiian monk seal
- Helogale
- Hemigalinae
- Herpestes
- Himalaya
- Hinduism
- History of China
- Hoary fox
- Hog badger
- Hog-nosed skunk
- Holocene
- Homozygous
- Honey badger
- Hooded seal
- Hooded skunk
- Horse
- Hose's palm civet
- Houston, Texas
- Hukaung Valley
- Hung Ga
- Hunting blind
- Hybrid (biology)
- Hyena
- Iberian lynx
- Ictonyx
- Inbreeding
- India
- Indian gray mongoose
- Indian Rhinoceros
- Indira Gandhi
- Indochinese tiger
- Indochinese Tiger
- Indonesia
- Insular dwarfism
- Iran
- Iriomote cat
- Iris (anatomy)
- Island fox
- IUCN
- IUCN Red List
- Jackson's mongoose
- Jaguar
- Jaguarundi
- Japan
- Japanese badger
- Japanese marten
- Japanese weasel
- Java
- Java (island)
- Javan ferret-badger
- Javan tiger
- Javan Tiger
- Jim Corbett (hunter)
- John Edward Gray
- Johnston's genet
- JSTOR
- Jugular vein
- Jungle cat
- Kalachakra
- Kanha Tiger Reserve
- Khabarovsk Krai
- King genet
- Kinkajou
- Kit fox
- Kodiak bear
- Kodkod
- Kumaon division
- Kuniyoshi Utagawa
- Lake
- Laos
- Large Indian civet
- Large-spotted civet
- Latin
- Laurasiatheria
- Least weasel
- Leighton's linsang
- Leopard
- Leopard cat
- Leopard seal
- Leopardus
- Lesser grison
- Lez Пеленг
- Lhasa
- Liberian mongoose
- Life of Pi
- Liger
- Lion
- Long-nosed mongoose
- Long-tailed weasel
- Lontra
- Lutra
- Lutrogale
- Lycalopex
- Lycaon pictus
- Lynx
- Malagasy civet
- Malay Peninsula
- Malayan civet
- Malayan tapir
- Malayan Tiger
- Malayan tiger
- Malayan weasel
- Malaysia
- Male
- Maltese tiger
- Mammal
- Man Booker Prize
- Manchu people
- Manchurian wapiti
- Maned wolf
- Mangrove
- Mangroves
- Marbled cat
- Marbled polecat
- Margay
- Marine otter
- Marsh mongoose
- Marten
- Mascot
- Masked palm civet
- Mating
- Maybank
- Meerkat
- Meles (genus)
- Meller's mongoose
- Mephitis (genus)
- Metapopulation
- Mink
- Minnesota University
- Monachus
- Mongoose
- Monkey
- Montague Summers
- Moose
- Mountain weasel
- Mowgli
- Mugger crocodile
- Mungos
- Muntjac
- Musk deer
- Mustelidae
- Mustelinae
- Myanmar
- Mythology
- Nani people
- Nape
- Nasua
- Nasuella
- Nasuella meridensis
- Nasuella olivacea
- National animal
- Neofelis
- Neotropical otter
- Nepal
- New Zealand sea lion
- NGO
- Nikolai Severtzov
- Nilgai
- Nilgiri marten
- North Korea
- Northern fur seal
- Novel
- Nyctereutes
- Ocelot
- Old French
- Olingo
- Oliver Goldsmith
- Oncilla
- Orangutan
- Oriental
- Otter
- Otter civet
- Owston's palm civet
- Pacific Ocean
- Palawan
- Palawan (island)
- Palawan stink badger
- Pale fox
- Pallas's cat
- Pampas cat
- Pampas fox
- Pantanal cat
- Panthera
- Panthera Corporation
- Panthera hybrid
- Pantherinae
- Paradoxurinae
- Paradoxurus
- Paradoxurus aureus
- Pardine genet
- Pardofelis
- Parvati
- Patagonian weasel
- Peafowl
- Persian language
- Philippines
- Phoca
- Phylogenetic
- Pinniped
- Pinyin
- Pleistocene
- Poaching
- Polar bear
- Pond
- Prey
- Primorsky Krai
- Prionailurus
- Procyon (genus)
- Procyonidae
- Project Tiger
- Protected area
- Prusten
- Pugmark
- Puma (genus)
- Pupil
- Pusa
- Pygmy spotted skunk
- Python molurus
- Pythonidae
- Raccoon
- Raccoon dog
- Recessive
- Red fox
- Red panda
- Red wolf
- Reproduction
- Ribbon seal
- Ring-tailed Cat
- Ring-tailed mongoose
- Ringed seal
- River
- Roar (utterance)
- Ross seal
- Ruddy mongoose
- Rudyard Kipling
- Russia
- Russian Far East
- Rusty-spotted cat
- Rusty-spotted genet
- Rüppell's fox
- Sable
- Saiga antelope
- Sakhalin
- Salanoia durrelli
- Sambar deer
- Sand cat
- Save China's Tigers
- Scientific name
- Scientist
- Scoliosis
- Sea lion
- Sea otter
- Sechuran fox
- Selous' mongoose
- Serval
- Servaline genet
- Shapeshifting
- Shere Khan
- Short-eared dog
- Siberia
- Siberian Roe Deer
- Siberian tiger
- Siberian Tiger
- Siberian weasel
- Side-striped jackal
- Siegfried & Roy
- Sika deer
- Singapore Zoo
- Skunk
- Slender mongoose
- Sloth Bear
- Sloth bear
- Small Asian mongoose
- Small Indian civet
- Smooth-coated otter
- Snake
- Snow leopard
- Solitary but social
- South Africa
- South American Coati
- South China Tiger
- South China tiger
- South China Tigers
- South Korea
- Southeast Asia
- Southern India
- Southern river otter
- Soviet Union
- Spectacled bear
- Speothos
- Spinal cord
- Spotted hyena
- Spotted linsang
- Spotted seal
- Spotted skunk
- Spotted-necked otter
- Steller sea lion
- Steppe polecat
- Stink badger
- Stoat
- Strabismus
- Strangling
- Striped hyena
- Striped polecat
- Striped skunk
- Subspecies
- Sulawesi palm civet
- Sumatra
- Sumatran tiger
- Sumatran Tiger
- Sun bear
- Sunda stink badger
- Sundarbans
- Swift fox
- Synonym (taxonomy)
- Systema Naturae
- Taiga
- Takla-Makan desert
- Tayra
- Template Carnivora
- Terai
- Territorial marking
- Thailand
- The Jungle Book
- Thermoregulation
- Tibetan diaspora
- Tibetan people
- Tibetan sand fox
- Tiger
- Tiger (zodiac)
- Tiger attack
- Tiger farm
- Tiger hunting
- Tiger penis
- Tiger Temple
- Tiger versus lion
- Tigger
- Tiglon
- TIME Magazine
- Tony the Tiger
- Trinil
- Trinil tiger
- Tungusic people
- Turkey
- Twycross Zoo
- Udege people
- United Kingdom
- Urocyon
- Ursus (genus)
- USA
- Ussuri River
- Ventral
- Vep Tigr
- Vertebrate trachea
- Vietnam
- Viverra
- Viverridae
- Viverrinae
- Vratislav Mazák
- Vulpes
- Walrus
- Water
- Weasel
- Weddell seal
- Werecat
- Werewolf
- West
- Western Asia
- Western Ghats
- Whale
- White tiger
- White-nosed Coati
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikispecies
- Wild boar
- Wildcat
- Wildlife trade
- William Blake
- Winnie-the-Pooh
- Wolverine
- World Wide Fund
- World Wildlife Fund
- Xinjiang
- Yak
- Yellow mongoose
- Zalophus
- Zanesville, Ohio
- Zapovednik
-
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
wn.com/Afghanistan -
Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
wn.com/Assam -
Bali
Bali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island. The province covers a few small neighbouring islands as well as the isle of Bali.
With a population recorded as 3,891,428 in the 2010 census, the island is home to most of Indonesia's Hindu minority. In the 2000 census about 92.29% of Bali's population adhered to Balinese Hinduism while most of the remainder follow Islam. It is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. Bali, a tourist haven for decades, has seen a further surge in tourist numbers in recent years.
Bali was inhabited by around 2000 BC by Austronesian peoples who migrated originally from Taiwan through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are thus closely related to the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Oceania. Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.
wn.com/Bali -
Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,[needs IPA] is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.
wn.com/Bangalore -
Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
wn.com/Bangladesh -
Beijing
Beijing (
/beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
wn.com/Beijing -
Bhutan
Coordinates: 27°25′01″N 90°26′06″E / 27.417°N 90.435°E / 27.417; 90.435
Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, tr ʼbrug-yul, "Druk Yul"; Devanagari भूटान, Bhūṭān), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China. Bhutan is separated from the nearby country of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.
Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until the early 17th century, when the area was unified by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who fled religious persecution in Tibet and cultivated a separate Bhutanese identity. In the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire, after which Bhutan continued strong bilateral relations with India upon its independence. In 2006, Business Week rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, based on a global survey.
wn.com/Bhutan -
Burma
Burma
i/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar i/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).
wn.com/Burma -
Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
wn.com/Cambodia -
Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia (for endonyms, see below), is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, which contain Europe's highest mountain, Mt. Elbrus. Politically, the Caucasus region is separated between northern and southern parts.
The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus.
The Ciscaucasus contains the larger majority of the Greater Caucasus Mountain range, also known as the Major Caucasus mountains. It includes Southwestern Russia and northern parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan.
The Transcaucasus is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by the Black Sea and Turkey, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the south by Iran. It includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. All of Armenia, Azerbaijan (excluding the northern parts) and Georgia (excluding the northern parts) are in South Caucasus.
wn.com/Caucasus -
China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Chittagong
Chittagong (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম, Chôţţogram) is a commerce and industry hub, and a port city, in southeastern Bangladesh and the capital of an eponymous district and division. Built on the banks of the Karnaphuli River, the city is home to Bangladesh's busiest seaport and has a population of over 5.5 million, making it the second largest city in the country.
A trading post since the 9th century, Chittagong has a multicultural heritage of Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist traditions, as the result of different waves of settlements throughout the Middle Ages and well into the start of the British Raj. A few parts of Chittagong were developed in the early 20th century under the British to accommodate a railway hub. The city also became a focal point for revolutionary activities against the British, notably the armed uprising led by Surya Sen in 1930. It was also an important military base and supply point for Allied forces during the Burma Campaign in World War II. After the partition of India in 1947, Chittagong became part of East Pakistan. It was then that several key outlying areas were included into the city of Chittagong, including Agrabad, a modern commercial centre today. Chittagong regained prominence as an important investment destination and sea port in the eastern part of a newly independent country. In 1971, as East Pakistanis rebelled against West Pakistan’s refusal to accept results of the 1970 Pakistan General Election, the declaration of East Pakistan's secession into Bangladesh was announced in Chittagong. The city went onto witness atrocities and naval blockades during the liberation war that followed. Chittagong's development has been heavily affected by neglectfulness by the government, and centralization of the capital has taken toll to the cities development and growth.
wn.com/Chittagong -
Garhwal division
Coordinates: 30°30′N 78°30′E / 30.5°N 78.5°E / 30.5; 78.5 Garhwal (Hindi: गढ़वाल [ɡəɽʱʋaːl]) is the north-western region and administrative division of the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand which is home to the Garhwali people. Lying in the Himalayas, It is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Kumaon region, on the south by Uttar Pradesh state, and on the north-west by Himachal Pradesh state. It includes the districts of Chamoli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, and Uttarkashi. The people of Garhwal are known as Garhwali (गढ़वाली) and speak the Garhwali language (गढ़वाली भाषा). The administrative center for Garhwal division is the town of Pauri.
Garhwal the land of many ‘GAHRS’ meaning forts. This region was made up of many small forts which were ruled by chieftains. Therefore, the history of Garhwal before the dynastic rule of the ‘Panwar’ rulers is very obscure. Kanak Pal was the first ruler of the state of Garhwal in 823 AD.
The Garhwal Himalayas have nurtured civilization from the wee hours of history. It appears to have been a favorite locale for the voluminous mythology of the Puranic period. The traditional name of Garhwal was Uttarakhand and excavations have revealed that it formed part of the Mauryan Empire.
wn.com/Garhwal_division -
India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
wn.com/India -
Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
wn.com/Indonesia -
Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
wn.com/Iran -
Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
wn.com/Japan -
Khabarovsk Krai
Khabarovsk Krai (Russian: Хаба́ровский край, tr. Khabarovsky kray; IPA: [xɐˈbarəfskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Russian Far East. It lies mostly in the basin of the lower Amur River, but also occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk, an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The administrative center of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk. Population: 1,343,869 (2010 Census).
The indigenous people of the area are the Evenks, Negidals, Ulchs, Nanai, Oroch, Udege, and Amur Nivkhs.
According to various Chinese and Korean records, the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai was originally occupied one of the five semi-nomadic Shiwei, the Bo Shiwei tribes and the Black Water Mohe tribes living respectively on the west and the east of the Bureinsky and the Malyi Khingan ranges.
In 1643, Vassili Poyarkov's boats descended the Amur, returning to Yakutsk by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Aldan River, and in 1649–1650 Yerofey Khabarov occupied the banks of the Amur. The resistance of the Chinese, however, obliged the Cossacks to quit their forts, and by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) Russia abandoned her advance into the basin of the river.
wn.com/Khabarovsk_Krai -
Kumaon division
For Kumaoni/Kumauni People see Kumauni People
Kumaon (Hindi: कुमाऊं) or Kumaun is one of the two regions and administrative divisions of Uttarakhand, a mountainous state of northern India, the other being Garhwal. It includes the districts of Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Nainital, Pithoragarh, and Udham Singh Nagar. It is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Nepal, on the south by the state of Uttar Pradesh, and on the west by the Garhwal region. The people of Kumaon are known as Kumaonis and speak the Kumaoni language.
It is home to a famous Indian Army regiment, the Kumaon Regiment.
Important towns of Kumaon are Haldwani, Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh, Rudrapur, Kashipur, Pantnagar, Mukteshwar and Ranikhet. Nainital is the administrative centre of Kumaon Division and this is where the Uttarakhand high court is located.
The Kumaon region consists of a large Himalayan tract, together with two submontane strips called the Terai and the Bhabhar. The submontane strips were up to 1850 an almost impenetrable forest, given up to wild animals; but after 1850 the numerous clearings attracted a large population from the hills, who cultivated the rich soil during the hot and cold seasons, returning to the hills in the rains. The rest of Kumaon is a maze of mountains, part of the Himalaya range, some of which are among the loftiest known. In a tract not more than 225 km in length and 65 km in breadth there are over thirty peaks rising to elevations exceeding 5500 m.
wn.com/Kumaon_division -
Laos
Laos ((i/ˈlaʊs/, /ˈlɑː.ɒs/, /ˈlɑː.oʊs/, or /ˈleɪ.ɒs/) Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, pronounced [sǎː.tʰáː.laʔ.naʔ.lat páʔ.sáː.tʰiʔ.páʔ.tàj páʔ.sáː.són.láːw] Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west. Its population was estimated to be 6.5 million in 2012.
Laos traces its history to the Kingdom which existed from the 14th to the 18th century when it split into three separate kingdoms. In 1893, it became a French protectorate, with the three kingdoms, Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak, uniting to form what is now known as Laos. It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation, but returned to French rule until it was granted autonomy in 1949. Laos became independent in 1953, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. Shortly after independence, a long civil war ended the monarchy, when the Communist Pathet Lao movement came to power in 1975.
wn.com/Laos -
Lhasa
Lhasa ( /ˈlɑːsə/, Tibetan: ལྷ་ས་གྲོང་ཁྱིར།, ZYPY: Lhasa Chongkyir, [l̥ásə] or [l̥ɜ́ːsə]; simplified Chinese: 拉萨; traditional Chinese: 拉薩; pinyin: Lāsà; sometimes spelled Lasa) is the administrative capital and a prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. It is the second most populous city on the Tibetan Plateau, after Xining, and at an altitude of 3,490 metres (11,450 ft), Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang temple and Norbulingka palaces, many of which are located in Chengguan District, the city seat.
Lhasa literally means "place of the gods". Ancient Tibetan documents and inscriptions demonstrate that the place was called Rasa, which either meant "goats' place", or, as a contraction of rawe sa, a "place surrounded by a wall," or 'enclosure', suggesting that the site was originally a hunting preserve within the royal residence on Marpori Hill. Lhasa is first recorded as the name, referring to the area's temple of Jowo, in a treaty drawn up between China and Tibet in 822 C.E.
wn.com/Lhasa -
Malay Peninsula
The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu; سمننجوڠ تانه ملايو, Thai: คาบสมุทรมลายู) is a peninsula in Southeast Asia. The land mass runs approximately north-south and, at its terminus, is the southern-most point of the Asian mainland. The area contains the southernmost tip of Burma, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Southern Thailand.
The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system, and form the backbone of the Peninsula. They form the southernmost section of the central cordillera which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus (the Peninsula's narrowest point) into the Malay peninsula. The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra while the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the Straits of Johor.
The Malay term Tanah Melayu (literally: 'The Malay Land') is generally used by the Malays and occasionally used in political discourse to describe uniting all ethnic Malay people on the peninsula under one Malay nation, although this ambition was largely realised with the creation of Malaysia.[citation needed]
wn.com/Malay_Peninsula -
Malaysia
Malaysia (i/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or i/məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.
wn.com/Malaysia -
Nepal
Nepal (नेपाल) (i/nɛˈpɔːl/ ne-PAWLNepali: नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million.
Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
wn.com/Nepal -
North Korea
Coordinates: 40°00′N 127°00′E / 40°N 127°E / 40; 127 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국), commonly referred to as "North Korea" ( listen), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok, or Yalu, and the Tumen rivers form the border between North Korea and China. A section of the Tumen River in the far northeast is the border with Russia.
The peninsula was governed by the Korean Empire until it was annexed by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War in 1910. It was divided into Soviet- and American-occupied zones in 1945, after the end of World War II. North Korea refused to participate in a United Nations–supervised election held in the south in 1948, which led to the creation of separate Korean governments for the two occupation zones. North and South Korea each claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean Peninsula, which led to the Korean War of 1950. The Armistice Agreement of 1953 ended the fighting; but the two countries are officially still at war against each other, for a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991.
wn.com/North_Korea -
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
wn.com/Pacific_Ocean -
Palawan
Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region or Region 4. Its capital is Puerto Princesa City, and it is the largest province in the country in terms of total area of jurisdiction. The islands of Palawan stretch from Mindoro in the northeast to Borneo in the southwest. It lies between the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea. The province is named after its largest island, Palawan Island (09°30′N 118°30′E / 9.5°N 118.5°E / 9.5; 118.5), measuring 450 kilometres (280 mi) long, and 50 kilometres (31 mi) wide.
Palawan is composed of the long and narrow Palawan Island, plus a number of other smaller islands surrounding the main island. The Calamianes Group of Islands, to the northeast consists of Busuanga Island, Culion Island, and Coron Island. Durangan Island almost touches the westernmost part of Palawan Island, while Balabac Island is located off the southern tip, separated from Borneo by the Balabac Strait. In addition, Palawan covers the Cuyo Islands in the Sulu Sea. The disputed Spratly Islands, located a few hundred kilometres to the west is considered part of Palawan by the Philippines, and is locally called the Kalayaan Group of Islands.
wn.com/Palawan -
Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
wn.com/Philippines -
Primorsky Krai
Primorsky Krai (Russian: Примо́рский край; IPA: [prʲɪˈmorskʲɪj kraj]), informally known as Primorye (Примо́рье, IPA: [prʲɪˈmorʲjə]), is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). Primorsky means "maritime" in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as Maritime Province or Maritime Territory. Its administrative center is in the city of Vladivostok. The region's population is 1,956,497 (2010 Census).
Today, Primorsky Krai has the largest economy in the Russian Far East.
Primorsky Krai, bordered by China, North Korea, and the relatively warm, although freezing in winter, waters of the Sea of Japan, is the southeasternmost region of Russia, located between the 42° and 48° north latitude and 130° and 139° east longitude. It is stretched in the meridianal direction, the distance from its extreme northern point to its most southerly point being about 900 kilometers (560 mi).
Highlands dominate the territory of the krai. Most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% of it is forested. The average elevation is about 500 meters (1,600 ft). Sikhote-Alin is a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of parallel ranges: the Partizansky (Partisan), the Siny (Blue), the Kholodny (Cold), and others. There are many karst caves in the South of Primorye. The relatively accessible Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave (the Sleeping Beauty) in the Ussuriysky Nature Preserve could be recommended for tourists. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of the ancient volcanoes in the area.
wn.com/Primorsky_Krai -
Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
wn.com/Russia -
Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
wn.com/Siberia -
South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
wn.com/South_Africa -
South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
wn.com/South_Korea -
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Sundarbans
The Sundarbans (Bengali: সুন্দরবন, Shundorbôn) is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world. The Sunderbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site covering parts of India and Bangladesh.
The Sundarbans National Park is a National Park, Tiger Reserve, and a Biosphere Reserve located in the Sundarbans delta in the Indian state of West Bengal. Sundarbans South and Sundarbans West are two protected forests in Bangladesh. This region is densely covered by mangrove forests, and is one of the largest reserves for the Bengal tiger.
The name Sundarban can be literally translated as "beautiful forest" in the Bengali language (Shundor, "beautiful" and bon, "forest"). The name may have been derived from the Sundari trees that are found in Sundarbans in large numbers. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name is a corruption of Samudraban (Bengali: সমুদ্রবন Shomudrobôn "Sea Forest") or Chandra-bandhe (name of a primitive tribe). However, the generally accepted view is the one associated with Sundari trees.
wn.com/Sundarbans -
Thailand
Thailand ( /ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] (
listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
wn.com/Thailand -
Tiger Temple
Tiger Temple, or Wat Pha Luang Ta Bua, is a Theravada Buddhist temple in western Thailand that was founded in 1994 as a forest temple and sanctuary for wild animals, among them several tigers, mostly Indo-chinese Tigers.
The temple is located in the Saiyok district of Thailand's Kanchanaburi province, not far from the border with Myanmar, some 38 km (24 mi) north-west of Kanchanaburi along the 323 highway.
In 1999, the temple received the first tiger cub, one that had been found by villagers; it died soon after. Later, several tiger cubs were given to the temple, typically when the mothers had been killed by poachers, people whose "pet" tigers were getting too big, or those who had to when the laws about the keeping protected species became more strict. As of 2007, over 21 cubs had been born at the temple, and the total number of tigers was about 12 adult tigers and 4 cubs. As of May 2012, the total number of tigers living at the temple has risen to over 100[citation needed].
The temple charges a 600 Baht admission fee (March 2011 about US$19) to raise funds to care for the animals. Day trips also available from Bangkok and the journey takes about 2.5 hours. The temple sees between 300 and 600 visitors each day. There are donation boxes around the temple for those who wish to help support the sanctuary. For a fee, visitors may join in the tigers' morning or evening exercise programme. No more than 20 visitors may do this at a time. The temple staff says it costs US$100 per tiger each day for the their feeding and care. Western staff sell the additional services, although the handlers usually are local Thai women.
wn.com/Tiger_Temple -
Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
wn.com/Turkey -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
wn.com/Vietnam -
Xinjiang
Xinjiang (XUAR) (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ, ULY: Shinjang; Mandarin pronunciation: [ɕíntɕjɑ́ŋ]; Chinese: 新疆; pinyin: Xīnjiāng; Wade–Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
It is home to a number of different ethnic groups including the Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, Hui, Kyrgyz, and Mongol. More than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities are located in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan, Sinkiang, and East Turkestan. Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 4.3% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.
wn.com/Xinjiang
-
14th Dalai Lama
The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub, 6 July 1935) is the 14th and current Dalai Lama, as well as the longest lived incumbent. Dalai Lamas are the most influential figures in the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, although the 14th has consolidated control over the other lineages in recent years. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, and is also well known for his lifelong advocacy for Tibetans inside and outside Tibet. Tibetans traditionally believe him to be the reincarnation of his predecessors and a manifestation of the Bodhisattva of Compassion.
The Dalai Lama was born in Taktser, Qinghai (also known to Tibetans as Amdo), and was selected as the rebirth of the 13th Dalai Lama two years later, although he was only formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15. He inherited control over a government controlling an area roughly corresponding to the Tibet Autonomous Region just as the nascent People's Republic of China wished to assert central control over it. There is a dispute over whether the respective governments reached an agreement for a joint Chinese-Tibetan administration.
wn.com/14th_Dalai_Lama -
Billy Arjan Singh
Kunwar "Billy" Arjan Singh (15 August 1917 – 1 January 2010) was an Indian hunter turned conservationist and author. He was the first who tried to reintroduce tigers and leopards from captivity into the wild.
Billy Arjan Singh died peacefully at his original farmhouse Jasbir Nagar on 1 January 2010.
Kunwar "Billy" Arjan Singh was born in Gorakhpur on 15 August 1917 as the second son of Kunwar Jasbir Singh, CIE (1887–1942), a member of the royal Ahluwalia dynasty of Kapurthala. His grandfather was Raja Harnam Singh, Raja Maharaj Singh was his uncle, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was his aunt and his elder brother was Air Vice-Marshal Kunwar Jaswant Singh, PVSM (1915–1963) In 1940, Singh was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the British Indian Army and was posted to the south of Iraq. Upon his return to India he purchased a farm in the remote district of Lakhimpur Kheri and built himself a home – named in honour of his father – Jasbir Nagar. He settled down to a life of farming and hunting. Nearly ten years later, he also acquired an estate on the borders of the forestry reserve at Dudhwa. This came to be known as Tiger Haven and it is there that he lived for most of the rest of his life.
wn.com/Billy_Arjan_Singh -
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish original name Carl Nilsson Linnæus, 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (help·info), was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761 Carolus a Linné).
Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. Linnaeus received most of his higher education at Uppsala University, and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 60s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, and published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe.
wn.com/Carl_Linnaeus -
Douglas Harper
Douglas Harper is a historian, author, and journalist based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States. He is the author of historical books on Civil War-era Chester County, Pennsylvania. He is the founder of the Online Etymology Dictionary.
Harper has written the following books and articles:
wn.com/Douglas_Harper -
Indira Gandhi
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī listen (help·info), née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician who served as the third Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term (1980–84). Gandhi was the second female head of government in the world after Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka, and she remains as the world's second longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2012. She was the first woman to become prime minister in India.
Gandhi was the only child of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India. She adhered to the quasi-socialist policies of industrial development that had been begun by her father. Gandhi established closer relations with the Soviet Union, depending on that nation for support in India’s long-standing conflict with Pakistan. She was also the only Indian Prime Minister to have declared a state of emergency in order to 'rule by decree' and the only Indian Prime Minister to have been imprisoned after holding that office. She was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for ordering Operation Blue Star.
wn.com/Indira_Gandhi -
John Edward Gray
John Edward Gray, FRS (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828).
Gray was Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum in London from 1840 until Christmas 1874, before the Natural History holdings were split off to the Natural History Museum. He published several catalogues of the museum collections that included comprehensive discussions of animal groups as well as descriptions of new species. He improved the zoological collections to make them amongst the best in the world.
Gray was born in Walsall, but his family soon moved to London, where Gray studied medicine. He assisted his father in writing The Natural Arrangement of British Plants (1821). After being blackballed by the Linnean Society he turned his interest from botany to zoology.[citation needed] He began his zoological career by volunteering to collect insects for the British Museum at age 15. He officially joined the Zoological Department in 1824 to help John George Children catalog the reptile collection. In 1840 he took over from Children as Keeper of Zoology, which he continued for 35 years, publishing well over 1000 papers. He named many cetacean species, genera, subfamilies, and families.
wn.com/John_Edward_Gray -
Manchu people
The Manchus (Manchu:
Manju; simplified Chinese: 满族; traditional Chinese: 滿族; pinyin: Mǎnzú) are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria (northeastern China).
For centuries, the Manchu ethnicity has acculturated with the majority Han ethnicity of China. Most Manchu today speak Standard Chinese, while the Manchu language is only spoken by elderly people in remote northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of Xibe, a closely related language spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is quite large—with 10.68 million members (in China), Manchu is the 3rd largest ethnic group in China after the Han and the Zhuang. The adoption of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities (such as preferential university admission, government employment opportunities and exemption from the one child policy) has encouraged some people with mixed Han and Manchu ancestry to re-identify themselves as Manchu.
wn.com/Manchu_people -
Montague Summers
Augustus Montague Summers (10 April 1880 – 10 August 1948) was an English author and clergyman. He is known primarily for his scholarly work on the English drama of the 17th century, as well as for his idiosyncratic studies on witches, vampires, and werewolves, in all of which he professed to believe. He was responsible for the first English translation, published in 1928, of the notorious 15th-century witch hunter's manual, the Malleus Maleficarum.
Montague Summers was the youngest of the seven children of Augustus William Summers, a rich banker and justice of the peace in Clifton, Bristol. Summers was educated at Clifton College before studying theology at Trinity College, Oxford with the intention of becoming a priest in the Church of England. In 1905 he received a fourth-class Bachelor of Arts degree. He then continued his religious training at the Lichfield Theological College.
