- published: 14 Oct 2009
- views: 34505
- author: Xoroaster
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Abraham
- Achaemenid Empire
- Adib Taherzadeh
- Afghanistan
- Agathias
- Age of Enlightenment
- Ahmadiyya Islam
- Ahuna Vairya
- Ahura
- Ahura Mazda
- Airyanem Vaejah
- Akhenaten
- Akkadian Empire
- Al-Biruni
- Al-Masudi
- Al-Shahrastani
- Alexander the Great
- Amesha Spenta
- Ammianus Marcellinus
- Amorites
- Anahita
- Ananke (mythology)
- Ancient Near East
- Angra Mainyu
- Arabic
- Arachosia
- Aramaic language
- Ardashir I
- Ardashir II
- Aristotle
- Armenian language
- Asha
- Ashur-nasir-pal II
- Assyria
- Atropatene
- Authority control
- Automatic writing
- Avesta
- Avestan
- Avestan language
- Azerbaijan (Iran)
- Aša
- Babylonian
- Bactria
- Bahram I
- Bahá'u'lláh
- Bahá'í Faith
- Balkh
- Barsom
- Battle of Kadesh
- Book of Arda Viraf
- Brill Publishers
- Bronze Age collapse
- Bundahishn
- Báb
- Carthage
- Celestial sphere
- Chariot
- Chorasmia
- Christianity
- Code of Hammurabi
- Code of Ur-Nammu
- Colotes
- Coptic language
- Creation (novel)
- Daeva
- Daryoush Ashouri
- Deism
- Denkard
- Dental consonant
- Die Zauberflöte
- Diogenes Laertius
- Early Bronze Age
- Early Iron Age
- Ebla
- Elisha
- Encyclopedia Iranica
- Enheduanna
- Eudoxus of Cnidus
- Fall of Nineveh
- Faravahar
- Film
- Fire temple
- First Alcibiades
- Folk etymology
- Frashokereti
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- Galen
- Gathas
- Gautama Buddha
- Gehazi
- Geoponica
- George Syncellus
- German language
- Gore Vidal
- Great Sphinx
- Greater Iran
- Greek Dark Ages
- Greek language
- Gudea
- Gutians
- Harold Walter Bailey
- Hasan Taqizadeh
- Hellenization
- Heraclides Ponticus
- Heraclitus
- Hercules
- Herman Melville
- Hermippus
- Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi
- Hurrians
- Hyksos
- Indo-European ablaut
- Iran
- Irani (India)
- Iranian people
- Iranian Plateau
- Jamasp Namag
- James Darmesteter
- James Hope Moulton
- Jean-Philippe Rameau
- Jeremiah
- Jesus
- JSTOR
- Judaism
- Justin (historian)
- Kassites
- Khalifatul Masih
- Khordeh Avesta
- Kish tablet
- Krishna
- Kültepe texts
- Lactantius
- Late Bronze Age
- Latin
- Legend
- Linear A
- Lucian
- Mani (prophet)
- Manichaeism
- Manicheanism
- Manifestation of God
- Medes
- Mediterranean
- Middle Bronze Age
- Middle Persian
- Middle Platonism
- Minoan Crete
- Mirza Tahir Ahmad
- Mithra
- Moby-Dick
- Moses
- Muhammad
- Mursili's eclipse
- Mycenaean Greece
- Myth of Er
- Nag Hammadi library
- Narmer Palette
- Natural philosophy
- Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Neo-Hittite
- New Hittite Kingdom
- New Kingdom of Egypt
- Nicholas Roerich
- Nimrod
- Old Hittite Kingdom
- Old Kingdom
- Old Persian language
- Origen
- Ossetic language
- Ostanes
- Parsi
- Parthia
- Pashto language
- Pastoralism
- Persian language
- Persian people
- Phoenician alphabet
- Plato
- Pleiades
- Pliny the elder
- Pliny the Elder
- Plutarch
- Portal Poetry
- Predynastic Egypt
- Prods Oktor Skjaervo
- Ptolemy
- Pythagoras
- Pythagoreanism
- Qissa-i Sanjan
- Queequeg
- Ramesses III
- Raphael
- Raphael Sanzio
- Ray, Iran
- Religio Medici
- Rey, Iran
- Richard Foltz
- Richard Strauss
- Rigveda
- Roman historian
- Sabians
- Scholion
- School of Athens
- Shahnameh
- Shoghi Effendi
- Sistan
- Stanley Kubrick
- Star
- Steppe
- Suda
- Syriac
- Taq-e Bostan
- Tedzen
- The Garden of Cyrus
- The School of Athens
- Third Dynasty of Ur
- Thomas Browne
- Tiglath-Pileser I
- Tiglath-Pileser III
- Troy
- Troy VIIa
- Turan
- Turkmenistan
- Ugarit
- Ur-Nanshe
- Uruk period
- Vedic Sanskrit
- Vendidad
- Vishtaspa
- Visperad
- Volga River
- Voltaire
- Warka Vase
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Persondata
- William Butler Yeats
- Xanthus (historian)
- Xanthus of Lydia
- Yasht
- Yasna
- Yasna Haptanghaiti
- Yazata
- Zarathustra (album)
- Zarathustra (horse)
- Zend Avesta
- Zoroaster
- Zoroaster (band)
- Zoroastre
- Zoroastrian
- Zoroastrian calendar
- Zoroastrian wedding
- Zoroastrianism
- Zoroastrians in Iran
- Zurvanism
-
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
wn.com/Achaemenid_Empire -
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
wn.com/Afghanistan -
Akkadian Empire
Coordinates: 33°6′N 44°6′E / 33.1°N 44.1°E / 33.1; 44.1
The Akkadian Empire (Akkadian URUAkkad KI, Hittite KUR A.GA.DÈ.KI "land of Akkad"; Biblical Hebrew אַכַּד Akkad) was an empire centered in the city of Akkad (Sumerian: Agade) and its surrounding region in Mesopotamia.
During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism.Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate).
The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests of its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BC). Under Sargon and his successors, Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam. Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history, though there are earlier Sumerian claimants.[citation needed]
The precise archaeological site of the city of Akkad has not yet been found.[citation needed] The form Agade appears in Sumerian, for example in the Sumerian King List; the later Assyro-Babylonian form Akkadû ("of or belonging to Akkad") was likely derived from this. The etymology and meaning of Akkad (written a.ga.dèKI or URIKI) are unknown. Centuries later, the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus mentioned in his archaeological records that Ishtar's worship in Agade was later superseded by that of the goddess Anunit, whose shrine was at Sippar—suggesting proximity of Sippar and Agade. Despite numerous searches, the city has never been found. One theory holds that Agade was situated opposite Sippar on the left bank of the Euphrates, and was perhaps the oldest part of the city of Sippar. Another theory is that the ruins of Akkad are to be found beneath modern Baghdad. Reputedly it was destroyed by invading Gutians with the fall of the Akkadian Empire.
wn.com/Akkadian_Empire -
Balkh
Balkh (Persian: بلخ Ancient Greek: Baktra or Zariaspa), was an ancient city and centre of Zoroastrianism in what is now northern Afghanistan. Today it is a small town in the province of Balkh, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some 74 km (46 mi) south of the Amu Darya. It was one of the major cities of Khorasan. Marco Polo described Balkh as a "noble and great city".
The ancient city of Balkh was under the Greeks renamed Bactra, giving its name to Bactria. It was mostly known as the centre and capital of Bactria or Takharistan. Balkh is now for the most part a mass of ruins, situated some 12 km from the right bank of the seasonally flowing Balkh River, at an elevation of about 365 m (1,200 ft).
Balkh is one of the oldest cities in the world and is considered to be the first city to which the Indo-Iranian tribes moved from the North of Amu Darya, between 2000 - 1500 BC. The Arabs called it Umm Al-Belaad or Mother of Cities due to its antiquity. The city was traditionally a center of Zoroastianism. The name Zariaspa, which is either an alternate name for Balkh or a term for part of the city, may derive from the important Zoroastrian fire temple Azar-i-Asp. Balkh was regarded as the first place where Zoroaster first preached his religion, as well as the place where he died.
wn.com/Balkh -
Carthage
Carthage (Latin: Carthago or Karthago, Ancient Greek: Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Arabic: قرطاج Qarṭāj, Berber: ⴽⴰⵔⵜⴰⵊⴻⵏ Kartajen, Etruscan: *Carθaza, Modern Hebrew: קרתגו Qartágo, from the Phoenician Qart-ḥadašt meaning New City (Aramaic: קרתא חדאתא, Qarta Ḥdatha), implying it was a 'new Tyre', is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC. It is currently a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia, with a population of 20,715 (2004 Census).
The first civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic (a form of the word "Phoenician") or Carthaginian. The city of Carthage is located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the centre of Tunis. According to Greek historians it was founded by Canaanite-speaking Phoenician colonists from Tyre (in modern Lebanon) under the leadership of Elissa who was renamed (Queen Dido) in Virgil's Aeneid. It became a large and rich city and thus a major power in the Mediterranean. The resulting rivalry with Syracuse, Numidia, and Rome was accompanied by several wars with respective invasions of each other's homeland.
wn.com/Carthage -
Ebla
Ebla (Arabic: إبلا, modern Tell Mardikh, Idlib Governorate, Syria) was an ancient city about 55 km (34 mi) southwest of Aleppo. It was an important city-state in two periods, first in the late third millennium BC, then again between 1800 and 1650 BC.
The site is most famous for the Ebla tablets, an archive of about 20,000 cuneiform tablets found there, dated from around 2250 BC, written in Sumerian script to record the Eblaite language — a previously unknown language that is now the earliest attested Semitic language after the closely related Akkadian.
In 1964, Italian archaeologists from the University of Rome La Sapienza under the direction of Paolo Matthiae began excavating at Tell Mardikh. In 1968, they recovered a statue dedicated to the goddess Ishtar bearing the name of Ibbit-Lim, a king of Ebla. That identified the city, long known from Egyptian and Akkadian inscriptions. In the next decade the team discovered a palace dating ca. 2500 – 2000 BC. About 2,500 well-preserved cuneiform tablets were discovered in the ruins. About 80% of the tablets are written using the usual Sumerian combination of logograms and phonetic signs, while the others exhibited an innovative, purely phonetic representation using Sumerian cuneiform of a previously unknown Semitic language, which was called Eblaite. Bilingual Sumerian/Eblaite vocabulary lists were found among the tablets, allowing them to be translated. Giovanni Pettinato and Mitchell Dahood believed the Eblaite language was West Semitic, however I. J. Gelb and others believed it was an East Semitic dialect, closer to the Akkadian language. Now it is commonly accepted that Eblaite is part of the East Semitic branch of Semitic, and very close to the Akkadian language.
wn.com/Ebla -
Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia (
/ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
wn.com/Iran -
Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.
wn.com/Medes -
Troy
Coordinates: 39°57′27″N 26°14′20″E / 39.9575°N 26.23889°E / 39.9575; 26.23889
Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἴλιον, Ilion, and Τροία, Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium;Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa;Turkish: Truva) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
A new city called Ilium was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople and declined gradually during the Byzantine era.
In 1865, English archaeologist Frank Calvert excavated trial trenches in a field he had bought from a local farmer at Hisarlık, and in 1868, Heinrich Schliemann, wealthy German businessman and archaeologist, also began excavating in the area after a chance meeting with Calvert in Çanakkale. These excavations revealed several cities built in succession. Schliemann was at first skeptical about the identification of Hissarlik with Troy, but was persuaded by Calvert and took over Calvert's excavations on the eastern half of the Hissarlik site, which was on Calvert's property. Troy VII has been identified with the Hittite Wilusa, the probable origin of the Greek Ἴλιον, and is generally (but not conclusively) identified with Homeric Troy.
wn.com/Troy -
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (
i/tɜrkˈmɛnɨstæn/ or i/tɜrkmɛnɨˈstɑːn/; Turkmen: Türkmenistan), formerly also known as Turkmenia (Russian: Туркмения), is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 11% in 2010[update] ranks 4th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert.
The Turkmen government operates as a single-party system. Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (called "Türkmenbaşy" — "leader of the Turkmens") until his sudden death on 21 December 2006. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov was elected the new president on 11 February 2007.
wn.com/Turkmenistan -
Ugarit
Ugarit (Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚, ʼUgrt; Arabic: أوغاريت) was an ancient port city on the eastern Mediterranean at the Ras Shamra headland some 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Latakia in northern Syria. Ugarit sent tribute to Egypt and maintained trade and diplomatic connections with Cyprus (then called Alashiya), documented in the archives recovered from the site and corroborated by Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery found there. The polity was at its height from ca. 1450 BC until 1200 BC.
Though the site is thought to have been inhabited earlier, Neolithic Ugarit was already important enough to be fortified with a wall early on, perhaps by 6000 BC. Ugarit was important perhaps because it was both a port and at the entrance of the inland trade route to the Euphrates and Tigris lands.[citation needed]
The first written evidence mentioning the city comes from the nearby city of Ebla, ca. 1800 BC. Ugarit passed into the sphere of influence of Egypt, which deeply influenced its art. The earliest Ugaritic contact with Egypt (and the first exact dating of Ugaritic civilization) comes from a carnelian bead identified with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Senusret I, 1971 BC – 1926 BC. A stela and a statuette from the Egyptian pharaohs Senusret III and Amenemhet III have also been found. However, it is unclear at what time these monuments got to Ugarit. Amarna letters from Ugarit ca. 1350 BC record one letter each from Ammittamru I, Niqmaddu II, and his queen.[citation needed]
wn.com/Ugarit
-
Abraham
Abraham (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם (help·info), Modern: Avraham, Tiberian: ʼAḇrāhām, Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom, Arabic: إبراهيم Ibrāhīm, Ge'ez: አብርሃም ʼAbrəham, Greek: Aβραάμ, Russian: Авраам), whose birth name was Abram, is the eponym of the Abrahamic religions, among which are Judaism, Christianity and Islam. According to both the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, through his sons Ishmael and Isaac, Abraham is the forefather of many tribes, namely the Ishmaelites, Israelites, Midianites and Edomites. Abraham was a descendant of Noah's son, Shem. Christians believe that Jesus was a descendant of Abraham through Isaac, and Muslims believe that Muhammad was a descendant of Abraham through Ishmael. Abraham is notable for his advocation and promotion of monotheism.
The Book of Genesis narrative that records the life of Abraham presents his role as one that could only be fulfilled through a monotheistic covenant established between him and God. The Qur'an has stories about Abraham and his offspring that are similar to the Bible's. In Islam, Abraham is recognised as a prophet, patriarch and messenger, archetype of the perfect Muslim, and reformer of the Kaaba.
wn.com/Abraham -
Adib Taherzadeh
Adib Taherzadeh (1921 in Yazd, Iran – January 26, 2000) served as a member of the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing body of the Bahá'í Faith, between 1988 and 2000.
Taherzadeh was born into an Iranian family who have had a strong association with the Bahá'í Faith since its inception, in Yazd, Iran. He studied electrical engineering at the University of Tehran, to Coventry, England in 1948 and pursued advanced studies, He moved to Ireland in 1950 working as the chief engineer of an industrial concern until 1988. He married twice, first to Zarin Moosezadeh Cohen with whom he had two children, a son Tahir Ronald and a daughter Bahiyyeh Vida. He married Belfast-born Lesley Gibson in the 1970s and they had two children, a daughter Maryam and a son Bahhaj. At the time of his death, he had several grandchildren.
Taherzadeh served on the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the British Isles from 1960 to 1971. He was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the Republic of Ireland when it was formed in 1972 and was appointed in 1976 to the European Continental Board of Counsellors, a senior advisory body. He was elected to the Universal House of Justice in 1988.
wn.com/Adib_Taherzadeh -
Agathias
Agathias or Agathias Scholasticus (Ancient Greek: Ἀγαθίας σχολαστικός) c. AD 530-582/594), of Myrina (Mysia), an Aeolian city in western Asia Minor (now in Turkey), was a Greek poet and the principal historian of part of the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian I between 552 and 558.
Agathias was a native of Myrina (Mysia). His father was Memnonius. His mother was presumably Pericleia. A brother of Agathias is mentioned in primary sources, but his name has not survived. Their probable sister Eugenia is known by name. The Suda clarifies that Agathias was active in the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian I, mentioning him as a contemporary of Paul the Silentiary, Macedonius of Thessalonica and Tribonian.
Agathias mentions being present in Alexandria as a law student at the time when an earthquake destroyed Berytus (Beirut). The law school of Berytus had been recognized as one of the three official law schools of the empire (533). Within a few years, as the result of the disastrous earthquake of 551, the students were transferred to Sidon. The dating of the event to 551: as a law student, Agathias could be in his early twenties, which would place his birth to c. 530.
wn.com/Agathias -
Akhenaten
Akhenaten ( /ˌɑːkəˈnɑːtən/; also spelled Echnaton,Ikhnaton, and Khuenaten; meaning "living spirit of Aten") known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (sometimes given its Greek form, Amenophis IV, and meaning Amun is Satisfied), was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes described as monotheistic or henotheistic. An early inscription likens the Aten to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god, giving the solar deity a status above mere gods.
Akhenaten tried to bring about a departure from traditional religion, yet in the end it would not be accepted. After his death, traditional religious practice was gradually restored, and when some dozen years later rulers without clear rights of succession from the Eighteenth Dynasty founded a new dynasty, they discredited Akhenaten and his immediate successors, referring to Akhenaten himself as "the enemy" in archival records.
wn.com/Akhenaten -
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas from the Greek αλέξω alexo "to defend, help" + ανήρ aner "man"), was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
wn.com/Alexander_the_Great -
Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330–after 391) was a fourth-century Roman historian. He wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from Antiquity (the last was written by Procopius). His work chronicled in Latin the history of Rome from 96 to 378, although only the sections covering the period 353–378 are extant.
Ammianus was born between 325 and 330 in the Greek-speaking East, possibly at Antioch on the Orontes. The surviving books of his history, the Res Gestae, cover the years 353 to 378. Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia.
He was "a former soldier and a Greek" (miles quondam et graecus), he tells us, and his enrollment among the elite protectores domestici (household guards) shows that he was of noble birth. He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, and magister militum.
wn.com/Ammianus_Marcellinus -
Ardashir I
Ardashir I (died 242 AD) was the founder of the Sassanid Empire, was ruler of Istakhr (since 206?), subsequently Fars Province (since 208?), and finally "King of Kings of Sassanid Empire" (after 226) with the overthrow of the Parthian Empire. The dynasty founded by Ardashir would rule for four centuries, until it was overthrown by the Rashidun Caliphate in 651.
Ardashir (Arđaxšēr from Middle Persian and Parthian Artaxšaθra, Pahlavi ʼrthštr, "Who has the Divine Order as his Kingdom") is also known as Ardeshīr-i Pāpagān "Ardashir, son of Pāpağ", and other variants of his name include Latinized Artaxares and Artaxerxes.
Ardeshir was born in the late 2nd century in Istakhr, what is present-day Fars in Iran, He was the son of Babak (Papak or Pabag) and Princess Rodak, descendant of the Shabankara tribe. According to a letter from Ardavan V, Ardashir was of Kurdish descent. Ardashir is said to have ruled the town of Darabgerd and received the title of "argbadh". Upon Pāpağ's death, Ardashir's elder brother Šāpūr ascended to the throne. However, Ardashir rebelled against his brother and took the kingship for himself in 208.
wn.com/Ardashir_I -
Ardashir II
Ardashir II was the tenth Sassanid King of Persia from 379 to 383.
He is believed by some to be the son and by others to be the brother of his predecessor, Shapur II (309–379). However, it is well-known that under the reign Shapur, Ardashir II had served as governor-King of Adiabene, where he had reportedly persecuted Christians.
However, the acts of brutality against Christians attributed to him severely contradict the unanimous view that he was the most kind and virtuous of the Sassanian rulers. Ardashir II was given the epithet "Nihoukar" or "Beneficient" by the Persians. The Arabs called him "Al Djemil" or "the Virtuous". According to the "Modjmel-al-Tewarikh," he took no taxes from his subjects during the four years of his reign, and thereby secured to himself their affection and gratitude.
