Vaal
River
The Vaal River seen from the N3 national freeway, upstream from the Vaal Dam. Here it forms the border between the Mpumalanga and Free State provinces.
Country	South Africa
Regions	Free State, Gauteng, Northern Cape, Mpumalanga
Tributaries
- left	Vet River
Landmarks	Vredefort crater, Vaal Dam
Source
- location	Between Marquard and Clocolan
- elevation	1,269 m (4,163 ft)
Mouth	Orange River
- location	Near Douglas
- elevation	1,241 m (4,072 ft)
- coordinates	29°4′15″S 23°38′10″E / 29.07083°S 23.63611°E / -29.07083; 23.63611
Length	1,120 km (696 mi)
Basin	196,438 km2 (75,845 sq mi)
Discharge	for Orange River
- average	125 m3/s (4,414 cu ft/s)
Location of the Vaal River mouth

The Vaal River  /ˈfɑːl/ is the largest tributary of the Orange River in South Africa. The river has its source in the Drakensberg mountains in Mpumalanga, east of Johannesburg and about 30 km north of Ermelo and only about 240 km from the Indian Ocean.^[1] It then flows westwards to its conjunction with the Orange River southwest of Kimberley in the Northern Cape. It is 1,120 km in length, and forms the border between Mpumalanga, Gauteng and North West Province on its north bank, and the Free State on its south.

Tributaries[link]

Some of its tributaries include the Harts River, Vals River, Waterval River, Bamboes Spruit, Blesbokspruit, Mooi River, Vet River, Renoster River, Riet River and Wilge River.^[2][3][4]

Importance to industry and agriculture[link]

The Vaal is one of the most important rivers of South Africa.^[5] Water is drawn from the Vaal to meet the industrial needs of the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area and a large part of the Free State. As a part of the Vaal-Hartz Scheme it is a major source of water for irrigation. Water drawn from the Vaal supports 12 million consumers in Gauteng and surrounding areas.^[6]

History[link]

Historically, the river formed the northern border of Moshoeshoe I's Basotho kingdom at its height^{[citation needed]}, then became the boundary between two Boer republics, and later provinces, Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The geographic name "Transvaal" comes from the name of this river, meaning "Beyond the Vaal river". This was in respect to the Cape Colony and Natal, which were the main areas of European settlement at the time, and lay south of the Vaal.

Vaal is a Dutch name (later Afrikaans), translated by the Griquas or Boers^[7] from an earlier Kora Khoikhoi name Tky-Gariep (/hei !garib, drab river).^[8] Both Vaal and Tky mean "drab" or "dull", which alludes to the colour of its waters, especially noticed during flood season when much silt is carried. In the upper reaches the river was named Likwa (Sindebele), Ikwa (isiZulu), ilikwa (siSwati), lekwa (Sesotho), or cuoa by the Khoikhoi, all referring to the plain it traverses.^[8]

See also[link]

• Orange River
• List of rivers in South Africa
• Lower Vaal Water Management Area

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Vaal River

• Parys.info
• Parys on the Vaal
• Vaal Meander
• Vaal River Cruises
• Vaal River Properties
• Vaal de Grace Estate
• University Campus on banks of Vaal river

David Siegel is an American motion picture screenwriter and director, and part of a long-standing writing-directing team with filmmaker Scott McGehee.

Filmography[link]

• Suture (1994)
• The Deep End (2001)
• Bee Season (2005)
• Uncertainty (2008)

Interviews[link]

• Link to Cineaste interview: "Identity Politics at Face Value" at The Free Library

External links[link]

• David Siegel at the Internet Movie Database