Summers was ordained as deacon in 1908 and worked as a curate in Bath and Bitton, in Greater Bristol. He never proceeded to higher orders, however, probably because of rumours of his interest in Satanism and accusations of sexual impropriety with young boys, for which he was tried and acquitted. Summers' first book, Antinous and Other Poems, published in 1907, was dedicated to the subject of pederasty.
wn.com/Montague_Summers -
Mowgli
Mowgli ( /ˈmaʊɡli/) is a fictional character and the protagonist of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book stories. He is a feral child from India who originally appeared in Rudyard Kipling's short story "In the Rukh" (collected in Many Inventions, 1893) and then went on to become the most prominent and memorable character in his fantasies The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book (1894–1895), which also featured stories about other characters.
The Mowgli stories, including In the Rukh, were first collected in chronological order in one volume as The Works of Rudyard Kipling Volume VII: The Jungle Book (1907) (Volume VIII of this series contained the non-Mowgli stories from the Jungle Books), and subsequently in All the Mowgli Stories (1933).
In the Rukh describes how Gisborne, an English forest ranger in India at the time of the British Raj, discovers a young man named Mowgli, who has extraordinary skill at hunting and tracking, and asks him to join the forestry service. Later Gisborne learns the reason for Mowgli's almost superhuman talents: he was raised by a pack of wolves in the jungle.
wn.com/Mowgli -
Nikolai Severtzov
Nikolai Alekseevich Severtzov (5 November 1827 – 8 February 1885) was a Russian explorer and naturalist.
On an expedition to the Syr Darya he was captured by bandits and freed after a month. In 1865-68 he explored the Tien Shan and Lake Issyk Kul. In 1877-78 he explored the Pamir Mountains following a route close to the current Pamir Highway as far as Lake Yashil Kul on the Ghunt River.
Severtzov wrote the Vertical and horizontal distribution of Turkestan wildlife (1873), which included the first description of a number of animals. Among them are an argali (wild sheep) subspecies later named after him Ovis ammon severtzovi. He also described many new species and subspecies of birds. The Spotted Great Rosefinch Carpodacus severtzovi is among the species named after him.
The Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow is named after his son Alexey Severtzov.
Robert Middleton and Huw Thomas, "Tajikistan and the High Pamirs", 2008
wn.com/Nikolai_Severtzov -
Oliver Goldsmith
Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 – 4 April 1774) was an Anglo-Irish writer and poet, who is best known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770), and his plays The Good-Natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1771, first performed in 1773). He also wrote An History of the Earth and Animated Nature. He is thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes, the source of the phrase "goody two-shoes".
Goldsmith's birth date and year are not known with certainty. According to the Library of Congress authority file, he told a biographer that he was born on 29 November 1728. The location of his birthplace is also uncertain. He was born either in the townland of Pallas, near Ballymahon, County Longford, Ireland, where his father was the Anglican curate of the parish of Forgney, or at the residence of his maternal grandparents, at the Smith Hill House in the diocese of Elphin, County Roscommon where his grandfather Oliver Jones was a clergyman and master of the Elphin diocesan school. When he was two years old, Goldsmith's father was appointed the rector of the parish of "Kilkenny West" in County Westmeath. The family moved to the parsonage at Lissoy, between Athlone and Ballymahon, and continued to live there until his father's death in 1747.
wn.com/Oliver_Goldsmith -
Rudyard Kipling
Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( /ˈrʌdjəd ˈkɪplɪŋ/ RUD-yəd KIP-ling; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English poet, short-story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. Kipling received the 1907 Nobel Prize for Literature. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old. Kipling is best known for his works of fiction, including The Jungle Book (a collection of stories which includes "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"), Just So Stories (1902) (1894), Kim (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888); and his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), The White Man's Burden (1899) and If— (1910). He is regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short story"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best works are said to exhibit "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".
wn.com/Rudyard_Kipling -
Shere Khan
Shere Khan is a fictional tiger who appears in two of Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book stories featuring Mowgli and their adaptations. The word Shere translates as "tiger" in Urdu/Hindi/Punjabi, and Khan translates as "sovereign," "king", or "military leader" and so forth in a number of languages influenced by the Mongols, including Pashto. Shere Khan should be pronounced "Skere Khan" according to one of Rudyard Kipling's notes, though in film adaptations his name has always been pronounced as it is written.
Despite being born with a crippled leg and derisively nicknamed Lungri (The Lame One) by his own mother, Shere Khan is arrogant and regards himself as the rightful lord of the jungle. It seems, however, that the only creature who looks up to him is Tabaqui, the cowardly, despised golden jackal.
In "Mowgli's Brothers", Shere Khan's failed attempt to hunt humans causes a human "cub" to stray from his parents. By the time Shere Khan catches up with the infant it has already been adopted by the Indian wolves Raksha and Father Wolf, who have named the child Mowgli. Despite Shere Khan's bluster, Mowgli is accepted into Akela's wolf pack and protected by Bagheera and Baloo. Furious at losing his kill, the tiger swears that the boy will be his some day.
wn.com/Shere_Khan -
Tibetan people
The Tibetan people (Tibetan: བོད་པ།་, Wylie: Bodpa; Chinese: 藏族; pinyin: Zàng Zú) are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet, which is mostly in the People's Republic of China. They number 5.4 million and are the 10th largest ethnic group in the country. Significant Tibetan minorities also live in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. The Khampas of Tibet are originally from Mongolia.
Tibetans speak the Tibetan language, which belongs to the Sino-Tibetan languages and has many mutually unintelligible dialects. The traditional, or mythological, explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the descendants of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo. Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, though some observe the indigenous Bön and others are Muslims. Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art, drama, and architecture, while the harsh geography of Tibet has produced an adaptive culture of Tibetan medicine and cuisine.
As of 2008, there are 5.4 million Tibetans in China. The SIL Ethnologue in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 Tibetan language speakers living in India, 5,280 in Nepal, and 4,800 in Bhutan. The Central Tibetan Administration's (CTA) own refugee register counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; in Nepal there are over 16,000; over 1,800 in Bhutan and more than 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, France, Mexico, Norway, Taiwan, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and USA.[citation needed]
wn.com/Tibetan_people -
Tony the Tiger
Tony the Tiger is the advertising cartoon mascot for Kellogg's Frosted Flakes (also known as Frosties) breakfast cereal, appearing on its packaging and advertising. More recently, Tony has also become the mascot for Tony's Cinnamon Krunchers and Tiger Power. Since his debut in 1951, the character has spanned several generations and become a breakfast cereal icon.
In 1951, Eugene Kolkey, an accomplished graphic artist and Art Director for Leo Burnett, sketched a character for a contest to become the official mascot of a then brand-new breakfast cereal. Kolkey designed a tiger named Tony (named after an ad man at Leo Burnett - Raymond Anthony Wells - see obiturary 2002 Chicago Tribune) and selected Martin Provensen for the finished artwork. Tony competed against three other potential mascots for the public's affection: Katy the Kangaroo (originated by Robert Dulaney in the early sixties), Elmo the Elephant, and Newt the Gnu. Within the year, the other mascots were dropped (with Elmo and Newt never once gracing the front of the box), and Tony was given a son, Tony Jr. Tony the Tiger would eventually become a cereal icon.
wn.com/Tony_the_Tiger -
Udege people
Udege (Удэгейцы in Russian; ethnonym: удээ and удэхе, or udee and udehe correspondingly) are a people who live in the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai regions in Russia. They live along the tributaries of the Ussuri, Amur, Kungari and Anyuy Rivers. The Udege speak the Udege language, which belongs to the Tungusic language family. Their religious beliefs include animism, animal worship and shamanism. The Udege are mainly engaged in hunting, fishing and ginseng picking. According to the 2002 census, there were 1,657 Udege in Russia, a slight increase from 1,500 in 1970).
Udege biggest settlements are in :
- Khabarovsk krai : Gvasiugidi and Arsenievo
- Primorsky krai : Agzu, Krasny Yar and Olon
wn.com/Udege_people -
Vratislav Mazák
Vratislav Mazák (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvracɪslaf ˈmazaːk]; June 22, 1937 – September 9, 1987) was a Czech biologist. He specialised in paleoanthropology, mammalogy and taxonomy, and he was also a painter, often illustrating his books about animals and men.
Born at Kutná Hora, he was a professor at the Charles University's Faculty of Science and also worked as a zoologist at the Prague National Museum. Along with Dr. Groves, Mazák was the describer of Homo ergaster. He also described the tiger subspecies Panthera tigris corbetti.
He died in Prague.
wn.com/Vratislav_Mazák -
William Blake
William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. His prophetic poetry has been said to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language". His visual artistry has led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced". Although he lived in London his entire life except for three years spent in Felpham he produced a diverse and symbolically rich corpus, which embraced the imagination as "the body of God", or "Human existence itself".
Considered mad by contemporaries for his idiosyncratic views, Blake is held in high regard by later critics for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work. His paintings and poetry have been characterised as part of both the Romantic movement and "Pre-Romantic", for its large appearance in the 18th century. Reverent of the Bible but hostile to the Church of England – indeed, to all forms of organised religion – Blake was influenced by the ideals and ambitions of the French and American revolutions, as well as by such thinkers as Jakob Böhme and Emanuel Swedenborg. Despite these known influences, the singularity of Blake's work makes him difficult to classify. The 19th-century scholar William Rossetti characterised Blake as a "glorious luminary," and as "a man not forestalled by predecessors, nor to be classed with contemporaries, nor to be replaced by known or readily surmisable successors".
wn.com/William_Blake
Tiger Filmography
- Play Ball (2006)
- Black Cocks in White Jocks (2006)
- Color Blind (2006)
- Tiger's Temptation (2003)
- Young, Gay and Gorgeous (2002)
- Palmer's Lust (2001)
- Mile Bi Club (2001)
- Roar of the Tiger (2001)
- Shock, Part 2 (2001)
- Skateboard Sliders 2: Slidin' in Deep (2001)
- Skateboard Sliders 3: Premium Wood (2001)
- Lickity Split (2001)
- American Booty 2 (2000)
Tiger Filmography
Tiger Filmography
- Tiger - ABBA
- Tiger - Ganz Schön Feist
- Tiger - Paula Cole
- Tiger - Hurriganes
- Tiger - Noel Paul Stookey
The city is a jungle, you better take care
Never walk alone after midnight
If you don't believe it you better beware of me
I am behind you, I always find you, I am the tiger
People who fear me never go near me, I am the tiger
The city is a nightmare, a horrible dream
Some of us will dream it forever
Look around the corner and try not to scream, it's me
I am behind you, I always find you, I am the tiger
People who fear me never go near me, I am the tiger
Yellow eyes are glowing like the neon lights
Yellow eyes, the spotlights of the city nights
I am behind you, I always find you, I am the tiger
People who fear me never go near me, I am the tiger
The city is a prison, you never escape
You're forever trapped in the alleys
Look into the shadows and you'll see the shape, of me
I am behind you, I'll always find you, I am the tiger
People who fear me never go near me, I am the tiger
Yellow eyes are glowing like the neon lights
Yellow eyes, the spotlights of the city nights
I am behind you, I'll always find you, I am the tiger
People who fear me never go near me, I am the tiger
And if I meet you, what if I eat you, I am the tiger
I am behind you, I'll always find you, I am the tiger
Ich sitze an der Theke und ich schmiede einen Plan
wie ich diese schöne Frau da drüben kriegen kann
ich denk mir Komplimente aus und kaufe eine Rose
und stecke mein Designerhemd in meine Hose
Ich liebe es zu jagen und ich fühl mich wie ein Tiger
und je schwieriger die Jagd, desto lieber
plötzlich steht sie auf, kommt auf mich zu und setzt sich hin
legt ihre Hand auf meine Schulter und fragt mich, wer ich bin
Und ich sag: äh äh äh
und sie sagt: hä hä hä
und ich sag: uäh uäh uäh
sie sagt: ok ok ok...
Tja, is dumm gelaufen, aber is mir auch ganz lieb
denn die war ja sowieso nicht so ganz mein Typ
ich mag es nunmal nicht, wenn man mich aufreißen will
denn ich bin doch der Tiger, wo bleibt 'n da der Stil
Ich lass mich nicht entmutigen, die Nacht is noch lang
da treffen mich die Blicke von einem fremden Mann
er lächelt und dann setzt er sich ganz einfach zu mir hin
und dann sagt er mir auch noch, wie süß ich doch bin
Und ich sag: äh äh äh
und er sagt: hä hä hä
und ich sag: uäh uäh uäh
er sagt: ok ok ok...
Also gut gut gut, ich nehm es keinem übel
ich weiß es selbst, ich bin nunmal 'n rattenscharfer Dübel
ich bin der Tiger im Designerhemd
und dann hab ich so ca. 13 Bier gestemmt
Ich bin aufgewacht am nächsten Morgen und war nicht allein
ich spürte eine raue Hand und ein behaartes Bein
dann hört ich eine Männerstimme und die sagt zu mir
ey, die letzte Nacht war wirklich schön mit dir
Und ich sag: äh äh äh
und er sagt: hä hä hä
und ich sag: uäh uäh uäh
er sagt: ok ok ok...
Und ich sag: äh äh äh
und er sagt: hä hä hä
und ich sag: uäh uäh uäh
er sagt: ok ok, ich geh
Where do I put this fire
This bright red feeling
This tiger lily down my mouth
He wants to grow to twenty feet tall
CHORUS:
I've left Bethlehem
I feel free
I've left the girl I was supposed to be and
Someday I'll be born
I'm so tired of being shy
I'm not that girl anymore
I'm not that straight A anymore
Now I want to sit with my legs wide open and
Laugh so loud that the whole damn restaurant
Will turn and look at me and say
Look at the tiger jumping out of her mouth
Chorus
No more sex-starved teachers
Trying to touch my ass
I can finally be a teenager at age twenty-six
Go to hell lions, tigers, and bears
I'm not afraid of you anymore
And my fear broke apart like fifty balloons
And I'm thrown around the room like party confetti now
chorus
Someday I'll be born
Someday someday someday I'll be born
Someday someday someday I'll be born
High and noon (13 times)
Hey little sugar you´re so kind and sweet
Cuter than the baby walking down the street
When i´m looking at you i just wanna leap
Oo-oo-oo like a tiger
Oo-oo-oo just to see you walking round
I wanna growl , wow
I´m feeling stronger than a grizzly bear
Stronger like a nickle flying through the air
When i get you in my arms you´d better beware
I go insane ´cos can´t be free like a tiger
Oo-oo-oo like a tiger
Oo-oo-oo just to see you walking round
I wanna growl , wow
You keep my heart jumping like a kangaroo
Poppin´ like a bean in a boiling stew
Baby everytime you come to me
I´m running like a rabbit but you can´t beat me
I´m your tiger and your my bait
Hurry up baby now don´t be late
I get mad if i have to wait
Come on right now ´cos i´m on my cowe
Oh boy, another gig with the tiger
Another pig in the fire
And the flames keep getting higher
There are causes I have lost myself within
And some without
And every man I thought he knew
What I should be about
But I put that all behind
When I asked the Son to shine into my life
Oh no, another go at the circus
Another wheel out of focus
and I think I found the joke is on me
Assuming your salvation can be such a dangerous lie
But before you get the license, honey
First you gotta learn how to drive
I'm feeling so much wiser
Since the Supervisor came into my life
Oh wow, another plow in the ocean
Another day of devotion
And I'm living in slow motion
All of my sins 'been forgiven
Can't you see by the way that I've been living?
I'm feeling so much better
ALBUMS
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Friends
- I Was a Rolling Stone
- Speak to Me
- Girl From the Petrol Station
- Candy and Andy
- Birmingham
- Root Cage
- Soho Soul
- Bee Song
- Our Simple Life
- River
- Rox Baroque
- No Wanga Gut
- Bam Bam
- Puppy Love
- Don't Be Greedy
- Decent Man
- Rough and Cool
- Me Name Tiger
- Tiger Talking
- Dreadie and Baldhead
- Do It Anyway
- Groovin'
- All Out for the Killing
- Nobody Move
- Windscreen
- Who Planned It
- Beep Beep
- Rude Boy
- Just Look
- Chaos
- Flip Up and Flop
- Post Hole
- Cool Me Down
- Out of Many One People
- So Mi Look
- Tom Peeper
- Mad Max
- New Slang
- Ruling Sound
- Tempo
- Ready Fi Dem
- Heartical Vibes
- Bonafide
- Bundle Up
- My Puppet Pal
- Shamed All Over
- Race
- Bollinger Farm
- Storm Injector
- Depot
- On the Rose
- Sorry Monkeys
- Cateader Reddle
- She's O.K.
- Ray Travez
- Keep in Touch
- Shining in the Wood
- Where's the Love
- Bicycle
- Shocking Colour
- Ram Dance Master
- Beat Down Fence
- Watch Me Company
- Music Diesel
- Tiger Has Come
- Voice Out
- Boombastic
- Fame Grabber
- Top Man Move
- No Wanga Gut
- Puppy Love
- Tiger Talking
- Me Name Tiger
- Mi Lover Mi Lover
- Don't Be Greedy
- Move Up
- The Works
- Follow Mi Model
- Na Lef Ya So
- Tiger
- No Wanga Got
- Progress
- No Puppy Love
- Mi Lover Mi Lover
- Me Name Tiger
- Don't Be Greedy
- No Lef Ya So
- Man and Woman
- The Works
- Bonner Pen Rock
- Move Up
- Rough Rankin Tiger
- Deadly
- Whey You Saying
- Emanuel Road
- Fe Fi Fo Fum (feat. Cutty Ranks)
- Gun Talk
- Big Thing
- Frenemy
- No Come Fe Skin-Up
- Music Street
- Put It On
- Can't Stand We
- Crown Me King
- No Man Test
- Fire Me Bring
- Briggy Dip
- Crab Inna Barrel
- Work Hard
- Damn Thing
- Love Affair
- Bam Bam
- Do It Any Way
- Rough & Cool
- Top the Chart
- Decent Man
- Carbon Copy
- Presto
- Tiger Don
- Dreadie & Baldhead
- Nominee
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Tiger Attack: The Full Video & Behind the Attack!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
This is THE famous Tiger Attack video! A tiger attacked forest rangers in Kaziranga National Park, in the north-east of India, in 2004. This is the story of what actually happened that day, including an interview with forest ranger RK Das. You've seen this video on Google Video ever since Wilderness Films India Ltd. launched its content on the site, in December 2005. Due to widespread compromises to our IPR, we decided to withdraw the video from the internet. We're now back on the internet, with Youtube, and the world now gets to see our viral videos and other compelling content under our 'Visual Mapping of Asia' project. So enjoy this video - one of the Top Ten Viral videos of all time, and one that is copyrighted by Wilderness Films India Ltd. through the US Library of Congress. Every other version of this video that you see online is possibly a plagiarisation of this WFIL copyrighted content. "Thisclip of professionally-shot broadcast stock footage belongs to the archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., and has been filmed on either Digital Betacam or 1080i HD. Please write to us for licensing queries at wfi @ vsnl . com and admin@wildfilmsindia.com."
http://wn.com/Tiger_Attack_The_Full_Video_Behind_the_Attack!
This is THE famous Tiger Attack video! A tiger attacked forest rangers in Kaziranga National Park, in the north-east of India, in 2004. This is the story of what actually happened that day, including an interview with forest ranger RK Das. You've seen this video on Google Video ever since Wilderness Films India Ltd. launched its content on the site, in December 2005. Due to widespread compromises to our IPR, we decided to withdraw the video from the internet. We're now back on the internet, with Youtube, and the world now gets to see our viral videos and other compelling content under our 'Visual Mapping of Asia' project. So enjoy this video - one of the Top Ten Viral videos of all time, and one that is copyrighted by Wilderness Films India Ltd. through the US Library of Congress. Every other version of this video that you see online is possibly a plagiarisation of this WFIL copyrighted content. "Thisclip of professionally-shot broadcast stock footage belongs to the archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., and has been filmed on either Digital Betacam or 1080i HD. Please write to us for licensing queries at wfi @ vsnl . com and admin@wildfilmsindia.com."
Natural World: Tiger Island (BBC)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:33
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
'Tiger Island' is a BBC Natural World documentary following Panthera's CEO and tiger expert, Dr. Alan Rabinowitz, as he investigates a controversial project to rehabilitate and release conflict tigers in Sumatra. Travel with Dr. Rabinowitz as he visits a 'sanctuary' for conflict tigers in southern Sumatra and learn what he discovers while monitoring tigers released back into the wild. Find out if this new and radical approach to tiger conservation could put tigers and local villagers in harm's way or be a tool used to help save the Critically Endangered Sumatran tiger from extinction. Aired 26.7.2012
http://wn.com/Natural_World_Tiger_Island_BBC
'Tiger Island' is a BBC Natural World documentary following Panthera's CEO and tiger expert, Dr. Alan Rabinowitz, as he investigates a controversial project to rehabilitate and release conflict tigers in Sumatra. Travel with Dr. Rabinowitz as he visits a 'sanctuary' for conflict tigers in southern Sumatra and learn what he discovers while monitoring tigers released back into the wild. Find out if this new and radical approach to tiger conservation could put tigers and local villagers in harm's way or be a tool used to help save the Critically Endangered Sumatran tiger from extinction. Aired 26.7.2012
- published: 28 Jul 2012
- views: 203461
- author: snaileri
In The Shadow Of The Siberian Tiger - Part 1 of 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:25
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Documentary about Siberian tiger and Conservation.
http://wn.com/In_The_Shadow_Of_The_Siberian_Tiger_Part_1_of_5
Documentary about Siberian tiger and Conservation.
- published: 09 Mar 2009
- views: 761344
- author: Tiger0wnsLion
National Geographic Live! - Robot vs. Tiger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Photographer Steve Winter tries out a unique gizmo to get an in-your-face view of tigers. Upcoming Events at National Geographic Live! events.nationalgeographic.com Buy Photographs by Steve Winter national-geographic.cafepress.com
http://wn.com/National_Geographic_Live!_Robot_vs_Tiger
Photographer Steve Winter tries out a unique gizmo to get an in-your-face view of tigers. Upcoming Events at National Geographic Live! events.nationalgeographic.com Buy Photographs by Steve Winter national-geographic.cafepress.com
- published: 12 Mar 2012
- views: 511777
- author: NationalGeographic
Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Music video by Survivor performing Eye Of The Tiger. (C) 1993 Volcano Entertainment III, LLC
http://wn.com/Survivor_Eye_Of_The_Tiger
Music video by Survivor performing Eye Of The Tiger. (C) 1993 Volcano Entertainment III, LLC
- published: 14 Nov 2009
- views: 25240579
- author: SurvivorVEVO
Rocky Music Video-Eye Of The Tiger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Well......The Title Says It All.....Its A Rocky Music Video Music:Surviover:Eye Of The Tiger
http://wn.com/Rocky_Music_Video-Eye_Of_The_Tiger
Well......The Title Says It All.....Its A Rocky Music Video Music:Surviover:Eye Of The Tiger
- published: 25 May 2008
- views: 10374150
- author: CinDrollic12
The Last Maneater (Killer Tigers of India)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:03
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
The only place on earth where Man is not at the top of the food chain. The Last Maneater is a spectacular documentary about the last tigers in the world to hunt, kill, and eat humans. They live in the Sunderbans, gnarled fingers of thick impenetrable mangrove forest swamps in eastern India. It's a place where the daily quest for a net full of fish, or even an armload of firewood gathered from the forest floor, can prove fatal. Here, up to 80 people every year are killed and eaten by tigers. The villages here are filled with orphans... and widows. And people who have harrowing tales of survival. An adult Bengal tiger can weigh as much as 500 pounds. When it decides to attack, the results are almost always lethal. Guns and armor are of little use in this area where a stealth attack from the rear can occur with no warning. It is the reality of life in the Sunderbans. People here understand the risk. They understand... that in the Sunderbans, humans are not the most dominant animal. That if a tiger decides to kill... it can... and will. This is a place where tigers don't live in fear of people. Here... tigers reign supreme. All rights belong to The National Geographic Society.
http://wn.com/The_Last_Maneater_Killer_Tigers_of_India
The only place on earth where Man is not at the top of the food chain. The Last Maneater is a spectacular documentary about the last tigers in the world to hunt, kill, and eat humans. They live in the Sunderbans, gnarled fingers of thick impenetrable mangrove forest swamps in eastern India. It's a place where the daily quest for a net full of fish, or even an armload of firewood gathered from the forest floor, can prove fatal. Here, up to 80 people every year are killed and eaten by tigers. The villages here are filled with orphans... and widows. And people who have harrowing tales of survival. An adult Bengal tiger can weigh as much as 500 pounds. When it decides to attack, the results are almost always lethal. Guns and armor are of little use in this area where a stealth attack from the rear can occur with no warning. It is the reality of life in the Sunderbans. People here understand the risk. They understand... that in the Sunderbans, humans are not the most dominant animal. That if a tiger decides to kill... it can... and will. This is a place where tigers don't live in fear of people. Here... tigers reign supreme. All rights belong to The National Geographic Society.
- published: 29 Dec 2011
- views: 521300
- author: WildDocumentary
Eye of the tiger -Lyrics-
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Eye of the tiger by survivor
http://wn.com/Eye_of_the_tiger_-Lyrics-
Cutest Tiger Baby in the House
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Super sweet Tiger cub playing with a dog on a sofa
http://wn.com/Cutest_Tiger_Baby_in_the_House
Super sweet Tiger cub playing with a dog on a sofa
- published: 05 Jun 2012
- views: 1019612
- author: ANIMALKISSING
Tiger vs Dog Pack
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
The tiger and dogs have grown up together and are great friends. The video shows their morning play sessions.
http://wn.com/Tiger_vs_Dog_Pack
The tiger and dogs have grown up together and are great friends. The video shows their morning play sessions.
- published: 27 Mar 2011
- views: 3253541
- author: BigCatHaven
Python attacks tiger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
A massive 25 ft Reticulated Python attacks a young tiger, the tiger escapes and then returns to lay down the smack...quite intense! Check out my other vids. For more info, see: blog.modernmechanix.com (from the link above) "An examination of the python's body showed that the tiger had sunk its teeth deeply and decisively into four places on its back. These wounds were responsible for its weakening and the eventual escape of the tiger."
http://wn.com/Python_attacks_tiger
A massive 25 ft Reticulated Python attacks a young tiger, the tiger escapes and then returns to lay down the smack...quite intense! Check out my other vids. For more info, see: blog.modernmechanix.com (from the link above) "An examination of the python's body showed that the tiger had sunk its teeth deeply and decisively into four places on its back. These wounds were responsible for its weakening and the eventual escape of the tiger."
- published: 18 Sep 2006
- views: 5357252
- author: methylene5
Man And Tiger Best Friends
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Subscribe:tinyurl.com twitter: twitter.com Facebook: facebook.com AN INDONESIAN man has formed an unbreakable bond - with a 27 stone tiger. Abdullah Sholeh, 31, regularly sleeps, plays and even FIGHTS with four-year-old feline Mulan. The pair spend every day together after Abdullah helped raise her from a three-month-old cub in Malang, Indonesia. He now cares for her full-time for owner Noer Mohammaed Sholeh - and has become affectionately known as the tiger nanny. The pair are so inseparable, Abdullah often shuns his own bed to sleep alongside the big cat in a rickety outhouse. And Bengal Mulan is even known to 'mock attack', hug and kiss her companion when they play in the garden behind their home.
http://wn.com/Man_And_Tiger_Best_Friends
Subscribe:tinyurl.com twitter: twitter.com Facebook: facebook.com AN INDONESIAN man has formed an unbreakable bond - with a 27 stone tiger. Abdullah Sholeh, 31, regularly sleeps, plays and even FIGHTS with four-year-old feline Mulan. The pair spend every day together after Abdullah helped raise her from a three-month-old cub in Malang, Indonesia. He now cares for her full-time for owner Noer Mohammaed Sholeh - and has become affectionately known as the tiger nanny. The pair are so inseparable, Abdullah often shuns his own bed to sleep alongside the big cat in a rickety outhouse. And Bengal Mulan is even known to 'mock attack', hug and kiss her companion when they play in the garden behind their home.
- published: 01 Dec 2012
- views: 449832
- author: barcroftmedia
Q: Do TIGERS like catnip??
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Ever wondered if big cats like TIGERS, LIONS & LEOPARDS like catnip? We always get this question from tour guests, so we thought we'd find out! Get the best catnip at CatnipCartel.com For tour times and info www.bigcatrescue.org WEBSITE: www.bigcatrescue.org FACEBOOK www.facebook.com GOOGLE+: plus.google.com TWITTER: twitter.com DONATE: www.bigcatrescue.org BIG CAT SHOP: www.bigcatrescue.biz THANK YOU!
http://wn.com/Q_Do_TIGERS_like_catnip??
Ever wondered if big cats like TIGERS, LIONS & LEOPARDS like catnip? We always get this question from tour guests, so we thought we'd find out! Get the best catnip at CatnipCartel.com For tour times and info www.bigcatrescue.org WEBSITE: www.bigcatrescue.org FACEBOOK www.facebook.com GOOGLE+: plus.google.com TWITTER: twitter.com DONATE: www.bigcatrescue.org BIG CAT SHOP: www.bigcatrescue.biz THANK YOU!