Soon after his accession, events in Armenia seemed to occupy Ardashir's attention. Arshak II's son Pap had been murdered during Shapur's reign and the Romans had replaced him with a certain Varazdat who was a distant member of the Arshakuni family. However, real power was in the hands of a certain Moushegh who appeared to be a noble in the Armenian court. Moushegh was suspected of having conspired with the Emperor of Rome and was murdered by Varazdat. This act roused the indignation of Moushegh's brother Manuel who rebelled against Varazdat and with the support of Persia deposed him and placed upon the Armenian throne Zermandukht, the widow of Pap and Arshak III, Pap's son, who made Manuel the Sparapet or Commander-in-chief. In return for their services, Manuel allowed the Persians to maintain a garrison in Armenia.
wn.com/Ardashir_II -
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.
wn.com/Aristotle -
Bahram I
Bahram I (Persian: بهرام Bahrām) (also spelled Varahran or Vahram, r. 273–276) was the fourth Sassanid emperor of the second Persian Empire. He was the eldest son of Shapur I and succeeded his brother Hormizd I (r. 272–273), who had reigned for only a year.
The theophoric name Bahram comes from middle Persian Varahrän, 'victory', that is represented by the Zoroastrian divinity of the same name (see Vahram).
According to a Pahlavi inscription, Bahram I was the son (not, as the Greek historiographers and Tabari note, the grandson) of Shapur I (r. 241–272).
The earliest reference to Bahram I occurs in the coronation monument of Bahram's grandfather Ardeshir I at Naqsh-e Rajab. There, the future king appears as a smaller figure between Ardeshir and Ahura Mazda, and Bahram is seen bowing before the divinity after whom he is named. Similar iconography, such as the boar motifs in the seals and crown of Bahram, apparently reinforced the association with the yazata of victory.
Bahram died (apparently of disease) in 276. He was succeeded by his son who bore the same name and is known to history as Bahram II.
wn.com/Bahram_I -
Báb
Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad Shírází (Persian: سيد علی محمد شیرازی; October 20, 1819 – July 9, 1850) was the founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the Bahá'í Faith. He was a merchant from Shíráz, Persia, who at the age of twenty-four (on May 23, 1844) claimed to be the promised Qá'im (or Mahdi). After his declaration he took the title of Báb (Arabic: باب) meaning "Gate". He composed hundreds of letters and books (often termed tablets) in which he stated his messianic claims and defined his teachings, which constituted a new sharí'ah or religious law. His movement eventually acquired tens of thousands of supporters, was opposed by Iran's Shi'a clergy, and was suppressed by the Iranian government, leading to the persecution and killing of thousands of his followers, called Bábís. In 1850, at the age of thirty, the Báb was shot by a firing squad in Tabríz.
Bahá'ís claim that the Báb was also the spiritual return of Elijah and John the Baptist, that he was the "Ushídar-Máh" referred to in the Zoroastrian scriptures, and that he was the forerunner of their own religion. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, was a follower of the Báb and claimed to be the fulfillment of his promise that God would send another messenger.
wn.com/Báb -
Colotes
Colotes of Lampsacus (Greek: Κολώτης Λαμψακηνός, Kolōtēs Lampsakēnos; c. 320-after 268 BC) was a pupil of Epicurus, and one of the most famous of his disciples. He wrote a work to prove That it is impossible even to live according to the doctrines of the other philosophers (ὅτι κατὰ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων φιλοσόφων δόγματα οὐδὲ ζῆν ἐστιν). It was dedicated to king Ptolemy Philopator. In refutation of it Plutarch wrote two works, a dialogue, to prove, That it is impossible even to live pleasantly according to Epicurus, and a work entitled Against Colotes. According to Plutarch, Colotes was clever, but vain, dogmatical, and intolerant. He made violent attacks upon Socrates, and other great philosophers. He was a great favourite with Epicurus, who used, by way of endearment, to call him Koλωτάρας and Koλωτάριoς. It is also related by Plutarch, that Colotes, after hearing Epicurus discourse on the nature of things, fell on his knees before him, and besought him to give him instruction. He held that it is unworthy of the truthfulness of a philosopher to use fables in his teaching, a notion which Cicero opposes.
wn.com/Colotes -
Elisha
Elisha ( /ɨˈlaɪʃə/;Hebrew: אֱלִישָׁע, Modern Elisha Tiberian ʼĔlîšāʻ ; "My God is salvation", Greek: Ἐλισσαῖος, Elissaîos or Ἐλισαιέ, Elisaié, Arabic: الْيَسَع Elyasaʻ) is a prophet mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an. His name is commonly transliterated into English as Elisha via Hebrew, Eliseus via Greek and Latin, or Alyasa via Arabic.
Elisha was a prophet of the Northern Kingdom of Israel who was active during the reign of Joram, Jehu, Jehoahaz, and Jehoash (Joash).
Elisha was the son of Shaphat of Abel-meholah; he became the attendant and disciple of Elijah (1 Kings 19:16–19), and after Elijah was taken up into the whirlwind, he was accepted as the leader of the sons of the prophets, and became noted in Israel. He possessed, according to his own request, "a double portion" of Elijah's spirit (2 Kings 2:9); and for sixty years (892–832 BC) held the office of "prophet in Israel" (2 Kings 5:8).
His name first occurs in the command given to Elijah to anoint him as his successor (1 Kings 19:16). After learning, in the cave on Mount Horeb, that Elisha, the son of Shaphat, had been selected by God as his successor in the prophetic office, Elijah set out to make known the Divine will. On his way from Sinai to Damascus, Elijah found Elisha "one of them that were ploughing with twelve yoke of oxen". Elisha delayed only long enough to kill the yoke of oxen, whose flesh he boiled with the very wood of his plough. He went over to him, threw his mantle over Elisha's shoulders, and at once adopted him as a son, investing him with the prophetic office. Elisha accepted this call about four years before the death of Israel's King Ahab. For the next seven or eight years Elisha became Elijah's close attendant until Elijah was taken up into heaven. During all these years we hear nothing of Elisha except in connection with the closing scenes of Elijah's life.
wn.com/Elisha -
Enheduanna
Enheduanna (Akkadian: 𒂗𒃶𒁺𒀭𒈾; 2285-2250 BCE), also transliterated as Enheduana, En-hedu-ana or EnHeduAnna ("en" means High Priestess, and "hedu" means adornment, so this name translates to "high priestess adornment of the god, An"), was an Akkadian princess as well as High Priestess of the Moon god Nanna (Sin) in the Sumerian city-state of Ur. She was the first known holder of the title "En Priestess", a role of great political importance that was often held by royal daughters. Enheduanna was an aunt of Akkadian king Narām-Sîn, and she was one of the earliest women in history whose name is known.
Regarded by literary and historical scholars as possibly the earliest known author and poet of either gender, Enheduanna served as the High Priestess during the third millennium BCE. She was appointed to the role by her father, King Sargon of Akkad. Her mother was Queen Tashlultum. Enheduanna has left behind a corpus of literary works definitively ascribed to her that include many personal devotions to the goddess Inanna and a collection of hymns known as the "Sumerian Temple Hymns" that are regarded as one of the first attempts at a systematic theology. In addition, scholars such as Hallo and Van Dijk suggest that certain texts that have not been ascribed to her may also be her works.
wn.com/Enheduanna -
Eudoxus of Cnidus
Eudoxus of Cnidus (410 or 408 BC – 355 or 347 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar and student of Plato. Since all his own works are lost, knowledge of him is obtained from secondary sources, such as Aratus's poem on astronomy. Theodosius of Bithynia's Sphaerics may be based on a work of Eudoxus.
His name Eudoxus means "honored" or "of good repute" (in Greek Εὔδοξος, from eu "good" and doxa "opinion, belief, fame"). It is analogous to the Latin name Benedictus.
Eudoxus's father Aeschines of Cnidus loved to watch stars at night. Eudoxus first travelled to Tarentum to study with Archytas, from whom he learned mathematics. While in Italy, Eudoxus visited Sicily, where he studied medicine with Philiston.
Around 387 BC, at the age of 23, he traveled with the physician Theomedon, who according to Diogenes Laërtius some believed was his lover, to Athens to study with the followers of Socrates. He eventually became the pupil of Plato, with whom he studied for several months, but due to a disagreement they had a falling out. Eudoxus was quite poor and could only afford an apartment at the Piraeus. To attend Plato's lectures, he walked the seven miles (11 km) each direction, each day. Due to his poverty, his friends raised funds sufficient to send him to Heliopolis, Egypt to pursue his study of astronomy and mathematics. He lived there for 16 months. From Egypt, he then traveled north to Cyzicus, located on the south shore of the Sea of Marmara, the Propontis. He traveled south to the court of Mausolus. During his travels he gathered many students of his own.
wn.com/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus -
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( /ˈniːtʃə/;German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtsʃə]; October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) was a German philosopher, poet, cultural critic and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
Nietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond philosophy, notably in existentialism, nihilism and postmodernism. His style and radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth have resulted in much commentary and interpretation, mostly in the continental tradition. His key ideas include the death of God, the Übermensch, the eternal recurrence, the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy, perspectivism and the will to power. Central to his philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation", which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent and radical those views might be.
wn.com/Friedrich_Nietzsche -
Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (b. 129 AD, d. circa 200 AD), better known as Galen of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey), was a prominent Roman (of Greek ethnicity) physician, surgeon and philosopher. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines, including anatomy,physiology, pathology,pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.
The son of Aelius Nicon, a wealthy architect with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher. He traveled extensively, exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in Rome, where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several emperors.
wn.com/Galen -
Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha or Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम बुद्ध; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. The word Buddha is a title for the first awakened being in an era. In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." Gautama Buddha may also be referred to as Śākyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि "Sage of the Śākyas"). The Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.
The time of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE. UNESCO lists Lumbini, Nepal, as a world heritage site and birthplace of Gautama Buddha. There are also claims about birth place of Gautama Buddha to be Kapileswara, Orissa or Kapilavastu at Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kośala.
wn.com/Gautama_Buddha -
Gehazi
Gehazi, Geichazi, or Giezi (Douay-Rheims) (Hebrew: גֵּיחֲזִי; Tiberian: Gêḥăzî; Standard: Geẖazi; "valley of vision") is a figure found in the Tanakh Books of Kings. He was Elisha's servant. He appears in connection with the history of the Shunammite and of Naaman the Syrian. On this latter occasion, Gehazi, overcome with avarice, solicited, and obtained in the prophet's name "a talent of silver and two changes of garments" from Naaman. Consequently, he was guilty of duplicity and dishonesty of conduct, causing Elisha to denounce his crime with righteous sternness, and pass on him the terrible doom that "the leprosy of Naaman would cleave to him and his descendants for ever". After Elisha cursed Gehazi, Gehazi was Leprosy As White As Snow. (2 Kings 5.25)
Later, he appeared before King Joram, to whom he recounted the great deeds of his master.
In Rabbinic Literature, Gehazi is identified as one of four commoners who forfeited his share in Olam haba, the afterlife, because of his wickedness, especially in the presence of a upstanding example such as Elisha, and his consistent refusal to repent.
wn.com/Gehazi -
George Syncellus
George Syncellus (died after 810) was a Byzantine chronicler and ecclesiastic. He had lived many years in Palestine (probably in the Old Lavra of Saint Chariton or Souka, near Tekoa) as a monk, before coming to Constantinople, where he was appointed syncellus (literally, "Cell-mate") to Tarasius, patriarch of Constantinople. He later retired to a monastery to write what was intended to be his great work, a chronicle of world history, Ekloge chronographias, or Extract of Chronography. According to Anastasius Bibliothecarius, George "struggled valiantly against heresy [i.e. Iconoclasm] and received many punishments from the rulers who raged against the rites of the Church", although the accuracy of the claim is suspect.
wn.com/George_Syncellus -
Gore Vidal
Gore Vidal ( /ˌɡɔr vɨˈdɑːl/; born October 3, 1925) is an American author, playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and political activist. His third novel, The City and the Pillar (1948), outraged mainstream critics as one of the first major American novels to feature unambiguous homosexuality. He also ran for political office twice and has been a longtime political critic.
Vidal was born Eugene Luther Gore Vidal in West Point, New York, the only child of 1st Lieutenant Eugene Luther Vidal (1895–1969) and Nina Gore (1903–1978). He was born in the Cadet Hospital of the United States Military Academy, where his father was the first aeronautics instructor, and was christened by the headmaster of St. Albans preparatory school, his future alma mater. According to "West Point and the Third Loyalty", an article Vidal wrote for The New York Review of Books (October 18, 1973), he later decided to be called Gore in honor of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Gore, Democratic senator from Oklahoma.
Vidal's father, a West Point football quarterback and captain, and an all-American basketball player, was director of the Commerce Department's Bureau of Air Commerce (1933–1937) in the Roosevelt administration, was one of the first Army Air Corps pilots and, according to biographer Susan Butler, was the great love of Amelia Earhart's life. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was a co-founder of three American airlines: the Ludington Line, which merged with others and became Eastern Airlines, Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT, which became TWA), and Northeast Airlines, which he founded with Earhart, as well as the Boston and Maine Railroad. The elder Vidal was also an athlete in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics (seventh in the decathlon; U.S. pentathlon team coach).
wn.com/Gore_Vidal -
Harold Walter Bailey
Sir Harold Walter Bailey (16 December 1899 – 11 January 1996), who published as H. W. Bailey, was an eminent English scholar of Khotanese, Sanskrit, and the comparative study of Iranian languages.
Bailey was born in Devizes, Wiltshire, and raised from age 10 onwards on a farm in Western Australia without formal education. While growing up, he learned German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Greek from household books, and Russian from a neighbour. After he grew interested in the lettering on tea-chests from India, he acquired a book of Bible selections translated into languages with non-European scripts, including Tamil, Arabic, and Japanese. By the time he had left home, he was reading Avestan as well.
In 1921 he entered the University of Western Australia to study classics. In 1927, after completing his master's degree on Euripides, he won a Hackett Studentship to Oxford where he joined the Delegacy of Non-Collegiate Students, later St Catherine's College. After graduating with first class honours in 1929, he was appointed as Parsee Community Lecturer in the then London School of Oriental Studies. That same year he began his doctoral dissertation, a translation with notes of the Greater Bundahisn, a compendium of Zoroastrian writings in Middle Persian recorded in the Pahlavi script. In 1937 he became Chair of Sanskrit and a Fellow at Queens' College, Cambridge and was succeeded at SOAS by W. B. Henning. He retired in 1967.
wn.com/Harold_Walter_Bailey -
Heraclides Ponticus
Heraclides Ponticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικός; c. 390 BC – c. 310 BC), also known as Herakleides and Heraklides of Pontus, was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who lived and died at Heraclea Pontica, now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey. He is best remembered for proposing that the earth rotates on its axis, from west to east, once every 24 hours. He is also frequently hailed as the originator of the heliocentric theory, although this is doubted.
Heraclides' father was Euthyphron, a wealthy nobleman who sent him to study at the Platonic Academy in Athens under its founder Plato and under his successor Speusippus. According to Suda, Plato, on his departure for Sicily in 361/360 BC, left the Academy in the charge of Heraclides. Heraclides was nearly elected successor to Speusippus as head of the academy in 339/338 BC, but narrowly lost to Xenocrates.
Like the Pythagoreans Hicetas and Ecphantus, Heraclides proposed that the apparent daily motion of the stars was created by the rotation of the Earth on its axis once a day. This view contradicted the accepted Aristotelian model of the universe, which said that the earth was fixed and that the stars and planets in their respective spheres might also be fixed. Simplicius says that Heraclides proposed that the irregular movements of the planets can be explained if the earth moves while the sun stays still.
wn.com/Heraclides_Ponticus -
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος—Hērákleitos ho Ephésios; c. 535 – c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher".
Heraclitus is famous for his insistence on ever-present change in the universe, as stated in the famous saying, "No man ever steps in the same river twice" (see panta rhei, below). He believed in the unity of opposites, stating that "the path up and down are one and the same", all existing entities being characterized by pairs of contrary properties. His cryptic utterance that "all entities come to be in accordance with this Logos" (literally, "word", "reason", or "account") has been the subject of numerous interpretations.
wn.com/Heraclitus -
Herman Melville
Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick. His first three books gained much contemporary attention (the first, Typee, becoming a bestseller), and after a fast-blooming literary success in the late 1840s, his popularity declined precipitously in the mid-1850s and never recovered during his lifetime. When he died in 1891, he was almost completely forgotten. It was not until the "Melville Revival" in the early 20th century that his work won recognition, especially Moby-Dick, which was hailed as one of the literary masterpieces of both American and world literature. He was the first writer to have his works collected and published by the Library of America.
Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819, the third of eight children of Allan and Maria Gansevoort Melvill. After her husband Allan died (& between 1832 & 1834), Maria added an "e" to the family surname — seemingly at the behest of Melville's brother Gansevoort. Part of a well-established and colorful Boston family, Melville's father spent a good deal of time abroad as a commission merchant and an importer of French dry goods. The author's paternal grandfather, Major Thomas Melvill, an honored participant of the Boston Tea Party who refused to change the style of his clothing or manners to fit the times, was depicted in Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem "The Last Leaf". Herman visited him in Boston, and his father turned to him in his frequent times of financial need.
wn.com/Herman_Melville -
Hermippus
Hermippus was the one-eyed Athenian writer of the Old Comedy who flourished during the Peloponnesian War. He was the son of Lysis, and the brother of the comic poet Myrtilus. He was younger than Telecleides and older than Eupolis and Aristophanes. According to the Suda, he wrote forty plays, and his chief actor was Simeron, according to the scholiast of Aristophanes. The titles and fragments of nine of his plays are preserved. He was a bitter opponent of Pericles, whom he accused (probably in the Moirai) of being a bully and a coward, and of carousing with his boon companions while the Lacedaemonians were invading Attica. He also accused Aspasia of impiety and offences against morality, and her acquittal was only secured by the tears of Pericles (Plutarch, Pericles, 32). In the "Female Bread-Sellers", he attacked the demagogue Hyperbolus. The "Mat-Carriers" contains many parodies of Homer.
Below is a list of his plays:
Hermippus also appears to have written scurrilous iambic poems after the manner of Archilochus. Other types of works written by Hermippus cited by ancient writers include trimeters and tetrameters.
wn.com/Hermippus -
Hyksos
The Hyksos ([pronunciation?]Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers"; Greek Ὑκσώς, Ὑξώς, Arabic: الملوك الرعاة, shepherd kings) were an Asiatic people who took over the eastern Nile Delta and ending the the thirteenth dynasty, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt.
The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the eleventh dynasty, began their climb to power in the thirteenth dynasty, and came out of the second intermediate period in control of Avaris and the Delta. By the fifteenth dynasty, they ruled Lower Egypt, and at the end of the seventeenth dynasty, they were expelled.
The historian Josephus maintains that the Hyksos where in fact the children of Jacob who joined his son Joseph to escape the famine in the land of Canaan.
There are various hypotheses as to the Hyksos ethnic identity. Most archeologists[who?] describe the Hyksos as multi-ethnic, to include all of the peoples who occupied the emporia of the delta. Some were warlords seeking employment by the Egyptians as mercenaries. Some were unemployed agricultural workers looking for work helping produce food and resorting to banditry, theft and other crimes when they did not get it. Some were skilled tradesmen, professionals, doctors, lawyers, scribes, priests, diplomats, accountants. Some were merchants importing raw materials: timber from Byblos, semi-precious stones from as far away as Afghanistan, tin, copper, bronze, medicines for the doctors, perfumes for the wigmakers, bitumen, natron, linen, frankincense and myrrh for the mummification industry at Karnak or exporting grain and beer to as far away as Greece.
wn.com/Hyksos -
James Darmesteter
James Darmesteter (28 March 1849, Château-Salins, Moselle – 19 October 1894) was a French author, orientalist, and antiquarian.
