Look up cacique in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Cacique (Spanish: [kaˈθike, kaˈsike]; Portuguese: [kɐˈsik, kaˈsikɨ]; feminine form: cacica), also cassique in archaic English, is a title derived from the Taíno word for the pre-Columbian chiefs or leaders of tribes in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. The Spanish, subsequent to encounters with the Taíno upon their arrival in the New World, used the word as a title for the leaders of the other indigenous tribes they encountered in the Western Hemisphere territories they occupied. In the Spanish language, both in Spain and Latin America, the term has come to mean a local political boss who exercises excessive power. The derivative term "Caciquismo" has been used to describe a democratic system subverted by the power of such local bosses successfully influencing the electoral process in their favour. It has been used most notably to refer to late nineteenth century Spain^[1] and twentieth century Mexico.

The term is also used in the Portuguese language to describe the leaders of indigenous communities in Brazil (which is a Portuguese speaking country). It is also frequently used in Portugal to describe how certain influent and well known students use their powerful social character to influence student body elections in the student movement in Portugal's major universities. In the Taíno culture, the cacique rank was apparently established through democratic means. His importance in the tribe was determined by the size of his tribe rather than his warlord skills, since the taínos were mostly a pacifist culture. They also enjoyed several privileges for their standing: they lived in a larger rectangular hut in the center of the village and had a special sitting place for the areytos (ceremonial dances) and the ceremonial ball game.^[2]

The Spanish RAE (Royal Academy of the Spanish Language) dictionary states:^[3]

cacique, ca. (De or. caribe). 1. m. y f. Señor de vasallos en alguna provincia o pueblo de indios. 2. m. y f. Persona que en una colectividad o grupo ejerce un poder abusivo. 3. m. y f. coloq. Persona que en un pueblo o comarca ejerce excesiva influencia en asuntos políticos. 4. f. coloq. p. us. Mujer del cacique.

cacique (Of Caribbean origin). 1. m. & f. Lord of vassals in an Indian province or village. 2. m. & f. Person who exercises an abusive power in a community or group. 3. m. & f. colloq. Person in a village or region who exercises excessive influence in political matters. 4. f. colloq. rare. Wife of a cacique.

In Spain and in Brazil the word is most commonly used in the third sense, meaning "a person in a village or region who exercises excessive influence in political matters."

See also[link]

• Curaca
• Lonko
• Kalku
• Machi (shaman)
• Cassique

References[link]

Beth Carvalho
Background information
Birth name	Elizabeth Santos Leal de Carvalho
Born	(1946-05-05) May 5, 1946 (age 66)
Origin	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Genres	Samba
Occupations	Singer
Years active	mid 1960s-present
Labels	BMG
Website	http://www.bethcarvalho.com.br
Notable instruments
Nelson Cavaquinho's cavaquinho

Elizabeth Santos Leal de Carvalho known professionally as Beth Carvalho (born May 5, 1946 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian samba singer, guitarist, cavaquinist and composer.

Biography[link]

Carvalho was raised in a middle class family in Rio de Janeiro's South Zone. Her father, João Francisco Leal de Carvalho, was a lawyer. She grew up influenced by different types of music. Her father used to take her to samba school rehearsals, and her mother was a lover of classical music who encouraged her to become a ballerina. She started playing the guitar as a teenager, and got involved with the emerging Bossa Nova movement, winning a nationwide song contest on TV at the age of 19. Her first record was 1968's "Andança", carrying the song of the same name to victory in a larger festival, which brought her to prominence. Although she started her career with Bossa Nova, that was an ephemeral phase which lasted less than one year. Beth started dedicating herself entirely to samba just as her fame began, working with legendary composers such as Nelson Sargento.

Carvalho is a very important artist in the history of samba, as she has celebrated and brought the spotlight to the work of legendary composers such as Cartola, Nelson Cavaquinho & Guilherme de Brito when they weren't receiving the attention they deserved. Almost all of her records have songs by these composers, among other legendary sambistas such as Nelson Sargento and the Old Guard of Portela. Her samba school is Mangueira, but that didn't stop her from recording dozens of songs from composers of Portela, the other great traditional samba school in Rio.

Beth Carvalho performing in Paris during the year of Brazil in France. 2005

Later, in the late 1970s and early 80's, Beth helped bring to the public the work of other rising pagode artists from Cacique de Ramos, such as Almir Guineto, Jorge Aragão and the Fundo de Quintal group. Then, in 1983, she introduced Zeca Pagodinho who would become the major samba name of the 90's. Carvalho always tried to bring underrated composers the recognition they deserve, and she is regarded as madrinha do samba (the godmother of samba). She was a driving force in the modernization of samba in the 80s, and at the same time rejected commercial pop trends in samba arrangements, preserving tradition.

In the 1990s, Beth's popularity wasn't the strongest, but she was always popular. She recorded an album dedicated to the samba from São Paulo, rejecting the famous axiom that São Paulo is the grave of samba. In 1998 she recorded an album dedicated entirely to the pagode classics, Pérolas do Pagode (Pagode Pearls).

In the new millennium, Beth is working more than ever, releasing CDs and DVDs. With a career that spans 40 years, she is already a historical figure in Brazilian culture, and recognized as the female sambista with the most substantial opus in Brazil, without diminishing other, younger stars such as Clara Nunes and Daniela Mercury.