- published: 02 Aug 2010
- views: 2376483
- author: BigCatRescue
ACTION ALERT: Save the Tiger!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
YOU can help end the suffering and abuse of captive tigers and help save the tiger in the wild! MOST IMPORTANT COMMENT PERIOD EVER TO END THE TRADE IN GENERIC TIGERS! Ask USFWS to Rescind the Generic Tiger Exemption. You only have until Sept. 21 2011 to Comment... Read about why and how you can help here: capwiz.com COMMENT ON THIS PAGE: www.regulations.gov If you would like to read the entire proposed rule go to: bigcatrescue.org Read more about the abuse generic tigers cubs face here: bigcatrescue.org WEBSITE: www.bigcatrescue.org FACEBOOK www.facebook.com GOOGLE+: plus.google.com TWITTER: twitter.com DONATE: www.bigcatrescue.org BIG CAT SHOP: www.bigcatrescue.biz THANK YOU!
http://wn.com/ACTION_ALERT_Save_the_Tiger!
YOU can help end the suffering and abuse of captive tigers and help save the tiger in the wild! MOST IMPORTANT COMMENT PERIOD EVER TO END THE TRADE IN GENERIC TIGERS! Ask USFWS to Rescind the Generic Tiger Exemption. You only have until Sept. 21 2011 to Comment... Read about why and how you can help here: capwiz.com COMMENT ON THIS PAGE: www.regulations.gov If you would like to read the entire proposed rule go to: bigcatrescue.org Read more about the abuse generic tigers cubs face here: bigcatrescue.org WEBSITE: www.bigcatrescue.org FACEBOOK www.facebook.com GOOGLE+: plus.google.com TWITTER: twitter.com DONATE: www.bigcatrescue.org BIG CAT SHOP: www.bigcatrescue.biz THANK YOU!
- published: 26 Aug 2011
- views: 222632
- author: BigCatRescue
Tigers in Action at Out of Africa Wildlife Park (Tiger Splash Part 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Produced by www.freedrama.net for http Natalie and Jeff show us tigers in action during the Tiger Splash show at Out of Africa Wildlife Park.
http://wn.com/Tigers_in_Action_at_Out_of_Africa_Wildlife_Park_Tiger_Splash_Part_2
Produced by www.freedrama.net for http Natalie and Jeff show us tigers in action during the Tiger Splash show at Out of Africa Wildlife Park.
- published: 05 Feb 2010
- views: 11774579
- author: DM Larson
Mashallah - Song - Ek Tha Tiger - Salman Khan & Katrina Kaif
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Mashallah - Song - Ek Tha Tiger - Salman Khan & Katrina Kaif To get "Ek Tha Tiger" content on your Mobile - visit m.yashrajfilms.com or sms ETT to 53131 (* from India only) Starring: Salman Khan & Katrina Kaif Released: 15 August 2012 Produced by: Aditya Chopra Directed by: Kabir Khan Stay tuned to www.EkThaTiger.com Join www.facebook.com Follow: twitter.com In the dark world of intelligence and espionage... all information is guarded in the name of national security... But some stories escape the fiercely guarded classified files... stories that become legends. This is one such story... a story that shook the very foundation of this dark world. In a government employees' neighbourhood in New Delhi, there lived a rugged, handsome and mysterious bachelor about whom his neighbours knew nothing. That was because he was India's top spy, an officer with the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), India's external intelligence agency. This man was known even in official corridors as TIGER (Salman Khan). Tiger is sent on a relatively easy and safe mission to Dublin, Ireland to observe a scientist of Indian origin who is suspected of sharing his research findings with the Pakistan defence establishment. Tiger attempts to meet the scientist but is not successful. He tries to befriend the scientist's part time home caretaker, Zoya (Katrina Kaif). As Tiger begins to get closer to Zoya... he begins to discover his human side. For the first time in his life Tiger falls in love... What ...
http://wn.com/Mashallah_Song_Ek_Tha_Tiger_Salman_Khan_Katrina_Kaif
Mashallah - Song - Ek Tha Tiger - Salman Khan & Katrina Kaif To get "Ek Tha Tiger" content on your Mobile - visit m.yashrajfilms.com or sms ETT to 53131 (* from India only) Starring: Salman Khan & Katrina Kaif Released: 15 August 2012 Produced by: Aditya Chopra Directed by: Kabir Khan Stay tuned to www.EkThaTiger.com Join www.facebook.com Follow: twitter.com In the dark world of intelligence and espionage... all information is guarded in the name of national security... But some stories escape the fiercely guarded classified files... stories that become legends. This is one such story... a story that shook the very foundation of this dark world. In a government employees' neighbourhood in New Delhi, there lived a rugged, handsome and mysterious bachelor about whom his neighbours knew nothing. That was because he was India's top spy, an officer with the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), India's external intelligence agency. This man was known even in official corridors as TIGER (Salman Khan). Tiger is sent on a relatively easy and safe mission to Dublin, Ireland to observe a scientist of Indian origin who is suspected of sharing his research findings with the Pakistan defence establishment. Tiger attempts to meet the scientist but is not successful. He tries to befriend the scientist's part time home caretaker, Zoya (Katrina Kaif). As Tiger begins to get closer to Zoya... he begins to discover his human side. For the first time in his life Tiger falls in love... What ...
- published: 12 Jul 2012
- views: 15949162
- author: yrf
Monkey taunts tigers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
cheeky gibbon taunts cubs (better than other versions - higher-res, less graphics)
http://wn.com/Monkey_taunts_tigers
cheeky gibbon taunts cubs (better than other versions - higher-res, less graphics)
- published: 25 Jul 2006
- views: 5482088
- author: m2l33t4u
Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger (with lyrics) --BETTER VERSION--
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
CLICK HERE FOR THE RINGTONE SENT STRAIGHT TO YOUR PHONE!----- bit.ly ----- survivor rocky theme song final countdown michael jackson rocky beat it the final countdown soulja boy journey gummy bear song fred eminem thriller crazy frog linkin park boom boom pow let it rock rocky balboa rock band 2 taylor swift bon jovi queen kung fu fighting i will survive eye of tiger green day hot n cold poker face rocky theme lil wayne fireflies crazy train
http://wn.com/Survivor_Eye_Of_The_Tiger_with_lyrics_--BETTER_VERSION--
CLICK HERE FOR THE RINGTONE SENT STRAIGHT TO YOUR PHONE!----- bit.ly ----- survivor rocky theme song final countdown michael jackson rocky beat it the final countdown soulja boy journey gummy bear song fred eminem thriller crazy frog linkin park boom boom pow let it rock rocky balboa rock band 2 taylor swift bon jovi queen kung fu fighting i will survive eye of tiger green day hot n cold poker face rocky theme lil wayne fireflies crazy train
- published: 29 Sep 2010
- views: 3303694
- author: hobbysto2
Cute baby tiger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Produced by Ryan Hawk. Cute baby tiger cub "Hadiah" Baby Sumatran Tiger Cub at Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle. In the Nursery (44sec). Female, Born 12/12/2006. Find out more about tigers at zoo.org: www.zoo.org Hadiah now lives at Phoenix Zoo. www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Cute_baby_tiger
Produced by Ryan Hawk. Cute baby tiger cub "Hadiah" Baby Sumatran Tiger Cub at Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle. In the Nursery (44sec). Female, Born 12/12/2006. Find out more about tigers at zoo.org: www.zoo.org Hadiah now lives at Phoenix Zoo. www.youtube.com
- published: 03 Jan 2007
- views: 6354971
- author: dahalcon
Tiger Attack
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Tiger gets me, and it's not pretty...but I survived!
http://wn.com/Tiger_Attack
Tiger gets me, and it's not pretty...but I survived!
- published: 04 Apr 2007
- views: 7306282
- author: nutk1n
ROCKY TRIBUTE -- EYE OF THE TIGER
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
I am a huge ROCKY fan, and i have made a tribute to the Childhood hero of mine. MOre to follow soon.please leave a comment to show some love.
http://wn.com/ROCKY_TRIBUTE_-_EYE_OF_THE_TIGER
I am a huge ROCKY fan, and i have made a tribute to the Childhood hero of mine. MOre to follow soon.please leave a comment to show some love.
- published: 29 Sep 2008
- views: 6222001
- author: USAMADE316
Baby Lion & Tiger playing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
I've been volunteering at an Animal Preserve called Kowiachobee in Naples Florida for over a year.... these are the 5 month old baby lion and tiger they have there They grew up together so they are brothers .... Depending on how many views comments subscriptions and likes I get on this I will post more and more animals
http://wn.com/Baby_Lion_Tiger_playing
I've been volunteering at an Animal Preserve called Kowiachobee in Naples Florida for over a year.... these are the 5 month old baby lion and tiger they have there They grew up together so they are brothers .... Depending on how many views comments subscriptions and likes I get on this I will post more and more animals
- published: 04 May 2012
- views: 562235
- author: MelindaJLossVolg
Der Tiger-Panzer Dokumentation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:59
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Der Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger war ein schwerer deutscher Kampfpanzer, den der Alleinhersteller Henschel von 1942 bis 1944 fertigte und den die Wehrmacht ab Spätsommer 1942 während des Zweiten Weltkrieges einsetzte. Aufgrund seiner starken Primärbewaffnung und seines hohen Panzerschutzes war der Tiger einer der kampfstärksten Panzer des Krieges. Als schwerwiegender Nachteil galt neben seiner konventionellen Formgebung ohne geneigte Panzerung seine Untermotorisierung, seine geringe Reichweite und seine störanfällige Technik in Verbindung mit einem hohen Instandsetzungsbedarf, welche die Mobilität des Panzers erheblich einschränkte. Dadurch verzeichnete der Tiger mehr Verluste durch Defekte und Selbstzerstörung als durch direkte Feindeinwirkung. Obwohl er mit nur 1350 produzierten Exemplaren strategisch bedeutungslos war, gilt er als einer der bekanntesten Panzer des Krieges. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ich dulde in meinen Videos keine Nationalistischen Gedanken. Weder Text oder Zahlen! Dieses Video ist nur eine Dokumentation mehr nicht. Alle Rechte gehören den Produzenten.
http://wn.com/Der_Tiger-Panzer_Dokumentation
Der Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger war ein schwerer deutscher Kampfpanzer, den der Alleinhersteller Henschel von 1942 bis 1944 fertigte und den die Wehrmacht ab Spätsommer 1942 während des Zweiten Weltkrieges einsetzte. Aufgrund seiner starken Primärbewaffnung und seines hohen Panzerschutzes war der Tiger einer der kampfstärksten Panzer des Krieges. Als schwerwiegender Nachteil galt neben seiner konventionellen Formgebung ohne geneigte Panzerung seine Untermotorisierung, seine geringe Reichweite und seine störanfällige Technik in Verbindung mit einem hohen Instandsetzungsbedarf, welche die Mobilität des Panzers erheblich einschränkte. Dadurch verzeichnete der Tiger mehr Verluste durch Defekte und Selbstzerstörung als durch direkte Feindeinwirkung. Obwohl er mit nur 1350 produzierten Exemplaren strategisch bedeutungslos war, gilt er als einer der bekanntesten Panzer des Krieges. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ich dulde in meinen Videos keine Nationalistischen Gedanken. Weder Text oder Zahlen! Dieses Video ist nur eine Dokumentation mehr nicht. Alle Rechte gehören den Produzenten.
- published: 03 Jan 2011
- views: 1021333
- author: DaFlow994
photo: White House / Pete Souza
24 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the world of politics and imagination, theater usually trumps theology while history is most often vanquished by histrionics. President Barack Obama's swearing-in ceremony for a second term reflects this truth, specifically as he uses two historic bibles-one belonging to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and another used only by Abraham Lincoln ... "With malice toward none; with charity for all."....(size: 7.3Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
25 Jan 2013
Republicans wanted nothing more than to summon Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to Capitol Hill and grill her about the tragic fiasco in Benghazi. Sadly for them, they got their wish. Clinton’s smooth and confident performance at Wednesday’s Senate and House committee hearings was fun to watch. When her would-be inquisitors asked serious questions, she gave serious answers. But when Sen ... Fat chance ... Benghazi ... Perhaps not ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Hossam Ali
26 Jan 2013
An Egyptian court has handed down 21 death sentences in connection with the deadly riot last year at a football stadium in Port Said located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The defendants sentenced on Saturday are mostly members of the "Ultras," die-hard football fans who support Port Said's al-Masry squad ... Al-Masry fans stormed the pitch after their team won, throwing stones, bottles and fireworks at al-Ahly supporters....(size: 17.2Kb)
photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson
25 Jan 2013
By Charles Armstrong, Special to CNN. Editor’s note. Charles Armstrong is the director of the Center for Korean Research at Columbia University. The views expressed are his own. Anyone who has followed North Korean affairs for the last several years (or the last two decades) could have predicted North Korea’s defiant response to the U.N ... sanctions not by giving up missiles and nukes, but ratcheting up the rhetoric ... More from GPS ... Post by ... ... ....(size: 15.8Kb)
photo: UN / Martine Perret
25 Jan 2013
At least one in five people, including half of schoolchildren, were infected with swine flu during the first year of the pandemic in 2009, according to data from 19 countries. It is thought the virus killed 200,000 people around the world. A World Health Organization-led study looked for evidence of the body's immune system fighting the virus ... Anti-bodies ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
noodls
27 Jan 2013
noodls
27 Jan 2013
Ohio Wesleyan gained the lead midway through the first half and held on to it until the Tigers battled back to tie the contest at 43-43 with just under eight minutes left in regulation ... Before Sullivan was able to go to the line to shoot a pair, Ohio Wesleyan's Vaughn Spaulding was called for a technical foul thus giving the Tigers an additional two free throws....(size: 5.2Kb)
Detroit Free Press
27 Jan 2013
The Tigers would like to see him steal more bases, one reason they hired veteran coach Jeff Cox as a baserunning consultant. However, adding a consultant does not mean the Tigers are going to drastically transform their approach. I think sometimes we bore fans because they think, Oh, be aggressive, steal bases, do the squeeze. You do all those things if thats the type of team you are, Tigers manager Jim Leyland said....(size: 4.6Kb)
MSNBC
27 Jan 2013
Kane, who entered the contest averaging 16.6 points all-time against the Tigers and 19.3 points in six career games at FedEx Forum, was 9-of-18 from the field including 2-of-6 from three-point range ... Scarver also tied a season-high with five rebounds which helped the Herd outrebound the Tigers 39-33 ... A Robert Goff jump shot with 11.25 to play in the first half made it 20-18 in favor of the Tigers....(size: 4.7Kb)
The Washington Post
27 Jan 2013
SAN DIEGO — Tiger Woods is going to have to wait to pursue a seventh win at Torrey Pines ... Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend. Personal Post ... Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
Sporting News
27 Jan 2013
SAN DIEGO—Tiger Woods is going to have to wait to pursue a seventh win at Torrey Pines ... Fog wreaked havoc with the third round of the Farmers Insurance Open. Play will resume Sunday ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
Golf Channel
27 Jan 2013
New Straits/Business Times
27 Jan 2013
COMEBACK. Blistering 65 gives former World No 1 the edge at Torrey Pines. LA JOLLA (California). Former World No 1 Tiger Woods fired a seven-under par 65 on Friday to surge through the field and take a two-stroke second-round lead at the US$6.1 million (RM18 million) PGA Farmers Insurance Open ... Tiger Woods came from three shots off the pace in the first round to surge ahead. AFP pic 1 / 1. ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Golf Channel
27 Jan 2013
SAN DIEGO – Tiger Woods shouldn’t mind an extra day at Torrey Pines. Zeus couldn’t have been more at home on Mount Olympus than Woods is hurling his own lightning bolts around this golf course. With fog preventing all but two groups from teeing off Saturday at the Farmers Insurance Open, play was suspended for all but about 15 minutes ... Farmers Insurance Open. Articles, videos and photos ... Horschel loved the idea ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Skiddle
27 Jan 2013
Tiger Tiger , Manchester Mon 28th January 2013. DROPOUT@Tiger Tiger Manchester every Monday is set to be the biggest night of the week. With unrivaled drinks prices and big tunes all night!!!. Date. Monday 28th January 2013. Venue. Tiger Tiger ». Location. Manchester ». Doors. 9.00pm til 3.00am (last entry 1.30am). Short url. http.//www.skiddle.com/events/11795638/ ... DROPOUT @ TIGER MANCHESTER ... MUSIC.. Raffles, Tiger Bar & Opal VIP....(size: 3.4Kb)
Springfield News-Sun
27 Jan 2013
In an all-time series dominated by Wittenberg 71-6 since 1911 and with an average victory margin of 23.5 points over the last five seasons, the Tigers’ close 51-47 win over Oberlin will likely stand out ... The Yeomen and Tigers were tied at 42 and 44 down the stretch ... The Tigers headed to the free-throw line to defend ......(size: 1.6Kb)
MLB
27 Jan 2013
It was a wedding party from a nearby church, heading over for pictures in front of the Tiger statue ... The Tigers put together a Kids Convention to try to promote some availability, but it wasn't the same ... Even when the Tigers haven't been coming off a good season, they've sold out TigerFest ... Hunter went on winter caravans when he was part of the Twins and got to know Tigers fans while wearing a Minnesota uniform as well....(size: 4.5Kb)
Major League Blogging
27 Jan 2013
I truly wish the Mets were the 3rd team in the Yankees-Tigers-(D-backs) deal replacing the D-backs ... Carlos Beltran, Ike Davis, Fernando Martinez, Wilmer Flores, Ruben Tejada or Reese Havens, and Brad Holt or Bobby Parnell from the Mets; Robinson Cano, Phil Hughes, Austin Jackson from the Yankees, and Edwin Jackson, Curtis Granderson, and Miguel Cabrera from the Tigers ... Tigers receive....(size: 2.6Kb)
This article is about the feline. For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation).
"Tigress" redirects here. For other uses, see Tigress (disambiguation).
| Tiger Temporal range: Early Pleistocene – Recent |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| A Bengal tiger (P. tigris tigris) in India's Ranthambhore National Park. | |
| Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Genus: | Panthera |
| Species: | P. tigris |
| Binomial name | |
| Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
| Subspecies | |
|
P. t. tigris |
|
 |
|
| Tiger's historic range in ca. 1850 (pale yellow) and range in 2006 (in green).[2] | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858 |
|
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, reaching a total body length of up to 3.3 metres (11 ft) and weighing up to 306 kg (670 lb). They are the third largest land carnivore (behind only the Polar bear and the Brown bear). Their most recognizable feature is a pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with lighter underparts. They have exceptionally stout teeth, and their canines are the longest among living felids with a crown height of as much as 74.5 mm (2.93 in) or even 90 mm (3.5 in).[4] In zoos, tigers have lived for 20 to 26 years, which also seems to be their longevity in the wild.[5] They are territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java and Bali, and from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild is estimated to number between 3,062 to 3,948 individuals, with most remaining populations occurring in small pockets that are isolated from each other. Major reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching.[1] The extent of area occupied by tigers is estimated at less than 1,184,911 km2 (457,497 sq mi), a 41% decline from the area estimated in the mid-1990s.[6]
Tigers are among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. They have featured prominently in ancient mythology and folklore, and continue to be depicted in modern films and literature. Tigers appear on many flags, coats of arms, and as mascots for sporting teams.[7] The Bengal tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh and India.[8]
Contents |
Taxonomy and etymology[link]
In 1758, Linnaeus first described the species in his work Systema Naturae under the scientific name Felis tigris.[3] In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genus Panthera using the scientific name Panthera tigris.[9]
The word Panthera is probably of Oriental origin and retraceable to the Ancient Greek word panther, the Latin word panthera, the Old French word pantere, most likely meaning "the yellowish animal", or from pandarah meaning whitish-yellow. The derivation from Greek pan- ("all") and ther ("beast") may be folk etymology that led to many curious fables.[10]
The word "tiger" is retraceable to the Latin word tigris meaning a spotted tigerhound of Actaeon.[11] The Greek word tigris is possibly derived from a Persian source.[12]
Characteristics and evolution[link]
The oldest remains of a tiger-like cat, called Panthera palaeosinensis, have been found in China and Java. This species lived about 2 million years ago, at the beginning of the Pleistocene, and was smaller than a modern tiger. The earliest fossils of true tigers are known from Java, and are between 1.6 and 1.8 million years old. Distinct fossils from the early and middle Pleistocene were also discovered in deposits from China, and Sumatra. A subspecies called the Trinil tiger (Panthera tigris trinilensis) lived about 1.2 million years ago and is known from fossils found at Trinil in Java.[13]
Tigers first reached India and northern Asia in the late Pleistocene, reaching eastern Beringia (but not the American Continent), Japan, and Sakhalin. Fossils found in Japan indicate that the local tigers were, like the surviving island subspecies, smaller than the mainland forms. This may be due to the phenomenon in which body size is related to environmental space (see insular dwarfism), or perhaps the availability of prey. Until the Holocene, tigers also lived in Borneo, as well as on the island of Palawan in the Philippines.[14]
Characteristics[link]
Tigers have muscular bodies with particularly powerful forelimbs and large heads. The pelage coloration varies between shades of orange or brown with white ventral areas and distinctive black stripes. The face has long whiskers, which are especially long in males. The pupils are circular with yellow irises. The small, rounded ears have black markings on the back, surrounding a white spot.[4] These spots, called ocelli, play an important role in intraspecific communication.[15]
The pattern of stripes is unique to each animal, these unique markings can be used by researchers to identify individuals (both in the wild and captivity), much in the same way that fingerprints are used to identify humans. It seems likely that the function of stripes is camouflage, serving to help tigers conceal themselves amongst the dappled shadows and long grass of their environment as they stalk their prey. The stripe pattern is also found on the skin of the tiger. If a tiger were to be shaved, its distinctive camouflage pattern would be preserved.
The tiger are the most variable in size of all big cats, even more so than the leopard and much more so than lions.[16] The Bengal, Caspian and Siberian tiger subspecies represent the largest living felids, and rank among the biggest felids that ever existed. Females vary in size from 240 to 275 cm (94 to 108 in), weigh 85 to 167 kg (190 to 370 lb) with a greatest length of skull ranging from 268 to 318 mm (10.6 to 12.5 in). Males vary in size from 270 to 330 cm (110 to 130 in), weigh 170 to 306 kg (370 to 670 lb) with a greatest length of skull ranging from 316 to 383 mm (12.4 to 15.1 in). Body size of different populations seems to be correlated with climate—Bergmann's Rule—and can be explained from the point of view of thermoregulation.[4] Large male Siberian tigers can reach a total length of more than 3.5 m (11.5 ft) "over curves", 3.3 m (10.8 ft) "between pegs" and a weight of 306 kg (670 lb). This is considerably larger than the size reached by the smallest living tiger subspecies, the Sumatran tiger, which reach a body weight of 75 to 140 kg (170 to 310 lb). At the shoulder, tigers may variously stand 0.7 to 1.22 m (2.3 to 4.0 ft) tall.[5]
Tigresses are smaller than the males in each subspecies, although the size difference between male and female tigers tends to be more pronounced in the larger tiger subspecies, with males weighing up to 1.7 times more than the females.[17] In addition, male tigers have wider forepaw pads than females. Biologists use this difference to determine gender based on tiger tracks.[18] The skull of the tiger is very similar to that of the lion, though the frontal region is usually not as depressed or flattened, with a slightly longer postorbital region. The skull of a lion has broader nasal openings. However, due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually, only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.[19]
Subspecies[link]
There are nine subspecies of tiger, three of which are extinct. Their historical range in Bangladesh, Siberia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, China, and southeast Asia, including three Indonesian islands is severely diminished today. The surviving subspecies, in descending order of wild population, are:
- The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) lives in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh, and is the most common subspecies with populations estimated at less than 2,500 adult individuals. In 2011 the total population of adult tigers is estimated at 1,520–1,909 in India, 440 in Bangladesh, 155 in Nepal and 75 in Bhutan.[20] It lives in alluvial grasslands, subtropical and tropical rainforests, scrub forests, wet and dry deciduous forests, and mangroves. Male Bengal tigers had a total length, including the tail, of 270 to 310 cm (110 to 120 in), while females range from 240 to 265 cm (94 to 104 in). The weight of males range from 175 to 260 kg (390 to 570 lb), while that of the females range from 100 to 181 kg (220 to 400 lb).[4][21] In northern India and Nepal, tigers tend to be of larger size. Males often average 235 kilograms (520 lb), while females average 141 kilograms (310 lb).[22] In 1972, Project Tiger was founded in India aiming at ensuring a viable population of tigers in the country and preserving areas of biological importance as a natural heritage for the people.[23] But the illicit demand for bones and body parts from wild tigers for use in Traditional Chinese medicine is the reason for the unrelenting poaching pressure on tigers on the Indian subcontinent.[24] Between 1994 and 2009, the Wildlife Protection Society of India has documented 893 cases of tigers killed in India, which is just a fraction of the actual poaching and illegal trade in tiger parts during those years.[25] An area of special conservation interest lies in the Terai Arc Landscape in the Himalayan foothills of northern India and southern Nepal, where 11 protected areas comprising dry forest foothills and tall grass savannas harbor tigers in a 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) landscape. The goals are to manage tigers as a single metapopulation, the dispersal of which between core refuges can help maintain genetic, demographic, and ecological integrity, and to ensure that species and habitat conservation becomes mainstreamed into the rural development agenda. In Nepal, a community-based tourism model has been developed with a strong emphasis on sharing benefits with local people and on the regeneration of degraded forests. The approach has been successful in reducing poaching, restoring habitats, and creating a local constituency for conservation.[26]
- The Indochinese Tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti), also called Corbett's tiger, is found in Cambodia, China, Laos, Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam. These tigers are smaller and darker than Bengal tigers: Males weigh from 150–190 kg (330–420 lb) while females are smaller at 110–140 kg (240–310 lb). Their preferred habitat is forests in mountainous or hilly regions. According to government estimates of national tiger populations, the subspecies numbers around a total of 350 individuals.[27] All existing populations are at extreme risk from poaching, prey depletion as a result of poaching of primary prey species such as deer and wild pigs, habitat fragmentation and inbreeding. In Vietnam, almost three-quarters of the tigers killed provide stock for Chinese pharmacies.
- The Malayan Tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni), exclusively found in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, was not considered a subspecies in its own right until 2004. The new classification came about after a study by Luo et al. from the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity Study,[28] part of the National Cancer Institute of the United States. According to official government figures, the population in the wild may number around 500 individuals, but is under considerable poaching pressure. The Malayan tiger is the smallest of the mainland tiger subspecies, and the second smallest living subspecies, with males averaging about 120 kg (260 lb) and females about 100 kg (220 lb) in weight. The Malayan tiger is a national icon in Malaysia, appearing on its coat of arms and in logos of Malaysian institutions, such as Maybank.
- The Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, and is critically endangered.[29] It is the smallest of all living tiger subspecies, with adult males weighing between 100–140 kg (220–310 lb) and females 75–110 kg (170–240 lb).[30] Their small size is an adaptation to the thick, dense forests of the island of Sumatra where they reside, as well as the smaller-sized prey. The wild population is estimated at between 400 and 500, seen chiefly in the island's national parks. Recent genetic testing has revealed the presence of unique genetic markers, indicating that it may develop into a separate species,[specify] if it does not go extinct.[31] This has led to suggestions that Sumatran tigers should have greater priority for conservation than any other subspecies. While habitat destruction is the main threat to existing tiger population (logging continues even in the supposedly protected national parks), 66 tigers were recorded as being shot and killed between 1998 and 2000, or nearly 20% of the total population.
- The Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), also known as the Amur tiger, inhabits the Amur-Ussuri region of Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai in far eastern Siberia.[32] It ranks among the biggest felids that have ever existed with a head and body length of 160–180 cm (63–71 in) for females and 190–230 cm (75–91 in) for males, plus a tail of about 60–110 cm (24–43 in) and an average weight of around 227 kg (500 lb) for males. Siberian tigers have thick coats and a paler golden hue and fewer stripes.[4] The heaviest wild Siberian tiger weighed 384 kg (850 lb) but according to Mazák this record is not reliable.[5] In 2005, there were 331–393 adult-subadult Siberian tigers in the region, with a breeding adult population of about 250 individuals. The population has been stable for more than a decade, but partial surveys conducted after 2005 indicate that the Russian tiger population is declining.[33] At the turn of the century, the phylogenetic relationships of tiger subspecies was re-assessed, and a remarkable similarity between the Siberian and Caspian tiger observed indicating that the Siberian tiger population is the genetically closest living relative of the extinct Caspian tiger, and strongly implying a very recent common ancestry for the two groups.[34]
- The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis), also known as the Amoy or Xiamen tiger, is the most critically endangered subspecies of tiger and is listed as one of the 10 most endangered animals in the world.[35] One of the smaller tiger subspecies, the length of the South China tiger ranges from 2.2–2.6 m (87–100 in) for both males and females. Males weigh between 127 and 177 kg (280 and 390 lb) while females weigh between 100 and 118 kg (220 and 260 lb). From 1983 to 2007, no South China tigers were sighted.[36] In 2007 a farmer spotted a tiger and handed in photographs to the authorities as proof.[36][37] The photographs in question, however, were later exposed as fake, copied from a Chinese calendar and digitally altered, and the "sighting" turned into a massive scandal.[38][39][40]
In 1977, the Chinese government passed a law banning the killing of wild tigers, but this may have been too late to save the subspecies, since it is possibly already extinct in the wild. There are currently 59 known captive South China tigers, all within China, but these are known to be descended from only six animals. Thus, the genetic diversity required to maintain the subspecies may no longer exist.[citation needed] Currently, there are breeding efforts to reintroduce these tigers to the wild.[citation needed]
Extinct subspecies[link]
- The Bali tiger (Panthera tigris balica) was limited to the Indonesian island of Bali, and was the smallest subspecies with a weight of 90–100 kg (200–220 lb) in males and 65–80 kg (140–180 lb) in females.[5] Bali tigers were hunted to extinction — the last Bali tiger, an adult female, is thought to have been killed at Sumbar Kima, West Bali on 27 September 1937. There is no Bali tiger in captivity. The tiger still plays an important role in Balinese Hinduism.