He was born of Jewish parents at Château-Salins, in Alsace. The family name had originated in their earlier home of Darmstadt. He was educated in Paris, where, under the guidance of Michel Bréal and Abel Bergaigne, he imbibed a love for Oriental studies, to which for a time he entirely devoted himself. In 1875 he published a thesis on the mythology of the Avesta, and in 1877 became teacher of Persian language at the École des Hautes Études. He continued his research with his Études iraniennes (1883), and ten years later published a complete translation of the Avesta and associated Zend (lit. "commentary"), with historical and philological commentary of his own (Zend Avesta, 3 vols., 1892-1893) in the Annales du Musée Guimet. He also edited the Avesta for Max Müller's Sacred Books of the East series (vols. 4 and 23).
wn.com/James_Darmesteter -
James Hope Moulton
Reverend James Hope Moulton, born on 11 October 1863, and died at sea on 9 April 1917, was an English non-conformist divine.
His family had a strong Methodist background. His father was the first headmaster of the Leys School, Cambridge where James was one of the first students. After attending King's College, Cambridge, he chose to become a Wesleyan minister. He showed a strong talent for academic studies, and the University of Manchester invited him to teach Classical Greek and other languages. He was also teaching at the Didsbury College, a Baptist Seminar outside Manchester. He was friend of James Frazer, the Scottish social anthropologist. He developed a strong interest in Zoroastrianism, one of the world's oldest known monotheistic religions. Over the course of his life he published many books and papers, mainly focused on Zoroastrianism and the Greek texts that the Bible is derived from. He was a Prison Chaplain at Preston for some time around 1910.
In 1916 he decided to take advantage of the academic lull of World War I and spend a long spell in India, to serve as a Methodist missionary and to research & lecture on Zoroastrianism in one of its traditional homelands. This was not an easy time for James, as his wife had recently died, and while he was in India, his son William Ralph Osborn Moulton died in the French trenches on 5 August 1916. He spent 16 months in India under the auspices of the YMCA, researching, preaching and lecturing. A matter that was of particular interest to him was the religion of the Parsis, the Zoroastrians of the Indian subcontinent, and the relationship between their beliefs and the Judeo-Christian religion. He felt that the former was awaiting its completion by the latter. While in Karachi, he availed of the friendship and library of Maneckji Nusserwanji Dhalla, a U.S.-educated Zoroastrian scholar and the high priest of the Parsi community there.
wn.com/James_Hope_Moulton -
Jeremiah
Jeremiah ( /dʒɛrɨˈmaɪ.ə/;Hebrew：יִרְמְיָה, Modern Hebrew:Yirməyāhū, IPA: jirməˈjaːhu, Tiberian:Yirmĭyahu, Greek:Ἰερεμίας), meaning "Yah exalts", also called the "Weeping prophet" was one of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible. Jeremiah is traditionally credited with authoring the Book of Jeremiah, 1 Kings, 2 Kings and the Book of Lamentations with the assistance and under the editorship of Baruch ben Neriah, his scribe and disciple.
Judaism considers the Book of Jeremiah part of its canon, and regards Jeremiah as the second of the major prophets. Islam also considers Jeremiah a prophet, and he is listed as a prophet in all the collections of Stories of the Prophets.[citation needed]Christianity also regards Jeremiah as a prophet and he is quoted in the New Testament. It has been interpreted that Jeremiah “spiritualized and individualized religion and insisted upon the primacy of the individual’s relationship with God.”
According to the Book of Jeremiah, Jeremiah was a kohen (Jewish priest), from a landowning family. It is mentioned that he had a joyful early life, however, the difficulties in Jeremiah and the Book of Lamentations have prompted scholars to refer to him as "the weeping prophet". Jeremiah was called to prophetic ministry in c. 626 BC, about a year after King Josiah of Judah had turned the nation toward repentance from the widespread idolatrous practices of his father and grandfather. Jeremiah’s job was to reveal the sins of the people and explain the reason for the impending disaster (destruction by the Babylonian army and captivity), “And when your people say, 'Why has the LORD our God done all these things to us?' you shall say to them, 'As you have forsaken me and served foreign gods in your land, so you shall serve foreigners in a land that is not yours.'"
wn.com/Jeremiah -
Jesus
Jesus ( /ˈdʒiːzəs/; Greek: Ἰησοῦς; 7–2 BC/BCE to 30–36 AD/CE), also referred to as Jesus Christ or simply Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son incarnated. In Islam, Jesus (in Arabic: عيسى in Islamic usage, commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets.
Most modern historians agree that Jesus existed and was a Jewish teacher from Galilee in Roman Judaea, who was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect, Pontius Pilate. Scholars have offered competing descriptions and portraits of Jesus, which at times share a number of overlapping attributes, such as a rabbi, a charismatic healer, the leader of an apocalyptic movement, a self-described Messiah, a sage and philosopher, or a social reformer who preached of the "Kingdom of God" as a means for personal and egalitarian social transformation. Scholars have correlated the New Testament accounts with non-Christian historical records to arrive at an estimated chronology of Jesus' life.
wn.com/Jesus -
Krishna
Krishna (Sanskrit: कृष्ण) (kṛṣṇa in IAST, pronounced [ˈkr̩ʂɳə] literally "dark, black") is a central figure of Hinduism. He is known as the eighth and "complete" avatar of Lord Vishnu, come to restore Dharma to the earth in a time of great dharmic imbalance. Krishna is identified as a historical individual who participated in the events of the Mahabharata.
Krishna is often described as an infant or young boy playing a flute as in the Bhagavata Purana, or as a youthful prince giving direction and guidance as in the Bhagavad Gita. The stories of Krishna appear across a broad spectrum of Hindu philosophical and theological traditions. They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero and the Supreme Being. The principal scriptures discussing Krishna's story are the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana.
Worship of a deity of Krishna, in the form of Vasudeva, Bala Krishna or Gopala, can be traced to as early as 4th century BC. Worship of Krishna as svayam bhagavan, or the Supreme Being, known as Krishnaism, arose in the Middle Ages in the context of the bhakti movement. From the 10th century AD, Krishna became a favorite subject in performing arts and regional traditions of devotion developed for forms of Krishna such as Jagannatha in Orissa, Vithoba in Maharashtra and Shrinathji in Rajasthan. Since the 1960s the worship of Krishna has also spread in the West, largely due to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
wn.com/Krishna -
Lactantius
Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius was an early Christian author (ca. 240 – ca. 320) who became an advisor to the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine I, guiding his religious policy as it developed, and tutor to his son.
Lactantius, a Latin-speaking native of North Africa, was a pupil of Arnobius and taught rhetoric in various cities of the Eastern Roman Empire, ending in Constantinople. He wrote apologetic works explaining Christianity in terms that would be palatable to educated people who still practiced the traditional religions of the Empire, while defending Christian beliefs against the criticisms of Hellene philosophers. His Divinae Institutiones ("Divine Institutes") is an early example of a systematic presentation of Christian thought. He was considered somewhat heretical after his death, but Renaissance humanists took a renewed interest in him, more for his elaborately rhetorical Latin style than for his theology.
A translator of the Divine Institutes starts his introduction as follows:
wn.com/Lactantius -
Lucian
Lucian of Samosata (Ancient Greek: Λουκιανὸς ὁ Σαμοσατεύς, Latin: Lucianus Samosatensis; c. AD 125 – after AD 180) was a rhetorician and satirist who wrote in the Greek language. He is noted for his witty and scoffing nature. Although he wrote solely in Greek, he was ethnically Assyrian.
Few details of Lucian's life can be verified with any degree of accuracy. He claimed to have been born in Samosata, in the former kingdom of Commagene, which had been absorbed by the Roman Empire and made part of the province of Syria. In his works, Lucian refers to himself as a "Syrian", and "barbarian", perhaps indicating "he was from the Semitic and not the imported Greek population" of Samosata. Lucian almost certainly did not write all of the more than eighty works attributed to him — declamations, essays both laudatory and sarcastic, satiric epigrams, and comic dialogues and symposia with a satirical cast, studded with quotations in alarming contexts and allusions set in an unusual light, designed to be surprising and provocative. His name added luster to any entertaining and sarcastic essay: over 150 surviving manuscripts attest to his continued popularity. The first printed edition of a selection of his works was issued at Florence in 1499. His best known works are A True Story (a romance, patently not "true" at all, which he admits in his introduction to the story), and Dialogues of the Gods (Θεῶν διάλογοι) and Dialogues of the Dead (Νεκρικοί Διάλογοι).
wn.com/Lucian -
Manichaeism
Manichaeism ( /ˈmænɨkiːɪzəm/; in Modern Persian آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese: 摩尼教; pinyin: Móní Jiào) was a major gnostic religion, originating in Sassanid era Babylonia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (in Persian: مانی, Syriac: ܡܐܢܝ, Latin: Manichaeus or Manes) (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived.
Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness. Through an ongoing process which takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light from which it came. Its beliefs, based on local Mesopotamian gnostic and religious movements, contained elements of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.
Manichaeism thrived between the third and seventh centuries, and at its height was one of the most widespread religions in the world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as China and as far west as the Roman Empire. It was widespread among the legions of the Roman Empire, who considered it a soldier's religion, and it was briefly the main rival to Christianity in the competition to replace classical paganism. Manichaeism survived longer in the East than in the West, and it appears to have finally faded away after the 14th century in southern China, contemporary to the decline in China of the Church of the East – see Ming Dynasty.
wn.com/Manichaeism -
Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.
wn.com/Medes -
Mirza Tahir Ahmad
Mirza Tahir Ahmad (Urdu: مرزا طاہراحمد) (December 18, 1928 – April 19, 2003) was Khalifatul Masih IV, Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and fourth successor to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. He was elected as Caliph on June 10, 1982, the day after the death of his predecessor, Mirza Nasir Ahmad.
In 1974, he was nominated as a member of the Ahmadiyya delegation which appeared before the Parliament of Pakistan to defend the beliefs of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. As Khalifatul Masih IV, Tahir Ahmad attended the 100th Annual Jalsa Salana (annual gathering) being held in Qadian, India in 1991. It was the first time an Ahmadiyya Caliph had returned to Qadian since the partition of India occurred in 1947 when the community relocated from India to Pakistan.
Tahir Ahmad is perhaps best known for his "Question & Answers" sessions. During his Caliphate, the community experienced structural and financial growth including the launch of the first Muslim satellite television network, Muslim Television Ahmadiyya, in 1994.
wn.com/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad -
Moses
Moses (Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה, Modern Moshe Tiberian Mōšéh ISO 259-3 Moše; Greek: Mωϋσῆς Mōüsēs; Arabic: موسىٰ Mūsa) was, according to the Hebrew Bible and Qur'an, a religious leader, lawgiver and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew (מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ, Lit. "Moses our Teacher/Rabbi"), he is the most important prophet in Judaism, and is also considered an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths.
The existence of Moses as well as the veracity of the Exodus story is disputed amongst archaeologists and Egyptologists, with experts in the field of biblical criticism citing logical inconsistencies, new archaeological evidence, historical evidence, and related origin myths in Canaanite culture. Other historians maintain that the biographical details, and Egyptian background, attributed to Moses imply the existence of a historical political and religious leader who was involved in the consolidation of the Hebrew tribes in Canaan towards the end of the Bronze Age.
wn.com/Moses -
Muhammad
Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.
wn.com/Muhammad -
Nicholas Roerich
Nicholas Roerich, also known as Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh (Russian: Никола́й Константи́нович Рéрих; October 9 [O.S. September 27] 1874 – December 13, 1947), was a Russian mystic, painter, philosopher, scientist, writer, traveler, and public figure. A prolific artist, he created thousands of paintings (many of them are exhibited in well-known museums of the world) and about 30 literary works. Roerich was an author and initiator of an international pact for the protection of artistic and academic institutions and historical sites (Roerich's Pact) and a founder of an international movement for the defence of culture. Roerich earned several nominations for the Nobel Prize.
Roerich in translation from the ancient Scandinavian means "rich of fame" (Rö Rich). Members of Roerich's family occupied prominent military and administrative posts in Russia since the reign of Peter I. Nicholas Roerich's father Konstantin Fedorovich was a well-known notary who was born in Courland. N. Roerich's mother Maria Vasilyevna Kalashnikova descended from a long line of merchants and traders. Among friends of the Roerich's family were such famous personalities as D. Mendeleyev, N. Kostomarov, M. Mikeshin, L. Ivanovsky et al.
wn.com/Nicholas_Roerich -
Origen
Origen ( /ˈɒrɪdʒən/; Greek: Ὠριγένης Ōrigénēs), or Origen Adamantius (184/185 – 253/254), was an early Christian Alexandrian scholar and theologian, and one of the most distinguished writers of the early Church. As early as the fourth century, his orthodoxy was suspect, largely because he believed in the pre-existence and apokatastasis, or universal reconciliation, ideas acknowledged to be beyond the pale of Christianity. Today he is generally regarded as one of the Church Fathers.
Origen excelled in multiple branches of theological scholarship, including textual criticism, biblical interpretation, philosophical theology, preaching, and spirituality. Some of his teachings, however, quickly became controversial. Notably, he frequently referred to his hypothesis of the pre-existence of souls. As in the beginning all intelligent beings were united to God, Origen also held out the possibility, though he did not assert so definitively, that in the end all beings, perhaps even the arch-fiend Satan, would be reconciled to God in what is called the apokatastasis ("restitution"). Origen's views on the Trinity, in which he saw the Son of God as subordinate to God the Father, became controversial during the Arian controversy of the fourth century, though a subordinationist view was common among the ante-Nicene Fathers. A group who came to be known as Origenists, and who firmly believed in the preexistence of souls and the apokatastasis, were declared anathema in the 6th century. This condemnation is attributed to the Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople, though it does not appear in the council's official minutes. Few scholars today believe that Origen should be blamed, as he commonly was in the past, for tentatively putting forward hypotheses, later judged heretical, on certain philosophical problems during a time when Christian doctrine was somewhat unclear on said problems.
wn.com/Origen -
Parsi
Parsi or Parsee ( /ˈpɑrsiː/) refers to a member of the larger of the two Zoroastrian communities in South Asia, the other being the Irani community.
According to tradition, the present-day Parsis descend from a group of Zoroastrians of Iran who immigrated to India during the 10th century AD, to avoid persecution by Muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering Iran. At the time of the Arab invasion of Iran, the dominant religion of the region was Zoroastrianism. The Iranians rebelled against the Arab invaders for almost 200 years; in Iran this period is now known as the "Two "Centuries of Silence" or "Period of Silence". After many failed attempts to free the country from Arab domination, the Iranians were forced to either pay heavy taxes (Jizya) or to convert to Islam, the latter being the ultimate goal of the new rulers and thus the easier way. During this time many Iranians who are now called Parsi rejected both options and instead chose to take refuge by fleeing from Iran to India.
wn.com/Parsi -
Parthia
Parthia is a region of north-eastern Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire.
The name "Parthia" is a continuation from Latin Parthia, from Old Persian Parthava, which was the Parthian language self-designator signifying "of the Parthians" who were an Iranian people.
Parthia roughly corresponds to the western half of Khorasan region in northeastern Iran. It was bordered by the Kopet Dag mountain range in the north and the Dasht-e-Kavir desert in the south. It bordered Media on the west, Hyrcania on the north west, Margiana on the north east, and Aria on the south east.
During Arsacid times, Parthia was united with Hyrcania as one administrative unit, and that region is therefore often (subject to context) considered a part of Parthia proper.
As the region inhabited by Parthians, Parthia first appears as a political entity in Achaemenid lists of governorates ("satrapies") under their dominion. Prior to this, the people of the region seem to have been subjects of the Medes, and 7th century BC Assyrian texts mention a country named Partakka or Partukka (though this "need not have coincided topographically with the later Parthia").
wn.com/Parthia -
Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians. The synonymous usage of Iranian and Persian has persisted over the centuries although some modern Western sources use Iranic/Iranian as a wider term that includes the term Persian as well as related Iranian languages and ethnic groups. However, these terms have been used both synonymously as well as in a complementary fashion since ancient times; as the Ancient Iranian peoples such as the Old Persians, Medes, Bactrians, Parthians and Avesta peoples considered themselves to be part of the greater Iranian ethnic stock.
The term Persian translates to "from or of Persis" which is a region north of the Persian Gulf located in Pars, Iran. It was from this region that Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid empire, united all other Iranian empires (such as the Medes and the Elamites), and expanded the Persian cultural and social influences by incorporating the Babylonian empire, and the Lydian empire. Although not the first Iranian empire, the Achaemenid empire is the first Persian empire well recognized by Greek and Persian historians for its massive cultural, military and social influences going as far as Athens, Egypt, and Libya.
wn.com/Persian_people -
Plato
Plato ( /ˈpleɪtoʊ/; Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "broad"; 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of A. N. Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics.
wn.com/Plato -
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
Pliny is referring to the fact that Tacitus relied on his uncle's now missing work on the History of the German Wars. Pliny the Elder died on August 25, 79 AD, while attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The prevailing wind would not allow his ship to leave the shore. His companions attributed his collapse and death to toxic fumes; but they were unaffected by the fumes, suggesting natural causes.
wn.com/Pliny_the_Elder -
Pliny the elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
Pliny is referring to the fact that Tacitus relied on his uncle's now missing work on the History of the German Wars. Pliny the Elder died on August 25, 79 AD, while attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The prevailing wind would not allow his ship to leave the shore. His companions attributed his collapse and death to toxic fumes; but they were unaffected by the fumes, suggesting natural causes.
wn.com/Pliny_the_elder -
Plutarch
Plutarch (English pronunciation: /'pluːtɑːk/; Greek: Πλούταρχος, Ploútarkhos, Koine Greek: [plŭːtarkʰos]) then named, on his becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Μέστριος Πλούταρχος),c. 46 – 120 AD, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia. He was born to a prominent family in Chaeronea, Boeotia, a town about twenty miles east of Delphi.
Plutarch was born in 46 AD in the small town of Chaeronea, in the Greek region known as Boeotia. His family was wealthy. The name of Plutarch's father has not been preserved, but it was probably Nikarchus (Greek: Nίκαρχoς), from the common habit of Greek families to repeat a name in alternate generations. The name of Plutarch's grandfather was Lamprias, as he attested in Moralia and in his Life of Antony.
His brothers, Timon and Lamprias, are frequently mentioned in his essays and dialogues, where Timon is spoken of in the most affectionate terms. Rualdus, in his 1624 work Life of Plutarchus, recovered the name of Plutarch's wife, Timoxena, from internal evidence afforded by his writings. A letter is still extant, addressed by Plutarch to his wife, bidding her not give way to excessive grief at the death of their two year old daughter, who was named Timoxena after her mother. Interestingly, he hinted at a belief in reincarnation in that letter of consolation.
wn.com/Plutarch -
Prods Oktor Skjaervo
Prods Oktor Skjaervo (in Norwegian: Prods Oktor Skjærvø) (born: 30 December 1944 in Steinkjer) ) is an Agha Khan Professor of Iranian studies at department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations in Harvard University.
Humbach, Helmut; Josef Horblit Elfenbein, Prods Oktor Skjaervo (1991). The Gathas of Zarathustra: and the other old Avestan Texts. C. Winter.
Humbach, Helmut; Prods Oktor Skjaervo (1983). The Sassanian Inscription of Paikuli: 3.1. Restored Text and Translation; 3.2. Commentary. Reichert. ISBN 978-3-88226-156-1.