Trivia[link]

• Beth is a known supporter of both the Botafogo and Clube Atlético Mineiro football teams
• Beth is one of the main personalities of the samba school Mangueira
• Beth had a variety of hits in the 1970s, with her 1979 song Coisinha Do Pai being one of her biggest hits. The song was inserted into the Mars Pathfinder.^[1]
• Her social music often concerns the poor and the Indigenous peoples in Brazil^[2]

Discography[link]

• Beth Carvalho - 40 anos de Carreira - Ao Vivo no Theatro Municipal - Vol.1 (CD) - Andança/Sony - BMG - 2006
• Beth Carvalho - 40 anos de Carreira - Ao Vivo no Theatro Municipal - Vol.2 (CD) - Andança/Sony - BMG - 2006
• Beth Carvalho - 40 anos de Carreira - Ao Vivo no Theatro Municipal (DVD) - Andança/Sony - BMG - 2006
• Beth Carvalho - A Madrinha do Samba - Ao Vivo (DVD) - Indie - 2004
• Beth Carvalho - A Madrinha do Samba - Ao Vivo (CD) - Indie - 2004
• Beth Carvalho Canta Cartola - BMG - 2003
• Nome Sagrado - Beth Carvalho Canta Nelson Cavaquinho - Jam Music - 2001
• Pagode de Mesa Ao Vivo 2 - Universal Music - 2000
• Pagode de Mesa Ao Vivo - Universal Music - 1999
• Pérolas do Pagode - Globo / Polydor - 1998
• Brasileira da Gema - Polygram - 1996
• Beth Carvalho Canta o Samba de São Paulo - Velas - 1993
• Pérolas - 25 Anos de Samba - Som Livre - 1992
• Ao Vivo no Olympia - Som Livre - 1991
• Intérprete - Polygram - 1991
• Saudades da Guanabara - Polygram - 1989
• Alma do Brasil - Polygram - 1988
• Beth Carvalho Ao Vivo (Montreux) - RCA - 1987
• Beth - RCA - 1986
• Das Bençãos Que Virão Com os Novos Amanhãs - RCA - 1985
• Coração Feliz - RCA - 1984
• Suor no Rosto - RCA - 1983
• Traço de União - RCA - 1982
• Na fonte - RCA - 1981
• Sentimento Brasileiro - RCA - 1980
• Beth Carvalho no Pagode - RCA - 1979
• De Pé No Chão - RCA - 1978
• Nos Botequins da Vida - RCA - 1977
• Mundo Melhor - RCA - 1976
• Pandeiro e Viola - Tapecar - 1975
• Pra Seu Governo - Tapecar - 1974
• Canto Por Um Novo Dia - Tapecar - 1973
• Andança - Odeon - 1969

References[link]

External links[link]

• Entrevista 1988 (In Portuguese)

Marcelo Fabian Espina (born April 28, 1967 in Buenos Aires) is a retired Argentine football midfielder. He played for a number of clubs in Argentina and Chile and represented the Argentina national football team. In 2010 he became manager of Argentine club Club Atlético Platense.

Club career[link]

Espina bagan his career at Platense in the Primera Division Argentina in 1986. In 1989 he moved to Mexico where he played for Irapuato and then Atlante F.C.. In 1992 he returned to Argentina to play for Lanús, but after only one season he returned to Platense.

In 1995 he joined Colo-Colo in Chile, in his first spell at the club he was part of 3 title winning teams. In 1999 he left Colo-Colo to play for Racing Santander of La Liga in Spain. After 2 seasons with Racing, Espina returned to Colo-Colo where he retired in 2004.

Titles[link]

• Platense
  • Primera Division Argentina: Topscorer 1994 Clausura
• Colo-Colo
  • Primera División de Chile: 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002
  • Copa Chile: 1996

International career[link]

Espina represented the Argentina national football team on 15 occasions between 1994 and 1996 scoring 1 goal.^[1]

Managerial career[link]

After retiring as a player he had spells as manager of Colo-Colo and Everton in Chile. In 2010 he joined Platense of the regionalised 3rd division of Argentine football.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Argentine Primera Statistics at FutbolXXI.com (Spanish)
• Marcelo Espina stats at Medio Tiempo.com (Spanish)
• La Liga Statistics at LFP.es (Spanish)

v t e Argentina squad – 1995 King Fahd Cup Runners-up 1 Bossio 2 Ayala (c) 3 Chamot 4 Zanetti 5 Pérez 6 Fabbri 7 Ortega 8 Escudero 9 Batistuta 10 Espina 11 Rambert 12 Burgos 13 Rotchen 14 Arruabarrena 15 Vivas 16 Jiménez 17 Gallardo 18 López 19 Crespo 20 Bassedas Coach: Passarella

v t e Argentina squad – 1995 Copa América 1 Cristante 2 Ayala 3 Chamot 4 Zanetti 5 Pérez 6 Cáceres 7 Balbo 8 Simeone (c) 9 Batistuta 10 Gallardo 11 Berti 12 Bossio 13 Altamirano 14 Schürrer 15 Fabbri 16 Astrada 17 Escudero 18 Espina 19 Ortega 20 Acosta 21 Borrelli 22 Burgos Coach: Passarella

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