- The Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata), also known as the Hyrcanian tiger or Turan tiger was found in the sparse forest habitats and riverine corridors west and south of the Caspian Sea and west through Central Asia into the Takla-Makan desert of Xinjiang, and has been recorded in the wild until the early 1970s.[41] The Amur tiger is the genetically closest living relative of the Caspian tiger.[34]
- The Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) was limited to the island of Java, and has been recorded until the mid-1970s.[42] Javan tigers were larger than Bali tigers; males weighed 100–140 kg (220–310 lb) and females 75–115 kg (170–250 lb).[43] After 1979, there were no more confirmed sightings in the region of Mount Betiri.[44] An expedition to Mount Halimun Salak National Park in 1990 did not yield any definite, direct evidence for the continued existence of tigers.[45]
Hybrids[link]
Hybridisation among the big cats, including the tiger, was first conceptualised in the 19th century, when zoos were particularly interested in the pursuit of finding oddities to display for financial gain.[46] Lions have been known to breed with tigers (most often the Amur and Bengal subspecies) to create hybrids called ligers and tigons.[47] Such hybrids were once commonly bred in zoos, but this is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conserving species and subspecies. Hybrids are still bred in private menageries and in zoos in China.
The liger is a cross between a male lion and a tigress.[48] Because the lion sire passes on a growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the female tiger is absent, ligers grow far larger than either parent. They share physical and behavioural qualities of both parent species (spots and stripes on a sandy background). Male ligers are sterile, but female ligers are often fertile. Males have about a 50% chance of having a mane, but, even if they do, their manes will be only around half the size of that of a pure lion. Ligers are typically between 10 to 12 feet in length, and can be between 800 and 1,000 pounds or more.[48]
The less common tigon is a cross between the lioness and the male tiger.[49]
Colour variations[link]
White tigers[link]
Main article: White tiger
There is a well-known allele that produces the white tiger, technically known as chinchilla albinistic,[50] an animal which is rare in the wild, but widely bred in zoos due to its popularity. Breeding of white tigers will often lead to inbreeding (as the trait is recessive). Many initiatives have taken place in white and orange tiger mating in an attempt to remedy the issue, often mixing subspecies in the process. Such inbreeding has led to white tigers having a greater likelihood of being born with physical defects, such as cleft palates and scoliosis (curvature of the spine).[51][52] Furthermore, white tigers are prone to having crossed eyes (a condition known as strabismus). Even apparently healthy white tigers generally do not live as long as their orange counterparts. Recordings of white tigers were first made in the early 19th century.[53] They can only occur when both parents carry the rare gene found in white tigers; this gene has been calculated to occur in only one in every 10,000 births. The white tiger is not a separate sub-species, but only a colour variation; since the only white tigers that have been observed in the wild have been Bengal tigers[54] (and all white tigers in captivity are at least part Bengal), it is commonly thought that the recessive gene that causes the white colouring is probably carried only by Bengal tigers, although the reasons for this are not known.[51][55] Nor are they in any way more endangered than tigers are generally, this being a common misconception. Another misconception is that white tigers are albinos, despite the fact that pigment is evident in the white tiger's stripes. They are distinct not only because of their white hue; they also have blue eyes.
Golden tigers[link]
Main article: Golden tiger
In addition, another recessive gene may create a very unusual "golden" or "golden tabby" colour variation, sometimes known as "strawberry." Golden tigers have light gold fur, pale legs and faint orange stripes. Their fur tends to be much thicker than normal.[56] There are extremely few golden tigers in captivity, around 30 in all. Like white tigers, golden tigers are invariably at least part Bengal. Some golden tigers carry the white tiger gene, and when two such tigers are mated, can produce some stripeless white offspring. Both white and golden tigers tend to be larger than average Bengal tigers.
Other colour variations[link]
There is no authenticated case of a black tiger, with the possible exception of one dead specimen examined in Chittagong in 1846.[57] There are unconfirmed reports of a "blue" or slate-coloured tiger, the Maltese tiger. Largely or totally black tigers are assumed, if real, to be intermittent mutations rather than distinct species.[50]
Distribution and habitat[link]
In the past, tigers were found throughout Asia, from the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea to Siberia and the Indonesian islands of Java, Bali and Sumatra. During the 20th century, tigers have been extirpated in western Asia and became restricted to isolated pockets in the remaining parts of their range. Today, their fragmented and partly degraded range extends from India in the west to China and Southeast Asia. The northern limit of their range is close to the Amur River in south eastern Siberia. The only large island inhabited by tigers today is Sumatra.[1]
Tigers were extirpated on the island of Bali in the 1940s, around the Caspian Sea in the 1970s, and on Java in the 1980s. Loss of habitat and the persistent killing of tigers and tiger prey precipitated these extirpations, a process that continues to leave forests devoid of tigers and other large mammals across South and Southeast Asia. Since the beginning of the 21st century, their historical range has shrunk by 93%. In the decade from 1997 to 2007, the estimated area known to be occupied by tigers has declined by 41%.[2]
Fossil remains indicate that tigers were present in Borneo and Palawan in the Philippines during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.[58][59]
Tiger habitats will usually include sufficient cover, proximity to water, and an abundance of prey. Bengal tigers live in many types of forests, including wet, evergreen, the semi-evergreen of Assam and eastern Bengal; the mangrove forest of the Ganges Delta; the deciduous forest of Nepal, and the thorn forests of the Western Ghats. Compared to the lion, the tiger prefers denser vegetation, for which its camouflage colouring is ideally suited, and where a single predator is not at a disadvantage compared with the multiple felines in a pride.
Biology and behaviour[link]
Territorial behaviour[link]
Adult tigers lead solitary lives and congregate only on an ad hoc and transitory basis when special conditions permit, such as plentiful supply of food. They establish and maintain home ranges. Resident adults of either sex tend to confine their movements to a definite area of habitat, within which they satisfy their needs, and in the case of tigresses, those of their growing cubs. Those sharing the same ground are well aware of each other's movements and activities.[57]
The size of a tiger's home range mainly depends on prey abundance, and, in the case of male tigers, on access to females. A tigress may have a territory of 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi), while the territories of males are much larger, covering 60 to 100 km2 (23 to 39 sq mi). The range of a male tends to overlap those of several females.[citation needed]
Tigers are strong swimmers, and are often found bathing in ponds, lakes, and rivers. During the extreme heat of the day, they often cool off in pools. They are able to carry prey through the water.
The relationships between individuals can be quite complex, and it appears that there is no set "rule" that tigers follow with regards to territorial rights and infringing territories. For instance, although for the most part tigers avoid each other, both male and female tigers have been documented sharing kills. George Schaller observed a male tiger share a kill with two females and four cubs. Females are often reluctant to let males near their cubs, but Schaller saw that these females made no effort to protect or keep their cubs from the male, suggesting that the male might have been the father of the cubs. In contrast to male lions, male tigers will allow the females and cubs to feed on the kill first. Furthermore, tigers seem to behave relatively amicably when sharing kills, in contrast to lions, which tend to squabble and fight. Unrelated tigers have also been observed feeding on prey together. The following quotation is from Stephen Mills' book Tiger, as he describes an event witnessed by Valmik Thapar and Fateh Singh Rathore in Ranthambhore National Park:[60]
A dominant tigress they called Padmini killed a 250 kg (550 lb) male nilgai – a very large antelope. They found her at the kill just after dawn with her three 14-month-old cubs and they watched uninterrupted for the next ten hours. During this period the family was joined by two adult females and one adult male – all offspring from Padmini's previous litters and by two unrelated tigers, one female the other unidentified. By three o'clock there were no fewer than nine tigers round the kill.
When young female tigers first establish a territory, they tend to do so fairly close to their mother's area. The overlap between the female and her mother's territory tends to wane with increasing time. Males, however, wander further than their female counterparts, and set out at a younger age to mark out their own area. A young male will acquire territory either by seeking out a range devoid of other male tigers, or by living as a transient in another male's territory until he is old and strong enough to challenge the resident male. The highest mortality rate (30–35% per year) amongst adult tigers occurs for young male tigers who have just left their natal area, seeking out territories of their own.[60]
Male tigers are generally more intolerant of other males within their territory than females are of other females. For the most part, however, territorial disputes are usually solved by displays of intimidation, rather than outright aggression. Several such incidents have been observed, in which the subordinate tiger yielded defeat by rolling onto its back, showing its belly in a submissive posture.[61] Once dominance has been established, a male may actually tolerate a subordinate within his range, as long as they do not live in too close quarters.[60] The most violent disputes tend to occur between two males when a female is in oestrus, and may result in the death of one of the males, although this is a rare occurrence.[60][61]
To identify his territory, the male marks trees by spraying of urine and anal gland secretions, as well as marking trails with scat. Males show a grimacing face, called the Flehmen response, when identifying a female's reproductive condition by sniffing their urine markings. Like the other Panthera cats, tigers can roar. Tigers will roar for both aggressive and non-aggressive reasons. Other tiger vocal communications include moans, hisses, growls and chuffs.
Tigers have been studied in the wild using a variety of techniques. The populations of tigers were estimated in the past using plaster casts of their pugmarks. This method was criticized as being inaccurate.[62] Attempts were made to use camera trapping instead. Newer techniques based on DNA from their scat are also being evaluated. Radio collaring has also been a popular approach to tracking them for study in the wild.
Hunting and diet[link]
In the wild, tigers mostly feed on larger and medium sized animals. Sambar, gaur, chital, barasingha, wild boar, nilgai and both water buffalo and domestic buffalo are the tiger's favoured prey in India. Sometimes, they also prey on leopards, pythons, sloth bears and crocodiles. In Siberia the main prey species are manchurian wapiti, wild boar, sika deer, moose, roe deer, and musk deer. In Sumatra, sambar, muntjac, wild boar, and malayan tapir are preyed on. In the former Caspian tiger's range, prey included saiga antelope, camels, caucasian wisent, yak, and wild horses. Like many predators, they are opportunistic and will eat much smaller prey, such as monkeys, peafowls, hares, and fish.
Adult elephants are too large to serve as common prey, but conflicts between tigers and elephants do sometimes take place. A case where a tiger killed an adult Indian Rhinoceros has been observed. Young elephant and rhino calves are occasionally taken. Tigers also sometimes prey on domestic animals such as dogs, cows, horses, and donkeys. These individuals are termed cattle-lifters or cattle-killers in contrast to typical game-killers.[63]
Old tigers, or those wounded and rendered incapable of catching their natural prey, have turned into man-eaters; this pattern has recurred frequently across India. An exceptional case is that of the Sundarbans, where healthy tigers prey upon fishermen and villagers in search of forest produce, humans thereby forming a minor part of the tiger's diet.[64] Tigers will occasionally eat vegetation for dietary fiber, the fruit of the Slow Match Tree being favoured.[63]
Tigers are thought to be nocturnal predators, hunting at night.[65] However, in areas where humans are absent, they have been observed via remote controlled, hidden cameras hunting during the daylight hours.[66] They generally hunt alone and ambush their prey as most other cats do, overpowering them from any angle, using their body size and strength to knock large prey off balance. Even with their great masses, tigers can reach speeds of about 49–65 kilometres per hour (35–40 miles per hour), although they can only do so in short bursts, since they have relatively little stamina; consequently, tigers must be relatively close to their prey before they break their cover. Tigers have great leaping ability; horizontal leaps of up to 10 metres have been reported, although leaps of around half this amount are more typical. However, only one in twenty hunts ends in a successful kill.[65]
When hunting large prey, tigers prefer to bite the throat and use their forelimbs to hold onto the prey, bringing it to the ground. The tiger remains latched onto the neck until its prey dies of strangulation.[15] By this method, gaurs and water buffalos weighing over a ton have been killed by tigers weighing about a sixth as much.[67] With small prey, the tiger bites the nape, often breaking the spinal cord, piercing the windpipe, or severing the jugular vein or common carotid artery.[68] Though rarely observed, some tigers have been recorded to kill prey by swiping with their paws, which are powerful enough to smash the skulls of domestic cattle,[63] and break the backs of sloth bears.[69]
During the 1980s, a tiger named "Genghis" in Ranthambhore National Park was observed frequently hunting prey through deep lake water,[70] a pattern of behaviour that had not been previously witnessed in over 200 years of observations. Moreover, he appeared to be extraordinarily successful for a tiger, with as many as 20% of hunts ending in a kill.
Reproduction[link]
Mating can occur all year round, but is generally more common between November and April.[71] A female is only receptive for a few days and mating is frequent during that time period. A pair will copulate frequently and noisily, like other cats. The gestation period is 16 weeks. The litter size usually consists of around 3–4 cubs of about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) each, which are born blind and helpless. The females rear them alone, sheltering them in dens such as thickets and rocky crevices. The father of the cubs generally takes no part in rearing them. Unrelated wandering male tigers may even kill cubs to make the female receptive, since the tigress may give birth to another litter within 5 months if the cubs of the previous litter are lost.[71] The mortality rate of tiger cubs is fairly high – approximately half do not survive to be more than two years old.[71]
There is generally a dominant cub in each litter, which tends to be male but may be of either sex.[70] This cub generally dominates its siblings during play and tends to be more active, leaving its mother earlier than usual. At 8 weeks, the cubs are ready to follow their mother out of the den, although they do not travel with her as she roams her territory until they are older. The cubs become independent around 18 months of age, but it is not until they are around 2–2½ years old that they leave their mother. Females reach sexual maturity at 3–4 years, whereas males reach sexual maturity at 4–5 years.[71]
Over the course of her life, a female tiger will give birth to an approximately equal number of male and female cubs. Tigers breed well in captivity, and the captive population in the United States may rival the wild population of the world.[72]
Interspecific predatory relationships[link]
Tigers may kill such formidable predators as leopards, pythons and even crocodiles on occasion,[73][74][75] although predators typically avoid one another. When seized by a crocodile, a tiger will strike at the reptile's eyes with its paws.[63] Eighteenth century Physician Oliver Goldsmith described the frequent conflicts between mugger crocodiles and tigers that occurred during that time. Thirsty tigers would frequently descend to the rivers to drink and on occasion were seized and killed by the muggers, though more often the tiger escaped and the reptile was disabled.[76] Leopards dodge competition from tigers by hunting in different times of the day and hunting different prey.[77] With relatively abundant prey, tigers and leopards were seen to successfully coexist without competitive exclusion or inter-species dominance hierarchies that may be more common to the savanna.[78] Tigers have been known to suppress wolf populations in areas where the two species coexist, mainly via competitive exclusion.[79][80] Dhole packs have been observed to attack and kill tigers in disputes over food, though will rarely take such risks since losses among the pack would be considerable.[69] Lone golden jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form commensal relationships with tigers. These solitary jackals, known as kol-bahl, will attach themselves to a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance in order to feed on the big cat's kills. A kol-bahl will even alert a tiger to a kill with a loud pheal. Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals: one report describes how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together a few feet away from each other.[81] Siberian tigers and brown bears can be competitors and usually avoid confrontation; however, tigers will kill bear cubs and even some adults on occasion. Bears (Asiatic black bears and brown bears) make up 5–8% of the tiger's diet in the Russian Far East.[5] There are also a few records of brown bears killing tigers, either in self defense or in disputes over kills.[19] Some bears emerging from hibernation will try to steal tigers' kills, although the tiger will sometimes defend its kill. Sloth bears are quite aggressive and will sometimes drive young tigers away from their kills, although it is more common for Bengal tigers to prey on sloth bears.[5] Tigers may additionally predate the other bear species it encounters (or had encountered historically), which includes Giant pandas and sun bears, but information is very limited on such interactions.[82]
Conservation efforts[link]
For more details on this topic, see Tiger hunting.
Poaching for fur and destruction of habitat have greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. At the start of the 20th century, it is estimated there were over 100,000 tigers in the world but the population has dwindled to between 1,500 and 3,500 in the wild.[83] Demand for tiger parts for the purposes of Traditional Chinese Medicine has also been cited as a threat to tiger populations.[84][85] Some estimates suggest that there are less than 2,500 mature breeding individuals, with no subpopulation containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals.[1]
India[link]
Main article: Project Tiger
India is home to the world's largest population of tigers in the wild.[87] According to the World Wildlife Fund, of the 3,500 tigers around the world, 1,400 are found in India. Only 11% of original Indian tiger habitat remains, and it is becoming significantly fragmented and often degraded.[88][89]
A major concerted conservation effort, known as Project Tiger, has been underway since 1973, initially spearheaded by Indira Gandhi. The fundamental accomplishment has been the establishment of over 25 well-monitored tiger reserves in reclaimed land where human development is categorically forbidden. The program has been credited with tripling the number of wild Bengal tigers from roughly 1,200 in 1973 to over 3,500 in the 1990s. However, a tiger census carried out in 2007, whose report was published on February 12, 2008, stated that the wild tiger population in India declined by 60% to approximately 1,411.[90] It is noted in the report that the decrease of tiger population can be attributed directly to poaching.[91]
Following the release of the report, the Indian government pledged $153 million to further fund the Project Tiger initiative, set up a Tiger Protection Force to combat poachers, and fund the relocation of up to 200,000 villagers to minimise human-tiger interaction.[92] Additionally, eight new tiger reserves in India were set up.[93] Indian officials successfully started a project to reintroduce the tigers into the Sariska Tiger Reserve.[94] The Ranthambore National Park is often cited as a major success by Indian officials against poaching.[95]
Tigers Forever is a collaboration between the Wildlife Conservation Society and Panthera Corporation to serve as both a science-based action plan and a business model to ensure that tigers live in the wild forever. Initial field sites of Tigers Forever include the world's largest tiger reserve, the 21,756 km2 (8,400 sq mi) Hukaung Valley in Myanmar, the Western Ghats in India, Thailand's Huai Khai Khaeng-Thung Yai protected areas, and other sites in Laos PDR, Cambodia, the Russian Far East and China covering approximately 260,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi) of critical tiger habitat.[96]
Russia[link]
The Siberian tiger was on the brink of extinction with only about 40 animals in the wild in the 1940s. Under the Soviet Union, anti-poaching controls were strict and a network of protected zones (zapovedniks) were instituted, leading to a rise in the population to several hundred. Poaching again became a problem in the 1990s, when the economy of Russia collapsed, local hunters had access to a formerly sealed off lucrative Chinese market, and logging in the region increased. While an improvement in the local economy has led to greater resources being invested in conservation efforts, an increase of economic activity has led to an increased rate of development and deforestation. The major obstacle in preserving the species is the enormous territory individual tigers require (up to 450 km2 needed by a single female and more for a single male).[97] Current conservation efforts are led by local governments and NGO's in consort with international organisations, such as the World Wide Fund and the Wildlife Conservation Society.[98] The competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters in the Far East to tolerate the big cats, as they limit ungulate populations less than wolves, and are effective in controlling the latter's numbers.[99] Currently, there are about 400–550 animals in the wild.
Tibet[link]
The trade in tiger skins is illegal in the People's Republic of China, of which Tibet is a part. However, the law banning the trade in endangered animal parts is not enforced in Tibet. An undercover investigation in 2000 by the Wildlife Protection Society of India produced much news about the tiger skin trade and pictures of Tibetans wearing tiger skins. The tigers poached for their skins, subsequent investigations found, originated in India, in a "highly sophisticated" smuggling operation that crossed through Nepal, that "had less to do with old customs than new money" and even attracted European tourists for the tiger skin products of Lhasa. When in 2005, officials in Tibet intercepted "32 tiger, 579 leopard and 665 otter skins", the 14th Dalai Lama called on exiled Tibetans, who are involved in the trade, to cease their activity.[100] The 14th Dalai Lama had spoken out about wearing furs before, but he repeated his condemnation during the 2006 Kalachakra festival in India to expatriate Tibetans.[101] Afterwards, the Dalai Lama issued a press release claiming to have received video of Tibetans burning their animal skin coats, and reports of arrests of eight Tibetans involved for conspiring with the Dalai Lama's government.[102]
Population estimate[link]
The global wild tiger population is estimated at anywhere between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals. The World Wide Fund for Nature estimates the tiger population at 3,200.[103] The exact number of wild tigers is unknown, as many estimates are outdated or come from educated guesses. Few estimates are considered reliable, coming from comprehensive scientific censuses. The table shows estimates per country according to IUCN and range country governments.[104]
| Country | Estimate |
|---|---|
 Bangladesh |
440 |
 Bhutan |
75 |
 Cambodia |
20 |
 China |
45 |
 India |
1,706 |
 Indonesia |
325 |
 Laos |
17 |
 Malaysia |
500 |
 Myanmar |
85 |
 Nepal |
155 |
 North Korea |
n/a |
 Russia |
360 |
 Thailand |
200 |
 Vietnam |
20 |
| Total | 3,948 |
Rewilding[link]
Origin[link]
Although the term "rewilding" was used in conservation in other contexts since at least 1990,[105] it was first applied to the restoration of a single species of carnivores by conservationist and ex-carnivore manager of Pilanesberg National Park, Gus Van Dyk in 2003.[citation needed]
In 1978, the Indian conservationist Billy Arjan Singh attempted to rewild the tigress Tara in Dudhwa National Park that was born and reared in a zoo.[106] This was soon followed by a large number of people being eaten by a tigress who was later shot. Government officials claim that this tigress was Tara, an assertion hotly contested by Singh and conservationists. Later on, this rewilding gained further disrepute when it was found that the local gene pool had been sullied by Tara's introduction as she was partly Siberian tiger, a fact not known at the time of release, ostensibly due to poor record-keeping at Twycross Zoo, where she had been raised.[107][108][109][110][111][112]
Save China's Tigers[link]
Main article: Save China's Tigers
The organisation Save China's Tigers, working with the Wildlife Research Centre of the State Forestry Administration of China and the Chinese Tigers South Africa Trust, secured an agreement on the reintroduction of Chinese tigers into the wild. The agreement, which was signed in Beijing on 26 November 2002, calls for the establishment of a Chinese tiger conservation model through the creation of a pilot reserve in China where indigenous wildlife, including the South China Tiger, will be reintroduced. Save China's Tigers aims to rewild the critically endangered South China Tiger by bringing a few captive-bred individuals to South Africa for rehabilitation training for them to regain their hunting instincts. At the same time, a pilot reserve in China is being set up and the Tigers will be relocated and release back in China when the reserve in China is ready.[113] The offspring of the trained tigers will be released into the pilot reserves in China, while the original animals will stay in South Africa to continue breeding.[114]
South Africa was chosen as a springboard thanks to its leadership in wildlife management, readily available land, and abundant game. SCT has also been working with the Chinese government to identify suitable sites for the establishment of pilot reserves in China. The South China Tigers of the project have since been successfully rewilded and are fully capable of hunting and surviving on their own.[113] This project is also very successful in the breeding of these rewilded South China Tigers and 5 cubs have been born in the project, these cubs of the 2nd generation would be able to learn their survival skills from their successfully rewilded mothers directly.[115]
Success story of rewilding[link]
Save China's Tigers' South China Tiger rewilding and reintroduction project has been deemed a success. Recently, renown scientists have confirmed the role of Rewilding captive populations to save the South China Tiger. A rewilding workshop conducted in the October 2010, in Laohu Valley reserve, South Africa to access the progress of the rewilding and reintroduction program of Save China's Tigers. The experts present includes Dr. Peter Crawshaw of Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservacão de Mamiferos Carnivoros, Cenap/ICMBIO, Dr. Gary Koehler, Dr. Laurie Marker of Cheetah Conservation Fund, Dr. Jim Sanderson of Small Wild Cat Conservation Foundation, Dr. Nobuyuki Yamaguchi of Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences of Qatar University, and Dr. David Smith of Minnesota University, Chinese government scientists as well as representatives of Save China's Tigers.
The tigers involved, were born in captive conditions, in concrete cages and their parents are all captive animals who are unable to sustain in the wild. They were sent to South Africa as part of the Save China's Tigers project to rewilding and ensure that they regain the necessary skills needed for a predator to survive in the wild.
Results of the workshop confirmed the important role of the South China Tiger Rewilding Project in tiger conservation. ""Having seen the tigers hunting in an open environment at Laohu Valley Reserve, I believe that these rewilded tigers have the skill to hunt in any environment." Dr. David Smith remarked. Furthermore, Save China's Tigers recovered natural habitat both in China and in South Africa during their attempt to reintroduce South China Tigers back into the wild.[116]
The goal is of preparing tigers born in captivity for introduction to wild habitat in China where tigers once lived seems to be very possible in the near future based on the success of the rewilding and reintroduction program.[117]
Relation with humans[link]
Tiger as prey[link]
Main article: Tiger hunting
File:Maneater calcutta1903 stereoscopic.jpg
Stereographic photograph (1903) of a captured man-eating tiger in the Calcutta zoo; the tiger had claimed 200 human victims.
The tiger has been one of the Big Five game animals of Asia. Tiger hunting took place on a large scale in the early nineteenth and twentieth centuries, being a recognised and admired sport by the British in colonial India as well as the maharajas and aristocratic class of the erstwhile princely states of pre-independence India. Tiger hunting was done by some hunters on foot; others sat up on machans with a goat or buffalo tied out as bait; yet others on elephant-back.[118] In some cases, villagers beating drums were organised to drive the animals into the killing zone. Elaborate instructions were available for the skinning of tigers and there were taxidermists who specialised in the preparation of tiger skins.
Man-eating tigers[link]
Main article: Tiger attack
Although humans are not regular prey for tigers, they have killed more people than any other cat, particularly in areas where population growth, logging, and farming have put pressure on tiger habitats. Most man-eating tigers are old and missing teeth, acquiring a taste for humans because of their inability to capture preferred prey.[119] Almost all tigers that are identified as man-eaters are quickly captured, shot, or poisoned. Unlike man-eating leopards, even established man-eating tigers will seldom enter human settlements, usually remaining at village outskirts.[120] Nevertheless, attacks in human villages do occur.[121] Man-eaters have been a particular problem in India and Bangladesh, especially in Kumaon, Garhwal and the Sundarbans mangrove swamps of Bengal, where some healthy tigers have been known to hunt humans. Because of rapid habitat loss due to climate change, tiger attacks have increased in the Sundarbans.[122]
A female tiger Tatiana escaped from her enclosure in the San Francisco Zoo, killing one person and seriously injuring two more before being shot and killed by the police. The enclosure had walls that were lower than they were legally required to be, allowing the tiger to climb the wall and escape.
Traditional Asian medicine[link]
See also: Tiger penis
Many people in China have a belief that various tiger parts have medicinal properties, including as pain killers and aphrodisiacs.[123] There is no scientific evidence to support these beliefs. The use of tiger parts in pharmaceutical drugs in China is already banned, and the government has made some offenses in connection with tiger poaching punishable by death. Furthermore, all trade in tiger parts is illegal under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and a domestic trade ban has been in place in China since 1993. Still, there are a number of tiger farms in the country specialising in breeding the cats for profit. It is estimated that between 5,000 and 10,000 captive-bred, semi-tame animals live in these farms today.[124][125][126]
In captivity[link]
In recent years, captive breeding of tigers in China has accelerated to the point where the captive population of several tiger subspecies exceeds 4,000 animals. Three thousand specimens are reportedly held by 10–20 "significant" facilities, with the remainder scattered among some 200 facilities. This makes China home to the second largest captive tiger population in the world, after the USA, which in 2005 had an estimated 4,692 captive tigers.[127] In a census conducted by the US based Feline Conservation Federation in 2011, 2,884 tigers were documented as residing in 468 American facilities.[128]
Part of the reason for America's large tiger population relates to legislation. Only nineteen states have banned private ownership of tigers, fifteen require only a license, and sixteen states have no regulations at all.[129] The success of breeding programmes at American zoos and circuses led to an overabundance of cubs in the 1980s and 1990s, which drove down prices for the animals. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals of Texas estimate there are now 500 lions, tigers and other big cats in private ownership just in the Houston, Texas.[verification needed] A private zoo in Zanesville, Ohio owned 18 Bengal tigers, all of which were shot dead by Ohio authorities after their owner released them, along with many other dangerous animals, before committing suicide on October 18, 2011.