"Faculty member page". Harvard University. http://www.nelc.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k56744&pageid=icb.page306619&pageContentId=icb.pagecontent606276&view=view.do&viewParam_name=skjaervo.html#a_icb_pagecontent606276.
wn.com/Prods_Oktor_Skjaervo -
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
wn.com/Ptolemy -
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (Ancient Greek: Πυθαγόρας ὁ Σάμιος [Πυθαγόρης in Ionian Greek] Pythagóras ho Sámios "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply Πυθαγόρας; b. about 570 – d. about 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, so very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and might have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
wn.com/Pythagoras -
Ramesses III
Usimare Ramesses III (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last great New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. He was the son of Setnakhte and Queen Tiy-Merenese. Ramesses III is believed to have reigned from March 1186 to April 1155 BCE. This is based on his known accession date of I Shemu day 26 and his death on Year 32 III Shemu day 15, for a reign of 31 years, 1 month and 19 days. (Alternate dates for this king are 1187 to 1156 BCE).
During his long tenure in the midst of the surrounding political chaos of the Greek Dark Ages, Egypt was beset by foreign invaders (including the so-called Sea Peoples and the Libyans) and experienced the beginnings of increasing economic difficulties and internal strife which would eventually lead to the collapse of the Twentieth Dynasty. In Year 8 of his reign, the Sea Peoples, including Peleset, Denyen, Shardana, Meshwesh of the sea, and Tjekker, invaded Egypt by land and sea. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles. Although the Egyptians had a reputation as poor seamen they fought tenaciously. Rameses lined the shores with ranks of archers who kept up a continuous volley of arrows into the enemy ships when they attempted to land on the banks of the Nile. Then the Egyptian navy attacked using grappling hooks to haul in the enemy ships. In the brutal hand to hand fighting which ensued, the Sea People were utterly defeated. The Harris Papyrus state:
wn.com/Ramesses_III -
Raphael
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (April 6 or March 28, 1483 – April 6, 1520), better known simply as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period.
Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop, and despite his death at 37, a large body of his work remains. Many of his works are found in the Apostolic Palace of The Vatican, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. After his early years in Rome much of his work was self-designed, but for the most part executed by the workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking. After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo was more widespread until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari: his early years in Umbria, then a period of about four years (from 1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of Florence, followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two Popes and their close associates.
wn.com/Raphael -
Richard Foltz
Richard Foltz (b. 1961) is a Canadian scholar of American origin. He is a specialist in the history of Iran and the history of religions, particularly Islam and Zoroastrianism. He has also been active in the areas of environmental ethics and animal rights.
A professor in the Department of Religion at Concordia University, Montréal, Canada, Foltz holds a Ph.D. in Middle Eastern History from Harvard University. He also holds degrees in Persian literature and applied linguistics from the University of Utah. He has taught at Kuwait University, Brown University, Columbia University, and the University of Florida. Prior to entering academia he worked as a musician, film critic, and travel writer.
Foltz is founder-director of the Centre for Iranian Studies at Concordia. The author of eight books and over one hundred scholarly articles, his work has appeared in more than a dozen languages. He is married to Manya Saadi-nejad, a painter and scholar of Iranian mythology.
Foltz has emphasized the role of Iranians in the spread of culture in world history, particularly in the domain of religions. In particular, he sees the Silk Road as having arisen from the travels of traders who were mostly of Iranian background.
wn.com/Richard_Foltz -
Richard Strauss
Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. He is known for his operas, which include Der Rosenkavalier and Salome; his Lieder, especially his Four Last Songs; and his tone poems and other orchestral works, such as Death and Transfiguration, Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks, Also sprach Zarathustra, An Alpine Symphony, and Metamorphosen. Strauss was also a prominent conductor throughout Germany and Austria.
Strauss, along with Gustav Mahler, represents the late flowering of German Romanticism after Richard Wagner, in which pioneering subtleties of orchestration are combined with an advanced harmonic style.
Strauss was born on 11 June 1864, in Munich, the son of Franz Strauss, who was the principal horn player at the Court Opera in Munich. In his youth, he received a thorough musical education from his father. He wrote his first composition at the age of six, and continued to write music almost until his death.
wn.com/Richard_Strauss -
Shoghi Effendi
Shoghí Effendí Rabbání (March 1, 1897 – November 4, 1957), better known as Shoghi Effendi, was the Guardian and appointed head of the Bahá'í Faith from 1921 until his death in 1957. After the death of `Abdu'l-Bahá in 1921, the leadership of the Bahá'í community entered a new phase, evolving from that of a single individual to an administrative order with executive and legislative branches, the head of each being the Guardianship and the Universal House of Justice. Shoghi Effendi was referred to as the Guardian, and held the explicit authority to interpret the writings of the three central figures of the religion and define the sphere of legislative authority. His writings are effectively limited to commentaries on the works of the central figures, and broad directives for the future.
Future hereditary Guardians were permitted in the Bahá'í scripture by appointment from one to the next, but a prerequisite that appointees be male descendants of Bahá'u'lláh left no suitable living candidates, and Shoghi Effendi died without making an appointment. The Universal House of Justice, the only institution authorized to adjudicate on situations not covered in scripture, later announced that it could not legislate to make possible the appointment of a successor to Shoghi Effendi. To Bahá'ís he is the first and last Guardian.
wn.com/Shoghi_Effendi -
Stanley Kubrick
Stanley Kubrick (/ˈkuːbrɪk/; July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer and editor. He is regarded as having been one of America's greatest filmmakers. His films, typically adaptations of novels or short stories, were noted for their "dazzling" and unique cinematography, attention to details to achieve realism and an inspired use of music scores. Kubrick's films covered a variety of genres, including war, black comedy, horror and science fiction. Kubrick was also noted for being a perfectionist, using painstaking care with scene staging and working closely with his actors.
Starting out as a photographer in New York City, he taught himself all aspects of film production and directing after graduating high school. His earliest films were made on a shoestring budget, followed by one Hollywood blockbuster, after which he spent most of the rest of his career living and filming in England. His home became his workplace where he did his writing, research, editing and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete artistic control, but with the rare advantage of having financial support from major Hollywood studios.
wn.com/Stanley_Kubrick -
Thomas Browne
Sir Thomas Browne (19 October 1605 – 19 October 1682) was an English author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including medicine, religion, science and the esoteric.
Browne's writings display a deep curiosity towards the natural world, influenced by the scientific revolution of Baconian enquiry, while his Christian faith exuded tolerance and goodwill towards humanity in an often intolerant era. A consummate literary craftsman, Browne's works are permeated by frequent reference to Classical and Biblical sources and to his own highly idiosyncratic personality. His literary style varies according to genre resulting in a rich, unusual prose that ranges from rough notebook observations to the highest baroque eloquence. Although he was described as suffering from melancholia, Browne's writings are also characterised by wit and subtle humour.
On 14 March 1673, Browne sent a short autobiography to the antiquarian John Aubrey, presumably for Aubrey's collection of Brief Lives, which provides an introduction to his life and writings.
wn.com/Thomas_Browne -
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet de Voltaire (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃.swa ma.ʁi aʁ.wɛ]; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by the pen name Voltaire (pronounced: [vɔl.tɛːʁ]), was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, freedom of expression, free trade and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws with harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day.
Voltaire was one of several Enlightenment figures (along with Montesquieu, John Locke, Richard Price, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Émilie du Châtelet) whose works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions.
wn.com/Voltaire -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata -
Zoroaster
Zoroaster (/ˌzɒroʊˈæstər/ ZOHR-oh-as-tər; Persian: زرتشت; Zartosht), (Armenian: Զարդաշտ; Zardasht) also known as Zarathustra (Avestan: Zaraϑuštra), was the founder of Zoroastrianism. His birthplace is uncertain but it is now generally thought that he was born in the eastern part of ancient Greater Iran. He is credited with the authorship of the Yasna Haptanghaiti as well as the Gathas, hymns which are at the liturgical core of Zoroastrianism. Most of his life is known through the Zoroastrian texts. There is no consensus among scholars about the time period of his life, with the estimated dates of his birth range from 6000 BC to 100 BCE. However, the language spoken by Zoroaster, Old Avestan, used for composing the Yasna Haptanghaiti and the Gathas, on archaeological and linguistic grounds, is dated to have been spoken probably in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE.
Zoroaster's name in his native language, Avestan, was probably Zaraϑuštra. His English name, "Zoroaster", and the derivatives from a later (5th-century BCE) Greek transcription, Zōroastrēs (Ζωροάστρης), as used in Xanthus's Lydiaca (Fragment 32) and in Plato's First Alcibiades (122a1). This form appears subsequently in the Latin Zōroastrēs and, in later Greek orthographies, as Zōroastris. The Greek form of the name appears to be based on a phonetic transliteration or semantic substitution of the Avestan zaraϑ- with the Greek zōros (literally "undiluted") and the Avestan -uštra with astron ("star").
wn.com/Zoroaster
Famous quotes by Zoroaster:
"Form no covetous desire, so that the demon of greediness may not deceive thee, and the treasure of the world may not be tasteless to thee."
"Do not hold grain waiting for higher prices when people are hungry"
"He who sows the ground with care and diligence acquires a greater stock of religious merit than he could gain by the repetition of ten thousand prayers"
"Let us be such as help the life of the future"
"Taking the first footstep with a good thought the second with a good word and the third with a good deed I entered Paradise"
"Suffer no anxiety, for he who is a sufferer of anxiety becomes regardless of enjoyment of the world and the spirit, and contraction happens to his body and soul."
"Turn yourself not away from three best things: Good Thought, Good Word, and Good Deed."
"Doing good to others is not a duty, it is a joy, for it increases our own health and happiness."
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
On Christianity 1.0: Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:08
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Thisvideo may or may not contain images under copyright. Use of these images in this video are for the purpose of education or criticism, and fall under "Fair Use" US Copyright Act of 1976, 17 USC § 107
http://wn.com/On_Christianity_10_Zoroaster_and_Zoroastrianism
Thisvideo may or may not contain images under copyright. Use of these images in this video are for the purpose of education or criticism, and fall under "Fair Use" US Copyright Act of 1976, 17 USC § 107
Zoroaster "Odyssey"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:37
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Zoroaster "Odyssey" Celebrated Atlanta, GA "psych metal" band ZOROASTER has completed work on its new album. Referred to as "one of the most anticipated records this year," the group's Matador is set for a July 13 North American release via E1 Music. ZOROASTER's "Odyssey" video was helmed by director Chad Rullman for Supercollider Films. The Atlanta-based Rullman is known previously for directing Mastodon's career-launching videos "March of the Fire Ants" and "Iron Tusk" as well as his work for artists such as Neurosis, Nile and Soilent Green.
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Odyssey
Zoroaster "Odyssey" Celebrated Atlanta, GA "psych metal" band ZOROASTER has completed work on its new album. Referred to as "one of the most anticipated records this year," the group's Matador is set for a July 13 North American release via E1 Music. ZOROASTER's "Odyssey" video was helmed by director Chad Rullman for Supercollider Films. The Atlanta-based Rullman is known previously for directing Mastodon's career-launching videos "March of the Fire Ants" and "Iron Tusk" as well as his work for artists such as Neurosis, Nile and Soilent Green.
- published: 07 Jul 2010
- views: 46802
- author: KOCHRECORDS
194a Zoroaster Created Christianity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:45
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Bill Donahue www.hiddenmeanings.com Visit the web site to review Bills written work The Play List has all of Bills videos sorted by category
http://wn.com/194a_Zoroaster_Created_Christianity
Bill Donahue www.hiddenmeanings.com Visit the web site to review Bills written work The Play List has all of Bills videos sorted by category
- published: 29 Jun 2012
- views: 3116
- author: Bill Donahue
122a Zoroaster Found Jesus Star.m4v
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:45
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Bill Donahue www.hiddenmeanings.com Visit the web site to review Bills written work The Play List has all of Bills videos sorted by subject
http://wn.com/122a_Zoroaster_Found_Jesus_Starm4v
Bill Donahue www.hiddenmeanings.com Visit the web site to review Bills written work The Play List has all of Bills videos sorted by subject
- published: 01 Jun 2012
- views: 983
- author: Bill Donahue
zoroaster : bullwhip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
footage edited by scott wagoner
http://wn.com/zoroaster_bullwhip
Zoroaster "Black Hole"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Zoroaster "Black Hole"
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Black_Hole
Zoroaster - White Dwarf
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:44
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Zoroaster - White Dwarf Album: Voice of Saturn Sludge/Doom Metal Official Website: www.zoroasterrocks.com Official Music Video: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_White_Dwarf
Zoroaster - White Dwarf Album: Voice of Saturn Sludge/Doom Metal Official Website: www.zoroasterrocks.com Official Music Video: www.youtube.com
- published: 26 Jan 2011
- views: 11668
- author: eyeburngreen
Balkh / Bactria - Aryana - The birth place of Zoroaster
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Balkh / Bactria - Aryana - The birth place of Zoroaster For more information about Balkh, click on the following link; en.wikipedia.org Tajikan! stop following inhumanistic and violent Arab culture and religion, revert to peaceful, rich and glorious culture and faith of your ancestors.
http://wn.com/Balkh_Bactria_Aryana_The_birth_place_of_Zoroaster
Balkh / Bactria - Aryana - The birth place of Zoroaster For more information about Balkh, click on the following link; en.wikipedia.org Tajikan! stop following inhumanistic and violent Arab culture and religion, revert to peaceful, rich and glorious culture and faith of your ancestors.
- published: 28 Jan 2008
- views: 23296
- author: BalkhMavlanaZardusht
Zoroaster & Religious Dichotomy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
I'm not religious, I'm historic. I can't be ignorant to history that predates the scriptures, because I wasn't designed ignorant. Blessings to you.
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Religious_Dichotomy
I'm not religious, I'm historic. I can't be ignorant to history that predates the scriptures, because I wasn't designed ignorant. Blessings to you.
- published: 18 Apr 2012
- views: 402
- author: Christopher Maness
Zoroaster - Tualation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:28
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
From their album "Dog Magic".
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Tualation
Zoroaster-old world/DNR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:30
- Updated: 12 Aug 2012
album:matador
http://wn.com/Zoroaster-old_world_DNR
Zoroaster - Old World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:05
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
from "Matador" 2010
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Old_World
Zoroaster "Spirit Molecule" | indieATL session
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Zoroaster from Atlanta, Georgia play live in the studio of the Digital Arts Entertainment Lab for the IndieATL music series. This video was produced by Matt Rowles. Buy "Voice of Saturn" from www.terminaldoomrecords.com available online 02.10.2009. For more info goto: www.myspace.com
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Spirit_Molecule_|_indieATL_session
Zoroaster from Atlanta, Georgia play live in the studio of the Digital Arts Entertainment Lab for the IndieATL music series. This video was produced by Matt Rowles. Buy "Voice of Saturn" from www.terminaldoomrecords.com available online 02.10.2009. For more info goto: www.myspace.com
- published: 13 Oct 2009
- views: 10396
- author: entertainmentresearc
Zoroaster - Trident
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Artist Zoroaster Album Matador
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Trident
Zoroaster @ Hoek's Death Metal Pizza "Ancient Ones (off of New Album)/White Dwarf"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:19
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Zoroaster playing at the Brooklynvegan SXSW pizza party at Hoek's Death Metal Pizza.
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_@_Hoek's_Death_Metal_Pizza_Ancient_Ones_off_of_New_Album_White_Dwarf
Zoroaster playing at the Brooklynvegan SXSW pizza party at Hoek's Death Metal Pizza.
- published: 19 Mar 2010
- views: 9837
- author: Victhor Viking
Zoroaster (live) - Tualatin - 12-07-08
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Zoroaster performing "Tualatin" live on December 7, 2008 at The Engine Room, Tallahassee, Florida.
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_live_Tualatin_12-07-08
Zoroaster performing "Tualatin" live on December 7, 2008 at The Engine Room, Tallahassee, Florida.
- published: 08 Dec 2008
- views: 2901
- author: whatfuckingever444
Zoroaster - "White Dwarf" E1 Music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
www.blanktv.com Like this video? Come see hundreds more at KrankTV.com! - the Net's biggest home for metal, death, grind, thrash, rapcore, heavy and hard rock music videos! If you like the hard stuff, come get hooked on KrankTV.com! Director:
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_White_Dwarf_E1_Music
www.blanktv.com Like this video? Come see hundreds more at KrankTV.com! - the Net's biggest home for metal, death, grind, thrash, rapcore, heavy and hard rock music videos! If you like the hard stuff, come get hooked on KrankTV.com! Director:
- published: 03 Jun 2010
- views: 6213
- author: BlankTV
Zoroaster - Ancient Ones
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
From the 2010 album Matador
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Ancient_Ones
THE PROTAGONIST - Zoroaster
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
From "A Rebours" album (1998) Label : Cold Meat Industry
http://wn.com/THE_PROTAGONIST_Zoroaster
From "A Rebours" album (1998) Label : Cold Meat Industry
- published: 21 Nov 2010
- views: 1420
- author: Jana242
Zoroaster - Euphonium
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
New Dubstep Track "Euphonium" by Zoroaster...Will be featured on the "Beyond" EP, releasing April 23rd (zoroaster.bandcamp.com if u dig the music and like Zoroaster's Facebook here 4 free downloads and updates: www.facebook.com SoundCloud: www.soundcloud.com Twitter: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Euphonium
New Dubstep Track "Euphonium" by Zoroaster...Will be featured on the "Beyond" EP, releasing April 23rd (zoroaster.bandcamp.com if u dig the music and like Zoroaster's Facebook here 4 free downloads and updates: www.facebook.com SoundCloud: www.soundcloud.com Twitter: www.twitter.com
- published: 22 Jan 2012
- views: 2062
- author: zoroaster91307
BrooklynVegan.com Premiere: Zoroaster - White Dwarf
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
The world premiere of the video of Zoroaster's "White Dwarf", featuring the great Brent Hinds of Mastodon.
http://wn.com/BrooklynVegancom_Premiere_Zoroaster_White_Dwarf
The world premiere of the video of Zoroaster's "White Dwarf", featuring the great Brent Hinds of Mastodon.
- published: 13 Apr 2010
- views: 8975
- author: BBGBKVGN
Zoroaster Matador available July 13th
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:34
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Zoroaster Matador available July 13th
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Matador_available_July_13th
Sadhu - We Are The Stars (Zoroaster Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
New Zoroaster Remix of Sadhu's "We Are The Stars"...Subscribe if u dig the music and like Zoroaster's Facebook here 4 free downloads and updates: www.facebook.com SoundCloud: www.soundcloud.com Twitter: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Sadhu_We_Are_The_Stars_Zoroaster_Remix
New Zoroaster Remix of Sadhu's "We Are The Stars"...Subscribe if u dig the music and like Zoroaster's Facebook here 4 free downloads and updates: www.facebook.com SoundCloud: www.soundcloud.com Twitter: www.twitter.com
- published: 09 May 2012
- views: 1321
- author: zoroaster91307
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Zoroaster - Interview - SXSW 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Jonathan Brooks interviews Zoroaster for SXSW in Shipe Park. The Zoroaster boys are in standard form for this 'candid' piece at their favorite interview hotspot; swing sets. For More SXSW: bit.ly
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Interview_SXSW_2012
Jonathan Brooks interviews Zoroaster for SXSW in Shipe Park. The Zoroaster boys are in standard form for this 'candid' piece at their favorite interview hotspot; swing sets. For More SXSW: bit.ly
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 779
- author: BillboardMagazine
![Heavyworlds.com - Will Fiore (Zoroaster) Interview [ENG]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130127085310im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/o_Hk9jNCDfc/default.jpg "Heavyworlds.com - Will Fiore (Zoroaster) Interview [ENG]")
Heavyworlds.com - Will Fiore (Zoroaster) Interview [ENG]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:08
- Updated: 10 Jul 2011
Heavyworlds.com Vs. Zoroaster!
http://wn.com/Heavyworldscom_Will_Fiore_Zoroaster_Interview_ENG_
Scion Rock Fest 2009: Zoroaster Interview (Scion AV)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:24
- Updated: 25 Apr 2012
Interview with Zoroaster at the 2009 Scion Rock Fest. For more information and content, visit us at scionav.com/rockfest.
http://wn.com/Scion_Rock_Fest_2009_Zoroaster_Interview_Scion_AV
Interview with Zoroaster at the 2009 Scion Rock Fest. For more information and content, visit us at scionav.com/rockfest.
