- published: 30 Jul 2011
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Alwar
Alwar (Rajasthani: अलवर) is a city and administrative headquarters of Alwar District in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is located around 160 km south of Delhi, and about 150 km north of Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan.
India's highest ever recorded temperature of 50.6 °C (123.1 °F) was measured at Alwar on 10 May 1956.
Alwar was formerly the capital of the princely state of Alwar. It was formerly spelt as "Ulwar" in British India. This placed it in last position in alphabetically ordered lists, so a king changed the spelling to "Alwar" to bring it to the top.[citation needed]
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Ambala
Ambala is a city and a municipal corporation in Ambala district in the state of Haryana, India, located on the border of the states of Haryana and Punjab in India. Politically; Ambala has two sub-areas: Ambala Cantt (छावनी ) and Ambala City(अम्बाला शहर), approximately 3 kilometers apart from each other. It has a large Indian Army and Indian Air Force presence within the confines of its cantonment area. Ambala separates Ganges river network from Indus river network and surrounded by two rivers Ghaggar & Tangri from North & South side.Due to its geographical location, the Ambala district plays an important role in local tourism.
The Ambala Cantonment was established in 1843 after the British abandoned its cantonment at Saphera, following the malaria epidemic of 1841–42. The cantonment houses the ‘2 Corps’ one of the three Strike Corps of the Indian Army.
Ambala was given the status of a district in 1847, formed by the merging the jagir estates of hitherto independent chieftains whose territories had lapsed or had been confiscated by the British Indian Government. In its 160 years of existence as a district, Ambala has witnessed many changes in its boundaries. Its boundaries previously extended across tehsils of Ambala, Saphera, Jagadhri, Pipli, Kharar, Mohali, Ropar and Nalagarh. Kalka-cum-Kurari State, Pinjore, Manimajra, Kasauli & Sanawar were also merged into the district at different points of time.
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Ambala District
Ambala district (Hindi: अम्बाला जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in India. Ambala town is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district has an area of 1568.85 km².
The district has two sub-divisions, which is further divided into three tehsils, Ambala sub-division comprises two tehsils, Ambala and Barara and Naraingarh sub-division comprises only one tehsil, Naraingarh.
There are four Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district: Naraingarh, Ambala Cantt., Ambala City and Mulana. All of these are part of Ambala Lok Sabha constituency.
According to the 2011 census Ambala district has a population of 1,136,784, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 409th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 722 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,870 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.06 %. Ambala has a sex ratio of 882 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 82.9 %.
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Ambala district
Ambala district (Hindi: अम्बाला जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in India. Ambala town is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district has an area of 1568.85 km².
The district has two sub-divisions, which is further divided into three tehsils, Ambala sub-division comprises two tehsils, Ambala and Barara and Naraingarh sub-division comprises only one tehsil, Naraingarh.
There are four Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district: Naraingarh, Ambala Cantt., Ambala City and Mulana. All of these are part of Ambala Lok Sabha constituency.
According to the 2011 census Ambala district has a population of 1,136,784, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 409th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 722 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,870 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.06 %. Ambala has a sex ratio of 882 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 82.9 %.
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Ambala division
Ambala Division is one of the four divisions of Haryana State of India. The division comprises the districts of Ambala, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Panchkula and Yamuna Nagar.
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Ambala Division
Ambala Division is one of the four divisions of Haryana State of India. The division comprises the districts of Ambala, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Panchkula and Yamuna Nagar.
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Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.
Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972 km (604 mi) among the states of India. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta in the northeast of the state. The state is separated into three regions: Telangana, Andhra, and Rayalaseema.
The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada, and Oriya.
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Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh /ˌɑrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ is a state of India. Located in northeast India, Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Burma in the east and the People's Republic of China in the north.
Arunachal Pradesh means "land of the dawn-lit mountains". It is also known as "land of the rising sun" ("pradesh" means "state", "territory" or "region") in reference to its position as the easternmost state of India. Like other parts of Northeast India, a majority of the people native to the state are of Tibeto-Burman origin.[citation needed] A large and increasing number of migrants have reached Arunachal Pradesh from many other parts of India, although no reliable population count of the migrant population has been conducted, and percentage estimates of total population accordingly vary widely. Part of the famous Ledo Burma Road, which was a lifeline to China during World War II, passes through the eastern part of the state.[citation needed]
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Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
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Badkhal Lake
Badkhal Lake was a natural lake situated in Faridabad, Haryana, about 16 kilometers from Delhi.