Genetic ancestry of 105 captive tigers from 14 countries and regions was assessed by using Bayesian analysis and diagnostic genetic markers defined by a prior analysis of 134 voucher tigers of significant genetic distinctiveness. Of the 105 captive tigers, 49 specimen were assigned to one of five subspecies; 52 specimen had admixed subspecies origins.[130]
The Tiger Species Survival Plan devised by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums has condemned the breeding of white tigers on the allegation that they are of mixed ancestry, hybridized with other subspecies and are of unknown lineage. The genes responsible for white colour are represented by 0.001% of the population. The disproportionate growth in numbers of white tigers points to the relentless inbreeding resorted to among homozygous recessive individuals for selectively multiplying the white animals. This progressively increasing process will eventually lead to inbreeding depression and loss of genetic variability.[131]
Cultural depictions[link]
The Bengal tiger is the national animal of India and Bangladesh.[8] The Malaysian tiger is the national animal of Malaysia.[132] The Siberian Tiger is the national animal of South Korea.
The tiger replaces the lion as King of the Beasts in cultures of eastern Asia representing royalty, fearlessness and wrath.[133] Its forehead has a marking which resembles the Chinese character 王, which means "king"; consequently, many cartoon depictions of tigers in China and Korea are drawn with 王 on their forehead.
Of great importance in Chinese myth and culture, the tiger is one of the 12 Chinese zodiac animals. Also in various Chinese art and martial art, the tiger is depicted as an earth symbol and equal rival of the Chinese dragon - the two representing matter and spirit respectively. In fact, the Southern Chinese martial art Hung Ga is based on the movements of the Tiger and the Crane. In Imperial China, a tiger was the personification of war and often represented the highest army general (or present day defense secretary),[133] while the emperor and empress were represented by a dragon and phoenix, respectively. The White Tiger (Chinese: 白虎; pinyin: Bái Hǔ) is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations. It is sometimes called the White Tiger of the West (西方白虎), and it represents the west and the autumn season.[133]
In Buddhism, it is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolising anger, with the monkey representing greed and the deer lovesickness.[133]
The Tungusic people considered the Siberian tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as "Grandfather" or "Old man". The Udege and Nanai called it "Amba". The Manchu considered the Siberian tiger as Hu Lin, the king.[18]
The widely worshiped Hindu goddess Durga, an aspect of Devi-Parvati, is a ten-armed warrior who rides the tigress (or lioness) Damon into battle. In southern India the god Ayyappan was associated with a tiger.[134]
The weretiger replaces the werewolf in shapeshifting folklore in Asia;[135] in India they were evil sorcerers while in Indonesia and Malaysia they were somewhat more benign.[136]
The tiger continues to be a subject in literature; both Rudyard Kipling, in The Jungle Book, and William Blake, in Songs of Experience, depict the tiger as a menacing and fearful animal. In The Jungle Book, the tiger, Shere Khan, is the wicked mortal enemy of the protagonist, Mowgli. However, other depictions are more benign: Tigger, the tiger from A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories, is cuddly and likable. In the Man Booker Prize winning novel "Life of Pi", the protagonist, Pi Patel, sole human survivor of a ship wreck in the Pacific Ocean, befriends another survivor: a large Bengal Tiger. The famous comic strip Calvin and Hobbes features Calvin and his stuffed tiger, Hobbes. A tiger is also featured on the cover of the popular cereal Frosted Flakes (also marketed as "Frosties") bearing the name "Tony the Tiger".
World's favourite animal[link]
In a poll conducted by Animal Planet, the tiger was voted the world's favourite animal, narrowly beating the dog. More than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted in the poll. Tigers received 21% of the vote, dogs 20%, dolphins 13%, horses 10%, lions 9%, snakes 8%, followed by elephants, chimpanzees, orangutans and whales.[137][138][139][140]
Animal behaviourist Candy d'Sa, who worked with Animal Planet on the list, said: "We can relate to the tiger, as it is fierce and commanding on the outside, but noble and discerning on the inside".[137]
Callum Rankine, international species officer at the World Wildlife Federation conservation charity, said the result gave him hope. "If people are voting tigers as their favourite animal, it means they recognise their importance, and hopefully the need to ensure their survival," he said.[137]
See also[link]
- 21st Century Tiger, information about tigers and conservation projects
- List of solitary animals
- Siegfried & Roy, two famous tamers of tigers
- Tiger in Chinese culture
- Tiger Temple, a Buddhist temple in Thailand famous for its tame tigers
- Tiger versus lion
Cited references[link]
- ^ a b c d Chundawat, R.S., Habib, B., Karanth, U., Kawanishi, K., Ahmad Khan, J., Lynam, T., Miquelle, D., Nyhus, P., Sunarto, S., Tilson, R., Wang, S. (2011). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15955.
- ^ a b Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C., Wikramanayake, E., Ginsberg, Jo., Sanderson, E., Seidensticker, J., Forrest, J., Bryja, G., Heydlauff, A. (2007). "The Fate of Wild Tigers". BioScience 57 (6): 508–514. DOI:10.1641/B570608. http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/issues/tiger_bioscience_cites.pdf.
- ^ a b (Latin)Linnaeus, C. (1758) Felis tigris In: Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Halae Magdeburgicae. Page 41.
- ^ a b c d e Mazák, V. (1981) Panthera tigris. Mammalian Species 152: 1–8.
- ^ a b c d e f (German) Mazák, V. (1965) Der Tiger Panthera tigris Linnaeus 1758. Volume 356 of Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei. A. Ziemsen, Wittenberg Lutterstadt.
- ^ Sanderson, E., Forrest, J., Loucks, C., Ginsberg, J., Dinerstein, E., Seidensticker, J., Leimgruber, P., Songer, M., Heydlauff, A., O'Brien, T., Bryja, G., Klenzendorf, S., Wikramanayake, E. (2006). The Technical Assessment: Setting Priorities for the Conservation and Recovery of Wild Tigers: 2005-2015. WCS, WWF, Smithsonian, and NFWF-STF, New York and Washington, DC, USA.
- ^ "National Animal". Govt. of India Official website. http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_animal.php.
- ^ a b Gupta, O. (2006). Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Delhi: Gyan Publishing. p. 313. ISBN 81-8205-389-7. http://books.google.com/?id=ZsswQ9oTa0wC&pg=PA313.
- ^ Pocock, R.I. (1939) Panthera tigris. In The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London. Pages 197–210.
- ^ Harper, D. (2001–2011). "Panther". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=panther. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
- ^ Lewis, C. T. (1890) Tigris. An Elementary Latin Dictionary. American Book Company, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago.
- ^ Harper, D. (2001–2011). "Tiger". Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tiger. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
- ^ Van den Hoek Ostende. 1999. Javan Tiger – Ruthlessly hunted down. 300 Pearls – Museum highlights of natural diversity. Downloaded on August 11, 2006.
- ^ Piper, Philip J.; Ochoa, Janine; Lewis, Helen; Paz, Victor; Ronquillo, Wilfredo P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: Extinction in an island population". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 264: 123. DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003.
- ^ a b Schaller, G. (1967) The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India. Chicago Press, Chicago.
- ^ Brakefield, T. (1993). Big Cats: Kingdom of Might. ISBN 0-89658-329-5.
- ^ Matthiessen, P. (2000) Tigers in the Snow. The Harvill Press, London.
- ^ a b Matthiessen, Peter; Hornocker, Maurice (2001). Tigers In The Snow. North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-596-2.
- ^ a b Geptner, V. G., Sludskii, A. A. (1972) Mlekopitaiuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Vysšaia Škola, Moskva. (In Russian; English translation: Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; (1992) Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats). Smithsonian Institute and the National Science Foundation, Washington DC). pp. 95–202.
- ^ Chundawat, R. S., Khan, J. A., Mallon, D. P. (2011). "Panthera tigris tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/136899.
- ^ Karanth, K. U. (2003). Tiger ecology and conservation in the Indian subcontinent. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 100 (2&3): 169–189.
- ^ Smith, J. L. D., Sunquist, M. E., Tamang, K. M., Rai, P. B. (1983). A technique for capturing and immobilizing tigers. The Journal of Wildlife Management 47 (1): 255–259.
- ^ Panwar, H. S. (1987). Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers, and their future. In: Tilson, R. L., Seal, U. S., Minnesota Zoological Garden, IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Group, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J. pp. 110–117.
- ^ Hemley, G., Mills, J. A. (1999). The beginning of the end of tigers in trade? In: Seidensticker, J., Christie, S., Jackson, P. (eds.) Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in human-dominated landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. hardback ISBN 0-521-64057-1, paperback ISBN 0-521-64835-1
- ^ Wildlife Protection Society of India (2009). WPSI's Tiger Poaching Statistics.
- ^ Damania, R., Seidensticker, J., Whitten, T., Sethi, G., Mackinnon, K., Kiss, A., Kushlin, A. (2008). A Future for Wild Tigers. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
- ^ Lynam, A.J. & Nowell, K. (2011). Panthera tigris ssp. corbetti. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 29 November 2011. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.
- ^ "Laboratory of Genomic Diversity LGD". http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/lgd/.
- ^ Linkie, M., Wibisono, H.T., Martyr, D.J. & Sunarto, S. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae (Sumatran Tiger)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15966. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ *Nowak, Ronald M. (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
- ^ Cracraft, Joel; Feinstein, Julie; Vaughn, Jeffrey; Helm-Bychowski, Kathleen (1998). "Sorting out tigers (Panthera tigris): mitochondrial sequences, nuclear inserts, systematics, and conservation genetics". Animal Conservation 1 (2): 139. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00021.x. http://research.amnh.org/vz/ornithology/pdfs/1998c.%20tiger%20conservation.pdf.
- ^ Kerley, L.L., Goodrich, J.M. Miquelle, D.G. Smirnov, E.N. Quigley, H.G., Hornocker, M.G. (2003). "Reproductive parameters of wild female Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)". Journal of Mammalogy 84: 288–298. DOI:10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0288:RPOWFA>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1383657.
- ^ Miquelle, D., Darman, Y., Seryodkin, I. (2011). "Panthera tigris ssp. altaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15956.
- ^ a b Driscoll, C. A., Yamaguchi, N., Bar-Gal, G. K., Roca, A. L., Luo, S., Macdonald, D. W., O'Brien, S. J. 2009. Mitochondrial Phylogeography Illuminates the Origin of the Extinct Caspian Tiger and Its Relationship to the Amur Tiger. PLoS ONE 4 (1): e4125. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004125.
- ^ www.china.org.cn Retrieved on 6 October 2007
- ^ a b "绝迹24年华南虎重现陕西 村民冒险拍下照片". News.xinhuanet.com. http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/13/content_6873252.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "Rare China tiger seen in the wild". BBC News. 2007-10-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7042257.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "South China tiger photos are 'fake'". China Daily. 2007-11-17. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-11/17/content_6261263.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "South China tiger photos are fake: provincial authorities". China Daily. 2008-06-29. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-06/29/content_6803353.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ Page, Jeremy (2008-06-30). "Farmer's photo of rare South China tiger is exposed as fake". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/china/article4237441.ece. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ Jackson, P., Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. virgata.". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/41505.
- ^ Jackson, P., Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. sondaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/41681.
- ^ Mazák, J.H., Groves, C.P. (2006). A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris). Mammalian Biology 71 (5): 268–287.
- ^ Seidensticker, J. (1987). Bearing Witness: Observations on the Extinction of Panthera tigris balica and Panthera tigris sondaica'. Pages 1–8 in: Tilson, R. L., Seal, U. S. (eds.) Tigers of the World: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes Publications, New Jersey.
- ^ Istiadi, Y., Panekenan, N., Priatna, D., Novendri, Y., Mathys, A., Mathys, Y. (1991). Untersuchung über die Carnivoren des Gunung Halimun Naturschutzgebietes. Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz e.V. Mitteilungen 7 (2): 3–5.
- ^ "History of big cat hybridisation". http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/hybridisation.html. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
- ^ Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). Wild Cats of the World. New York: Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-8324-1.
- ^ a b Markel, Scott; Darryl León (2003). Sequence Analysis in a Nutshell: a guide to common tools and databases. Sebastopol, California: O'Reily. ISBN 0-596-00494-X.
- ^ "tigon – Encyclopædia Britannica Article". http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001344/tigon. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
- ^ a b "White tigers". http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/white.html. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
- ^ a b "The white tiger today and the unusual white lion". Lairweb.org.nz. http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/white.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ "White Tigers". Bigcatrescue.org. http://www.bigcatrescue.org/cats/wild/white_tigers.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ "White Tiger Facts". http://www.indiantiger.org/white-tigers/white-tiger-facts.html. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
- ^ "White Tigers". Bigcathaven.org. Archived from the original on 2010-09-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20100908075603/http://bigcathaven.org/cats/wild/white_tigers_genetics.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
- ^ "Snow Tigers". Bigcatrescue.org. http://www.bigcatrescue.org/cats/wild/snowtigers.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ "Golden tabby Bengal tigers". Lairweb.org.nz. http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/tabby.html. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ a b McDougal, C. (1977) The Face of the Tiger. Rivington Books and André Deutsch, London.
- ^ Piper, P.J.; Earl of Cranbrook, Rabett, R.J. (2007). "Confirmation of the presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Borneo". Malayan Nature Journal 59 (3): 259–267.
- ^ Piper, P.J., Philip J.; Ochoa, J., Paz, V., Lewis, H., Ronquillo, W.P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 264: 123–127. DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003.
- ^ a b c d Mills, S. (2004). Tiger. p. 89. BBC Books, London
- ^ a b Thapar, V. (1989). Tiger: Portrait of a Predator. Smithmark Pub, New York
- ^ Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J.D., Seidensticker, J., Dinerstein, E., Smith, J.L.D., McDougal, C., Johnsingh, A.J.T., Chundawat, R.S. (2003) Science deficiency in conservation practice: the monitoring of tiger populations in India. Animal Conservation (61): 141–146.
- ^ a b c d Perry, Richard (1965). The World of the Tiger. p. 260. ASIN: B0007DU2IU.
- ^ "Man-eaters. The tiger and lion, attacks on humans". Lairweb.org.nz. http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/maneating7.html. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ a b ADW:Panthera tigris: Information, animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
- ^ Tiger: Spy In The Jungle. John Downer Productions. BBC (2008)
- ^ Sankhala 1997, p. 17
- ^ Sankhala 1997, p. 23
- ^ a b Mills, Stephen (2004). Tiger. Richmond Hill., Ont.: Firefly Books. p. 168. ISBN 1-55297-949-0.
- ^ a b Thapar, Valmik. (1992). The Tiger's Destiny. Kyle Cathie Ltd: Publishers, London
- ^ a b c d Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
- ^ "Zoogoer – Tiger, Panthera tigris". http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/1998/2/tigerfacts.cfm. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
- ^ "Tiger –". Bangalinet.com. http://www.bangalinet.com/tiger1.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "Tiger – Oakland Zoo". Oaklandzoo.org. http://www.oaklandzoo.org/meet_the_animals/tiger. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ Sunquist, Fiona & Mel Sunquist. 2002. Tiger Moon, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, ISBN 0-226-77997-1
- ^ Goldsmith, Oliver (2010). A History Of The Earth, And Animated Nature, Volume 2. Nabu Press. p. 297. ISBN 1-145-11108-4.
- ^ "Sympatric Tiger and Leopard: How two big cats coexist in the same area". Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20080213000715/http://www.ecology.info/tiger-leopard.htm. Ecology.info
- ^ Karanth, K. Ullas; Sunquist, Melvin E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology 250 (2): 255–265. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.
- ^ "The IUCN-Reuters Media Awards 2000". IUCN. Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060209182238/http://www.iucn.org/reuters/2000/eeurope.html. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ "Amur Tiger". Save The Tiger Fund. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070712180823/http://www.savethetigerfund.org/Content/NavigationMenu2/Community/GeneralPublic/TigerSubspecies/AmurSiberianTigers/default.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ Perry, Richard (1965). The World of the Tiger. p. 260. ASIN B0007DU2IU. ISBN 0-89747-230-6.
- ^ Carnivores of the World by Dr. Luke Hunter. Princeton University Press (2011), ISBN 9780691152288
- ^ "Tiger". Big Cat Rescue. http://www.bigcatrescue.org/cats/wild/tiger.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE". World Wildlife Foundation. http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/wildlifetrade/traditionalchinesemedicine.html. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ Jacobs, Andrew. "Tiger Farms in China Feed Thirst for Parts". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/13/world/asia/13tiger.html?_r=1. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ Tigress joins lone tiger in Sariska, Times of India, 4 July 2008.
- ^ Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani (2000). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. http://books.google.com/?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA153. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ Independent Online. "'World tiger population shrinking fast'". Iol.co.za. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=143&set_id=1&click_id=31&art_id=nw20080312141948377C153394. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C., Heydlauff, A., Wikramanayake, E., Bryja, G., Forrest, J., Ginsberg, J., Klenzendorf, S., Leimgruber, P., O'Brien, T., Sanderson, E., Seidensticker, J., Songer, M. (2006) Setting Priorities for the Conservation and Recovery of Wild Tigers: 2005–2015. A User's Guide. 1–50. Washington, D.C., New York, WWF, WCS, Smithsonian, and NFWF-STF.
- ^ Only 3500 tigers left worldwide – WWF[dead link]
- ^ "Front Page : Over half of tigers lost in 5 years: census". The Hindu. 2008-02-13. http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/13/stories/2008021357240100.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ Page, Jeremy (2008-07-05). "Tigers flown by helicopter to Sariska reserve to lift numbers in western India". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4272945.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
- ^ "India Reports Sharp Decline in Wild Tigers". News.nationalgeographic.com. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080213-AP-india-disap.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ "It's the tale of a tiger, two tigresses in wilds of Sariska". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2009-03-02. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Earth/Its-the-tale-of-a-tiger-two-tigresses-in-wilds-of-Sariska/rssarticleshow/4212845.cms. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ "Tigers galore in Ranthambhore National Park". Hindu.com. 2009-03-11. http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/11/stories/2009031152382000.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ Rabinowitz, A. (2009) Stop the bleeding: implementing a strategic Tiger Conservation Protocol Cat News 51: 30–31.
- ^ Goodrich, J.M., Miquelle, D.G., Smirnov, E.M., Kerley, L.L., Quigley, H.B., Hornocker, M.G. (2010) Spatial structure of Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) on Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Russia. Journal of Mammalogy 91 (3): 737–748.
- ^ "WWF: Amur (Siberian) tiger – species factsheet". http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/tigers/amur_tiger/index.cfm. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
- ^ Timothy, E. Fulbright, D., Hewitt, G. (2007) Wildlife Science: Linking Ecological Theory and Management Applications CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-7487-1
- ^ "Dalai Lama campaigns for wildlife". BBC News. April 6, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4415929.stm. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- ^ Justin Huggler (February 18, 2006). "Fur flies over tiger plight". New Zealand Herald. Tibet.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070714113644/http://www.tibet.com/NewsRoom/animalright2.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- ^ "Animal Skin Clothes Burned In Tibet After Dalai Lamas Call". The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 2006-02-17. http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/27-animal-skin-clothes-burned-in-tibet-after-dalai-lamas-call. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
- ^ WWF – Tiger – Overview. Worldwildlife.org (2011-08-10). Retrieved on 2011-09-27.
- ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/attach/15955.pdf
- ^ Jennifer Foote, "Trying to Take Back the Planet," Newsweek, 5 February 1990, pp. 24–25
- ^ Singh, A. (1981) Tara, a tigress. Quartet Books, London and New York.
- ^ Menon, S. (1997). Tainted Royalty. India Today, 17 November 1997
- ^ Bagla, P. (1998). Indian tiger isn't 100 per cent "swadeshi". The Indian Express, 19 November 1998
- ^ Shankaranarayanan, P., Singh, L. (1998). Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence among big cats and their hybrids. Current Science 75 (9): 919–923.
- ^ Tiger Territory The Tale of Tara, 4: Tara's Heritage
- ^ Tiger Territory Genetic pollution in wild Bengal tigers
- ^ Singh, R.K. (2000). Tara: The Cocktail Tigress. Print World, Allahabad.
- ^ a b "FAQs | Save China's Tigers". English.savechinastigers.org. 2004-07-25. http://english.savechinastigers.org/node/255. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ "FAQs | Save China's Tigers". English.savechinastigers.org. 2004-07-25. http://english.savechinastigers.org/node/255#14. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "The Baby Tiger That's Beating Extinction | Youtube Channel-SkyNews". Youtube.com. 2007-12-04. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAnmxhTd1OA. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ "Scientists Confirm the Role of Rewilding Captive Populations to Save the South China Tiger". English.savechinastigers.org. http://english.savechinastigers.org/node/572. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Tiger cubs saved by catwoman". Express.co.uk. 2010-10-05. http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/203605/Tiger-cubs-saved-by-Catwoman. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ vide Royal Tiger (nom-de-plume) in The Manpoora Tiger – about a Tiger Hunt in Rajpootanah. (1836) Bengal Sporting Magazine, Vol IV. reproduced in The Treasures of Indian Wildlife
- ^ "Man-eaters. The tiger and lion, attacks on humans". Lairweb.org.nz. http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/maneating.html. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "Man-eaters. The tiger and lion, attacks on humans". Lairweb.org.nz. http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/maneating3.html. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "Increasing tiger attacks trigger panic around Tadoba-Andhari reserve". Indianexpress.com. 2007-10-18. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/increasing-tiger-attacks-trigger-panic-around-tadobaandhari-reserve/229533/. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "Climate change linked to Indian tiger attacks". http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/38442. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
- ^ Harding, Andrew (2006-09-23). "Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | Beijing's penis emporium". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/5371500.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "Chinese tiger farms must be investigated". WWF. http://www.wwf.org.uk/news/n_0000003865.asp. Retrieved 2009-03-07. [dead link]
- ^ "WWF: Breeding tigers for trade soundly rejected at cites". Panda.org. http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/where/bhutan/index.cfm?uNewsID=106740. Retrieved 2009-03-07. [dead link]
- ^ Jackson, Patrick (29 January 2010). "Tigers and other farmyard animals". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8487122.stm. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
- ^ Nowell, K., Ling, X. (2007) Taming the tiger trade: China's markets for wild and captive tiger products since the 1993 domestic trade ban. TRAFFIC East Asia, Hong Kong, China.
- ^ Wildlife Watch Group (2011) Less than 3,000 Pet Tigers in America . Wildlife Times 5 (37): 12–13.
- ^ "Summary of State Laws Relating to Private Possession of Exotic Animals". Bornfreeusa.org. http://www.bornfreeusa.org/b4a2_exotic_animals_summary.php. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ Luo,S., Johnson,W. E., Martenson, J., Antunes, A., Martelli, P., Uphyrkina, O., Traylor-Holzer, K., Smith, J. L.D., O’Brien, S. J. (2008) Subspecies Genetic Assignments of Worldwide Captive Tigers Increase Conservation Value of Captive Populations. Current Biology 18: 592–596.
- ^ Xavier, N. (2010) A new conservation policy needed for reintroduction of Bengal tiger-white. Current Science 99 (7): 894–895.
- ^ DiPiazza, F. (2006). Malaysia in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8225-2674-2. http://books.google.com/?id=o1Yhov_ejW0C&pg=PA14.
- ^ a b c d Cooper, J. C. (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals. London: Aquarian Press. pp. 226–27. ISBN 1-85538-118-4.
- ^ Balambal, V (1997). "19. Religion – Identity – Human Values – Indian Context". Bioethics in India: Proceedings of the International Bioethics Workshop in Madras: Biomanagement of Biogeoresources, 16–19 January 1997. Eubios Ethics Institute. http://www.eubios.info/india/BII19.HTM. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
- ^ Summers, Montague (1966). The Werewolf. University Books. p. 21. ISBN 0-517-18093-6.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. 1910–1911.
- ^ a b c Independent Online. "Tiger tops dog as world's favourite animal". Int.iol.co.za. http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?newslett=1&em=28164a99a20041206ah&click_id=29&art_id=qw1102325040750B216&set_id=1. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ Pers – The Tiger is the World's Favorite Animal[dead link]
- ^ "CBBC Newsround | Animals | Tiger 'is our favourite animal'". BBC News. 2004-12-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4070000/newsid_4073100/4073151.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "Endangered tiger earns its stripes as the world's most popular beast | Independent, The (London) | Find Articles at BNET.com". Findarticles.com. 2004-12-06. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080120222416/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20041206/ai_n12814678. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
References[link]
- Brakefield, T. (1993). Big cats kingdom of might, Voyageur press.
- Dr. Tony Hare. (2001) Animal Habitats P. 172 ISBN 0-8160-4594-1
- Kothari, Ashok S. & Chhapgar, Boman F. (eds). 2005. The Treasures of Indian Wildlife. Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press, Mumbai.
- Mazák, V. (1981). Panthera tigris. (PDF). Mammalian Species, 152: 1–8. American Society of Mammalogists.
- Nowak, Ronald M. (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
- Sankhala, K. (1997). Der indische Tiger und sein Reich. Bechtermuenz Verlag. ISBN 3-86047-734-X. Abridged German translation of Return of the Tiger, Lustre Press, 1993.
- Seidensticker, John. (1999) Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in Human-dominated Landscapes Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64835-1
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tigers |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Panthera tigris |
 |
Wikispecies has information related to: Panthera tigris |
- 21st Century Tiger: information about tigers and conservation projects
- Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Panthera tigris
- Truth about Tigers: Website with a lot of answers to the conservation issues faced by tigers
- Save The Tiger Fund: Program of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
- Tiger Canyons Homepage: information about tigers and the Crossbred Tiger Rewilding project
- Tigers in Crisis: Information about Earth's Endangered Tigers
- WWF – Tigers
- Tiger Stamps: Tiger images on postage stamps from many different countries.
- Save China's Tigers: information about tigers and the South China Tiger rewilding project in Africa
- Sundarbans Tiger Project: research and conservation of tigers in the largest remaining mangrove forest in the world
- Explore T.I.G.E.R.S: The Institute of Greatly Endangered and Rare Species
- EIA tiger campaign: 15 years investigating the tiger trade, reports etc.
- EIA in the USA: reports etc.
- Tale of the Cat; Mar. 01, 2010; By Andrew Marshall; TIME Magazine (in partnership with CNN)
- BBC Year of the tiger video collection highlighting the plight of the Tiger. Produced in celebration of the 2010 Year of the Tiger.
- Watch more tiger (Panthera tigris) video clips from the BBC archive on Wildlife Finder
- Dr. Pralad Yonzon : Is this the last chance to save the tiger? Feature regarding tiger conservation published by The Kathmandu Post, 19 November 2010.
http://wn.com/Tiger
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Tiger
http://es.wn.com/Panthera tigris
http://ru.wn.com/Тигр
http://cs.wn.com/Tygr
http://pt.wn.com/Tigre
http://pl.wn.com/Tygrys
http://hi.wn.com/बाघ
http://it.wn.com/Panthera tigris
http://id.wn.com/Harimau
http://nl.wn.com/Tijger
http://fr.wn.com/Tigre
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Shadow (disambiguation).
 |
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2012) |
| The Shadow | |
|---|---|
|
"Who knows what evil lurks...?" The Shadow as depicted on the cover of the July 15, 1939 issue of The Shadow Magazine. The story, "Death from Nowhere," was one of the magazine plots adapted for the legendary radio drama. |
|
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Street & Smith Condé Nast |
| First appearance | Detective Story Hour (July 31, 1930)[1] (radio) "The Living Shadow" (April 1, 1931)[1] (print) |
| Created by | Walter B. Gibson |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Kent Allard (print) Lamont Cranston (radio and film) |
| Notable aliases | Lamont Cranston (print) |
| Abilities |
In print: Able to make himself nearly invisible to the naked eye Can alter and control a person's thoughts and perceptions |
The Shadow is a collection of serialized dramas, originally in pulp magazines, then on 1930s radio and then in a wide variety of media, that follow the exploits of the title character, a crimefighting vigilante in the pulps, which carried over to the airwaves as a "wealthy, young man about town" with psychic powers.[2] One of the most famous pulp heroes of the 20th century, The Shadow has been featured in comic books, comic strips, television, video games, and at least five motion pictures. The radio drama is well-remembered for those episodes voiced by Orson Welles.
Introduced as a mysterious radio narrator by David Chrisman, William Sweets and Harry Engman Charlot for Street and Smith Publications, The Shadow was fully developed and transformed into a pop culture icon by pulp writer Walter B. Gibson.
The Shadow debuted on July 31, 1930, as the mysterious narrator of the Street and Smith radio program Detective Story Hour.[3] After gaining popularity among the show's listeners, the narrator became the star of The Shadow Magazine on April 1, 1931, a pulp series created and primarily written by the prolific Gibson.
Over the years, the character evolved. On September 26, 1937, The Shadow radio drama officially premiered with the story "The Deathhouse Rescue", in which the character had "the power to cloud men's minds so they cannot see him." This was a contrivance for the radio; in the magazine stories, The Shadow did not have the ability to become literally invisible.
The introduction from The Shadow radio program, long-intoned by actor Frank Readick Jr., has earned a place in the American idiom: "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows!" These words were accompanied by an ominous laugh and a musical theme, Camille Saint-Saëns' Le Rouet d'Omphale ("Omphale's Spinning Wheel", composed in 1872). At the end of each episode, The Shadow reminded listeners, "The weed of crime bears bitter fruit. Crime does not pay.... The Shadow knows!"