- published: 19 Oct 2011
- views: 168
- author: SCIONAV
Zoroaster: Interview with Will, 3/2/10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 16 Feb 2011
Will discusses the new Zoroaster recording
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Interview_with_Will,_3_2_10
Zoroaster: Interview with Sanford Parker and Ed Rawls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
interviewing the producer and engineer for the new Zoroaser record, Matador
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Interview_with_Sanford_Parker_and_Ed_Rawls
interviewing the producer and engineer for the new Zoroaser record, Matador
- published: 11 Mar 2010
- views: 710
- author: terminaldoom
Zoroaster - Brazen Bull
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
footage shot and edited by scott wagoner
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Brazen_Bull
Zoroaster - "White Dwarf" E1 Music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
www.blanktv.com Like this video? Come see hundreds more at KrankTV.com! - the Net's biggest home for metal, death, grind, thrash, rapcore, heavy and hard rock music videos! If you like the hard stuff, come get hooked on KrankTV.com! Director:
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_White_Dwarf_E1_Music
www.blanktv.com Like this video? Come see hundreds more at KrankTV.com! - the Net's biggest home for metal, death, grind, thrash, rapcore, heavy and hard rock music videos! If you like the hard stuff, come get hooked on KrankTV.com! Director:
- published: 03 Jun 2010
- views: 6191
- author: BlankTV
Iran- Zoroastrianism - Robert Winston- The Story of God
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:35
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
Zoroastrianism Or Zarthushti is a very Old Faith in Iran.Many believe. Justice day and resurrection came from this religion to Judaism and Christianity. Robert Winston speaks about Zoroastrianism and (Zarathushtra) a prophet of Zoroastrianism .
http://wn.com/Iran_Zoroastrianism_Robert_Winston_The_Story_of_God
Zoroastrianism Or Zarthushti is a very Old Faith in Iran.Many believe. Justice day and resurrection came from this religion to Judaism and Christianity. Robert Winston speaks about Zoroastrianism and (Zarathushtra) a prophet of Zoroastrianism .
- published: 04 Mar 2010
- views: 4990
- author: javad Alesheikh
Zoroastrianism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
zoroastrianism
http://wn.com/Zoroastrianism
Zoroaster: Production Meeting...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
Punchout
http://wn.com/Zoroaster_Production_Meeting
ZOROASTER "Old World" Live @ 31st Street Pub, Pittsburgh, PA 7/8/2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:39
- Updated: 08 Apr 2012
Zoroaster live at the 31st st pub in Pittsburgh, PA
http://wn.com/ZOROASTER_Old_World_Live_@_31st_Street_Pub,_Pittsburgh,_PA_7_8_2010
Zoroaster live at the 31st st pub in Pittsburgh, PA
- published: 02 Mar 2011
- views: 324
- author: digitaIIive
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:00
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries ...
http://wn.com/Reza_Pahlavi_Interview_on_VoA_Parazit_مصاحبۀ_شاهزاده_رضا_پهلوی
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries ...
- published: 20 Mar 2011
- views: 9144
- author: taranehmousavi
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:13
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries ...
http://wn.com/Reza_Pahlavi_Interview_on_VoA_مصاحبۀ_شاهزاده_رضا_پهلوی
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries ...
- published: 20 Mar 2011
- views: 5789
- author: taranehmousavi
Being a Zoroastrian in Today's World - Patheos.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:09
- Updated: 26 May 2012
A Patheos Interview with Rohinton Rivetna at the Parliament of the World Religions in Melbourne. Australia. www.patheos.com
http://wn.com/Being_a_Zoroastrian_in_Today's_World_Patheoscom
A Patheos Interview with Rohinton Rivetna at the Parliament of the World Religions in Melbourne. Australia. www.patheos.com
- published: 11 Dec 2009
- views: 2387
- author: PatheosVideos
(36) Iran TV News Reports Interviews Social events Revolution Calls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:58
- Updated: 16 Jan 2012
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The Jewish festival of Purim is ...
http://wn.com/36_Iran_TV_News_Reports_Interviews_Social_events_Revolution_Calls
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The Jewish festival of Purim is ...
- published: 20 Mar 2011
- views: 70
- author: ZeinabJalalian
Bloomberg interviews Nina Godiwalla, Author Suits: A Woman on Wall Street
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Updated: 04 Jun 2012
Nina Godiwalla shares key themes and experiences from her upcoming book, Suits: A Woman on Wall Street, a memoir about her experience at Morgan Stanley best described as Liar's Poker meets The Devil Wears Prada. It's an insider's perspective on investment banking from an outsider's point of view—woman, second-generation Indian American, and Texan. USA Today chose Suits as one of their top books to read. In addition to discussing her experience as an analyst in investment banking, Nina talks about women and minorities conforming to corporate cultures and the racial and sexual discrimination in investment banking.
http://wn.com/Bloomberg_interviews_Nina_Godiwalla,_Author_Suits_A_Woman_on_Wall_Street
Nina Godiwalla shares key themes and experiences from her upcoming book, Suits: A Woman on Wall Street, a memoir about her experience at Morgan Stanley best described as Liar's Poker meets The Devil Wears Prada. It's an insider's perspective on investment banking from an outsider's point of view—woman, second-generation Indian American, and Texan. USA Today chose Suits as one of their top books to read. In addition to discussing her experience as an analyst in investment banking, Nina talks about women and minorities conforming to corporate cultures and the racial and sexual discrimination in investment banking.
- published: 26 Mar 2011
- views: 2907
- author: mornglory9445987
Jesus Is NOT The Reason For the Season (Styxhexenhammer666 Christmas Special)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:07
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
The Solstice is the reason for the season.
http://wn.com/Jesus_Is_NOT_The_Reason_For_the_Season_Styxhexenhammer666_Christmas_Special
The Solstice is the reason for the season.
- published: 25 Dec 2012
- views: 860
- author: Styxhexenhammer666
(17) Iran TV News Reports Interviews Social events Revolution Calls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:04
- Updated: 22 Apr 2012
Iran Happy Norooz ملکه ایران نوروز و بسال نو به همه مبارک و خجسته باد In harmony with rebirth of nature, the Persian New Year Celebration, or Norooz, always begins on the first day of spring, March 20th of each year. Norooz ceremonies are symbolic representations of two ancient concepts - the End and Rebirth. About 3000 years ago Persian's major religion was Zoroastrianism, named in honor of its founder Zoroaster, and arguably the world's first monotheistic religion. Zoroastrians had a festival called "Farvardgan" which lasted ten days, and took place at the end of the solar year. It appears that this was a festival of sorrow and mourning , signifying the end of life while the festival of Norooz, at the beginning of spring signified rebirth, and was a time of great joy and celebration. Norooz was officially acknowledged and named "Norooz" by mythical Persian emperor, Shah Jamshid, from Achaemenid Dynasty (500 BC). Ashaemenied created the first major empire in the region and built Persepolis complex (Takhte Jamshid) in the city of Shiraz. Norooz in Persian means "New Day" and brings hope, peace and prosperity to the world and has been celebrated among people regardless of ethnic background, political views or religion in many countries around the globe such as Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Georgia, Iraq, Tajikistan, Syria ,Armenia and India. Some of the activities during Norooz are Spring cleaning, buying new cloths, painting eggs, family ...
http://wn.com/17_Iran_TV_News_Reports_Interviews_Social_events_Revolution_Calls
Iran Happy Norooz ملکه ایران نوروز و بسال نو به همه مبارک و خجسته باد In harmony with rebirth of nature, the Persian New Year Celebration, or Norooz, always begins on the first day of spring, March 20th of each year. Norooz ceremonies are symbolic representations of two ancient concepts - the End and Rebirth. About 3000 years ago Persian's major religion was Zoroastrianism, named in honor of its founder Zoroaster, and arguably the world's first monotheistic religion. Zoroastrians had a festival called "Farvardgan" which lasted ten days, and took place at the end of the solar year. It appears that this was a festival of sorrow and mourning , signifying the end of life while the festival of Norooz, at the beginning of spring signified rebirth, and was a time of great joy and celebration. Norooz was officially acknowledged and named "Norooz" by mythical Persian emperor, Shah Jamshid, from Achaemenid Dynasty (500 BC). Ashaemenied created the first major empire in the region and built Persepolis complex (Takhte Jamshid) in the city of Shiraz. Norooz in Persian means "New Day" and brings hope, peace and prosperity to the world and has been celebrated among people regardless of ethnic background, political views or religion in many countries around the globe such as Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Georgia, Iraq, Tajikistan, Syria ,Armenia and India. Some of the activities during Norooz are Spring cleaning, buying new cloths, painting eggs, family ...
- published: 19 Mar 2011
- views: 182
- author: ZeinabJalalian
Ahmadinejad Picks His Nose
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:45
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Ahmadinejad Picks His Nose - Yes Ahmadinejad is picking on his nose on live TV! This creature does not represent Iranian people. Iranians were not Muslim. Prior to the Islamization of Iran, Zoroastrianism was the primary religion of Iran. Since the Sassanid Empire was conquered by Muslims in the 7th century CE, Zoroastrians in Iran have faced much religious discrimination, including forced conversions and harassment although technically, Zoroastrians are protected as "People of the Book" in Islam. Prophet Zoroaster and his first followers have been the proto-Indo-Iranians that lived between the Stone Age and Bronze Age (est. 1400-1200BC). The proto-Indo-Iranians (Aryans) were later divided in to two distinct branches of Iranian and Indians; the Iranian branch migrated to Iran as early as 2000 BC. Persians led by Cyrus the Great soon established the second Iranian dynasty, and the first Persian empire by defeating the Medes dynasty in 549BC. As Persians expanded their empire, Zoroastrianism was introduced to Greek historians such as Hermodorus, Hermippus, Xanthos, Eudoxus and Aristotle; each giving a different date regarding the life of Zoroaster but naturally believed him to be a Persian prophet and called him "Master of the magi" Although there are no inscriptions left from the time of Cyrus about his religion, the fire-altars found at Pasargadae, as well as the fact that he called his daughter Atossa, name of the queen of Vishtaspa (Zoroaster's royal patron), suggests ...
http://wn.com/Ahmadinejad_Picks_His_Nose
Ahmadinejad Picks His Nose - Yes Ahmadinejad is picking on his nose on live TV! This creature does not represent Iranian people. Iranians were not Muslim. Prior to the Islamization of Iran, Zoroastrianism was the primary religion of Iran. Since the Sassanid Empire was conquered by Muslims in the 7th century CE, Zoroastrians in Iran have faced much religious discrimination, including forced conversions and harassment although technically, Zoroastrians are protected as "People of the Book" in Islam. Prophet Zoroaster and his first followers have been the proto-Indo-Iranians that lived between the Stone Age and Bronze Age (est. 1400-1200BC). The proto-Indo-Iranians (Aryans) were later divided in to two distinct branches of Iranian and Indians; the Iranian branch migrated to Iran as early as 2000 BC. Persians led by Cyrus the Great soon established the second Iranian dynasty, and the first Persian empire by defeating the Medes dynasty in 549BC. As Persians expanded their empire, Zoroastrianism was introduced to Greek historians such as Hermodorus, Hermippus, Xanthos, Eudoxus and Aristotle; each giving a different date regarding the life of Zoroaster but naturally believed him to be a Persian prophet and called him "Master of the magi" Although there are no inscriptions left from the time of Cyrus about his religion, the fire-altars found at Pasargadae, as well as the fact that he called his daughter Atossa, name of the queen of Vishtaspa (Zoroaster's royal patron), suggests ...
- published: 14 Oct 2012
- views: 525
- author: NEZAMEOB
MSNBC interviews Nina Godiwalla, Author Suits: A Woman on Wall Street
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 18 Nov 2011
Nina Godiwalla shares key themes and experiences from her upcoming book, Suits: A Woman on Wall Street, a memoir about her experience at Morgan Stanley best described as Liar's Poker meets The Devil Wears Prada. It's an insider's perspective on investment banking from an outsider's point of view—woman, second-generation Indian American, and Texan. USA Today chose Suits as one of their top books to read. In addition to discussing her experience as an analyst in investment banking, Nina talks about women and minorities conforming to corporate cultures and the racial and sexual discrimination in investment banking.
http://wn.com/MSNBC_interviews_Nina_Godiwalla,_Author_Suits_A_Woman_on_Wall_Street
Nina Godiwalla shares key themes and experiences from her upcoming book, Suits: A Woman on Wall Street, a memoir about her experience at Morgan Stanley best described as Liar's Poker meets The Devil Wears Prada. It's an insider's perspective on investment banking from an outsider's point of view—woman, second-generation Indian American, and Texan. USA Today chose Suits as one of their top books to read. In addition to discussing her experience as an analyst in investment banking, Nina talks about women and minorities conforming to corporate cultures and the racial and sexual discrimination in investment banking.
- published: 25 Mar 2011
- views: 566
- author: mornglory9445987
FOX News interviews Author of Suits: A Woman on Wall Street, Nina Godiwalla
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:16
- Updated: 04 Oct 2011
FOX Business News interviews Nina Godiwalla, author of Suits: A Woman on Wall Street. Suits is a memoir about her experience at Morgan Stanley best described as Liar's Poker meets The Devil Wears Prada. It's an insider's perspective on investment banking from an outsider's point of view—woman, second-generation Indian American, and Texan. USA Today chose Suits as one of their top books to read and FORTUNE calls it a "must read." In addition to discussing her experience as an analyst in investment banking, Nina talks about women and minorities conforming to corporate cultures and the racial and sexual discrimination in investment banking.
http://wn.com/FOX_News_interviews_Author_of_Suits_A_Woman_on_Wall_Street,_Nina_Godiwalla
FOX Business News interviews Nina Godiwalla, author of Suits: A Woman on Wall Street. Suits is a memoir about her experience at Morgan Stanley best described as Liar's Poker meets The Devil Wears Prada. It's an insider's perspective on investment banking from an outsider's point of view—woman, second-generation Indian American, and Texan. USA Today chose Suits as one of their top books to read and FORTUNE calls it a "must read." In addition to discussing her experience as an analyst in investment banking, Nina talks about women and minorities conforming to corporate cultures and the racial and sexual discrimination in investment banking.
- published: 30 Sep 2011
- views: 340
- author: mornglory9445987
ZARATHUSTRA'S 5th Dimensional Quantum Healing © "INTERVIEW with ZARATHUSTRA"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
To find out more about Zarathustra and his healing workshops visit www.5thDimensionalHealing.com!
http://wn.com/ZARATHUSTRA'S_5th_Dimensional_Quantum_Healing_©_INTERVIEW_with_ZARATHUSTRA
To find out more about Zarathustra and his healing workshops visit www.5thDimensionalHealing.com!
- published: 28 Dec 2010
- views: 1232
- author: Zarathustra Esfandiary
(42) Iran TV News Reports Interviews Social events Revolution Calls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:54
- Updated: 22 Apr 2012
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The Jewish festival of Purim is ...
http://wn.com/42_Iran_TV_News_Reports_Interviews_Social_events_Revolution_Calls
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The Jewish festival of Purim is ...
- published: 20 Mar 2011
- views: 90
- author: ZeinabJalalian
3:01
Zoroaster - Interview - SXSW 2012
Jonathan Brooks interviews Zoroaster for SXSW in Shipe Park. The Zoroaster boys are in sta...
published: 21 Mar 2012
author: BillboardMagazine
Zoroaster - Interview - SXSW 2012
Jonathan Brooks interviews Zoroaster for SXSW in Shipe Park. The Zoroaster boys are in standard form for this 'candid' piece at their favorite interview hotspot; swing sets. For More SXSW: bit.ly
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 779
- author: BillboardMagazine
13:08
Heavyworlds.com - Will Fiore (Zoroaster) Interview [ENG]
Heavyworlds.com Vs. Zoroaster!...
published: 02 Jun 2011
author: heavyworlds
Heavyworlds.com - Will Fiore (Zoroaster) Interview [ENG]
Heavyworlds.com Vs. Zoroaster!
- published: 02 Jun 2011
- views: 354
- author: heavyworlds
5:24
Scion Rock Fest 2009: Zoroaster Interview (Scion AV)
Interview with Zoroaster at the 2009 Scion Rock Fest. For more information and content, vi...
published: 19 Oct 2011
author: SCIONAV
Scion Rock Fest 2009: Zoroaster Interview (Scion AV)
Interview with Zoroaster at the 2009 Scion Rock Fest. For more information and content, visit us at scionav.com/rockfest.
- published: 19 Oct 2011
- views: 168
- author: SCIONAV
2:31
Zoroaster: Interview with Will, 3/2/10
Will discusses the new Zoroaster recording...
published: 02 Mar 2010
author: terminaldoom
Zoroaster: Interview with Will, 3/2/10
Will discusses the new Zoroaster recording
- published: 02 Mar 2010
- views: 2002
- author: terminaldoom
4:17
Zoroaster: Interview with Sanford Parker and Ed Rawls
interviewing the producer and engineer for the new Zoroaser record, Matador...
published: 11 Mar 2010
author: terminaldoom
Zoroaster: Interview with Sanford Parker and Ed Rawls
interviewing the producer and engineer for the new Zoroaser record, Matador
- published: 11 Mar 2010
- views: 710
- author: terminaldoom
5:19
Zoroaster - Brazen Bull
footage shot and edited by scott wagoner...
published: 13 Oct 2009
author: zoroasterband
Zoroaster - Brazen Bull
footage shot and edited by scott wagoner
- published: 13 Oct 2009
- views: 3226
- author: zoroasterband
5:46
Zoroaster - "White Dwarf" E1 Music
www.blanktv.com Like this video? Come see hundreds more at KrankTV.com! - the Net's bigges...
published: 03 Jun 2010
author: BlankTV
Zoroaster - "White Dwarf" E1 Music
www.blanktv.com Like this video? Come see hundreds more at KrankTV.com! - the Net's biggest home for metal, death, grind, thrash, rapcore, heavy and hard rock music videos! If you like the hard stuff, come get hooked on KrankTV.com! Director:
- published: 03 Jun 2010
- views: 6191
- author: BlankTV
8:35
Iran- Zoroastrianism - Robert Winston- The Story of God
Zoroastrianism Or Zarthushti is a very Old Faith in Iran.Many believe. Justice day and res...
published: 04 Mar 2010
author: javad Alesheikh
Iran- Zoroastrianism - Robert Winston- The Story of God
Zoroastrianism Or Zarthushti is a very Old Faith in Iran.Many believe. Justice day and resurrection came from this religion to Judaism and Christianity. Robert Winston speaks about Zoroastrianism and (Zarathushtra) a prophet of Zoroastrianism .
- published: 04 Mar 2010
- views: 4990
- author: javad Alesheikh
3:59
Zoroaster: Production Meeting...
Punchout...
published: 04 Mar 2010
author: terminaldoom
Zoroaster: Production Meeting...
Punchout
- published: 04 Mar 2010
- views: 2795
- author: terminaldoom
8:39
ZOROASTER "Old World" Live @ 31st Street Pub, Pittsburgh, PA 7/8/2010
Zoroaster live at the 31st st pub in Pittsburgh, PA...
published: 02 Mar 2011
author: digitaIIive
ZOROASTER "Old World" Live @ 31st Street Pub, Pittsburgh, PA 7/8/2010
Zoroaster live at the 31st st pub in Pittsburgh, PA
- published: 02 Mar 2011
- views: 324
- author: digitaIIive
20:00
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA...
published: 20 Mar 2011
author: taranehmousavi
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries ...
- published: 20 Mar 2011
- views: 9144
- author: taranehmousavi
24:13
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA...
published: 20 Mar 2011
author: taranehmousavi
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی
Reza Pahlavi Interview on VoA Parazit مصاحبۀ شاهزاده رضا پهلوی Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries ...