It was a natural lake surrounded by hilly areas of the Aravali Range in Haryana.
As of May 2009, the lake is almost a completely dried up grassy terrain and the unusually low rainfall in the area has been cited. Certain mines surrounding the lake are also responsible for blockage of flow of water to the lake's reservoir. Also some mineral water companies are responsible as well, for taking water from the lake for their purposes.
On 30th November 2009, it was announced that the lake and the nearby Surajkund, would be filled up with water, by the time 2010 Commonwealth Games arrive, but no action was taken.
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Banawali
Banawali (Devanagari: बन्वालि) is an archaeological site belonging to Indus Valley Civilization period in Fatehabad district, Haryana, about 120 km northeast of Kalibangan. Banawali is located 16 km from Fatehabad. This site was excavated by R.S. Bisht. The excavations revealed the following sequence of cultures:
The earlier bricks in Banawali had the "Kalibangan" ratio of 3:2:1, but later bricks had the ratio 4:2:1. One weight was found that weighted 87.855 grams, about 100 times 0.857 gram (a more common weight in Harappa). A touchstone bearing gold streaks was found, which was probably used for testing the purity of gold (a technique that is still being used).
As is the practise, most of the finds have been reburied. However, a well of the Harappan era has been well preserved and stands as a testimony to the antiquity of the village.
It has been claimed that Banawali is the Ram Janmabhoomi, which has political implications.
Over here many items of gold, silver etc. have been found but the most precious thing which has been found are coins. by this archaeologists know that over the system of coins had been started. the city was separated by a wall so that the rich and the poor could be divided. a unique object has been found over here which is made up of black terracotta.
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Bhiwani
Bhiwani (Urdu: بهيوانيي) (Hindi: भिवानी)is a city and a municipal council in Bhiwani district in the state of Haryana, India. It is known as the city of temples. Besides being a seat of spiritual learning, the city has been the centerstage of regional politics. The city is hometown to three of Haryana's chief ministers: Bansi Lal, Banarsi Dass Gupta and Hukum Singh.
District Bhiwani was created on 22 December 1972. The district headquarters is situated in Bhiwani town. Bhiwani has 442 villages, with main towns being Charkhi Dadri, Loharu, Bawani Khera and Tosham. The total area of Bhiwani district is 5,099 km².
The city has been a conventional school of boxing, with almost all of the members of the Indian Boxing Squad coming from its SAI hostel itself. Late Capt. Hawa Singh, the legendary boxer, helped establish the boxing academy here.
In the field of education, the city boasts of six things, one of them being the country's top textile research institute, the Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, established by the prestigious Birla Group. Further, there are four degree colleges (Adarsh Mahila Mahavidyalaya is one of the best college in M.D.U.), three colleges of education and a school of nursing. The Board of School Education, Haryana (Shiksha Board) is also situated in the city. Successdhaam.com is famous for his excellent support in distance education by providing Real Meaning of distance education and last is 99factors.com by providing tremendous flow of technical,computer and business knowledge for the welfare of society and culture. Govt. P.G College is famous college of Bhiwani its located on Hansi road.
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Bhiwani district
Bhiwani district (Urdu: بهيوانيي)(Hindi: भिवानी जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Bhiwani was created on 22 December 1972. The district headquarter is situated in Bhiwani town. The district occupies an area of 5,140 square kilometres (1,980 sq mi). It is situated between 28.19 deg. & 29.05 deg. north latitudes and 75.26 deg. and 76.28 deg. east longitudes. It has 442 villages with a population of 1,425,022. The district headquarters is the city of Bhiwani, which is around 124 kilometres from Delhi. Other major towns in the district are Bhiwani, Siwani, Charkhi Dadri, Loharu, Tosham and Bawani Khera.
As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Haryana (out of 21), after Faridabad and Hisar.
The district is named after its headquarters, Bhiwani city. Bhiwani city, it is believed, was founded by a Rajput named Neem after his wife Bhani. The name Bhani later changed to Bhiyani and subsequently to Bhiwani.[citation needed]
Excavations (1968–73 and 1980–86) in the village of Mitathal in Bhiwani have unearthed evidence of pre-Harappan and Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization) culture in the area. Near the village of Naurangabad, about 10 km from Bhiwani, preliminary diggings in 2001 have revealed artifacts like coins, tools, sieves, toys, statues and pots up to 2500 years old. According to the archaeologists the presence of coins, coin moulds, statues and design of the houses, suggests that a town existed here sometimes in the Kushan, Gupta and the Youdheya period till 300 BC.