Contents |
Publication history[link]
Detective Story Hour[link]
In order to boost the sales of their Detective Story Magazine, Street and Smith Publications hired David Chrisman of the Ruthrauff & Ryan advertising agency and writer-director William Sweets to adapt the magazine's stories into a radio series. Chrisman and Sweets felt the upcoming series should be narrated by a mysterious storyteller with a sinister voice, and began searching for a suitable name. One of their scriptwriters, Harry Engman Charlot, suggested various possibilities, such as "The Inspector" or "The Sleuth."[4] Charlot then proposed the ideal name for the phantom announcer: "... The Shadow."[4]
Thus, beginning on July 31, 1930,[1][5] "The Shadow" was the name given to the mysterious narrator of the Detective Story Hour. The narrator was voiced by James LaCurto[5] and, later, Frank Readick. The episodes were drawn from the Detective Story Magazine issued by Street and Smith, "the nation's oldest and largest publisher of pulp magazines."[5] Although the latter company had hoped the radio broadcasts would boost the declining sales of the Detective Story Magazine, the result was quite different. Listeners found the sinister announcer much more compelling than the unrelated stories. They soon began asking newsdealers for copies of "that Shadow detective magazine," even though it did not exist.[5]
Development[link]
Recognizing the demand and responding promptly, circulation manager Henry William Ralston of Street & Smith commissioned Walter B. Gibson to begin writing stories about "The Shadow." Using the pen name of Maxwell Grant and claiming that the stories were "from The Shadow's private annals as told to" him, Gibson wrote 282 out of 325 tales over the next 20 years: a novel-length story twice a month (1st and 15th). The first story produced was "The Living Shadow", published April 1, 1931.[5]
Gibson initially fashioned the character as a man with villainous characteristics, who used them to battle crime, and in this was the very first superhero in the modern century for modern times complete with a stylized imagery, a stylized name, sidekicks, supervillains, and a secret identity. Clad in black, The Shadow operated mainly after dark, burglarizing in the name of justice, and terrifying criminals into vulnerability before he or someone else gunned them down. The character was a film noir antihero in every sense; Gibson himself claimed the literary inspirations for The Shadow were Bram Stoker's Dracula and Edward Bulwer-Lytton's The House and the Brain.[4]
Because of the great effort involved in writing two full-length novels every month, several guest writers were hired to write occasional installments in order to lighten Gibson's work load. These guest writers included Lester Dent — who penned the Doc Savage stories — and Theodore Tinsley. In the late 1940s, mystery novelist Bruce Elliott (also a magician) would temporarily replace Gibson as the primary author of the pulp series.[6] Richard Edward Wormser, a reader for Street & Smith, wrote two Shadow stories.[7]
The Shadow Magazine ceased publication with the Summer 1949 issue, but Walter B. Gibson wrote three new "official" stories between 1963 and 1980. The first of these began a new series of nine updated Shadow novels from Belmont Books, starting with Return of The Shadow under his own by-line. But the remaining eight, The Shadow Strikes, Beware Shadow, Cry Shadow, The Shadow's Revenge, Mark of The Shadow, Shadow Go Mad, Night of The Shadow, and The Shadow, Destination: Moon, were not penned by Gibson but by Dennis Lynds under the "Maxwell Grant" byline. In these last eight novels, The Shadow was given psychic powers, including the radio character's ability "to cloud men's minds" so that he effectively became invisible, and was more of a spymaster than crime fighter.
Publications[link]
See List of The Shadow stories
Character development[link]
The character and look of The Shadow gradually evolved over his lengthy fictional existence.
As depicted in the pulps, The Shadow wore a black slouch hat and a black, crimson-lined cloak with an upturned collar over a standard black business suit. In the 1940s comic books, the later comic book series, and the 1994 film starring Alec Baldwin, he wore either the black slouch hat or a wide-brimmed, black fedora and a crimson scarf just below his nose and across his mouth and chin. Both the cloak and scarf covered either a black doubled-breasted trench coat or regular black suit. As seen in some of the later comics series, the hat and scarf would also be worn with either a black Inverness coat or Inverness cape.
But in the radio drama, which debuted in 1937, The Shadow became an invisible avenger who had learned, while "traveling through East Asia," "the mysterious power to cloud men's minds, so they could not see him." This revision of the character was born out of necessity: Time constraints of 1930s radio made it difficult to explain to listeners where The Shadow was hiding and how he was remaining concealed. Thus, the character was given the power to escape human sight. Voice effects were added to suggest The Shadow's seeming omnipresence.
In order to explain this power, The Shadow was described as a master of hypnotism, as explicitly stated in several radio episodes.
Background[link]
File:Shadow1livingshadow.JPG
"The Living Shadow" from The Shadow #1 (April 7, 1931)
In print, The Shadow's real name is Kent Allard, and he was a famed aviator who fought for the French during World War I. He became known by the alias of The Black Eagle, according to The Shadow's Shadow, 1933, although later stories revised this alias as The Dark Eagle beginning with The Shadow Unmasks, 1937. After the war, Allard seeks a new challenge and decides to wage war on criminals. Allard fakes his death in the South American jungles, then returns to the United States. Arriving in New York City, he adopts numerous identities to conceal his existence.
One of these identities—indeed, the best known—is Lamont Cranston, a "wealthy young man about town." In the pulps, Cranston is a separate character; Allard frequently disguises himself as Cranston and adopts his identity ("The Shadow Laughs," 1931). While Cranston travels the world, Allard assumes his identity in New York. In their first meeting, Allard/The Shadow threatens Cranston, saying that he has arranged to switch signatures on various documents and other means that will allow him to take over the Lamont Cranston identity entirely unless Cranston agrees to allow Allard to impersonate him when he is abroad. Terrified, Cranston agrees. The two men sometimes meet in order to impersonate each other ("Crime over Miami," 1940). Apparently, the disguise works well because Allard and Cranston bear something of a resemblance to each other ("Dictator of Crime," 1941).
His other disguises include businessman Henry Arnaud, who first appeared in Green Eyes, Oct. 1932, elderly gentleman Isaac Twambley, who first appeared in No Time For Murder, and Fritz, who first appeared in The Living Shadow, Apr. 1931; in this last disguise, he pretends to be a doddering old janitor who works at Police Headquarters in order to listen in on conversations.
The Shadow appears as Henry Arnaud in "Atoms of Death," "Buried Evidence," "Death Jewels," "Death Premium," "Death Ship," "Green Eyes," "House of Silence," "Murder Trail," "Quetzal," "Realm of Doom," "The Black Master," "The Blue Sphinx," "The Case of Congressman Coyd," "The Circle of Death," "The City of Doom," "The Condor," "The Embassy Murders," "The Five Chameleons," "The Ghost Murders," "The Man From Shanghai," "The Plot Master," "The Radium Murders," "The Romanoff Jewels," "The Seven Drops of Blood," "The Shadow Unmasks," "The Shadow's Shadow," and "Wizard of Crime."
The Shadow appears as Isaac Twambley in "No Time for Murder," "Guardians of Death," "Death Has Grey Eyes," "The Stars Promise Death," "Dead Man's Chest, and "The Magigal's Mystery."
The Shadow appears as Fritz in at least 23 Shadow novels: "The Living Shadow," "Hidden Death," "The Ghost Makers," "The Crime Clinic," "Crime Circus," "The Chinese Disks," "The Dark Death," "The Third Skull," "The Black Master," "The Voodoo Master," "The Third Shadow," "The Circle of Death," "The Sledge Hammer Crimes," "The Golden Masks," "The Ghost Murders," "Hills of Death," "The Hand," "The Racket's King," "The Green Hoods," "The Crime Ray," "The Getaway Ring," "Masters of Death," and "The Crystal Skull."
For the first half of The Shadow's tenure in the pulps, his past and identity are ambiguous, supposedly an intentional decision on Gibson's part. In The Living Shadow, a thug claims to have seen The Shadow's face, and thought he saw "a piece of white that looked like a bandage." In "The Black Master" and "The Shadow's Shadow," the villains both see The Shadow's true face, and they both remark that The Shadow is a man of many faces with no face of his own. It was not until the August 1937 issue, "The Shadow Unmasks," that The Shadow's real name is revealed.
Kent Allard appears as himself in at least twenty-eight Shadow novels: "The Shadow Unmasks," "The Yellow Band," "Death Turrets," "The Sealed Box," "The Crystal Buddha," "Hills of Death," "The Murder Master," "The Golden Pagoda," "Face of Doom," "The Racket's King," "Murder for Sale," "Death Jewels," "The Green Hoods," "Crime Over Boston," "The Dead Who Lived," "Shadow Over Alcatraz," "Double Death," "Silver Skull," "The Prince of Evil," "Masters of Death," "Xitli, God of Fire," "The Green Terror," "The Wasp Returns," "The White Column," "Dictator of Crime," "Crime out of Mind," "Crime Over Casco," and "Dead Man's Chest."
In the radio drama, the Allard secret identity was dropped for simplicity's sake. On the radio, The Shadow was only Lamont Cranston; he had no other aliases or disguises.
Supporting characters[link]
The Shadow has a network of agents who assist him in his war on crime. These include:
- Harry Vincent, an operative whose life he saved when Vincent tried to commit suicide.
- Moses "Moe" Shrevnitz, aka "Shrevvy," a cab driver who doubles as his chauffeur.
- Margo Lane, a socialite created for the radio drama and later introduced into the pulps.
- Clyde Burke, a newspaper reporter.
- Burbank, a radio operator who maintains contact between The Shadow and his agents.
- Cliff Marsland, a wrongly convicted ex-con who infiltrates gangs using his crooked reputation.
- Dr. Rupert Sayre, The Shadow's personal physician.
- Jericho Druke, a giant, immensely strong black man.
- Slade Farrow, who works with The Shadow to rehabilitate criminals.
- Miles Crofton, who sometimes pilots The Shadow's autogyro.
- Rutledge Mann, a stock-broker who collects information.
- Claude Fellows, the only agent of The Shadow ever to be killed, which he was in Gangdom's Doom, 1931.
- Hawkeye, a reformed underworld snoop who trails gangsters and other criminals.
- Myra Reldon, a female operative who uses the alias of Ming Dwan when in Chinatown.
- Dr. Roy Tam, The Shadow's contact man in New York's Chinatown.
Though initially wanted by the police, The Shadow also works with and through them; notably gleaning information from his many chats with Commissioners Ralph Weston and Wainright Barth (who is also Cranston's uncle), while at the Cobalt Club. Weston believes that Cranston is merely a rich playboy who dabbles in detective work. Another police contact is Detective Joe Cardona, a key character in many Shadow novels.
In contrast to the pulps, The Shadow radio drama limited the cast of major characters to The Shadow, Commissioner Weston, and Margo Lane, the last of whom was created specifically for the radio series, as it was believed the abundance of agents would make it difficult to distinguish between characters.[8] Clyde Burke and Moe Shrevnitz (identified only as "Shrevvy") made occasional appearances, but not as agents of The Shadow. Shrevvy was merely an acquaintance of Cranston and Lane, and occasionally Cranston's chauffeur.
Enemies[link]
The Shadow also faces a wide variety of enemies, ranging from kingpins and mad scientists to international spies and "super-villains," many of whom were predecessors to the rogues's galleries of comic super-heroes. Among The Shadow's recurring foes are Shiwan Khan (The Golden Master, Shiwan Khan Returns, and The Invincible Shiwan Khan)--who appears in the feature film portrayed by John Lone--The Voodoo Master (The Voodoo Master, The City of Doom, and Voodoo Trail), The Prince of Evil (The Prince of Evil, The Murder Genius, The Man Who Died Twice, and The Devil's Paymaster, all written by Theodore Tinsley), and The Wasp (The Wasp and The Wasp Returns).
The series also featured a myriad of one-shot villains, including The Red Envoy, The Death Giver, Gray Fist, The Black Dragon, Silver Skull, The Red Blot, The Black Falcon, The Cobra, Zemba, The Black Master, Five-Face, The Gray Ghost, and Dr. Z.
The Shadow also battles collectives of criminals, such as The Silent Seven, The Hand, The Salamanders, and The Hydra.
Radio program[link]
Orson Welles was the voice of The Shadow from September 1937 to October 1938. He was succeeded by Bill Johnstone.
In early 1930, Street & Smith Publications hired David Chrisman and Bill Sweets to adapt the Detective Story Magazine to radio format. Chrisman and Sweets felt the program should be introduced by a mysterious storyteller. A young scriptwriter, Harry Charlot, suggested the name of "The Shadow."[4] Thus, "The Shadow" premiered over CBS airwaves on July 31, 1930,[1] as the host of the Detective Story Hour,[5] narrating "tales of mystery and suspense from the pages of the premier detective fiction magazine."[5] The narrator was first voiced by James LaCurto,[5] but became a national sensation when radio veteran Frank Readick, Jr. assumed the role and gave it "a hauntingly sibilant quality that thrilled radio listeners."[5]
Early years[link]
Following a brief tenure as narrator of Street & Smith's Detective Story Hour, "The Shadow" character was used to host segments of The Blue Coal Radio Revue, playing on Sundays at 5:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. This marked the beginning of a long association between the radio persona and sponsor Blue Coal.
While functioning as a narrator of The Blue Coal Radio Revue, the character was recycled by Street & Smith in October 1931, to oddly serve as the storyteller of Love Story Hour.
In October 1932, the radio persona temporarily moved to NBC. Frank Readick again played the role of the sinister-voiced host on Mondays and Wednesdays, both at 6:30 p.m., with LaCurto taking occasional turns as the title character.
Readick returned as The Shadow to host a final CBS mystery anthology that fall. The series disappeared from CBS airwaves on March 27, 1935, due to Street & Smith's insistence that the radio storyteller be completely replaced by the master crime-fighter described in Walter B. Gibson's ongoing pulps.
Radio drama[link]
Street & Smith entered into a new broadcasting agreement with Blue Coal in 1937, and that summer Gibson teamed with scriptwriter Edward Hale Bierstadt to develop the new series. As such, The Shadow returned to network airwaves on September 26, 1937, over the new Mutual Broadcasting System. Thus began the "official" radio drama that many Shadow fans know and love, with 22-year-old Orson Welles starring as Lamont Cranston, a "wealthy young man about town." Once The Shadow joined Mutual as a half-hour series on Sunday evenings, the program did not leave the air until December 26, 1954.
Welles did not speak the signature line of "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men?". Instead, Readick did, using a water glass next to his mouth for the echo effect. The famous catch phrase was accompanied by the strains of an excerpt from Opus 31 of the Camille Saint-Saëns classical composition, Le Rouet d'Omphale.
After Welles departed the show in 1938, Bill Johnstone was chosen to replace him and voiced the character for five seasons. Following Johnstone's departure, The Shadow was portrayed by such actors as Bret Morrison (the longest tenure, with 10 years in two separate runs), John Archer, and Steve Courtleigh.
The Shadow also inspired another radio hit, The Whistler, whose protagonist likewise knows "many things, for I walk by night. I know many strange tales, many secrets hidden in the hearts of men and women who have stepped into the shadows. Yes, I know the nameless terrors of which they dare not speak".
Margo Lane[link]
Main article: Margo Lane
The radio drama also introduced female characters into The Shadow's realm, most notably Margo Lane (played by Agnes Moorehead, among others) as Cranston's love interest, crime-solving partner and the only person who knows his identity as The Shadow.[9] Four years later, the character was introduced into the pulp novels. Her sudden, unexplained appearance in the pulps annoyed readers and generated a flurry of hate mail printed in The Shadow Magazine's letters page.[9]
Lane was described as Cranston's "friend and companion" in later episodes, although the exact nature of their relationship was unclear. In the early scripts of the radio drama the character's name was spelled "Margot." The name itself was originally inspired by Margot Stevenson,[9] the Broadway ingénue who would later be chosen to voice Lane opposite Welles' Shadow during "the 1938 Goodrich summer season of the radio drama."[10] In the 1994 film in which Penelope Ann Miller portrayed the character, she is characterized as a telepath.
Comic strips, comic books, and graphic novels[link]
File:Shadowverngreene1.jpg
Walter Gibson's and Vernon Greene's The Shadow (August 12, 1940).
The Shadow has been adapted for the comics quite a few times; his first appearance was on June 17, 1940 as a syndicated daily newspaper comic strip offered by the Ledger Syndicate. The strip's story continuity was written by Walter B. Gibson, with plot lines adapted from the Shadow pulps, and the strip was illustrated by Vernon Greene. Due to pulp paper shortages and the growing amount of space required for war news from the European and Pacific fronts, the strip was canceled June 13, 1942. The Shadow daily was collected decades later in two comic book series from two different publishers (see below), first in 1988 and again in 1999.
To both cross-promote The Shadow and attract a younger audience to their other pulp magazines, Street & Smith published 101 issues of the comic book Shadow Comics from Vol. 1, #1 - Vol. 9, #5 (March 1940 - Sept. 1949).[11] A Shadow story led off each issue, with the remainder of the stories being strips based on other Street & Smith pulp heroes.
In Mad #4 (April–May 1953), The Shadow was spoofed by Harvey Kurtzman and Will Elder. Their character was called the Shadow' (with an apostrophe), which is short for Lamont Shadowskeedeeboomboom. In this satire, Margo Pain gets Shad, as she calls him, into various predicaments, including fights with gangsters and a piano falling on him from above. At the conclusion of the tale, after Margo is tricked into going inside an outhouse surrounded by wired-up dynamite, Shad is seen gleefully pushing down a detonator's plunger.
During the superhero revivial of the 1960s, Archie Comics published an eight-issue series, The Shadow (Aug. 1964 - Sept. 1965), under the company's Mighty Comics imprint. In the first issue, The Shadow depicted was loosely based on the radio version, but with blond hair. In issue #2 (Sept. 1964), the character was transformed into a campy, heavily muscled, green and blue costume-wearing superhero by writer Robert Bernstein (Jerry Siegel) and artist John Rosenberger.[12]
During the mid-1970s, DC Comics published an "atmospheric interpretation" of the character by writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Michael Kaluta[13] in a 12-issue series (Nov. 1973 - Sept. 1975). Kaluta drew issues 1-4 and 6 and was followed by Frank Robbins and then E. R. Cruz. Faithful to both the pulp-magazine and radio-drama character, the series guest-starred fellow pulp fiction hero The Avenger in issue #11.[14] The Shadow also appeared in DC's Batman #253 (Nov. 1973), in which Batman teams with an aging Shadow and calls the famous crime fighter his "greatest inspiration". In Batman #259 (Dec. 1974), Batman again meets The Shadow, and we learn The Shadow saved Bruce Wayne's life when the future Batman was a boy.
File:TheShadowComic01.jpg
DC Comics' The Shadow #1 (Nov. 1973). Cover art by Michael Kaluta.
The Shadow is also referenced in DC's Detective Comics #446 (1975), page 4, panel 2: Batman, out of costume and in disguise as an older night janitor, makes a crime fighting acknowledgement, in a (thought balloon) to the Shadow.
In 1986, another DC incarnation was created by Howard Chaykin. This four issue mini-series, also collected as a one-shot graphic novel (Shadow: Blood and Judgement), brought The Shadow into modern-day New York. While initially successful,[15] this version proved unpopular with traditional Shadow fans[16] because it depicted The Shadow using Uzi submachine guns and rocket launchers, as well as featuring a strong strain of black comedy and extreme violence throughout.[17]
The Shadow, set in our modern era, was continued the following year, in 1987, as a monthly DC comics series by writer Andy Helfer (editor of the mini-series), and was drawn primarily by artists Bill Sienkiewicz (issues 1-6) and Kyle Baker (issues 8-19 and two Shadow Annuals).
In 1988, O'Neil and Kaluta, with inker Russ Heath, returned to The Shadow with the Marvel Comics graphic novel The Shadow 1941: Hitler's Astrologer, set during World War II. This one-shot appeared in both hardcover and trade paperback editions.
The Vernon Greene/Walter Gibson Shadow newspaper comic strip from the early 1940s was finally collected by Malibu Graphics (Malibu Comics) under their Eternity Comics imprint, beginning with the first issue of Crime Classics dated July, 1988. Each cover was illustrated by Greene and colored by one of Eternity's colorists. A total of 13 issues appeared featuring just the black-and-white daily until the final issue, dated November, 1989. Some of the Shadow story lines were contained in one issue, while others were continued over into the next. When a Shadow story ended, another tale would begin in the same issue. This back-to-back format continued until the final 13th issue, when the strip story lines ended.
Dave Stevens' nostalgic comics series The Rocketeer contains a great number of pop culture references to the 1930s. Various characters from the Shadow pulps make appearances in the story line published in the Rocketeer Adventure Magazine, including The Shadow's famous alter ego Lamont Cranston. Two issues were published by Comico Comics in 1988 and 1989, but the third and final installment did not appear until years later, finally appearing in 1995 from Dark Horse Comics. All three issues were then collected by Dark Horse into a slick trade paperback titled The Rocketeer: Cliff's New York Adventure (ISBN 1-56971-092-9).
From 1989 to 1992, DC published a new Shadow series, The Shadow Strikes, written by Gerard Jones and Eduardo Barreto. This series was set in the 1930s and returned The Shadow to his pulp origins. During its run, it featured The Shadow's first team-up with Doc Savage, another very popular hero of the pulp magazine era. Both characters appeared together in a four-issue story line that crossed back and forth between each character's DC comic series. "The Shadow Strikes" often led The Shadow into encounters with well-known celebrities of the 1930s, such as Albert Einstein, Amelia Earhart, Charles Lindbergh, union organizer John L. Lewis, and Chicago gangsters Frank Nitti and Jake Guzik. In issue #7, The Shadow meets a radio announcer named Grover Mills — a character based on the young Orson Welles — who has been impersonating The Shadow on the radio. The character's name is taken from Grover's Mill, New Jersey, the name of the small town where the Martians land in Welles' famous 1938 radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds. When Shadow rights holder Conde Nast increased its licensing fee, DC concluded the series after 31 issues and one Annual; it became the longest running Shadow comic series since Street and Smith's original 1940s series.
During the early-to-mid-1990s, Dark Horse Comics acquired the comics rights to the Shadow from Conde Nast. It published the Shadow miniseries In The Coils of Leviathan (four issues) in 1993, and Hell's Heat Wave (three issues) in 1995. In the Coils of the Leviathan was later collected and issued by Dark Horse in 1994 as a trade paperback graphic novel. Both series were written by Joel Goss and Michael Kaluta, and drawn by Gary Gianni. A one-shot Shadow issue The Shadow and the Mysterious Three was also published by Dark Horse in 1994, again written by Joel Goss and Michael Kaluta, with Stan Manoukian and Vince Roucher taking over the illustration duties but working over Kaluta's layouts. A comics adaptation of the 1994 film The Shadow was published in two issues by Dark Horse as part of the movie's merchandising campaign. The script was by Goss and Kaluta and once again drawn from cover to cover by Kaluta. It was collected and published in England by Boxtree as a graphic novel tie-in for the film's British release. Emulating DC's earlier team-up, Dark Horse also published a two-issue mini-series in 1995 called The Shadow and Doc Savage. It was written by Steve Vance, and illustrated once again by Manoukian and Roucher. Of special note, both issues' covers were drawn by Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens. The final Dark Horse Shadow team-up was published in 1995. It was a single issue of Ghost and the Shadow, written by Doug Moench, pencilled by H. M. Baker, and inked by Bernard Kolle.
The Shadow made an uncredited cameo appearance in issue #2 of DC's 1996 four issue mini-series Kingdom Come. Those four issues were then collected into a single graphic novel in 1997. The Shadow appears in the nightclub scene standing in the background next to The Question and Rorschach.
The early 1940s Shadow newspaper daily strip was again put back into print, this time by Avalon Communications under their ACG Classix imprint. The Shadow daily began appearing in the first issue of Pulp Action comics. It carries no monthly date or issue number on the cover, only a 1999 copyright and a "Pulp Action #1" notation at the bottom of the inside cover. Each issue's cover is a colorized, partial comics panel blow-up, taken from one of the reprinted strips. The eighth issue uses for its cover a partial Shadow serial black-and-white movie still, with several hand-drawn alterations added. The first issue of Pulp Action is devoted entirely to reprinting the Shadow daily, but subsequent issues began offering back-up, non-Shadow stories of various page lengths in every issue. These Shadow strip reprints stopped with Pulp Action's eighth issue, never completing the daily's story lines; that last issue carries a 2000 copyright date.
In August 2011 Newsarama reported that Dynamite Entertainment had licensed the Shadow from Conde Nast and would be developing a new comic book series around the character.[18] The series, which is written by Garth Ennis and illustrated by Aaron Campbell, debuted on April 19, 2012 in comics shops and was also available for sale through various website sales outlets like eBay and Amazon.com; the Ennis story arc, set during the Shadow's original 1930s time period, will be featured in the first six issues. The first Dynamite issue was published with four different color covers and 8 special variants; including Retailer Incentive versions, regional comic shop specials, and even two offering limited, hand-drawn original cover sketches. This first issue was drawn by artists Alex Ross, Jae Lee, Howard Chaykin, and John Cassaday.[19]
Films[link]
The character has been adapted for several motion pictures.
[edit] The Shadow Strikes (1937)
The film The Shadow Strikes was released in 1937, starring Rod La Rocque in the title role. Lamont Cranston assumes the secret identity of "The Shadow" in order to thwart an attempted robbery at an attorney's office. Both The Shadow Strikes (1937) and its sequel, International Crime (1938), were released by Grand National Pictures.
[edit] International Crime (1938)
La Rocque returned the following year in International Crime. In this version, reporter Lamont Cranston is an amateur criminologist and detective who uses the name of "The Shadow" as a radio gimmick. Thomas Jackson portrayed Police Commissioner Weston, and Astrid Allwyn was cast as Phoebe Lane, Cranston's assistant.
[edit] The Shadow (1940)
A 15-chapter serial produced by Columbia Studios starring Victor Jory premiered in 1940. The Black Tiger is a criminal mastermind who has been sabotaging rail lines and factories across the United States, and Lamont Cranston must become his shadowy alter ego to uncover the fiend and halt his schemes.
[edit] The Shadow Returns (1946)
Low-budget motion picture studio Monogram produced a trio of films in 1946 starring Kane Richmond: The Shadow Returns, Behind the Mask and The Missing Lady. Richmond's Shadow wore a black face-mask similar to the type worn by the serial hero The Masked Marvel instead of his signature red scarf.
[edit] The Shadow (1994)
File:Shadowpost.jpg
Poster for The Shadow
Main article: The Shadow (1994 film)
In 1994 the character was adapted once again into a feature film, The Shadow, starring Alec Baldwin as Lamont Cranston, alongside Penelope Ann Miller as Margo Lane. As the film opens, Cranston has become the evil and corrupt Ying-Ko (literally "Eagle's Beak"), a brutal warlord and opium smuggler in early 1930s Mongolia. Ying Ko is kidnapped by agents of the mysterious tulku, who then begins to reform the warlord using the psychic power of his evolved mind to restore Cranston's humanity. The tulku also teaches him the ability to "cloud men's minds" using psychic power in order to fight evil in the world. Cranston eventually returns to his native New York City and takes up the guise of the mysterious Shadow, in payment to humanity for his past evil misdeeds: "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows..."
His nemesis in the film is adapted from the pulp series' long-running Asian villain (and for the film, a fellow telepath), the evil Shiwan Khan (John Lone), the last descendant of Genghis Khan. He seeks to finish his ancestors' legacy of conquering the world by first destroying New York City, using a newly developed atomic bomb, in a show of his power. Khan nearly succeeds but is thwarted by the Shadow in a final psychic duel of death: Cranston imposes his Will and defeats Khan during a telekinetically enhanced battle in a mirrored room, which suddenly explodes into thousands of flying mirror fragments. Focusing his mind's telekinatic power, Cranston flips a flying piece of jagged mirror shard midair, and hurls it directly at Khan's forehead; this doesn't kill him, it only renders Khan unconscious. To both save the warlord and the world, the Shadow has arranged with one of his operatives, an administrative doctor at an unidentified New York asylum for the criminally insane, to have Khan locked away in a padded cell. Khan's mirror shard-damaged frontal lobe, which controlled his powers, has been surgically removed; he is now under the Shadow's control forever.
The film combined elements from the Shadow pulp novels and comic books with the aforementioned ability to cloud minds, described only on the radio show. The Shadow wears a large, red-lined black cloak, a long, red mouth and chin scarf, a black trench coat, and a wide-brimmed fedora; he is armed with dual .45 semi-automatic pistols, as in the pulps and the comics. The film also displays Cranston's ability to conjure a false face whenever he is in his Shadow guise, in keeping with his physical portrayal in the novels and the comics.
Upcoming film[link]
On December 11, 2006, the website SuperHero Hype reported that director Sam Raimi and Michael Uslan will co-produce a new Shadow film for Columbia Pictures.[20] After failing to gain the rights in the late 1980s, Raimi instead created an original character for the 1990 feature film, Darkman.