- published: 20 Mar 2011
- views: 5789
- author: taranehmousavi
8:09
Being a Zoroastrian in Today's World - Patheos.com
A Patheos Interview with Rohinton Rivetna at the Parliament of the World Religions in Melb...
published: 11 Dec 2009
author: PatheosVideos
Being a Zoroastrian in Today's World - Patheos.com
A Patheos Interview with Rohinton Rivetna at the Parliament of the World Religions in Melbourne. Australia. www.patheos.com
- published: 11 Dec 2009
- views: 2387
- author: PatheosVideos
Vimeo results:
2:02
Zoroaster
Oh Zoroaster,
You're kind of like Jesus,
But your name sounds like Zoro and Astro-boy.
Lik...
published: 29 Jan 2011
author: Dustin Robert
Zoroaster
Oh Zoroaster,
You're kind of like Jesus,
But your name sounds like Zoro and Astro-boy.
Like a superhero prophet,
You knew the truth from lies,
And never gave the angra-mainyu power to destroy.
You taught the world of the ahura mazda,
The one true God and eternal masta,
But then you told everyone the world would end.
You told everyone that the eschaton was near.
Like Jesus you thought you could talk to God.
Like Jesus your religion was based on fear.
But you were first, you were first.
Twelve thousand years before.
You were first, you were first.
Oh, Zoroaster.
His followers are few.
I guess to get real popular he'd have to be a Jew.
Like a supernatural wizard,
He understood the way.
Taught general moral philosophy but was forgotten anyway,
But he was first, oh he was first.
Jesus aint got shit on Zoro.
He was first.
8:00
Zoroaster
A story based on Nietzsche's philosophy about the Übermensch....
published: 11 Apr 2012
author: Ciro Apicella
Zoroaster
A story based on Nietzsche's philosophy about the Übermensch.
5:36
Zoroaster: Odyssey
Directed / Produced by Chad Rullman
The debut video from Zoroaster's album "Matador".
...
published: 19 Aug 2010
author: Chad Rullman
Zoroaster: Odyssey
Directed / Produced by Chad Rullman
The debut video from Zoroaster's album "Matador".
This was my first time shooting a project with the 7D. It has nowhere near the latitude I am used to with shooting on film, but it is by far my favorite of the digi cams.
This video was a blast. The band was great to work with; Natural born performers, no drama. Fun shoot.
3:56
Zoroaster - "Ancient Ones"
At Kings in Raleigh, N.C., Sept. 24, 2010...
published: 25 Sep 2010
author: Mann's World
Zoroaster - "Ancient Ones"
At Kings in Raleigh, N.C., Sept. 24, 2010
Youtube results:
62:58
(36) Iran TV News Reports Interviews Social events Revolution Calls
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of...
published: 20 Mar 2011
author: ZeinabJalalian
(36) Iran TV News Reports Interviews Social events Revolution Calls
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], "New Day", originally "New Light") is the name of the New Year in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations. Nowruz is also widely referred to as the Persian New Year. Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin. Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The Jewish festival of Purim is ...
- published: 20 Mar 2011
- views: 70
- author: ZeinabJalalian
7:17
Bloomberg interviews Nina Godiwalla, Author Suits: A Woman on Wall Street
Nina Godiwalla shares key themes and experiences from her upcoming book, Suits: A Woman on...
published: 26 Mar 2011
author: mornglory9445987
Bloomberg interviews Nina Godiwalla, Author Suits: A Woman on Wall Street
Nina Godiwalla shares key themes and experiences from her upcoming book, Suits: A Woman on Wall Street, a memoir about her experience at Morgan Stanley best described as Liar's Poker meets The Devil Wears Prada. It's an insider's perspective on investment banking from an outsider's point of view—woman, second-generation Indian American, and Texan. USA Today chose Suits as one of their top books to read. In addition to discussing her experience as an analyst in investment banking, Nina talks about women and minorities conforming to corporate cultures and the racial and sexual discrimination in investment banking.
- published: 26 Mar 2011
- views: 2907
- author: mornglory9445987
15:07
Jesus Is NOT The Reason For the Season (Styxhexenhammer666 Christmas Special)
The Solstice is the reason for the season....
published: 25 Dec 2012
author: Styxhexenhammer666
Jesus Is NOT The Reason For the Season (Styxhexenhammer666 Christmas Special)
The Solstice is the reason for the season.
- published: 25 Dec 2012
- views: 860
- author: Styxhexenhammer666
20:04
(17) Iran TV News Reports Interviews Social events Revolution Calls
Iran Happy Norooz ملکه ایران نوروز و بسال نو به همه مبارک و خجسته باد In harmony with rebi...
published: 19 Mar 2011
author: ZeinabJalalian
(17) Iran TV News Reports Interviews Social events Revolution Calls
Iran Happy Norooz ملکه ایران نوروز و بسال نو به همه مبارک و خجسته باد In harmony with rebirth of nature, the Persian New Year Celebration, or Norooz, always begins on the first day of spring, March 20th of each year. Norooz ceremonies are symbolic representations of two ancient concepts - the End and Rebirth. About 3000 years ago Persian's major religion was Zoroastrianism, named in honor of its founder Zoroaster, and arguably the world's first monotheistic religion. Zoroastrians had a festival called "Farvardgan" which lasted ten days, and took place at the end of the solar year. It appears that this was a festival of sorrow and mourning , signifying the end of life while the festival of Norooz, at the beginning of spring signified rebirth, and was a time of great joy and celebration. Norooz was officially acknowledged and named "Norooz" by mythical Persian emperor, Shah Jamshid, from Achaemenid Dynasty (500 BC). Ashaemenied created the first major empire in the region and built Persepolis complex (Takhte Jamshid) in the city of Shiraz. Norooz in Persian means "New Day" and brings hope, peace and prosperity to the world and has been celebrated among people regardless of ethnic background, political views or religion in many countries around the globe such as Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Georgia, Iraq, Tajikistan, Syria ,Armenia and India. Some of the activities during Norooz are Spring cleaning, buying new cloths, painting eggs, family ...
- published: 19 Mar 2011
- views: 182
- author: ZeinabJalalian
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
25 Jan 2013
Republicans wanted nothing more than to summon Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to Capitol Hill and grill her about the tragic fiasco in Benghazi. Sadly for them, they got their wish. Clinton’s smooth and confident performance at Wednesday’s Senate and House committee hearings was fun to watch. When her would-be inquisitors asked serious questions, she gave serious answers. But when Sen ... Fat chance ... Benghazi ... Perhaps not ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
24 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the world of politics and imagination, theater usually trumps theology while history is most often vanquished by histrionics. President Barack Obama's swearing-in ceremony for a second term reflects this truth, specifically as he uses two historic bibles-one belonging to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and another used only by Abraham Lincoln ... "With malice toward none; with charity for all."....(size: 7.3Kb)
photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson
25 Jan 2013
By Charles Armstrong, Special to CNN. Editor’s note. Charles Armstrong is the director of the Center for Korean Research at Columbia University. The views expressed are his own. Anyone who has followed North Korean affairs for the last several years (or the last two decades) could have predicted North Korea’s defiant response to the U.N ... sanctions not by giving up missiles and nukes, but ratcheting up the rhetoric ... More from GPS ... Post by ... ... ....(size: 15.8Kb)
photo: AP / Hossam Ali
26 Jan 2013
An Egyptian court has handed down 21 death sentences in connection with the deadly riot last year at a football stadium in Port Said located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The defendants sentenced on Saturday are mostly members of the "Ultras," die-hard football fans who support Port Said's al-Masry squad ... Al-Masry fans stormed the pitch after their team won, throwing stones, bottles and fireworks at al-Ahly supporters....(size: 17.2Kb)
photo: UN / Martine Perret
25 Jan 2013
At least one in five people, including half of schoolchildren, were infected with swine flu during the first year of the pandemic in 2009, according to data from 19 countries. It is thought the virus killed 200,000 people around the world. A World Health Organization-led study looked for evidence of the body's immune system fighting the virus ... Anti-bodies ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Foreign Policy
22 Jan 2013
After more than a decade of nation-building in Afghanistan, with at best mixed results, perhaps it is time to take an opposite tack. "deconstructing" that sad land ... COMMENTS (0) SHARE.. Twitter ... ... Yet from ancient times, this "land of the high flags," as Zoroaster labeled it, was a crossroads of rich commerce, its peoples drawn from an admixture of Aryans, Chinese, Indians, and Mongols -- among others ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
Nation
20 Jan 2013
Currently World Religion Day is held on the third Sunday in January each year in several hundred locations around the globe. The aim of World Religion Day is to promote inter-Faith understanding and harmony ... These Messengers, Whom Bahá'u'lláh called "Manifestations of God", are principally the Founders of the major revealed religions, such as Abraham, Moses, Buddha, Zoroaster, Jesus, Muhammad, and so forth ... Simply put ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
Review Journal
19 Jan 2013
Editor's note. Listings include the resale home's parcel number. Occasionally, the address listed is the homebuyer's mailing address and not the actual location of the home. Check the parcel number to make sure. Also, a few transactions do not reflect the market value of the homes. LAS VEGAS. 89135. 10356 Romantico Drive, $606,000, 164-24-519-018 ... 2655 Chantemar St., $171,000, 164-12-513-001 ... No ... 5192 Zoroaster St., $168,500, 163-30-611-017....(size: 19.8Kb)
The Examiner
13 Jan 2013
"Error, indeed, is never set forth in its naked deformity, lest, being thus exposed, it should at once be detected". Iranians; Against Heresies, Book 1. Ancient Times; 100 AD-500 AD. Gnostics ... 200 bc, seeds can be found in the Jewish Pseudo-graphica, such as the Book of Enoch*2). Aberrant Characteristics ... Muhammud, Zoroaster, Buddha, Jesus are called to be prophets by the Elohim, the alien creator, there fore all religions have some truth....(size: 3.0Kb)
The Examiner
01 Jan 2013
Love For All, Hatred For None - Message so simple and pure. There is a divide between the lay person’s perception of Islam and its true teachings ... He added that. ... He also recognized the noble teachings of the great religious founders and saints, including Zoroaster(as), Abraham(as), Moses(as),Jesus(as), Krishna(as), Buddha(as), Confucius(as), Lao Tzu and Guru Nanak, and explained how such teachings converged into the one true Islam ... ....(size: 10.9Kb)
The Examiner
30 Dec 2012
One such mane is Alexander Hislop in particular regards to his book The Two Babylons. As per an Amazon.com book description. ... Hundreds quoted from it ... By so doing, he theorized that Nimrod, Adonis, Apollo, Attes, Baalzebub, Bacchus, Cupid, Dagon, Hercules, Januis, Linus, Lucifer, Mars, Merodach, Mithra, Moloch, Narcissus, Oannes, Odin, Orion, Osiris, Pluto, Saturn, Teitan, Typhon, Vulcan, Wodan, and Zoroaster were all one and the same ... ....(size: 13.5Kb)
The Times of India
29 Dec 2012
QADIAN ... He said the founder of Ahmadiyya had also recognized the noble teachings of the great religious founders and saints, including Zoroaster, Abraham, Moses), Jesus, Krishna, Buddha, Confucius, Lao Tzu and Guru Nanak and explained how such teachings converged into the one true Islam ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
The Examiner
05 Dec 2012
The below, a compilation by Michael Johnson, contains information from Scientific and Archeological Conjecture, Jainist and Buddhist Sources, Diodorus Siculus, Berossus, the Brahmanda Purana, the Urantia Book and Oahspe, Zoroasterian Legend and more. HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE, JINN & MEN. Ancient Tirthankara Era ... Vivisvata Era ... 600 BC Avasarpini Dusama Period begins; Mahavira, Buddha, Lao Tzu, Confucius, Zoroaster, Jeremiah and Lehi ... ....(size: 15.9Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
15 Nov 2012
Corrosion of Conformity, Zoroaster, Royal Thunder. 10 p.m. Nov. 18 at Cosmic Charlie's, 388 Woodland Ave. $18 in advance, $20 at the door. (859) 309-9499. Cosmic-charlies.com. Napalm Death, Municipal Waste, Exhumed, Speedwolf. 8 p.m. Nov. 21 at Buster's Billiards & Backroom, 899 Manchester St. $12 advance, $15 day of show. (859) 368-8871. Bustersbb.com. Break out the earplugs, kids ... Zoroaster and Royal Thunder will open ... Return to Meadowgreen Park....(size: 4.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
13 Nov 2012
Do you know Comic Book Guy's real name? asks Jason English at Mental Floss. Or Snuffleupagus' first name? If not, read on. 1. Did you know the Comic Book Guy on The Simpsons has a name? It's Jeff Albertson. But that wasn't the decision of creator Matt Groening ... SEE ALSO ... 2 ... (Ken's last name is Carson.) ... The Wizard of Oz rolls off the tongue a lot easier than his full name, Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkel Emmannuel Ambroise Diggs....(size: 4.6Kb)
Nation
10 Nov 2012
Baháís celebrate anniversary of the birth of Baháulláh. To mark the birth on Monday November 12 of Bahá'u'lláh -- the founder of the Bahá'í Faith -- the Bahá'í community in Seychelles has contributed the following article. Born in 1817, Bahá'u'lláh was a member of one of the great noble families of Persia ... Basic teachings of Bahá'u'lláh ... The Messengers have included Abraham, Krishna, Zoroaster, Moses, Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
Review Journal
10 Nov 2012
Editor's note. Listings include the resale home's parcel number. Occasionally, the address listed is the homebuyer's mailing address and not the actual location of the home. Check the parcel number to make sure. Also, a few transactions do not reflect the market value of the homes. LAS VEGAS. 89117. 1704 British Cup Drive, $175,000, 163-06-711-063 ... 2110 Bogart Court, $39,900, 135-25-812-165 ... 89118 ... 5189 Zoroaster St., $140,000, 163-30-611-015....(size: 22.6Kb)
The Examiner
01 Nov 2012
Related topics. kidspaganismPhoenixArizonaEducationHomeschooling. Advertisement. Over the next month, this author is going to offer up some examples of how to teach paganism to young people and kids. As many parents that are witches or pagans are either homeschooling, or having to deal with the pressures of public school stigmas about the old ways ... Video ... Z is the Zodiac, 12 signs to learn, from Zoroaster and the forgotten Zygurmist.. ... ....(size: 10.8Kb)
For the sludge metal band from Atlanta, Georgia, see Zoroaster (band).
"Zarathustra" redirects here. For the album, see Zarathustra (album). For the racehorse, see Zarathustra (horse).
| Zoroaster Zaraϑuštra Spitāma |
|
|---|---|
 Zoroaster holds the celestial sphere in Raphael's School of Athens |
|
| Known for | Founder of Zoroastrianism |
| Spouse | Hvōvi (traditional) |
| Children | Freni, Pourucista, Triti; Isat Vastar, Uruvat-Nara, Hvare Ciϑra (traditional) |
| Parents | Pourušaspa Spitāma, Dughdova (traditional) |
| Part of a series on |
|
| Primary topics |
|
Zoroastrianism |
| Angels and demons |
| Scripture and worship |
|
Avesta |
| Accounts and legends |
|
Dēnkard · Bundahišn |
| History and culture |
| Adherents |
|
Zoroastrians in Iran |
| See also |
Zoroaster (/ˌzɒroʊˈæstər/ ZOHR-oh-as-tər; Persian: زرتشت; Zartosht), (Armenian: Զարդաշտ; Zardasht) also known as Zarathustra (Avestan: Zaraϑuštra), was the founder of Zoroastrianism. His birthplace is uncertain but it is now generally thought that he was born in the eastern part of ancient Greater Iran. He is credited with the authorship of the Yasna Haptanghaiti as well as the Gathas, hymns which are at the liturgical core of Zoroastrianism. Most of his life is known through the Zoroastrian texts. There is no consensus among scholars about the time period of his life, with the estimated dates of his birth range from 6000 BC to 100 BCE. However, the language spoken by Zoroaster, Old Avestan, used for composing the Yasna Haptanghaiti and the Gathas, on archaeological and linguistic grounds, is dated to have been spoken probably in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE.[1]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Zoroaster's name in his native language, Avestan, was probably Zaraϑuštra. His English name, "Zoroaster", and the derivatives from a later (5th-century BCE) Greek transcription, Zōroastrēs (Ζωροάστρης),[2] as used in Xanthus's Lydiaca (Fragment 32) and in Plato's First Alcibiades (122a1). This form appears subsequently in the Latin Zōroastrēs and, in later Greek orthographies, as Zōroastris. The Greek form of the name appears to be based on a phonetic transliteration or semantic substitution of the Avestan zaraϑ- with the Greek zōros (literally "undiluted") and the Avestan -uštra with astron ("star").
In Avestan, Zaraϑuštra is generally accepted to derive from an Old Iranian *Zaratuštra-. While zarat- is strongly referenced to mean "golden"[who?] (from the old Eastern-Iranian zar- [-زر], meaning "gold")[3] it does not itself appear in Avestan.[citation needed] The second half of the name (-uštra-) is universally accepted to mean "camel".[4][a] These factors combined open the door for reconstructing the name's meaning, though there have been other alternative etymologies proposed.
Reconstructions from later Iranian languages—particularly from the Middle Persian (300 BCE) Zardusht, which is the form that the name took in the 9th- to 12th-century Zoroastrian texts—suggest that *Zaratuštra- might be a zero-grade form of *Zarantuštra-.[4]
Subject then to whether Zaraϑuštra derives from *Zarantuštra- or from *Zaratuštra-, several interpretations have been proposed.[b]
Following *Zarantuštra- are:
- "with old/aging camels":[4] related to Avestic zarant-.[2] (cf. Pashto zōṛ and Ossetic zœrond, "old"; Old Persian zāl, "old")[5]
- "with angry/furious camels": from Avestan *zarant-, "angry, furious".[6]
Following *Zaratuštra- are:
- "[owner of the] golden camel": this is derived from old Eastern Iranian word *zar- for gold and ushtra for camel, further corresponding to an Eastern Iranian origin (the Old Persian word dar as a Western-Iranian dialect would be the equal term of Eastern Iranian zar; Modern Persian uses the Eastern Iranian word for gold).[citation needed]
- "who is driving camels" or "who is fostering/cherishing camels": related to Avestan zarš-, "to drag".[7]
- Mayrhofer (1977) proposed an etymology of "who is desiring camels" or "longing for camels" and related to Vedic har-, "to like", and perhaps (though ambiguous) also to Avestan zara-.[6]
- "with yellow camels": parallel to younger Avestan zairi-.[8]
A folk etymology of the name is from zaraϑa, "golden", and the *uštra, "light" (from the root uš, "to shine").[citation needed] In yet another etymological variation, Zaraϑuštra is split into two words: zara, "gold", and ϑuštra, "friend".[citation needed] Several more etymologies have been proposed, some quite fanciful, but none is factually based.[4]
The interpretation of the -ϑ- (/θ/) in Avestan zaraϑuštra was for a time itself subjected to heated debate because the -ϑ- is an irregular development: As a rule, *zarat- (a first element that ends in a dental consonant) should have Avestan zarat- or zarat̰- as a development from it. Why this is not so for zaraϑuštra has not yet been determined. Notwithstanding the phonetic irregularity, that Avestan zaraϑuštra with its -ϑ- was linguistically an actual form is shown by later attestations reflecting the same basis.[4] All present-day, Iranian-language variants of his name derive from the Middle Iranian variants of Zarϑošt, which, in turn, all reflect Avestan's fricative -ϑ-.[citation needed]
Date[link]
The date of Zoroaster, i.e., the date of composition of the Old Avestan gathas, is unknown. Classical writers such as Plutarch proposed dates prior to 6000 BC.[9] Dates proposed in scholarly literature diverge widely, between the 18th and the 6th centuries BC.[10]
Until the late 17th century, Zoroaster was generally dated to about the 6th century BC, which coincided with both the "Traditional date" (see details below) and historiographic accounts (Ammianus Marcellinus xxiii.6.32, 4th century AD). However, already at the time (late 19th century), the issue was far from settled, with James Darmesteter pleading for a later date (c. 100 BCE).