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Bhiwani District
Bhiwani district (Urdu: بهيوانيي)(Hindi: भिवानी जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Bhiwani was created on 22 December 1972. The district headquarter is situated in Bhiwani town. The district occupies an area of 5,140 square kilometres (1,980 sq mi). It is situated between 28.19 deg. & 29.05 deg. north latitudes and 75.26 deg. and 76.28 deg. east longitudes. It has 442 villages with a population of 1,425,022. The district headquarters is the city of Bhiwani, which is around 124 kilometres from Delhi. Other major towns in the district are Bhiwani, Siwani, Charkhi Dadri, Loharu, Tosham and Bawani Khera.
As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Haryana (out of 21), after Faridabad and Hisar.
The district is named after its headquarters, Bhiwani city. Bhiwani city, it is believed, was founded by a Rajput named Neem after his wife Bhani. The name Bhani later changed to Bhiyani and subsequently to Bhiwani.[citation needed]
Excavations (1968–73 and 1980–86) in the village of Mitathal in Bhiwani have unearthed evidence of pre-Harappan and Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization) culture in the area. Near the village of Naurangabad, about 10 km from Bhiwani, preliminary diggings in 2001 have revealed artifacts like coins, tools, sieves, toys, statues and pots up to 2500 years old. According to the archaeologists the presence of coins, coin moulds, statues and design of the houses, suggests that a town existed here sometimes in the Kushan, Gupta and the Youdheya period till 300 BC.
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Bihar
Bihar (/bɨˈhɑr/, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] (
listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand.
Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. Out of five "The Greats" from India, four greats belonged to this region of India, Magadh: Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudragupta and Vikramaditya. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
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Bikaner
Bikaner (
pronunciation (help·info)) is a District in the northwest of the state of Rajasthan in northern India. It is located 330 kilometres (205 mi) northwest of the state capital, Jaipur. Bikaner city is the administrative headquarters of Bikaner District and Bikaner division. It was formerly the capital of the princely state of Bikaner. The city was founded by Rao Bika. Bikaner. in 1486 and from its small origins it has developed into the fifth largest city in Rajasthan. The Ganges Canal, completed in 1928, and the Indira Gandhi Canal, completed in 1987, have allowed the farming of crops such as mustard, cotton, groundnuts, wheat and vegetables. Other industries include wool production and the mining of Gypsum, plaster of Paris and bentonite.
Bikaner is famous for sweets and snacks (or namkeens in Hindi).
Prior to the mid 15th century, the region that is now Bikaner was a barren wilderness called Jangladesh. In 1488 Rao Bika established the city of Bikaner. Rao Bika was the second son of Maharaja Rao Jodha of the Rathor clan, the founder of Jodhpur and conquered the largely arid country in the north of Rajasthan. As the second son of Joda he had no chance of inheriting Jodhpur from his father or the title of Maharaja. He therefore decided to build his own kingdom in what is now the state of Bikaner in the area of Jungladesh. Though it was in the Thar Desert, Bikaner was considered an oasis on the trade route between Central Asia and the Gujarat coast as it had adequate spring water. Bika’s name was attached to the city he built and to the state of Bikaner (“the settlement of Bika”) that he established. Bika built a fort in 1478, which is now in ruins, and a hundred years later a new fort was built about 1.5 km from the city centre, known as the Junagarh Fort.
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Carterpuri
Carterpuri is a village in Haryana, India, very close to Delhi and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) off the main Gurgaon road. This is a Yadav dominated village and it's village Council chairman is Bhoop Singh Yadav.
The US president Jimmy Carter visited the village in 1978, when it was known as Chuma Kheragaon. Soon after it adopted its current name.
Till Carter was President, there was regular exchange of correspondence between the White House and the Village Council. The U.S. Ambassador used to come with gifts on January 3 and women would prepare `halwa-puri' on that day. The haveli became a part of any American tourist's itinerary between 1978 and 1981.[citation needed]
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Chandigarh
Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.
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Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh /ˈtʃætɨsɡər/[citation needed] (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़, pronounced [tʃʰət̪ˈt̪iːsɡəɽʱ] ( listen)) is a state in Central India. The state was formed on November 1, 2000 by partitioning 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Raipur is the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh, which is the 10th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,190 km2 (52,200 sq mi). By population, it ranks as the 16th-largest state of the nation. It is an important electrical power and steel-producing state of India. Chhattisgarh produces 15% of the steel made in the country.
Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh on the north.
There are a wide array of opinions on the origin of the word Chhattisgarh. The name is not a very old one and has come into popular usage in the last few centuries. In ancient times, the region was called Dakshin Kosala (South Kosala). The name Chhattisgarh was popularized during the Maratha period and was first used in an official document in 1795.
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Dainik Jagran
Coordinates: 26°28′50″N 80°18′07″E / 26.48050°N 80.30200°E / 26.48050; 80.30200 Dainik Jagran (Hindi: दैनिक जागरण) is a Hindi language daily broadsheet newspaper in India. According to the IRS Q2 2011, Dainik Jagran ranks No. 1 among the dailies with a Total Readership (TR) of 16.393 million. Dainik Jagran is the second largest newspaper in India, by circulation as of 2010.
Dainik Jagran was jointly founded by Shri Puranchandra Gupta & Shri Gurudev Gupta in Jhansi in 1942. In 1947 Dainik Jagran shifted its headquarters to Kanpur, where it launched its second edition on 21 September 1947. The Rewa and Bhopal editions were added in 1953 and 1956. In 1975, publication of Gorakhpur edition started, followed by Varanasi, Allahabad and Lucknow in 1979. In 1984, Meerut edition was launched, followed by Agra in 1986, Bareilly in 1989 and Delhi in 1990. Between 1997 and 2006, eighteen new editions were added, and through 2007-08, six new editions were launched.
More than 55.7 million people read Dainik Jagran making it the largest read daily in India. Currently, Dainik Jagran’s 36 editions are published across eleven states of India. Its editions are published from the following places:
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Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu /dəˈmɑːn/ & /ˈdiːuː/ ( locally (help·info); Hindi: दमन और दीव, Gujarati: દમણ અને દીવ, Marathi: दमण आणि दीव, Portuguese: Damão e Diu) is a union territory in India.
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official and main languages. The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are two also shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Língua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Língua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Faridabad
Faridabad (Hindi: फरीदाबाद) is a city in the south-east of Haryana state in northern India, in Faridabad district. It lies at 28°25′16″N Latitude and 77°18′28″E Longitude. The district shares its boundaries with the National Capital and Union Territory of Delhi to its north, Gurgaon district to the west and Uttar Pradesh to its east and south. Faridabad enjoys a prime location both geographically and politically.It contains a big number of workers and peoples. The river Yamuna separates the District Boundary on eastern side with Uttar Pradesh. Delhi-Agra National Highway No.2 (Shershah Suri Marg) passes through the centre of the district. The city has many railway stations on the Delhi-Mathura double track broad-gauge line of the North Central Railway. The railway stations of Old Faridabad and New Industrial Township (NIT) are the major ones.
Faridabad is the largest city and one of the major industrial hubs of Haryana. It generates 60% of the revenue of the state. 50% of the income tax collected in Haryana is from Faridabad and Gurgaon. Faridabad is famous for heena production from the agricultural sector while tractors, motorcycles, switch gears, refrigerators, shoes and tyres are the famous industrial products of the city.
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Fatehabad District
Fatehabad (Punjabi: ਫ਼ਤੇਹਾਬਾਦ ਜ਼ਿਲਾ, Hindi: फ़तेहाबाद ज़िला Fatehābād Zilā) is one of the twenty one districts of Haryana state, India.
The district derives its name from the headquarters town Fatehabad. The town was founded by Firoz Shah Tughlak in the 14th century. He named it after his son Fateh Khan, as Fatehabad. The Fatehabad district was carved out of Hisar district on 15-07-1997.
Aryans at first on the banks of the rivers -the Saraswati and the Drishadvati, and in the course of their expansion covered a wider area of Hissar and Fatehabad. The area was probably included in the kingdom of Pandavas and their successors. Panini mentions quite a few towns of the region-Aisukari, Taushayana (Tohana) and Rori which have been identified with Hissar, Tohana and Rori, respectively. According to Puranas, the areas of Fatehabad district remained a part of Nanda empire. The discovery of Ashokan pillars at Hissar and Fatehabad shows that the area of the district remained a part of Mauryan empire. The people of Agroha area assisted Chandra Gupta Maurya in the war against Greeks.Fatehabad area is a very smart area.