On October 16, 2007, Raimi stated that: "I don't have any news on 'The Shadow' at this time, except that the company that I have with Josh Donen, my producing partner, we've got the rights to 'The Shadow.' I love the character very much and we're trying to work on a story that'll do justice to the character."[21]
On January 29, 2010, it was reported[by whom?] that Sam Raimi was searching for a new project after it was announced that the Spider-Man movie franchise would be rebooted without him. The Shadow was said to be at the top of his list. Recently, it was incorrectly rumoured that David Slade will direct the upcoming film, with a release date of 2012.
On Thursday, August 5, 2010, it was reported that Quentin Tarantino - who was attached as a co-writer for the script - had been attached to direct as well.[22] However this would later be denied by an official representative of Tarantino who informed MTV News that "There is no truth to this story"[23]
TV series[link]
Two attempts were made to make a television series based on the character. The first in 1954 was called The Shadow, starring Tom Helmore as Lamont Cranston.
The second attempt in 1958 was called The Invisible Avenger, which compiled the first two unaired episodes and was released theatrically instead. This film was later re-released in 1962 as Bourbon Street Shadows, with additional footage meant to appeal to "adult" audiences.[citation needed] Starring Richard Derr as The Shadow, The Invisible Avenger centers upon Lamont Cranston investigating the murder of a New Orleans bandleader. The film is notable as the second directorial effort of James Wong Howe (one of the two episodes only).
Influence on superheroes[link]
Characters such as Batman[24] and the Green Hornet resemble Lamont Cranston's alter ego. Both characters operate mostly by night, and the Green Hornet in particular operates outside the law, insinuating himself into criminal plots in order to put an end to the activities of master criminals. But whereas the Shadow carries a real gun, the Green Hornet carries only a lightweight pistol that fires non-lethal gas.
When Bob Kane and Bill Finger first conceived of the "Bat-Man", Finger suggested they pattern the character after pulp mystery men such as the Shadow.[25] Finger then used "Partners of Peril"[26]—a Shadow pulp written by Theodore Tinsley—as the basis for Batman's debut story, "The Case of the Chemical Syndicate."[27] Finger later publicly acknowledged that "my first Batman script was a take-off on a Shadow story"[28] and that "Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps."[29] This influence was further evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals and was not above using firearms.[29]
Alan Moore has credited The Shadow as one of the key influences for the creation of V, the title character in his DC Comics miniseries V for Vendetta,[30][31] that later became a big-budget film release in 2005 from Warner Bros.
See also[link]
- Condé Nast Publications, owner of The Shadow intellectual property
- Doctor Sax
- List of The Shadow episodes
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d "History of The Shadow". http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/kes/350/history.html. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ Stedman, Raymond William (1977). Serials: Suspense and Drama By Installment. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8061-1695-2. "The definite article in The Shadow's name was always capitalized in the pulp adventures"
- ^ "The Shadow: A Short Radio History". http://www.old-time.com/sights/shadow.html. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
- ^ a b c d Anthony Tollin. "Foreshadowings," The Shadow #5: The Salamanders and The Black Falcon; February 2007, Nostalgia Ventures.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Tollin, Anthony (2006-06). "Spotlight on The Shadow". The Shadow #1: the Golden Vulture and Crime Insured (Nostalgia Ventures): 4–5.
- ^ "The Shadow in Review". http://www.spaceports.com/~deshadow/reviews/shadow321.html. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
- ^ p.28 Wormser, Richard & Skutch, Ira How to Become a Complete Non-Entity: A Memoir 2006 iUniverse
- ^ Tollin, Anthony (2007-02). "The Shadow on the Radio". The Shadow (Nostalgia Ventures) (#5: The Salamanders and The Black Falcon).
- ^ a b c Will Murray. "Introducing Margo Lane", p. 127, The Shadow #4: Murder Master and The Hydra; January 2007, Nostalgia Ventures.
- ^ Anthony Tollin. "Voices from the Shadows," p. 120, The Shadow #5: The Salamanders and The Black Falcon; February 2007, Nostalgia Ventures.
- ^ Grand Comics Database: Shadow Comics
- ^ Grand Comics Database: The Shadow (1964 series)
- ^ McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1970s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. "Writer Denny O'Neil and artist Mike Kaluta presented their interpretation of writer Walter B. Gibson's pulp-fiction mystery man of the 1930s"
- ^ Grand Comics Database: The Shadow (1973 series)
- ^ "the series sold well -- earning an early graphic novel treatment and leading to an ongoing series by Andy Helfer, Bill Sienkiewicz and Kyle Baker". Kiel Phegley, Howard Chaykin: The Art of The Shadow. In Comic Book Resources, Feb. 28, 2012, page found 2012-03-30.
- ^ "... Simply for bucks because he has confessed in interviews that he never cared a gram about the character, auteur Howard Chaykin has taken The Shadow and turned him, in a four-issue mini-series, into a sexist, calloused, clearly psychopathic obscenity. Rather than simply ignoring characters from the Shadow's past, Chaykin has murdered them in full view... And when Mr. Chaykin was asked why he had this penchant for drawing pictures of thugs jamming .45's into the mouths of terrified women, Mr. Chaykin responded that the only readers who might object to this bastardization of a much-beloved fictional character were 'forty-year-old boys'. These comics bear the legend FOR MATURE READERS. For MATURE read DERANGED." Harlan Ellison, essay titled "In Which Youth Goeth Before A Fall", in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, August 1986.
- ^ Chaykin, in an interview after the book came out, had this to say: "I thought the book was well received by the people I cared about. Comic book fandom is evenly divided between people who like comics in a general way and are fans of comics in general, and then there's an entire spade of juvenilists who attach themselves to the old joke about the Golden Age of comics. 'What's the Golden Age of comics? 12!' There's this tremendous idea that their tastes were formed and refined at 12, and frankly, I'm not interested in supporting that sensibility. By the same token, if I'm going to be doing a mature readers product, I don't feel the need to stand by the standards of a 12-year-old sensibility. I certainly feel the pain of the people who were offended by the material, but fuck 'em. Life is hard all over. I was hired to do a job, and I feel I did a pretty damn good job with the material I had to work with. I'm happy with the work. I know that I antagonize and piss people off, but it's fine. Who cares?" Kiel Phegley, Howard Chaykin: The Art of The Shadow. In Comic Book Resources, Feb. 28, 2012, page found 2012-03-30.
- ^ Siegel, Lucas (August 17, 2011). "Dynamite Returns THE SHADOW to Comics After 16-Year Hiatus" Newsarama.
- ^ Webb, Charles (January 19, 2012). "Interview: Garth Ennis and Aaron Campbell On Bringing 'The Shadow' To Dynamite". MTV Geek.
- ^ Columbia & Raimi Team Up on The Shadow
- ^ Rotten, Ryan (2007-10-16). "Sam Raimi on Spider-Man 4 and The Shadow". Superherohype.com. Coming Soon Media, ltd.. http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=6410. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
- ^ http://aintitcool.com/node/46041
- ^ http://splashpage.mtv.com/2010/08/04/is-quentin-tarantino-directing-the-shadow/
- ^ Boichel, Bill (1991). "Batman: Commodity as Myth." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. London: Routledge. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-85170-276-7.
- ^ Secret Origins of Batman (Part 1 of 3) - Retrieved on January 13, 2008.
- ^ The Shadow Vol. 9 - "Foreshadowing The Batman" - Retrieved on January 13, 2008.
- ^ Secret Origins of Batman (Part 2 of 3) - Retrieved on January 13, 2008.
- ^ Steranko, James (1972). The Steranko History of Comics. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-7851-2116-1.
- ^ a b Daniels, Les (1999). Batman: The Complete History. Chronicle Books. p. 25. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0.
- ^ Moore, Alan (1990). V for Vendetta: Behind the Painted Smile. DC Comics.
- ^ Boudreaux, Madelyn (2006-10-17). "Annotation of References in Alan Moore's V For Vendetta". http://madelyn.utahunderground.net/vendetta/vendetta1.html. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
References[link]
- Cox, J. Randolph. Man of Magic & Mystery, A Guide to the Work of Walter B. Gibson, Scarecrow Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8108-2192-3. (Comprehensive history and career bibliography of Gibson's works.)
- Eisgruber, Jr., Frank. Gangland's Doom, The Shadow of the Pulps, Starmont House, 1985. ISBN 0-930261-74-7.
- Gibson, Walter B., Tollin, Anthony. The Shadow Scrapbook, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979. ISBN 0-15-681475-7. (Comprehensive history of The Shadow in all media forms up through the late 1970s.)
- Goulart, Ron. Cheap Thrills: An Informal History of the Pulp Magazine, Arlington House, 1972. ISBN 08700017228.
- Murray, Will. Duende History of the Shadow Magazine, Odyssey Publications, 1980. ISBN 0-933752-21-0.
- Overstreet, Robert. The Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide, 35th Edition., House of Collectibles, 2005. ISBN 0-375-72107-X. (Lists all Shadow comics published to date.)
- Sampson, Robert. The Night Master, Pulp Press, 1982. ISBN 0-934498-08-3.
- Shimfield, Thomas J. Walter B. Gibson and The Shadow. McFarland & Company, 2003. ISBN 0-7864-1466-9. (Comprehensive Walter Gibson biography with an emphasis on The Shadow.)
- Steranko, James. Steranko's History of the Comics, Vol. 1, Supergraphics, 1970. No ISBN.
- Steranko, James, (1972), Steranko's History of the Comics, Vol. 2, Supergraphics, 1972. No ISBN.
- Steranko, James. Unseen Shadows, Supergraphics, 1978. No ISBN. (Collection of Steranko's detailed black-and-white cover roughs, including alternate/unused versions, done for the Shadow novel reprints from Pyramid Books and Jove/HBJ.)
- Van Hise, James. The Serial Adventures of the Shadow, Pioneer Books, 1989. No ISBN.
External links[link]
- The Shadow: Master of Darkness
- The Shadow in Review
- The Shadow at the Internet Movie Database
- The Shadow at the Comic Book DB
|
|||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/The_Shadow
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/The Shadow
http://fr.wn.com/The Shadow
http://pt.wn.com/O Sombra
http://de.wn.com/The Shadow
http://it.wn.com/The Shadow
http://es.wn.com/La Sombra
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the actor. For the educator, see Salman Khan (educator).
| Salman Khan | |
|---|---|
 Salman Khan walking the ramp for Sanjana John |
|
| Born | Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan (1965-12-27) 27 December 1965 (age 46) Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Residence | Bandra, Mumbai |
| Other names | Sallu |
| Occupation | Film actor, television presenter and philanthropist |
| Years active | 1988–present |
| Parents | Salim Khan Salma Khan |
| Relatives | Arbaaz Khan (brother) Sohail Khan (brother) Helen Richardson (step-mother) |
Salman Khan (pronunciation : [səlˈmaːn ˈxaːn]; born Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan on 27 December 1965)[1] is an Indian film actor. He has starred in more than 80 Hindi films.
Khan, who made his acting debut with a minor role in the drama Biwi Ho To Aisi (1988), had his first commercial success with the blockbuster Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), for which he won a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut. He went on to star in some successful Hindi films of those times, such as Saajan (1991), Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994), Karan Arjun (1995), Judwaa (1997), Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998) and Biwi No.1 (1999), having appeared in the highest earning films of seven separate years during his career.[2]
In 1999, Khan won a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his extended appearance in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), and since then has starred in several critical and commercial successes, including Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999), Tere Naam (2003), Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004), No Entry (2005), Partner (2007), Wanted (2009), Dabangg (2010), Ready (2011) and Bodyguard (2011), which has become the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all-time. Khan has thus established himself as one of the most successful actors of Hindi cinema.[3][4][5]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Khan is the eldest son of screenwriter Salim Khan and his first wife Salma (née Sushila Charak). His paternal grandfather was a Muslim from Afghanistan[6][7] who came to India and settled in Madhya Pradesh, whereas his mother is a Marathi Hindu.[8] Khan himself had once said that he is "half Muslim and half Hindu".[9][10] His stepmother is Helen, a former actress, who has co-starred with him in a few films. He has two brothers, Arbaaz Khan and Sohail Khan, and two sisters, Alvira and Arpita. Alvira is married to actor/director Atul Agnihotri. Khan finished his schooling through St. Stanislaus High School in Bandra, Mumbai, as did his younger brothers Arbaaz and Sohail. Earlier, he studied at The Scindia School, Gwalior for a few years along with younger brother Arbaaz.[11][12]
Career[link]
1980s[link]
Salman Khan made his acting debut with a supporting role in the 1988 film Biwi Ho To Aisi. His first leading role in a Bollywood movie was in Sooraj R. Barjatya's romantic family drama Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), one of India's highest grossing films.[13] It earned him a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut, as well as his first nomination for a Best Actor at Filmfare.
1990s[link]
1990 saw one film release starring Khan, Baaghi: A Rebel for Love. The film was a box office success,[14] followed by four hit films in 1991, Patthar Ke Phool, Sanam Bewafa, Kurbaan [15][16] and Saajan.[17] Despite these early successes, nearly all of his 1992–1993 releases resulted in box office failures.[17]
Khan returned to success in 1994 with his second collaboration with director Sooraj Barjatya in the romance Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!, co-starring Madhuri Dixit. This film was the biggest hit of that year, and turned out to be one of Bollywood's highest-grossing films ever, becoming the fourth-highest earner of all time.[18] In 1995 he starred in Rakesh Roshan's Karan Arjun alongside Shahrukh Khan.[17] The two played brothers who are reincarnated after being killed by family enemies. The film was the second biggest hit of the year, and his role of Karan once again put his name among the nominees for the Best Actor award at the Filmfare, which was eventually won by his Karan Arjun co-star Shahrukh Khan for Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge.[19][20]
In 1996, Khan performed in two movies, Sanjay Leela Bhansali's directional debut Khamoshi: The Musical, a box office failure, but critically acclaimed; and Raj Kanwar's action hit Jeet. He had two releases in 1997: Judwaa and Auzaar. The former was a comedy directed by David Dhawan where he played a dual role of twins separated at birth.
Khan worked in five different films in 1998, his first release being the comedy Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya opposite Kajol, one of the biggest commercial successes of that year. This was followed by the moderately successful drama Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai.[17] Khan played a young man who has to take a child who claims to be his son, under his custody. Khan's performance in the film earned him several positive notices and favourable reviews from critics. He rounded of the year with an extended cameo in Karan Johar's directorial debut, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai for which he earned a second Filmfare Award under the Best Supporting Actor category.
In 1999, Khan starred in three films: Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United and Biwi No.1, two of the highest grossing films that year;[21] and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, which earned another Best Actor nomination at the Filmfare.
2000s[link]
In 2000, Khan acted in films including Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega . Chori Chori Chupke Chupke addressed the issue of surrogate childbirth; Khan played the role of a rich industrialist, who hires a surrogate mother after his wife becomes infertile. Critics noted his turn towards a more serious role, which reportedly had more substance in comparison to his previous roles.[22][23] In 2002 he starred in the delayed release Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam.
For Tere Naam, (2003) Taran Adarsh said of him, "Salman Khan is exceptional in a role that fits him to the T. He breathes fire in sequences that demand uneasiness. But beneath the tough exterior lies a vulnerable person and this facet in particular comes to the fore in the latter reels. His emotional outbursts are splendid..."[24] He subsequently continued his success at the box office, with comedies like Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004) and No Entry (2005).[17] Khan's work in 2006 included Jaan-E-Mann and Baabul .
Khan started 2007 with the ensemble film Salaam E Ishq. His next release Partner did very well at the box office, receiving a blockbuster verdict.[25] He next appeared in the Hollywood movie, Marigold: An Adventure in India which told the love story of an Indian man and an American woman. Khan starred in three films throughout 2008, all of which underperformed.[26]
Khan hosted the second season of 10 Ka Dum in year 2009 which turned out to be even more successful than his first season as host of the game show in year 2008. The show got very high TRPs for Sony Entertainment Television and according to reports, the show helped Sony TV regain its third position in the Indian television ratings.[27]
Khan's first film of 2009, Wanted directed by choreographer turned director Prabhu Deva. In the same year, he appeared in two other films, Main Aurr Mrs Khanna and London Dreams. While London Dreams doing average business, only due to the uninspiring music, but Main Aurr Mrs Khanna made 21 crores through DTH Premiere.[28]
2010s[link]
Khan's first release of 2010 was Anil Sharma's commercially and critically unsuccessful film Veer. His next release, Dabangg, was produced by his brother Arbaaz Khan, and released on 10 September 2010. It made a record opening at the box office[29] and Box Office India declared it an all-time blockbuster.[30] For his performance in Dabangg, Khan received a Star Screen Award for Best Actor and a Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male and was nominated for his sixth Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Anupama Chopra from NDTV wrote about his performance, "It's the role of a lifetime and Salman Khan bites into it like a starving man devours a feast. He inhabits it fully, strutting and swaggering and even, spoofing himself."[31]
Khan's first release of 2011 was Ready which released on 3 June. The film broke several box office records and is currently the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time. He next appeared in Bodyguard. Upon release, the film became an all time blockbuster at the box office,[32] with Khan's performance receiving favourable comments from critics and is currently the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time. [33]
Personal life[link]
In 2004, he was voted seventh-best-looking man in the world and the best looking man in India by People magazine, USA.[34] Khan has been involved in several charities during his career.[35]
On 11 October 2007, Khan accepted an offer from Madame Tussauds wax museum in London to have a wax replica made of himself. His life-size wax figure was installed there on 15 January 2008, making him the fourth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue in the museum.[36][37]
Khan has been the subject of several controversies, including certain legal troubles. On 28 September 2002, Khan was arrested for rash and negligent driving. His car had run into a bakery in Mumbai; one person who was sleeping on the pavement outside the bakery died and three others were injured in the mishap.[38] Charges of culpable homicide were laid against him, but later dropped, and he was found not guilty.[39] On 17 February 2006, Khan was sentenced to one year in prison for hunting the Chinkara, an endangered species. The sentence was stayed by a higher court during appeal.[40] On 10 April 2006, he was handed a five year jail term and remanded to Jodhpur jail until 13 April when he was granted bail.[41]
On September 2010, Khan was reported to have claimed during an interview to a Pakistani channel that the 26/11 attacks were hyped because the "elite" were targeted.[42][43] During the interview the actor had said - "It was the elite that was targeted this time. Five star hotels and all. So they panicked. Then they got up and spoke about it. My question is why not before. Attacks have happened in trains and small towns too, but no one talked about it so much."[42][43] Khan also said that Pakistan was not to be blamed for it, and that the Indian security forces had failed.[44] Khan's comments had drawn strong reactions from Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra Chagan Bhujbal, Shiv Sena, BJP and other political parties.[45] The comments were also condemned by Ujwal Nikam, Special Prosecutor in the 26/11 trial.[45] Khan later apologised for his comments.[42]
His relationship with actress Aishwarya Rai was a well publicised topic in the Indian media.[46] After their break-up in March 2002, Rai accused him of harassing her. She claimed that Khan had not been able to come to terms with their break-up and was hounding her; her parents lodged a complaint against him.[47] In 2005, news outlets released what was said to be an illicit copy of a mobile phone call recorded in 2001 by the Mumbai police. It appeared to be a call in which he threatened Rai, in an effort to force her to appear at social events held by Mumbai crime figures. The call featured boasts of connections to organised crime and derogatory comments about other actors. However, the alleged tape was tested in the government's Forensic lab in Chandigarh, which concluded that it was fake.[48][49]
After years of speculations, actress Katrina Kaif admitted in an 2011 interview for a magazine that she was in a serious relationship with Salman Khan for several years, which ended in 2010.[50]
In August 2011 he admitted he suffers from trigeminal neuralgia, a facial nerve disorder commonly known as the suicide disease. In an interview he said that he has been quietly suffering it for the past seven years, but now the pain’s become unbearable. It has even affected his voice, making it much harsher.[51]
Being Human Foundation[link]
Being Human Foundation is a registered charitable trust set up by Salman Khan for helping the cause of the underprivileged. In its early days, Salman Khan set up and funded the Foundation using his own money. The Foundation has two focus areas: Education and Healthcare. To increase the reach and corpus of the Foundation, Salman Khan has undertaken initiatives such as Being Human Art; Being Human merchandise; and Being Human Gitanjali Gold Coins. Proceeds from the activities of these initiatives go towards spreading education and healthcare for the underprivileged.
BEING HUMAN ART: The first showing of Being Human Art was an exhibition of Salman Khan's paintings at Dubai in October 2009. The response was tremendous and more exhibitions are being planned.
BEING HUMAN MERCHANDISE: Being Human Fashion was announced at HDIL India Couture Week 2009 in a show that made fashion history by featuring the biggest ever line-up of superstars including Aamir Khan, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Govinda, Katrina Kaif, Saif Ali Khan, Salman Khan and Sanjay Dutt. At HDIL India Couture Week 2010, Salman launched Being Human watches and followed it up with another glittering show featuring Bipasha Basu, Kareena Kapoor, Karisma Kapoor, Katrina Kaif, Preity Zinta, Priyanka Chopra, Rani Mukherjee and Sushmita Sen. Being Human T-shirts were launched in November 2010.
BEING HUMAN GITANJALI GOLD COINS: Being Human, the Salman Khan Foundation has tied up with India's biggest jewellery brand Gitanjali to launch co-branded gold coins.
BEING HUMAN PARTNERS MARROW DONORS REGISTRY INDIA (MDRI): In November 2010, the Foundation partnered with MDRI to create awareness and generate donors in order to create a robust registry in India.[52]
In 2011. Salman Khan launched his own production company called SKBH Productions (Salman Khan Being Human Productions).Money which will be generated from film productions will be donated to Being Human. First film made under the banner was kids entertainer Chillar Party, which went on to win 3 National Awards, for Best Children's film, best original screenplay and Child Artist's Award .[53] [54]
Non film work[link]
Khan has started an NGO called 'Being Human' which will sell T-shirts and other products online and in stores. A portion of the sales will go to a worthy cause supporting the underprivileged.[55] In April 2012, he became the brand ambassador for the travel website, Yatra.com, which also made him a shareholder.[56].He has also endorsed the History Channel, Suzuki motorcycles,[57] and Mountain Dew with whom he ended the contract in December 2010.[58]
In January 2012, Khan has offered to pay 
40 lakh (US$79,800) for releasing around 400 prisoners from around 63 prisons in the state of Uttar Pradesh via his NGO. The prisoners had completed their term but due to economical reasons, they were unable to pay a legal fine for their charges.[59]
Awards and nominations[link]
Filmography[link]
Actor[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1988 | Biwi Ho To Aisi | Vicky Bhandari | |
| 1989 | Maine Pyar Kiya | Prem Choudhary | Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1990 | Baaghi: A Rebel for Love | Saajan Sood | |
| 1991 | Sanam Bewafa | Salman Khan | |
| 1991 | Patthar Ke Phool | Inspector Suraj | |
| 1991 | Kurbaan | Akash Singh | |
| 1991 | Love | Prithvi | |
| 1991 | Saajan | Akash Varma | |
| 1992 | Suryavanshi | Vicky/Suryavanshi Vikram Singh | |
| 1992 | Ek Ladka Ek Ladki | Raja | |
| 1992 | Jaagruti | Jugnu | |
| 1992 | Nishchaiy | Rohan Yadav/Vasudev Gujral | |
| 1993 | Chandra Mukhi | Raja Rai | |
| 1993 | Dil Tera Aashiq | Vijay | |
| 1994 | Andaz Apna Apna | Prem Bhopali | |
| 1994 | Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! | Prem | |
| 1994 | Chaand Kaa Tukdaa | Shyam Malhotra | |
| 1994 | Sangdil Sanam | Kishan | |
| 1995 | Karan Arjun | Karan Singh/Ajay | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1995 | Veergati | Ajay | |
| 1996 | Majhdhaar | Gopal | |
| 1996 | Khamoshi: The Musical | Raj | |
| 1996 | Jeet | Raju | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 1996 | Dushman Duniya Ka | Special appearance | |
| 1997 | Judwaa | Raja/Prem Malhotra | |
| 1997 | Auzaar | Inspector Suraj Prakash | |
| 1997 | Dus | Captain Jeet Sharma | Incomplete film |
| 1997 | Deewana Mastana | Prem Kumar | Special appearance |
| 1998 | Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya | Suraj Khanna | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1998 | Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai | Suraj Dhanrajgir | |
| 1998 | Sar Utha Ke Jiyo | Special appearance | |
| 1998 | Bandhan | Raju | |
| 1998 | Kuch Kuch Hota Hai | Aman Mehra | Extended guest appearance Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 1999 | Jaanam Samjha Karo | Rahul | |
| 1999 | Biwi No.1 | Prem | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role |
| 1999 | Sirf Tum | Prem | Special appearance |
| 1999 | Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam | Sameer Rafillini | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1999 | Hello Brother | Hero | |
| 1999 | Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United | Prem | |
| 2000 | Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge | Raja Oberoi | |
| 2000 | Chal Mere Bhai | Prem Oberoi | |
| 2000 | Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega | Raj/Romi | |
| 2000 | Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke | Special appearance | |
| 2000 | Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye | Prem Kapoor | |
| 2001 | Chori Chori Chupke Chupke | Raj Malhotra | |
| 2002 | Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge | Veer Singh Thakur/Ali | |
| 2002 | Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam | Suraj | |
| 2002 | Yeh Hai Jalwa | Raj 'Raju' Saxena/Raj Mittal | |
| 2003 | Love at Times Square | Special appearance | |
| 2003 | Stumped | Special appearance | |
| 2003 | Tere Naam | Radhe Mohan | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2003 | Baghban | Alok Raj | Special appearance Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 2004 | Garv: Pride and Honour | Inspector Arjun Ranavat | |
| 2004 | Mujhse Shaadi Karogi | Sameer Malhotra | |
| 2004 | Phir Milenge | Rohit Manchanda | Extended guest appearance |
| 2004 | Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa | Rishabh | |
| 2005 | Lucky: No Time for Love | Aditya | |
| 2005 | Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? | Dr. Samir Malhotra | |
| 2005 | No Entry | Prem | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role |
| 2005 | Kyon Ki | Anand | |
| 2006 | Saawan... The Love Season | Sameer Sam | Extended guest appearance |
| 2006 | Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar | Ayaan | |
| 2006 | Jaan-E-Mann | Suhaan Kapoor | |
| 2006 | Baabul | Avinash Kapoor | |
| 2007 | Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute To Love | Rahul | |
| 2007 | Partner | Prem Love Guru | |
| 2007 | Marigold: An Adventure in India | Prem | English language film |
| 2007 | Om Shanti Om | Himself | Special appearance in song "Deewangi Deewangi" |
| 2007 | Saawariya | Imaan | Extended guest appearance |
| 2008 | God Tussi Great Ho | Arun Prajapati | |
| 2008 | Hello | Chetan Bhagat | Special appearance |
| 2008 | Heroes | Balkar Singh/Jassvinder Singh | |
| 2008 | Yuvvraaj | Deven Yuvvraaj | |
| 2009 | Wanted | Radhe/Rajveer Shikhawat | |
| 2009 | Main Aurr Mrs Khanna | Samir Khanna | |
| 2009 | London Dreams | Mannu (Manjit Khosla) | |
| 2009 | Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani | Himself | Special appearance |
| 2010 | Veer | Veer | |
| 2010 | Prem Kaa Game | The Sutradhaar (Narrator) | Special appearance |
| 2010 | Dabangg | Inspector Chulbul Pandey (Robinhood Pandey) |
Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2010 | Tees Maar Khan | Himself | Special appearance in song "Wallah Re Wallah" |
| 2010 | Isi Life Mein | Himself | Special appearance |
| 2011 | Ready | Prem Kapoor | |
| 2011 | Bodyguard | Lovely Singh | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2011 | Tell Me O Kkhuda | Cameo | |
| 2011 | Do Aur Do Paanch | Extended guest appearance | |
| 2012 | Ek Tha Tiger | Filming | |
| 2012 | Ishkq in Paris | Special appearance[60] | |
| 2012 | Dabangg 2 | Inspector Chulbul Pandey (Robinhood Pandey) |
Filming [61] |
| 2013 | Andaz Apna Apna 3D[62] | Prem (voice) | Animated Film |
| 2013 | Sooraj Barjatya's next [63] | Prem | Announced |
Television presenter[link]
Writer[link]
- Baaghi: A Rebel for Love (1990)[64]
- Chandra Mukhi (1993)[65]
- Veer (2010)
Producer[link]
- Chillar Party (2011)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ PTI (27 December 2011). "Bollywood wishes Salman Khan on his 46th birthday". DNA India (New Delhi). http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_bollywood-wishes-salman-khan-on-his-46th-birthday_1630590. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ DABANGG Is 17th ALL TIME BLOCKBUSTER. Box Office India. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- ^ Ramesh Dawar (2006), Bollywood Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow, Star Publications, ISBN 1-905863-01-2, p. 111. "Salman Khan is one of the most successful stars of Bollywood today. He is one of Indian cinema's hottest selling stars a safe bet any day."
- ^ Felicia Faye McMahon, Donald E. Lytle and Brian Sutton-Smith (2005), Play: An interdisciplinary synthesis, University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-3042-1, p. 120. "The first night after the lights were turned out the girls stayed up chatting about Salman Khan and Sharukh Khan, two leading male actors in the Hindi film industry."