The "Traditional date" originates in the period immediately following Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC. The Seleucid kings who gained power following Alexander's death instituted an "Age of Alexander" as the new calendrical epoch. This did not appeal to the Zoroastrian priesthood who then attempted to establish an "Age of Zoroaster." To do so, they needed to establish when Zoroaster had lived, which they accomplished by counting back the length of successive generations[11] until they concluded that Zoroaster must have lived "258 years before Alexander." This estimate then re-appeared in the 9th- to 12th-century texts of Zoroastrian tradition,[c] which in turn gave the date doctrinal legitimacy, especially since it was made plausible also by the observational history of the Pleiades in the Geoponica that indicates Zoroaster as a principal source of some observations. In the early part of the 20th century, this remained the accepted date (subject to the uncertainties of the 'Age of Alexander'[d]) for a number of reputable scholars, among them Hasan Taqizadeh, a recognized authority on the various Iranian calendars, and hence became the date cited by Henning and others.
By the late 19th century, scholars such as Bartholomea and Christensen noted problems with the "Traditional date," namely in the linguistic difficulties that it presented. The Old Avestan language of the Gathas (which are attributed to the prophet himself) is still very close to the Sanskrit of the Rigveda. Therefore, it seemed implausible that the Gathas and Rigveda could be more than a few centuries apart, suggesting a date for the oldest surviving portions of the Avesta of roughly the 2nd millennium BCE.
This 11th/10th century BC date is now widely accepted among Iranists, who in recent decades found that the social customs described in the Gathas roughly coincide with what is known of other pre-historical peoples of that period. Supported by this historical evidence, the "Traditional date" can be conclusively ruled out, and the discreditation can to some extent be supported by the texts themselves: The Gathas describe a society of bipartite (priests and herdsmen/farmers) nomadic pastoralists with tribal structures organized at most as small kingdoms. This contrasts sharply with the view of Zoroaster having lived in an empire, at which time society is attested to have had a tripartite structure (nobility/soldiers, priests, and farmers). Although a slightly earlier date (by a century or two) has been proposed on the grounds that the texts do not reflect the migration onto the Iranian Plateau, it is also possible that Zoroaster lived in one of the rural societies that remained in Central Asia.
Place[link]
Yasna 9 & 17 cite the Ditya River in Airyanem Vaējah (Middle Persian Ērān Wēj) as Zoroaster's home and the scene of his first appearance. The Avesta (both Old and Younger portions) does not mention the Achaemenids or of any West Iranian tribes such as the Medes, Persians, or even Parthians.
However, in Yasna 59.18, the zaraϑuštrotema, or supreme head of the Zoroastrian priesthood, is said to reside in 'Ragha'. In the 9th- to 12th-century Middle Persian texts of Zoroastrian tradition, this 'Ragha'—along with many other places—appear as locations in Western Iran. While the land of Media does not figure at all in the Avesta (the westernmost location noted in scripture is Arachosia), the Būndahišn, or "Primordial Creation," (20.32 and 24.15) puts Ragha in Media (medieval Rai). However, in Avestan, Ragha is simply a toponym meaning "plain, hillside."[12]
Apart from these indications in Middle Persian sources which are open to interpretations, there are a number of other sources. The Greek and Latin sources are divided on the birth place of Zarathustra. There are many Greek accounts of Zarathustra, referred usually as Persian or Perso-Median Zoroaster. Moreover they have the suggestion that there has been more than one Zoroaster.[13] On the other hand, in post-Islamic sources Shahrastani (1086–1153) an Iranian writer originally from Shahristān, present-day Turkmenistan, proposed that Zoroaster's father was from Atropatene (also in Medea) and his mother was from Rey. Coming from a reputed scholar of religions, this was a serious blow for the various regions who all claimed that Zoroaster originated from their homelands, some of which then decided that Zoroaster must then have then been buried in their regions or composed his Gathas there or preached there.[14][15] Also Arabic sources of the same period and the same region of historical Persia consider Azerbaijan as the birth place of Zarathustra.[16]
By the late 20th century, most scholars had settled on an origin in Eastern Iran and/or Afghanistan. Gnoli proposed Sistan (though in a much wider scope than the present-day province) as the homeland of Zoroastrianism; Frye voted for Bactria and Chorasmia;[17] Khlopin suggests the Tedzen Delta in present-day Turkmenistan.[18] Sarianidi considered the BMAC region as "the native land of the Zoroastrians and, probably, of Zoroaster himself."[19] Boyce includes the steppes to the west from the Volga.[20] The medieval "from Media" hypothesis is no longer taken seriously, and Zaehner has even suggested that this was a Magi-mediated issue to garner legitimacy, but this has been likewise rejected by Gershevitch and others.
The 2005 Encyclopedia Iranica article on the history of Zoroastrianism summarizes the issue with "while there is general agreement that he did not live in western Iran, attempts to locate him in specific regions of eastern Iran, including Central Asia, remain tentative."[21]
Life[link]
The Gathas contain allusions to personal events, such as Zoroaster's triumph over obstacles imposed by competing priests and the ruling class. They also indicate he had difficulty spreading his teachings, and was even treated with ill-will in his mother's hometown. They also describe familial events such as the marriage of his daughter, at which Zoroaster presided. In the texts of the Younger Avesta (composed many centuries after the Gathas), Zoroaster is depicted wrestling with the daevas and is tempted by Angra Mainyu to renounce his faith (Yasht 17.19; Vendidad 19). The Spend Nask, the 13th section of the Avesta, is said to have a description of the prophet's life. [22] However, this text has been lost over the centuries, and it survives only as a summary in the seventh book of the 9th century Dēnkard. Other 9th- to 12th-century stories of Zoroaster, as in the Shāhnāmeh, are also assumed to be based on earlier texts, but must be considered as primarily a collection of legends. The historical Zoroaster, however, eludes categorization as a legendary character.
Zoroaster was born into the priestly family of the Spitamids and his ancestor Spitāma is mentioned several times in the Gathas. His father's name was Pourušaspa, his mother's was Dughdova (Duγδōuuā). With his wife, Huvovi (Hvōvi), Zoroaster had three sons, Isat Vastar, Uruvat-Nara and Hvare Ciϑra three daughters, Freni, Pourucista and Triti. His wife, children and a cousin named Maidhyoimangha, were his first converts after his illumination from Ahura Mazda at age 30. According to Yasnas 5 & 105, Zoroaster prayed to Anahita for the conversion of King Vištaspa,[23] who appears in the Gathas as a historical personage. In legends, Vištaspa is said to have had two brothers as courtiers, Frašaōštra and Jamaspa, and to whom Zoroaster was closely related: his wife, Hvōvi, was the daughter of Frashaōštra, while Jamaspa was the husband of his daughter Pourucista. The actual role of intermediary was played by the pious queen Hutaōsa. Apart from this connection, the new prophet relied especially upon his own kindred (hvaētuš).
Zoroaster's death is not mentioned in the Avesta. In Shahnameh 5.92,[24] he is said to have been murdered at the altar by the Turanians in the storming of Balkh.
Philosophy[link]
In the Gathas, Zoroaster sees the human condition as the mental struggle between aša (truth) and druj (lie). The cardinal concept of aša—which is highly nuanced and only vaguely translatable—is at the foundation of all Zoroastrian doctrine, including that of Ahura Mazda (who is aša), creation (that is aša), existence (that is aša) and as the condition for Free Will, which is arguably Zoroaster's greatest contribution to religious philosophy.
The purpose of humankind, like that of all other creation, is to sustain aša. For humankind, this occurs through active participation in life and the exercise of constructive thoughts, words and deeds.
Elements of Zoroastrian philosophy entered the West through their influence on Judaism and Middle Platonism and have been identified as one of the key early events in the development of philosophy.[25] Among the classic Greek philosophers, Heraclitus is often referred to as inspired by Zoroaster's thinking.[26]
Iconography[link]
Although a few recent depictions of Zoroaster show the prophet performing some deed of legend, in general the portrayals merely present him in white vestments (which are also worn by present-day Zoroastrian priests). He often is seen holding a baresman (Avestan; Middle Persian barsom), which is generally considered to be another symbol of priesthood, or with a book in hand, which may be interpreted to be the Avesta. Alternatively, he appears with a mace, the varza—usually stylized as a steel rod crowned by a bull's head—that priests carry in their installation ceremony. In other depictions he appears with a raised hand and thoughtfully lifted finger, as if to make a point. Zoroaster is rarely depicted as looking directly at the viewer; instead, he appears to be looking slightly upwards, as if beseeching. Zoroaster is almost always depicted with a beard, this along with other factors bear similarities to 19th century portraits of Jesus.[27]
A common variant of the Zoroaster images derives from a Sassanid-era rock-face carving. In this depiction at Taq-e Bostan, a figure is seen to preside over the coronation of Ardashir I or II. The figure is standing on a lotus, with a baresman in hand and with a gloriole around his head. Until the 1920s, this figure was commonly supposed to be a depiction of Zoroaster, but in recent years is more commonly interpreted to be a depiction of Mithra. Among the most famous of the European depictions of Zoroaster is that of the figure in Raphael's 1509 The School of Athens. In it, Zoroaster and Ptolemy are having a discussion in the lower right corner. The prophet is holding a star-studded globe.
Western perceptions[link]
In classical antiquity[link]
Although, at the core, the Greeks (in the Hellenistic sense of the term) understood Zoroaster to be the "prophet and founder of the religion of the Iranian peoples" (e.g. Plutarch Isis and Osiris 46-7, Diogenes Laertius 1.6-9 and Agathias 2.23-5), "the rest was mostly fantasy."[28] He was set in the impossibly ancient past, six to seven millennia before the Common Era, and was variously a king of Bactria, or a Babylonian (or teacher of Babylonians), and with a biography typical for every Neopythagorean sage, i.e. a mission preceded by ascetic withdrawal and enlightenment.[28]
Most importantly however, was their picture of Zoroaster as the sorcerer-astrologer non-plus-ultra, and indeed as the "inventor" of both magic and astrology. Deriving from that image, and reinforcing it, was a "mass of literature"[29] attributed to him and that circulated the Mediterranean world from the 3rd century BCE to the end of antiquity and beyond. "The Greeks considered the best wisdom to be exotic wisdom" and "what better and more convenient authority than the distant—temporally and geographically—Zoroaster?"[30]
The language of that literature was predominantly Greek, though at one stage or another various parts of it passed through Aramaic, Syriac, Coptic or Latin. Its ethos and cultural matrix was likewise Hellenistic, and "the ascription of literature to sources beyond that political, cultural and temporal framework represents a bid for authority and a fount of legitimizing "alien wisdom". Zoroaster and the magi did not compose it, but their names sanctioned it."[29] The attributions to "exotic" names (not restricted to magians) conferred an "authority of a remote and revelation wisdom."[31]
Once the magi were associated with magic in Greek imagination, Zoroaster was bound to metamorphose into a magician too. The 1st century Pliny the elder names Zoroaster as the inventor of magic (Natural History 30.2.3). "However, a principle of the division of labor appears to have spared Zoroaster most of the responsibility for introducing the dark arts to the Greek and Roman worlds." That "dubious honor" went to the "fabulous magus, Ostanes, to whom most of the pseudepigraphic magical literature was attributed."[32] Although Pliny calls him the inventor of magic, the Roman does not provide a "magician's persona" for him.[32] Moreover, the little "magical" teaching that is ascribed to Zoroaster is actually very late, with the very earliest example being from the 14th century.[33]
One factor for the association with astrology was Zoroaster's name, or rather, what the Greeks made of it. Within the scheme of Greek thinking (which was always on the lookout for hidden significances and "real" meanings of words) his name was identified at first with star-worshiping (astrothytes "star sacrificer") and, with the Zo-, even as the living star. Later, an even more elaborate mythoetymology evolved: Zoroaster died by the living (zo-) flux (-ro-) of fire from the star (-astr-) which he himself had invoked, and even, that the stars killed him in revenge for having been restrained by him.
Similar ideas about Zoroaster also appear in early Christian literature, beginning with the Clementine Homilies 9.4-5, which identifies him with a parallel series of traditions about Nimrod having been the founder of astrology. In this account, Nimrod is killed by lightning and posthumously deified by the Persians as "Zoroaster, on account of the living (zosan) stream of the star (asteros) being poured upon him."[34]
The second, and "more serious"[35] factor for the association with astrology was the notion that Zoroaster was a Babylonian. The alternate Greek name for Zoroaster was Zaratas/Zaradas/Zaratos (cf. Agathias 2.23-5, Clement Stromata I.15), which—so Cumont and Bidez—derived from a Semitic form of his name. The Pythagorean tradition considered the mathematician to have studied with Zoroaster in Babylonia (Porphyry Life of Pythagoras 12, Alexander Polyhistor apud Clement's Stromata I.15, Diodorus of Eritrea, Aristoxenus apud Hippolitus VI32.2). Lydus (On the Months II.4) attributes the creation of the seven-day week to "the Babylonians in the circle of Zoroaster and Hystaspes," and who did so because there were seven planets. The Suda's chapter on astronomia notes that the Babylonians learned their astrology from Zoroaster. Lucian of Samosata (Mennipus 6) decides to journey to Babylon "to ask one of the magi, Zoroaster's disciples and successors," for their opinion.
While the division along the lines of Zoroaster/astrology and Ostanes/magic is an "oversimplification, the descriptions do at least indicate what the works are not." They were not expressions of Zoroastrian doctrine, they were not even expressions of what the Greeks and Romans "imagined the doctrines of Zoroastrianism to have been."[31] The assembled fragments do not even show noticeable commonality of outlook and teaching among the several authors who wrote under each name.
Almost all Zoroastrian pseudepigrapha is now lost, and of the attested texts—with only one exception—only fragments have survived. Pliny's 2nd or 3rd century attribution of "two million lines" to Zoroaster suggest that (even if exaggeration and duplicates are taken into consideration) a formidable pseudepigraphic corpus once existed at the Library of Alexandria. This corpus can safely be assumed to be pseudepigrapha because no one before Pliny refers to literature by "Zoroaster,"[36] and on the authority of the 2nd century Galen of Pergamon and from a 6th century commentator on Aristotle it is known that the acquisition policies of well-endowed royal libraries created a market for fabricating manuscripts of famous and ancient authors.[36]
The exception to the fragmentary evidence (i.e. reiteration of passages in works of other authors) is a complete Coptic tractate titled Zostrianos (after the first-person narrator) discovered in the Nag Hammadi library in 1945. A three-line cryptogram in the colophones following the 131-page treatise identify the work as "words of truth of Zostrianos. God of Truth [logos]. Words of Zoroaster."[37] Invoking a "God of Truth" might seem Zoroastrian, but there is otherwise "nothing noticeably Zoroastrian" about the text and "in content, style, ethos and intention, its affinities are entirely with the congeners among the Gnostic tractates."[38]
Among the named works attributed to "Zoroaster" is a treatise On Nature (Peri physeos), which appears to have originally constituted four volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The framework is a retelling of Plato's Myth of Er, with Zoroaster taking the place of the original hero. While Porphyry imagined Pythagoras listening to Zoroaster's discourse, On Nature has the sun in middle position, which was how it was understood in the 3rd century. In contrast, Plato's 4th century BCE version had the sun in second place above the moon. Ironically, Colotes accused Plato of plagiarizing Zoroaster,[39][40] and Heraclides Ponticus wrote a text titled Zoroaster based on (what the author considered) "Zoroastrian" philosophy in order to express his disagreement with Plato on natural philosophy.[41] With respect to substance and content in On Nature only two facts are known: that it was crammed with astrological speculations, and that Necessity (Ananké) was mentioned by name and that she was in the air.
Another work circulating under the name of "Zoroaster" was the Asteroskopita (or Apotelesmatika), and which ran to five volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The title and fragments suggest that it was an astrological handbook, "albeit a very varied one, for the making of predictions."[31] A third text attributed to Zoroaster is On Virtue of Stones (Peri lithon timion), of which nothing is known other than its extent (one volume) and that pseudo-Zoroaster sang it (from which Cumont and Bidez conclude that it was in verse). Numerous other fragments (preserved in the works of other authors) are attributed to "Zoroaster," but the titles of whose books are not mentioned.
These pseudepigraphic texts aside, some authors did draw on a few genuinely Zoroastrian ideas. The Oracles of Hystaspes, by "Hystaspes", another prominent magian pseudo-author, is a set of prophecies distinguished from other Zoroastrian pseudepigrapha in that it draws on real Zoroastrian sources.[31] Some allusions are more difficult to assess: in the same text that attributes the invention of magic to Zoroaster, Pliny states that Zoroaster laughed on the day of his birth, although in an earlier place (VII, I), Pliny had sworn in the name of Hercules that no child had ever done so before the 40th day from his birth. This notion of Zoroaster's laughter (like that of "two million verses") also appears in the 9th-11th century texts of genuine Zoroastrian tradition, and for a time it was assumed that the origin of those myths lay with indigenous sources. Pliny also records (VII, XV) that Zoroaster's head had pulsated so strongly that it repelled the hand when laid upon it, a presage of his future wisdom. The Iranians were however just as familiar with the Greek writers. The provenance of other descriptions are clear, so for instance, Plutarch's description of its dualistic theologies: "Others call the better of these a god and his rival a daemon, as, for example, Zoroaster the Magus, who lived, so they record, five thousand years before the siege of Troy. He used to call the one Horomazes and the other Areimanius" (Isis and Osiris 46-7).
In the post-classical era[link]
 |
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (May 2012) |
Zoroaster was known as a sage, magician, and miracle-worker in post-Classical Western culture. Although almost nothing was known of his ideas until the late 18th century, his name was already associated with lost ancient wisdom. However as early as 1643 Sir Thomas Browne in his Religio Medici wrote-
I beleeve, besides Zoroaster, there were divers that writ before Moses (R.M.Part 1:23)
whilst in The Garden of Cyrus of 1658 he speculated-
And if Zoroaster were either Cham, Chus, or Mizraim, they were early proficients there of...
These statements by Sir Thomas Browne are the earliest recorded references to Zoroaster in the English language.
Zoroaster appears as "Sarastro" in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte, which has been noted for its Masonic elements, where he represents moral order (cf. Asha) in opposition to the "Queen of the Night."
He is also the subject of the 1749 opera Zoroastre, by Jean-Philippe Rameau.
Enlightenment writers such as Voltaire promoted research into Zoroastrianism in the belief that it was a form of rational Deism, preferable to Christianity. With the translation of the Avesta by Abraham Anquetil-Duperron, Western scholarship of Zoroastrianism began.
In his seminal work Also sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra) (1885) the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche uses the native Iranian name Zarathustra (i.e. the Persian Zarathustra, as opposed to the Greek-Latin name Zoroaster) which has a significant meaning[s] as he had used the familiar Greek-Latin name in his earlier works.[42] In particular that Nietzsche states explicitly, "I must pay tribute to Zarathustra, a Persian (German: einem Perser): Persians were the first who thought of history in its full entirety." It is believed that Nietzsche creates a characterization of Zarathustra as the mouthpiece for Nietzsche's own ideas against morality. Nietzsche did so because—so says Nietzsche in his autobiographical Ecce Homo (IV/Schicksal.3)—Zarathustra was a moralist ("was the exact reverse of an immoralist") and because "in his teachings alone is truthfulness upheld as the highest virtue." Zarathustra "created" morality in being the first to reveal it, "first to see in the struggle between good and evil the essential wheel in the working of things." Nietzsche sought to overcome the morality of Zarathustra by using the Zarathustrian virtue of truthfulness; thus Nietzsche found it piquant to have his Zarathustra character voice the arguments against morality.[f]
Richard Strauss's Opus 30, inspired by Nietzsche's book, is also called Also sprach Zarathustra. Its opening theme, which corresponds to the book's prologue, was used to score the opening sequence of Stanley Kubrick's movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Zoroaster was mentioned by the Irish poet William Butler Yeats. His wife and he were said to have claimed to have contacted Zoroaster through "automatic writing".[43][page needed]
The protagonist and narrator of Gore Vidal's 1981 novel Creation is described to be the grandson of Zoroaster, with whom the narrator has several philosophical discussions and whose death he is a witness of.