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Fatehabad district
Fatehabad (Punjabi: ਫ਼ਤੇਹਾਬਾਦ ਜ਼ਿਲਾ, Hindi: फ़तेहाबाद ज़िला Fatehābād Zilā) is one of the twenty one districts of Haryana state, India.
The district derives its name from the headquarters town Fatehabad. The town was founded by Firoz Shah Tughlak in the 14th century. He named it after his son Fateh Khan, as Fatehabad. The Fatehabad district was carved out of Hisar district on 15-07-1997.
Aryans at first on the banks of the rivers -the Saraswati and the Drishadvati, and in the course of their expansion covered a wider area of Hissar and Fatehabad. The area was probably included in the kingdom of Pandavas and their successors. Panini mentions quite a few towns of the region-Aisukari, Taushayana (Tohana) and Rori which have been identified with Hissar, Tohana and Rori, respectively. According to Puranas, the areas of Fatehabad district remained a part of Nanda empire. The discovery of Ashokan pillars at Hissar and Fatehabad shows that the area of the district remained a part of Mauryan empire. The people of Agroha area assisted Chandra Gupta Maurya in the war against Greeks.Fatehabad area is a very smart area.
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Goa
Goa
i/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
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Gurgaon
Gurgaon pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: गुड़गांव) is the second largest city in the Indian state of Haryana. Gurgaon is the industrial and financial center of Haryana. It is located 30 km south of national capital New Delhi, about 10 kilometers from Dwarka Sub City and 268 km south of Chandigarh, the state capital. Gurgaon is one of Delhi's four major satellite cities and is part of the National Capital Region (India). Gurgaon is within commuting distance of Delhi via an expressway and Delhi Metro.
Gurgaon has the 3rd highest per capita income in India after Chandigarh and Mumbai. . Gurgaon is also the only Indian city to have successfully distributed electricity connections to all its households. However, because of its heavy vehicular traffic and inefficient public transportation apart from the Delhi Metro, Gurgaon ranks 11th amongst Indian cities on the "Life after Work" index of Business Today.
Over the past 25 years the city has undergone rapid development and construction. A wave of multinational companies choose to locate their operations in Gurgaon after GE did so in 1997. The presence of large domestic and international firms such as SAP, PwC, Airtel, American Airlines, American Express, Aricent, Bain & Company, Bank of America, The Coca-Cola Company, DLF Limited, Ericsson, EXL, Fluor Corporation, Hero Honda, IBM, Indigo Airlines, KPMG, Maruti Suzuki, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia, Oracle, Sapient, Tata Consultancy Services, ThoughtWorks and ZS Associates have made Gurgaon an important financial center of India, as well as one of India's major outsourcing hubs.
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Gurgaon District
Gurgaon district (Hindi: गुड़गांव ज़िला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Gurgaon city is the administrative headquarters of the district. The population is 1,660,289 (Hindus 1,026,542, Muslims 617,918 {37.21%}, Sikhs 6,672). (This data includes tehsils which are now part of Mewat district).
It is the southern-most district of Haryana. On its north, it is bounded by the district of Jhajjer and the Union Territory of Delhi. Faridabad district lies to its east. On its south, the district shares boundaries with the states of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. To its west lies the Rewari district in the State of Haryana.
This district contains many small hill ranges which are part of the Aravalli range.
The district is divided into 3 sub-divisions: Gurgaon North, Gurgaon South and Pataudi, which are further divided into 5 tehsils, namely, Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi, Farukh Nagar, Manesar. It also comprises four blocks, Pataudi, Sohna, Gurgaon and Farrukhnagar.
There are 4 Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in this district: Pataudi, Badshahpur, Gurgaon and Sohna. All of these are part of Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency.
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Gurgaon district
Gurgaon district (Hindi: गुड़गांव ज़िला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Gurgaon city is the administrative headquarters of the district. The population is 1,660,289 (Hindus 1,026,542, Muslims 617,918 {37.21%}, Sikhs 6,672). (This data includes tehsils which are now part of Mewat district).
It is the southern-most district of Haryana. On its north, it is bounded by the district of Jhajjer and the Union Territory of Delhi. Faridabad district lies to its east. On its south, the district shares boundaries with the states of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. To its west lies the Rewari district in the State of Haryana.
This district contains many small hill ranges which are part of the Aravalli range.
The district is divided into 3 sub-divisions: Gurgaon North, Gurgaon South and Pataudi, which are further divided into 5 tehsils, namely, Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi, Farukh Nagar, Manesar. It also comprises four blocks, Pataudi, Sohna, Gurgaon and Farrukhnagar.