- ^ Stella Bruzzi, Pamela Church Gibson (2000), Fashion cultures: Theories, explorations, and analysis, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-20685-5, p. 182. "The action films of the 1980s saw the macho action-hero dominating the screen, who was replaced by the short, muscular hero with a pretty face in the 1990s. Salman Khan, one of the most popular, takes his shirt off several times in each movie to show his pumped body, frequently wearing gym-gear and American sportswear."
- ^ "Afghan traces Bolly Khans' Pathan roots". Mid Day. May 18, 2011. http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/may/180511-Kabul-Pathan-community-Hindi-films-Bolly-Khans.htm. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
- ^ Kakaron, Javed Hamim (December 25, 2011). "Khans in Bollywood book published". Pajhwok Afghan News. http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/12/25/khans-bollywood-book-published. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
- ^ Salman denies backing Raj Thackeray. Rediff.com.
- ^ "I Am Half Hindu, Half Muslim, Says Salman Khan - Bollywood Movies". Zimbio. 2010-03-17. http://www.zimbio.com/Bollywood+Movies/articles/JLelbyaJC4B/Half+Hindu+Half+Muslim+Says+Salman+Khan. Retrieved 2011-12-25. "... as I am half Muslim and half Hindu. I just know that there are good or bad Hindus and good or bad Muslims."
- ^ "Salman Khan celebrates Mahashivratri". Hindustantimes. 2012-02-20. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Salman-Khan-celebrates-Mahashivratri/Article1-814210.aspx. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Salman Khan Biography. HindiMovies.org.in. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Salman Khan: From By-Lines to Bhai-Lines. Channel V India. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ "The Biggest Blockbusters Ever In Hindi Cinema". Box Office India. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg==. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ 1990 box office results. BoxOfficeIndia.com.
- ^ "1991: Of Super-Hits & Stars". screenindia.Com. http://www.screenindia.com/news/1991-of-superhits-&-stars/814111/. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Filmfare, Hits & Misses". 1991 Box Office. January,1992.
- ^ a b c d e "Salman Khan's box office filmography". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071116053128/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/salmankhan.htm. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ "All Time Grossers Inflation Adjusted". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061024031908/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/alltime.htm. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
- ^ The Nominations – 1995.
- ^ The Winners – 1995.
- ^ Top Lifetime Grossers 1995–1999.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (8 March 2001). "Chori Chori Chupke Chupke: Movie Review". Indiafm.com. http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6728/index.html. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
- ^ Us Salam, Ziya (16 March 2001). "Film review: Chori Chori Chupke Chupke". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/03/16/stories/09160223.htm. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (15 August 2003). "Tere Naam". indiaFM. http://indiafm.com/movies/review/7078/index.html. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ^ "Box Office Results Top Grosses by Decades and Years – 2007". International Business Overview Standard. http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/topgrossersbyyear.asp?year=2007. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ "God Tussi Great Ho". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godtussigreatho.htm. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ Lakhvinder Baddhan (25 August 2008). "Sony TV regains numero three position". BizAsia UK. http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2008/08/sony_tv_regains.php. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
- ^ Sampurn Wire (17 November 2009). "Super Hit on DTH". http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/main-aur-mrs-khanna-a-super-hit-on-dth-with-rs-21-crore-gross_100276229.html. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ^ "Dabangg beats 3 Idiots, collects Rs 14 crore on opening day". Hindustan Times. 11 September 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/dabangg-beats-3-idiots-collects-rs-14-crore-on-opening-day/Article1-598793.aspx. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ "Dabangg Is 17th All Time Blockbuster". Box Office India. http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2043&nCat=box_office_news. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ Chopra, Anupama (10 September 2010). "Review: Dabangg". NDTV movies. NDTV. http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=547&albumname=Review:+Dabangg&cp. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ Verma Ambwani, Meenakshi (1 September 2011). "Salman Khan's Bodyguard sets record for first-day box office collections of Rs 20 crore". The Times Of India. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/news/29953680_1_theatres-movies-salman-khan-s-bodyguard. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran. "Bodyguard : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh". http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14340/index.html. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ "'Masand ki Pasand' is Salman Khan this time". Indian television. 25 March 2004. http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k4/mar/martube17.htm. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
- ^ "Salman still dares to 'bare' at 40". CNN-IBN. 27 December 2005. http://www.ibnlive.com/news/salman-still-dares-to-bare-at-40/2843-8.html. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ Indo-Asian News Service (15 January 2008). "Salman Khan unveils wax figure at Madame Tussauds". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ac5beb5b-fe5f-4634-8114-bda3ce468c95&&Headline=Salman+Khan+unveils+wax+figure+at+Madame+Tussauds. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
- ^ "Salman Khan now live at Madame Tussauds". Madametussauds.com. http://www.madametussauds.com/London/OurFigures/Bollywoodstars/SalmanKhan/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ "Salman Khan's jeep runs over pavement dwellers, one dead; actor surrenders". Rediff.com. 28 September 2002. http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/28khan.htm.
- ^ Ahmed, Zubair (3 September 2003). "Bollywood homicide charge dropped". BBC News South Asia. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3076990.stm. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
- ^ "Chinkara case: Salman Khan told to appear in person". Times of India. 7 February 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-07/india/28547669_1_chinkara-case-bhawad-salman-khan. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Salman granted bail on poaching case". Sify. 13 April 2006. http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14184053. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ a b c Salman causes uproar with Mumbai attack comment, aplologises
- ^ a b The Economic Times - Salman Khan apologises over Mumbai attacks remark
- ^ NewsVideo - Youtube
- ^ a b Salman causes uproar with Mumbai attack comment, aplologises
- ^ "Salman in news for the wrong reasons". Tribune of India. 3 March 2002. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020303/spectrum/main6.htm.
- ^ Ahmed, Afsana; Sharma, Smrity (27 September 2002). "Salman harassing me, says Aishwarya". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/23402266.cms.
- ^ "Police records Salman Khan's voice, Ash keeps mum". The Tribune. 18 July 2005. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050718/nation.htm#1.
- ^ "Salman cleared in Aishwarya tape case". Associated Press. 16 September 2005. http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/17/int6.htm. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
- ^ "Salman was my first serious relationship: Katrina Kaif". December 7, 2011. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Salman-was-my-first-serious-relationship-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-778948.aspx.
- ^ "Salman suffering from the suicide disease". August 24, 2011. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Cinema-Interviews/Salman-suffering-from-the-suicide-disease/Article1-737044.aspx.
- ^ "The Salman Khan Foundation". December 7, 2011. http://www.beinghumanonline.com/about_foundation.php.
- ^ "SKBH Productions to do charity". Jun 10 2011. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/skbh-productions-to-do-charity/800979.
- ^ "Chillar Party wins 3 National Awards!". Mar 7, 201. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-07/news-interviews/31131842_1_chillar-party-vikas-bahl-national-award.
- ^ Our Bureau. "Business Line : Industry & Economy / Marketing : Salman Khan’s NGO Being Human to launch stores by Feb". Thehindubusinessline.com. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/marketing/article2717241.ece. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ "No one-time endorsement fee, stars have more at stake now: Salman?s deal with yatra.com is part of a growing trend". Business Standard. Apr 13, 2012. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/no-one-time-endorsement-fee-stars-have-more-at-stake-now/471124/.
- ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/marketing/article3328776.ece
- ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Salman-Khan-won-t-endorse-Mountain-Dew/Article1-845891.aspx
- ^ "Salman Khan to help free 400 prison inmates in Uttar Pradesh". http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/salman-to-help-free-400-prison-inmates-in-up/20120127.htm. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Salman Khan in Preity's Ishkq In Paris". April 03, 2012. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Salman-Khan-in-Preity-s-Ishkq-In-Paris/Article1-834833.aspxl.
- ^ "Salman takes over Kamalistan". March 09, 2012. http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/2012030920120309020135802a0b7334e/Salman-takes-over-Kamalistan.html.
- ^ "Salman Khan to lend voice for Andaz Apna Apna in 3D". 16 APRIL , 2012. http://businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=20488.
- ^ "Exclusive info on Salman's next... straight from Sooraj R. Barjatya". May 29, 2012. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1443524/Exclusive-info-on-Salman's-next...-straight-from-Sooraj-R.-Barjatya.
- ^ "Baaghi: A Rebel for Love (1990)/Trivia". July 25, 2011. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099080/trivia.
- ^ "Chandra Mukhi - IMDB Information". May 15, 2012. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106541/.
Further reading[link]
- Ghosh, Biswadeep (2004). Hall of Fame: Salman Khan. Mumbai: Magna Books. ISBN 81-7809-249-2.
External links[link]
- Salman Khan at the Internet Movie Database
- Salman Khan on Twitter
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Khan, Salman |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Film actor, Television Presenter |
| Date of birth | 27 December 1965 |
| Place of birth | Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Salman_Khan
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://id.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://es.wn.com/Salman Khan (actor)
http://pl.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://fr.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://ru.wn.com/Хан, Салман
http://de.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://hi.wn.com/सलमान ख़ान
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Katrina Kaif | |
|---|---|
 Katrina Kaif in 2012 |
|
| Born | (1984-07-16) 16 July 1984 (age 27) Hong Kong |
| Residence | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Nationality | British[1] |
| Ethnicity | British Indian |
| Occupation | Model, Actress |
| Years active | 2003 – present |
Katrina Kaif (born 16 July 1984[2]) is a British Indian actress and former model who appears in Indian films, mainly in the Hindi-language film industry.[3][4] She has also appeared in Telugu and Malayalam films. She was voted the sexiest Asian woman in the world by Eastern Eye in the years 2008, 2009 and 2010.[5][6] Being a British citizen, she works in India on an employment visa.[1]
Kaif made her acting debut with Kaizad Gustad's box office bomb Boom (2003). She tasted success in 2007 with Vipul Shah's Namastey London and followed with such films as Anees Bazmee's Welcome (2007), Abbas-Mustan's Race (2008) and Kabir Khan's New York (2009).[7] She has since appeared in critically and commercially successful films like Prakash Jha's political thriller Rajneeti (2010) and Zoya Akhtar's dramedy Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011).[8]
Contents |
Early years and personal life[link]
Kaif was born in Hong Kong,[9] to an Indian Kashmiri father,[10][11][12] Mohammed Kaif, and an English mother, Susanna Turquotte,[13] both of whom are British citizens. Her parents divorced when she was very young. Kaif once stated, "My dad, unfortunately, and not out of choice, has had no influence on our upbringing, on our religious or social or moral bearings."[14] When she came to India, she changed her surname to Kaif, because it was Indian in origin.[15] Furthermore, Ayesha Shroff has maintained that the actress' original name is Katrina Turquotte.[15] Kaif has seven siblings; a brother and six sisters.[16] From Hong Kong, she and her family moved to China, then to Japan. From there she went to France when she was 8, and thereafter lived for a few months at a time in Switzerland, Poland, Germany, Belgium, and other European countries.[17] Then she moved with her family to Hawaii, and eventually to her mother's home country of England. Although it is often assumed that Kaif is from London, she lived there only for three years before finally moving to Mumbai.[17]
Religious views[link]
Kaif is known to have secular religious views, and has been to various religious places in India,[18] including Hindu, Sikh and Islamic places of worship.[19] She has been seen worshipping at Siddhivinayak temple, Hindu temples in Haridwar, Shirdi, Amritsar's Golden temple and Ajmer Sharif dargah.[19][20][21]
Career[link]
Modeling and early film career (1998–2004)[link]
Kaif began her modeling career at age fourteen; her first assignment was for a jewelry campaign. She continued modeling in London under a contract with the Models 1 Agency and did campaigns for houses such as La Senza and Arcadius, and even walked on the London Fashion Week.[22]
Kaif's modeling work led to her discovery by London-based filmmaker Kaizad Gustad, who gave her a part in his film Boom (2003). The film, which starred Amitabh Bachchan and Gulshan Grover, failed to make an impact. She then moved to Mumbai and was offered a number of modeling assignments, but filmmakers were hesitant to cast Kaif due to her poor command of Hindi.[23][24]
Breakthrough (2005–2006)[link]
In 2005, Kaif made a cameo in Ram Gopal Verma's drama Sarkar, as Abhishek Bachchan's girlfriend. The same year, she landed her first major role in David Dhawan's adaptation of Cactus Flower, Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya, where she was paired opposite Salman Khan. The film also featured Sushmita Sen, Arshad Warsi, Isha Koppikar and Sohail Khan in leading roles. Upon release, the film became a moderate success with Taran Adarsh, a prominent film critic, mentioning Kaif as a "complete revelation".[25] The following year, she was paired opposite Akshay Kumar for the first time in Raj Kanwar's box-office flop Humko Deewana Kar Gaye. However, for her portrayal of Jia A. Yashvardhan, Adarsh wrote, "Taking giant strides as an actor, Katrina is, without doubt, the star of the show. It's her magnetic presence and dependable performance that you carry home once the show has ended." [26]
Success (2007– present)[link]
.jpg)
In 2007, Kaif appeared in four films, all of which were successful at the box office. Her first release was Vipul Shah's romantic-comedy Namastey London. Kaif portrayed the character of a British Indian girl named Jasmeet "Jazz" Malhotra, alongside Rishi Kapoor, Akshay Kumar and Clive Standen. Upon its release, the film became a major hit, with Nikhat Kazmi, of the The Times Of India praising the chemistry between the leading couple.[27] She next played a supporting role in Anil Sharma's melodrama Apne. Featuring Dharmendra, Sunny Deol, Bobby Deol, Kirron Kher and Shilpa Shetty, the film was a box-office hit.[28] Her next release was David Dhawan's unofficial remake of Hitch, Partner, where she starred alongside Salman Khan, Govinda, and Lara Dutta. Her final film of 2007, Welcome, directed by Anees Bazmee and co-starring Akshay Kumar, Paresh Rawal and Anil Kapoor, was declared a blockbuster in India,[28] despite negative reviews from critics.
Her first release of 2008 was Abbas-Mustan's action-thriller Race; she played Saif Ali Khan's secretary, Sophia, who is secretly in love with his hostile stepbrother (played by Akshay Khanna). The film also featured Anil Kapoor, Bipasha Basu and Sameera Reddy in leading roles. Despite its success, Kazmi wrote, "Katrina is too pale as the blousy secretary who comes into her own only when she gets seductive with a Touch me, kiss me tenor. " [29]
Kaif was next seen in Anees Bazmee's action comedy Singh Is Kinng, portraying Akshay Kumar's love interest and Ranvir Shorey's fiancée. After its release, the film was declared a blockbuster, making it Kaif's sixth consecutive success at the box office. The movie also emerged as the third highest grossing film of 2008.[30] Kaif's final release of the year, Subhash Ghai's Yuvvraaj, was a commercial failure,[31] but its script made its way into the Library of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences for artistic merit, original screenplay with a substance, and the film as a whole.[32][33]
In 2009, she featured in Kabir Khan's terrorism drama New York, with John Abraham and Neil Nitin Mukesh. It was a critical and commercial success in both India and overseas.[34] Kaif's performance was highly praised: Taran Adarsh wrote, "Katrina gives you the biggest surprise. Known for her glamour roles, Katrina proves that she can deliver if the director and writer offer her a role of substance. She's outstanding. In fact, people will see a new, different Katrina this time."[35] For her performance, Kaif received her first Filmfare nomination in the Best Actress category.[7] She next had a cameo in the star-studded action-thriller Blue, popularly known as India's first underwater thriller, with Akshay Kumar and Zayed Khan.[36] However, it was declared a flop. In November 2009, she appeared along with Ranbir Kapoor, in Rajkumar Santoshi's blockbuster comedy Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani, as Jennifer Pinto. Critics mostly praised her fresh chemistry with Kapoor rather than her performance as a whole.[37] Her final release that year was Priyadarshan's star-studded De Dana Dan with Akshay Kumar, Suniel Shetty, Paresh Rawal and Neha Dhupia. Despite a good opening, the film failed to do well at the box office.[38]
Kaif's first release of 2010 was Prakash Jha's political thriller Raajneeti, where she appeared opposite Ranbir Kapoor and Arjun Rampal. The film was a modern-day adaptation of The Mahabharata set against the political backdrop of Delhi. Nana Patekar, Manoj Bajpai and Shruti Seth also played starring roles. Upon release, the film performed extremely well at the box office, and earned Kaif favourable reviews for her portrayal of the dynamic Indu Sakseria.[39] Her final release that year was Farah Khan's brainless comedy Tees Maar Khan with Akshay Kumar.[40] The film received unanimous negative reviews from critics and was declared a flop. However, Kaif's item number Sheila Ki Jawani became a major chartbuster.[41]
In 2011, she was seen alongside Hrithik Roshan, Farhan Akhtar, Abhay Deol and Kalki Koechlin in Zoya Akhtar's dramedy Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara,[42] which emerged as a major critical and commercial success. Kaif was praised for her portrayal of a fun-loving diving instructor Laila. Taran Adarsh wrote, "Katrina is a revelation...the actress continues to surprise you with her performances in film after film."[43] She next featured in Yash Raj Films' comedy Mere Brother Ki Dulhan opposite Imran Khan and Ali Zafar.[44] The film was successful at the box office, and earned Kaif positive notice for her portrayal of vivacious punk-rock girl Dimple Dixit, with Rahul Gangwani saying "the film ultimately belongs to Katrina Kaif. She sparkles, sizzles and infuses energy into the film."[45] Consequently, she received her second Filmfare nomination in the Best Actress category.
As of January 2012, Kaif is set to appear in three high-profile productions under the Yash Raj Films banner such as Kabir Khan's spy thriller Ek Tha Tiger opposite Salman Khan, Yash Chopra's Untitled Project alongside Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma and Vijay Krishna Acharya's adventure film Dhoom 3 alongside Aamir Khan, Abhishek Bachchan, Uday Chopra and Rimi Sen.
Voice dubbing[link]
It should be noted that due to her poor knowledge of Hindi (and other Indian languages), Kaif's voice was often dubbed by another actress. However, with the exception of De Dana Dan she has used her own voice for all of her films since New York. Earlier, she had dubbed for films like Namastey London and Singh Is Kinng.[46]
Brand endorsements[link]
In the year 2002, Katrina Kaif was chosen as Coca-Cola's brand ambassador in Tamil Nadu along with Tamil leading actor Vijay. The Coca-Cola advertisement was popular in Tamil Nadu, with Katrina Kaif and Vijay dancing to a Tamil song called "Gullu Gullu".[47] She has also worked for several skin products companies, particularly Veet, as well as several multi-national brands, such as Panasonic.[48] Katrina is now the brand ambassador of the national airline of the United Arab Emirates – Etihad Airways.[49]
Awards[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Katrina Kaif
She has won 14 awards including Filmfare awards and also nominated for 13 awards till now.
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Boom | Rina Kaif/Popdi Chinchpokli | |
| 2004 | Malliswari | Princess Malliswari | Telugu film |
| 2005 | Sarkar | Pooja | |
| 2005 | Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya | Sonia | |
| 2005 | Allari Pidugu | Shwetha | Telugu film |
| 2006 | Hum Ko Deewana Kar Gaye | Jia A. Yashvardhan | |
| 2006 | Balram vs. Taradas | Supriya | Malayalam film |
| 2007 | Namastey London | Jasmeet "Jazz" Malhotra | |
| 2007 | Apne | Nandini Sarabhai | |
| 2007 | Partner | Priya Jaisingh | |
| 2007 | Welcome | Sanjana Shetty | |
| 2008 | Race | Sophia | |
| 2008 | Singh Is Kinng | Sonia Singh | |
| 2008 | Hello | Story-teller | Cameo |
| 2008 | Yuvvraaj | Anushka Banton | |
| 2009 | New York | Maya Shaikh | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |
| 2009 | Blue | Nikki | Cameo |
| 2009 | Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani | Jennifer "Jenny" Pinto | |
| 2009 | De Dana Dan | Anjali Kakkad | |
| 2010 | Raajneeti | Indu Sakseria/Pratap | |
| 2010 | Tees Maar Khan | Anya Khan | |
| 2011 | Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara | Laila | |
| 2011 | Bodyguard | Herself | Special appearance in song "Bodyguard" |
| 2011 | Mere Brother Ki Dulhan | Dimple Dixit | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |
| 2012 | Agneepath | Chikni Chameli | Special appearance in song "Chikni Chameli" |
| 2012 | Main Krishna Hoon | Radha | Cameo |
| 2012 | Ek Tha Tiger | Zoya | Filming |
| 2012 | Yash Chopra's Untitled Project | Filming[50] | |
| 2013 | Dhoom 3 | Pre-production | |
| 2013 | Dostana 2 | Pre-production |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Working in Bollywood for years, but shy of citizenship?". The Times of India. Aug 30, 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Working-in-Bollywood-for-years-but-shy-of-citizenship/articleshow/6458769.cms.
- ^ "Katrina changes birthday plans for Zoya's film". NDTV – via – Indo-Asian News Service. July 15, 2010. http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20100146682&keyword=&subcatg=. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
- ^ "UK-Indian actress lands role in Bollywood film 'Veer'". The Indian Express. 28 April 2009. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ukindian-actress-lands-role-in-bollywood-fi/452098/. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ^ Dhingra, Deepali (18 August 2009). "The Kat's out of the bag!". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-Kats-out-of-the-bag/articleshow/4901960.cms. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
- ^ "Katrina Kaif voted 'Sexiest Woman in the World' again". Eastern Eye. India Today. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/123016/Cinema/katrina-kaif-voted-sexiest-woman-in-the-world-again.html. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Sexy List". EasternEye.eu. http://easterneye.eu/sexylist/. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
- ^ a b "Nominations for 55th Idea Filmfare Awards 2009". Bollywoodhungama.com. 2010-02-11. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/02/11/5949/index.html. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
- ^ "Raajneeti : Complete Cast and Crew details". Bollywoodhungama.com. 2010-06-04. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/13904/index.html. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
- ^ "If I'm half Indian, so is Rahul Gandhi: Katrina Kaif – Page 2 – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2011-07-19. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/news-interviews/29787111_1_katrina-kaif-lows-happiness/2. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
- ^ Cine blitz, Volume 29, Issue 2. Blitz Publications. http://books.google.com/books?id=AUkqAAAAYAAJ&q=katrina+kaif+indian+name+kashmiri&dq=katrina+kaif+indian+name+kashmiri&hl=en&ei=OMqvTPTSNsP48Aau1aGeCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2007–03–25. "Katrina Kaif is my real name. Kaif is my father's surname, he is Kashmiri," she bristled. "When I joined films I decided to take his surname, since I felt people would be able to associate better with an Indian surname."
- ^ Parvéz Dewân's Jammû, Kashmîr, and Ladâkh: Kashmîr. Manas Publications. http://books.google.com/books?id=fF0wAQAAIAAJ&q=katrina+kaif+kashmiri&dq=katrina+kaif+kashmiri&hl=en&ei=MK-qTIDbHcH38AawsJWwCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2007–03–25. "Today if a person has even a drop of Kashmiri blood in his veins he proclaims it proudly. From novelist Salman Rushdie to writer MJ Akbar and actress-fashion model Katrina Kaif, people everywhere are celebrating their Kashmiri roots."
- ^ India today, Volume 27. Thomson Living Media India Ltd.. http://books.google.com/books?id=FFJDAAAAYAAJ&q=katrina+kaif+kashmiri&dq=katrina+kaif+kashmiri&hl=en&ei=MK-qTIDbHcH38AawsJWwCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg. Retrieved 2007–03–25. "Half-Kashmiri. half-Brit. Kaif is one of three leading ladies (besides Madhu Sapre and Salman Rushdie's muse Padma ..."
- ^ "Katrina misses her dad badly". Oneindia. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2009/katrina-misses-dad-150709.html. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
- ^ "I'm not dumb: Katrina – Page 2 – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2010-12-26. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-26/news-interviews/28225749_1_attraction-katrina-high-heels/2. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
- ^ a b Super Admin (2009-08-19). "Actress Katrina Kaif | Katrina Turquotte | Ayesha Shroff | Real Mentor | Salman Khan". Entertainment.oneindia.in. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/gupshup/2009/katrina-real-name-190809.html. Retrieved 2011-11-08. "After remaining silent for years Ayesha has revealed some of Katrina's unknown secrets. Biggest of all Katrina Kaif's real name is Katrina Turquotte. Since the English surname was difficult to pronounce they changed it to Kaif after even thinking of naming her Katrina Kazi. Ayesha added that the name on Katrina's passport when she came to India was Katrina Turquotte. Katrina always maintained that her Kaif surname was due to her Kashmiri father but Ayesha did not give much weight to her claim."
- ^ "Home of the Daily and Sunday Express | Film :: Tees Maar Khan: A British Bollywood Barbie!". Express.co.uk. 2011-01-23. http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/224986/Tees-Maar-Khan-A-British-Bollywood-Barbie-/. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
- ^ a b "I'm not dumb: Katrina". The Times of India – via – Indo-Asian News Service. December 26, 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-not-dumb-Katrina/articleshow/7162203.cms. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
- ^ Katrina Kaif at Haridwar – FilmiTadka
- ^ a b IndiaNews99 – Katrina Kaif's visit to Haridwar
- ^ Daily Bhaskar – Katrina's visit to Haridwar
- ^ IndiaToday – Kat's spirituality – from Ajmer Sharif to Siddhivinayak
- ^ Pathiyan, Priya (2003-03-16). "'I'm not involved with Salman Khan'". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/40363538.cms. Retrieved 2003-03-16.
- ^ Krishna, Kaavya. "Katrina Kaif Profile - Sify.com". Sify. http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14488878&page=3. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ^ "Katrina kaif new and promotion of 'Raajneeti' pics.". http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/virtual/photos/93/Katrina-Kaif/1/d/Katrina_Kaif.html.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran. "Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya Review". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7220/index.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran. "Hum Ko Deewana Kar Gaye Review". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12476/index.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ Kazmi, Nikhat (2007-03-24). "Namastey London Review". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Namastey-London/moviereview/1802925.cms. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2007". BoxOffice India.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw==.
- ^ Kazmi, Nikhat (2008-03-21). "Race Review". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Race/moviereview/2888134.cms. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ Box Office India. "Top Earners 2008". boxofficeindia.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
- ^ "Box Office 2008". BoxOfficeIndia.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA==.
- ^ "'Yuvvraaj' finds its way to the Oscar Library". IndiaGlitz. http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/44967.html. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
- ^ "Scripts Database | Margaret Herrick Library | Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences". Scriptlist.oscars.org. http://scriptlist.oscars.org/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?QB1=AND&QF1=Film+Title+. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
- ^ "Katrina Kaif". timescontent.com. http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/virtual/photos/93/Katrina-Kaif/1/d/Katrina_Kaif.html. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran. "Bollywood Hungama Review: New York". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/13830/index.html. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
- ^ IANS. "Gear up for India’s first underwater thriller in ‘Blue’". Thaindian News. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/gear-up-for-indias-first-underwater-thriller-in-blue-ians-preview_100260866.html. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ Kazmi, Nikhat (2009-11-05). "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Review". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ajab-Prem-Ki-Ghazab-Kahani/moviereview/5200397.cms. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ "De Dana Dan Box Office". indicine. http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/de-dana-dan-box-office-updates-a-potential-blockbuster/.
- ^ "Raajneeti : Complete Cast and Crew details". Bollywoodhungama.com. 2010-06-04. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/13904/index.html. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
- ^ "Makers of Tees Maar Khan build Jumbo Jet for Akki's deadly intro sequence". Bollywoodhungama.com. 2010-02-15. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/02/15/13771/index.html. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran. "Bollywood Hungama Review: Tees Maar Khan". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14206/index.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ "Bollywood Hungama : Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14207/index.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran. "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara : Movie Review". http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14207/index.html. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "Bollywood Hungama : Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14356/index.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ Gangwani, Rahul. "Mere Brother Ki Dulhan Movie Review". http://www.filmfare.com/articles/mere-brother-ki-dulhan-2727.html. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "Now I'll insist on my own dubbing: Katrina". http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2007/07/now-ill-insist-on-my-own-dubbing-katrina-kaif.html. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
- ^ "Vijay Coke Ad with Katrina HQ.avi". YouTube. 2010-07-20. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iM1nYNCwZ1g&feature=related. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ "Panasonic has a new face – Katrina Kaif > afaqs! news & features". Afaqs.com. 2009-12-08. http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=25715. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ "Katrina Kaif is the brand ambassador of Etihad Airways". Katrinakaifrocks.com. 2011-04-01. http://www.katrinakaifrocks.com/katrina-kaif-is-the-brand-ambassador-of-etihad-airways/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ "Shah Rukh-Katrina-Anushka starrer on the roll". IndiaGlitz. http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/76438.html. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Katrina Kaif |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kaif, Katrina |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | 1984-07-16 |
| Place of birth | Hong Kong |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Katrina_Kaif
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Katrina Kaif
http://id.wn.com/Katrina Kaif
http://es.wn.com/Katrina Kaif
http://ru.wn.com/Каиф, Катрина
http://pl.wn.com/Katrina Kaif
http://fr.wn.com/Katrina Kaif
http://de.wn.com/Katrina Kaif
http://hi.wn.com/कैटरीना कैफ
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Kaif
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