Zoroaster is mentioned in Don Quixote [1605]: "...in spite of all the black magic possessed by the first inventor Zoroaster..." (p. 398...?)
In chapter CX of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick [1851], the sickly Queequeg is briefly compared to Zoroaster. "An awe that cannot be named would steal over you as you sat by the side of this waning savage, and saw as strange things in his face, as any beheld who were bystanders when Zoroaster died."
For the modern age, the first Zoroaster featured Android Application "101 Names of Dadar Hormazd" was created on January 2012. This application was created by Android Developer Sunil Jain and is totally free and gives a listing of the 101 Holy Names of Dadar Hormuzd (the Creator Ahura Mazda). Pictures of the Prophet are prominently featured. 101 Names of Dadar Hormazd Android Application
In other religious systems[link]
In Islam[link]
Citing the authority of the 8th century al-Kalbi, the 9th/10th century historian al-Tabari (i.648)[44] reports that Zaradusht bin Isfiman (an Arabic adaptation of "Zarathustra Spitama") was an inhabitant of Palestine, and a servant of one of the disciples of the prophet Jeremiah. According to this tale, Zaradusht defrauded his master, who cursed him, causing him to become leprous (cf. Elisha's servant Gehazi in Jewish Scripture). The apostate Zaradusht then eventually made his way to Balkh where he converted Bishtasb (i.e. Vishtaspa), who in turn compelled his subjects to adopt the religion of the Magians. Recalling other tradition, al-Tabari (i.681-683[44]) recounts that Zaradusht accompanied a Jewish prophet to Bishtasb/Vishtaspa. Upon their arrival, Zaradusht translated the sage's Hebrew teachings for the king and so convinced him to convert (Tabari also notes that they had previously been Sabis) to the Magian religion.[44]
The 10th/11th century heresiographer al-Shahrastani describes the Majusiya into three sects, the Kayumarthiya, the Zurwaniya and the Zaradushtiya, among which Al-Shahrastani asserts that only the last of the three were properly followers of Zoroaster. As regards the recognition of a prophet, the Zoroaster has said: "They ask you as to how should they recognize a prophet and believe him to be true in what he says; tell them what he knows the others do not, and he shall tell you even what lies hidden in your nature; he shall be able to tell you whatever you ask him and he shall perform such things which others cannot perform." (Namah Shat Vakhshur Zartust, .5-7. 50–54) Shortly before the advent of the prophet of Islam, [Muhammad], Persia was under the sovereignty of Sasan V. When the companions of the Prophet, on invading Persia, came in contact with the Zoroastrian people and learned these teachings, they at once came to the conclusion that Zoroaster was really a Divinely inspired prophet. Thus they accorded the same treatment to the Zoroastrian people which they did to other "People of the Book." Though the name of Zoroaster is not mentioned in the Qur'an, still he was regarded as one of those prophets whose names have not been mentioned in the Qur'an, for there is a verse in the Qur'an: "And We did send apostles before thee: there are some of them that We have mentioned to thee and there are others whom We have not mentioned to Thee." (40 : 78). Accordingly the Muslims treated the founder of Zoroastrianism as a true prophet and believed in his religion as they did in other inspired creeds, and thus according to the prophecy, protected the Zoroastrian religion. James Darmestar has truly remarked in the translation of Zend Avesta: "When Islam assimilated the Zoroastrians to the People of the Book, it evinced a rare historical sense and solved the problem of the origin of the Avesta." (Introduction to Vendiad. p. 69.)
Ahmadiyya view[link]
Ahmadi Muslims view Zoroaster as a Prophet of God and describe the expressions of Ahura Mazda, the God of goodness and Ahraman, the God of evil as merely referring to the coexistence of forces of good and evil enabling humans to exercise free will. Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, in his book Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth views Zoroaster as Prophet of God and describes such the expressions to be a concept which is similar to the concepts in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.[45]
In Manichaeism[link]
Manichaeism considered Zoroaster to be a figure (along with Jesus and the Buddha) in a line of prophets of which Mani (216–276) was the culmination.[46] Zoroaster's ethical dualism is—to an extent—incorporated in Mani's doctrine, which viewed the world as being locked in an epic battle between opposing forces of good and evil.[47] Manicheanism also incorporated other elements of Zoroastrian tradition, particularly the names of supernatural beings; however, many of these other Zoroastrian elements are either not part of Zoroaster's own teachings or are used quite differently from how they are used in Zoroastrianism.[47][48]
In the Bahá'í Faith[link]
Zoroaster appears in the Bahá'í Faith as a "Manifestation of God", one of a line of prophets who have progressively revealed the Word of God to a gradually maturing humanity. Zoroaster thus shares an exalted station with Abraham, Moses, Gautama Buddha, Krishna, Jesus, Muhammad, the Báb, and the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh.[49] Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith, saw Bahá'u'lláh as the fulfillment of a post-Sassanid Zoroastrian prophecy that saw a return of Sassanid emperor Bahram:[50] Shoghi Effendi also stated that Zoroaster lived roughly 1000 years before Jesus[z] or 3500 years before the present time.
See also[link]
- List of founders of major religions
- Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo (author of a Persian epic biography on Zoroaster)
Notes[link]
| a:^ | Originally proposed by Burnouf[51] |
| b:^ | For refutation of these and other proposals, see Humbach, 1991.[52] |
| c:^ | The Bundahishn computes "200 and some years" (GBd xxxvi.9) or "284 years" (IBd xxxiv.9). That '258 years' was the generally accepted figure is however noted by al-Biruni and al-Masudi, with the latter specifically stating (in 943/944 AD) that "the Magians count a period of two hundred and fifty-eight years between their prophet and Alexander."[53][54] |
| d:^ | "258 years before Alexander," is only superficially precise, and thus debated.[54] What in Zoroaster's life happened 258 before Alexander? His birth? His enlightenment? His conversion of Vistaspa? His death? Similarly, before Alexander's what? His accession to the Macedonian throne? His invasion? His death? The beginning of the "Era of Alexander" (which began 10 years after his death)?
It has been suggested that this "traditional date" is an adoption of some date from foreign sources, from the Greeks[55] or the Babylonians[56] for example, which the priesthood then reinterpreted. A simpler explanation is that the priests subtracted 42 (the age at which Zoroaster is said to have converted Vistaspa) from the round figure of 300. |
| e:^ | The "extravagant,"[57] "fantastic"[57] and "extraordinary"[58] 6000 BCE date (or thereabouts) appears in several classical sources: Pliny the Elder (1st c.), Plutarch (1st c.), a Scholion to the (Pseudo-)Platonic Alcibiades Major, Diogenes Laertius (3rd c.), Lactantius (3rd c.) and Syncellus (8th c.). The date is typically described as "5,000 years before the Trojan war" or "6,000 years before Plato" (or "before Xerxes"). "Their chief claim to any consideration"[58] is that these sources cite the authority of (variously) Hermippus (5th c. BCE), Xanthus of Lydia (5th c. BCE), Eudoxus of Cnidus (5th/4th c. BCE), Aristotle (4th c. BCE) and Hermodorus (4th c. BCE, a student of Plato's). In general, the 6000 BCE date is assumed to be based on a Greek misunderstanding of the (Zoroastrian) "great-year" cycles, which foresees recurring 12,000-year periods of three 3,000-year segments each.
Other classical sources—again on the authority of Xanthus of Lydia—consider "600 years before Xerxes" (i.e. before his invasion of Greece), i.e. 1080 BCE, which would then coincide with the linguistic dating of the Gathas. Similarly, the tenth c. Suda, which cites no one but provides a date of "500 years before Plato" for one of its two Zoroasters. |
| f:^ | Ecce Homo quotations are per the Ludovici translation.[59] Paraphrases follow the original passage (Warum ich ein Schicksal bin 3), available in the public domain on page 45 of the Project Gutenberg EBook. |
| s:^ | By choosing the name of 'Zarathustra' as prophet of his philosophy, as he has expressed clearly, he followed the paradoxical aim of paying homage to the original Aryan prophet and reversing his teachings at the same time. The original Zoroastrian world view interprets being essentially on a moralistic basis and depicts the world as an arena for the struggle of the two fundamentals of being, Good and Evil, represented in two antagonistic divine figures.[42] |
| z:^ | From a letter of the Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, May 13, 1979 to Mrs. Gayle Woolson published in
|
References[link]
- ^ "Zoroaster's language" and "Zoroaster's dialect" used in reference to Old Avestan Michael Witzel, THE HOME OF THE ARYANS, Harvard University, P.11. Date for Old Avestan Skjærvø, P.O. (2003), An Introduction to Young Avestan: Introduction: Old and Young Avestan, http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Avesta/index.html
- ^ a b Schlerath 1977, pp. 133–135
- ^ For example zairi- (golden/yellow), zairitem (golden/green), zaranaênem (golden, of gold). Old Iranian/Avestan:Base Form Dictionary and Dictionary of most common AVESTA words.
- ^ a b c d e Schmitt 2003
- ^ Paul Horn, Grundriß der neupersischen Etymologie, Strassburg 1893
- ^ a b Mayrhofer 1977, pp. 43–53.
- ^ Bailey 1953, pp. 40–42.
- ^ Markwart 1930, pp. 7ff.
- ^ Nigosian, Solomon (1993). The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7735-1144-6. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Uspf6eDDvjAC&pg=PA16&dq=Zoroaster+400&hl=en&sa=X&ei=V8EFT5WVMMXW8QPmvbi2Dw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Zoroaster%20400&f=false.
- ^ "Controversy over Zaraϑuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived no later than 1000 BC, give or take a century or so, though reputable scholars have proposed dates as widely apart as 1750 BCE and '258 years before Alexander.'" (Encyclopedia Iranica)
- ^ Shahbazi 1977, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Gershevitch 1964, pp. 36–37.
- ^ William Enfield, Johann Jakob Brucker, Knud Haakonssen, The History of Philosophy from the Earliest Periods: Drawn Up from Brucker's Historia Critica Philosophia, Published by Thoemmes, 2001, ISBN 1-85506-828-1, pages: 18, 22. Note: Cephalion and Justin suggest east of greater Iran whereas Pliny and Origen suggest west of Iran as his birthplace.
- ^ cf. Boyce 1975, pp. 2–26.
- ^ cf. Gronke 1993, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Solomon Alexander Nigosian, The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research, Published by McGill-Queen's University Press – MQUP, 1993, ISBN 0-7735-1144-X, p. 17.
- ^ Frye 1992, p. 8.
- ^ Khlopin 1992, pp. 107–110.
- ^ Sarianidi 1987, p. 54.
- ^ Boyce 1975, p. 1.
- ^ Malandra 2005
- ^ Boyce 1989, p. 189.
- ^ Appleton 2005, p. 179.
- ^ Jackson 1899, pp. 130–131.
- ^ Blackburn, Simon (1994), "Philosophy", The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 405
- ^ August Gladisch, (1859), "Herakleitos Und Zoroaster: Eine Historische Untersuchung", ISBN 978-1-160-10327-5, Kessinger Pub Co (Februar 2010), p. IV
- ^ Stausberg 2002, p. I.58
- ^ a b Beck 1991, p. 525.
- ^ a b Beck 1991, p. 491.
- ^ Beck 2003, para. 4.
- ^ a b c d Beck 1991, p. 493.
- ^ a b Beck 2003, para. 7.
- ^ Beck 1991, p. 522.
- ^ Clementine Homilies, Book 9, Compassionatespirit.com
- ^ Beck 1991, p. 523.
- ^ a b Beck 1991, p. 526.
- ^ Sieber 1973, p. 234.
- ^ Beck 1991, p. 495.
- ^ Nock 1929, p. 111.
- ^ Livingston 2002, pp. 144–145.
- ^ Livingston 2002, p. 147.
- ^ a b Ashouri 2003.
- ^ Watkins 2006, p. ??.
- ^ a b c Qtd. in Büchner 1936, p. 105.
- ^ Revelation, Rationality Khowledge & Truth
- ^ Widengren 1961, p. 76.
- ^ a b Widengren 1961, pp. 43–45.
- ^ Zaehner 1972, p. 21.
- ^ Taherzadeh 1976, p. 3.
- ^ Buck 1998.
- ^ Burnouf 1833, p. 13.
- ^ Humbach 1991, p. I.18.
- ^ Jackson 1899, p. 162.
- ^ a b Shahbazi 1977, p. 26.
- ^ Kingsley 1990, pp. 245–265.
- ^ Shahbazi 1977, pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b Jackson 1896, p. 2.
- ^ a b Jackson 1896, p. 3.
- ^ Nietzsche/Ludovici 1911, p. 133
Bibliography[link]
- Ashouri, Daryoush (2003), "Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, and Persia", Encyclopaedia Iranica, New York: iranica.com, http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/supp4/Nietzsche.html
- Bailey, Harold Walter (1953), "Indo-Iranian Studies", Transactions of the Philological Society 52: 21–42, DOI:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1953.tb00268.x
- Beck, Roger (1991), "Thus Spake Not Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Greco-Roman World", in Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz, A History of Zoroastrianism, 3, Leiden: Brill Publishers, pp. 491–565 .
- Beck, Roger (2003), "Zoroaster, as perceived by the Greeks", Encyclopaedia Iranica, New York: iranica.com, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroaster-iv-as-perceived-by-the-greeks
- Blackburn, Simon, ed. (2005), The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2nd ed.), London: OUP
- Boyce, Mary (1975), History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I, Leiden: Brill Publishers
- Buck, Christopher (1998), "Bahá'u'lláh as Zoroastrian saviour", Baha'i Studies Review 8, http://christopherbuck.com/Buck_PDFs/Buck_Zoroastrian_1998.pdf
- Burnouf, M. Eugène (1833), Commentaire sur le Yaçna, Vol. I, Paris: Imprimatur Royale
- Effendi, Shoghi (1991), "Buddha, Krishna, Zoroaster", The Compilation of Compilations, Volume I, Baha'i Publications Australia, http://bahai-library.com/compilations/buddha.krishna.html
- Effendi, Shoghi (1944), God Passes By, Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, ISBN 0-87743-020-9, http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/
- Foltz, Richard (2004), Spirituality in the Land of the Noble: How Iran Shaped the World's Religions, Oxford: Oneworld publications, ISBN 1-85168-336-4
- Frye, Richard N. (1992), "Zoroastrians in Central Asia in Ancient Times", Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 58: 6–10
- Gershevitch, Ilya (1964), "Zoroaster's Own Contribution", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 23 (1): 12–38, DOI:10.1086/371754
- Gnoli, Gherado (2000), "Zoroaster in History", Biennial Yarshater Lecture Series, Vol. 2, New York: Bibliotheca Persica
- Gnoli, Gherardo (2003), "Agathias and the Date of Zoroaster", Eran ud Aneran, Festschrift Marshak, Venice: Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina, http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/Eran/Articles/gnoli.html
- Gronke, Monika (1993), "Derwische im Vorhof der Macht. Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Nordwestirans im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert", Freiburger Islamstudien 15, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag
- Humbach, Helmut (1991), The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts, Heidelberg: Winter
- Jackson, A. V. Williams (1896), "On the Date of Zoroaster", Journal of the American Oriental Society (Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 17) 17: 1–22, DOI:10.2307/592499, JSTOR 592499
- Jackson, A. V. Williams (1899), Zoroaster, the prophet of ancient Iran, New York: Columbia University Press
- Kingsley, Peter (1990), "The Greek Origin of the Sixth-Century Dating of Zoroaster", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53 (2): 245–265, DOI:10.1017/S0041977X00026069
- Khlopin, I.N. (1992), "Zoroastrianism – Location and Time of its Origin", Iranica Antiqua 27: 96–116, DOI:10.2143/IA.27.0.2002124
- Kriwaczek, Paul (2002), In Search of Zarathustra – Across Iran and Central Asia to Find the World's First Prophet, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
- Livingstone, David N. (2002), The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization, Writers Club Press, ISBN 0-595-23199-3
- Malandra, William W. (2005), "Zoroastrianism: Historical Review", Encyclopaedia Iranica, New York: iranica.com, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroastrianism-i-historical-review
- Markwart, Joseph (1930), Das erste Kapitel der Gatha Uštavati (Orientalia 50), Rome: Pontificio Instituto Biblico
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1977), Zum Namengut des Avesta, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Moulton, James Hope (1917), The Treasure of the Magi, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Moulton, James Hope (1913), Early Zoroastrianism, London: Williams and Norgate
- Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm; Ludovici, Anthony Mario, trans.; Levy, Oscar, ed. (1911), Ecco Homo, The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Edinburgh: T. N. Foulis
- Nock, A. D.; Stuart, Duane Reed; Reitzenstein, R.; Schaeder, H. H.; Saxl, Fr. (1929), "(Book Review) Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland by R. Reitzenstein & H. H. Schaeder", The Journal of Hellenic Studies (The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 49) 49 (1): 111–116, DOI:10.2307/625011, JSTOR 625011
- Sarianidi, V. (1987), "South-West Asia: Migrations, the Aryans and Zoroastrians", International Association for the Study of Cultures of Central Asia Information Bulletin 13: 44–56
- Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1977), "The 'Traditional Date of Zoroaster' Explained", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 40 (1): 25–35, DOI:10.1017/S0041977X00040386
- Schlerath, Bernfried (1977), "Noch Einmal Zarathustra", Die Sprache 23 (2): 127–135
- Schmitt, Rüdiger (2003), "Zoroaster, the name", Encyclopaedia Iranica, New York: iranica.com, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroaster-i-the-name
- Sieber, John (1973), "An Introduction to the Tractate Zostrianos from Nag Hammadi", Novum Testamentum 15 (3): 233–240, DOI:10.1163/156853673X00079 .
- Stausberg, Michael (2002), Die Religion Zarathushtras, Vol. I & II, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
- Stausberg, Michael (2005), "Zoroaster, as perceived in Western Europe after antiquity", Encyclopaedia Iranica, OT9, New York: iranica.com, http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp9/ot_zoreur_20050829.html [dead link]
- Taherzadeh, Adib (1976), The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853–63, Oxford: George Ronald, ISBN 0-85398-270-8, http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V1/Cover.html
- Watkins, Alison (2006), "Where Got I that Truth? Psychic Junk in a Modernist Landscape", Writing Junk: Culture, Landscape, Body (Conference Proceedings), Worcester: University College, pp. 3–4
- Werba, Chlodwig (1982), Die arischen Personennamen und ihre Träger bei den Alexanderhistorikern (Studien zur iranischen Anthroponomastik), Vienna: n.p. (Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde der Universität Wien)
- Widenren, Geo (1961), Mani and Manichaeism, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
- Zaehner, Robert Charles (1972), Zurvan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma, New York: Biblo and Tannen, ISBN 978-0-8196-0280-0, http://books.google.com/?id=8Er_8Gl0tcwC&printsec=frontcover
- Zaehner, Robert Charles (1958), A Comparison of Religions, London: Faber and Faber . Cf. especially Chapter IV: Prophets Outside Israel
- Appleton, E (2005), An Outline of Religion, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4179-8460-2, http://books.google.com/?id=CeNmukklI_wC&printsec=frontcover&q
- Zartusht Bahram (2010), The Book of Zoroaster, or The Zartusht-Nāmah, London: Lulu
- Boyce, Mary (1989), A History of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-08847-4, http://books.google.com/?id=F3gfAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&q
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Zoroaster |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Zoroaster |
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Zoroaster |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Iranian poet |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Zoroaster
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Zarathustra
http://cs.wn.com/Zarathuštra
http://es.wn.com/Zoroastro
http://ru.wn.com/Заратустра
http://nl.wn.com/Zarathustra
http://id.wn.com/Zarathustra
http://pl.wn.com/Zaratusztra
http://fr.wn.com/Zoroastre
http://de.wn.com/Zarathustra
http://hi.wn.com/ज़रथुश्त्र
http://pt.wn.com/Zaratustra
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