There are 4 Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in this district: Pataudi, Badshahpur, Gurgaon and Sohna. All of these are part of Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency.
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Hansi
Hansi is a city and a municipal council in Hisar district in the Indian state of Haryana. Its 2011 population is estimated to be 134,568. It is located at a distance of 16 miles (26 km) east of Hisar on National Highway 10. Geographically, it is semi-arid with around 46 cm of annual rainfall. It appears that at one time Hansi was larger, more prosperous and more important than Hisar. The town has several important buildings of archeological importance. It is also avery influential sub-caste of Arain.
The city of Hansi has five gates of entry – Delhi Gate (East), Hisar Gate (West), Gosain Gate (North-west), Barsi Gate(South) and Umra Gate (South west). The peculiarity of this town is that its altitude increases after entry from any of the gates. Deserts guard this city towards its west (cities like Tosham, Devsar, Khanak).
Another prominent feature of this ancient city is its fort. Extended in an area of 30 acres (120,000 m2), it is square in shape and has security posts in all the four corners. The fort is said to be that of Great King Prithvi Raj Chauhan. Later, son of King Anangpal, Drupad established sword manufacturing factory in this fort, hence it is also called "Asigarh". Swords from this fort were exported as far away as to Arab countries. As per Talif-e-Tajkara-e-Hansi by Qazi Sharif Husain in 1915, around 80 forts across the area were controlled from this centre "ASIGARH". During the period of Firoz Shan Tuglaq, an underground tunnel was constructed connecting the present Hansi to Hisar. Gate of fort has figures of gods, and pictures of gods, goddesses, birds can also be seen on the walls of the fort. The entry gate of the fort was built by George Thomas. This fort was declared a Protected Monument of National Importance in 1937 by the Archeological Survey, the present ASI, and is still in good condition, a must visit site for all archeologists.
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Hariana
Hariana is a city and a municipal council in Hoshiarpur district in the Indian state of Punjab. Hariana is named after Guru Hari Sen; the guru of the singer Tansen. It was a famous music gharana once. Gujjar Mal Vasudev raagi & Pandit Telu Ram were singers & residents of hariana. When the mugals entered into India; they made a Quila in a place called Malot nearby Hariana & Hariana was their tehsil at that time. The city has provided a lot of freedom fighters like Pandit Jagat Ram, Lala Lachman Das and Sardar Partap Singh.
Hariana is located at 31°38′N 75°50′E / 31.64°N 75.84°E / 31.64; 75.84. It has an average elevation of 300 metres (984 feet).
As of 2001[update] India census, Hariana had a population of 7813. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Hariana has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 73%. In Hariana, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. This town is about 100 km from Amritsar International Airport.
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Haryana
Haryana /ˌhɑriˈɑːnə/ is a state in India. Constituted in 1966, it is one of two newly created states carved out of the greater Punjab province as a means of creating a stronger national identity. It has been a part of the Kuru region in North India. The name Haryana is found mentioned in the 12th century AD by the apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230). It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of the state is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab.
Sites in Haryana were part of the Indus Valley and Vedic Civilizations. Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic battle of Mahabharata at Kurukshetra mentioned in the Hindu mythology (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna), and the three battles of Panipat. Haryana was administered as part of the Punjab province of British India, and was carved out on linguistic lines as India's 17th state in 1966. Haryana is now a leading contributor to the country's production of foodgrain and milk. Agriculture is the leading occupation for the residents of the state, the flat arable land irrigated by submersible pumps and an extensive canal system. Haryana contributed heavily to the Green Revolution that made India self-sufficient in food production in the 1960s.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh /hɨˈmɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश [ɦɪmaːtʃəl prəd̪eːʃ] ( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2), and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.
Himachal Pradesh is known to be abundant in natural beauty After the Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared as a union territory but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Himachal has many prestigious boarding schools. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh, Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma. Its name means "Abode of Snow".[citation needed]
The Economy of the Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India. Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers, Himachal also sells hydro electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.
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Hoshiarpur district
Hoshiarpur District (Punjabi: ਹੁਸ਼ਿਆਰਪੁਰ ਜ਼ਿਲ੍ਹਾ, Hindi: होशियारपुर ज़िला) is a district of Punjab state in northern India.
It falls into two nearly equal portions of hill and plain country. Its eastern face consists of the westward slope of the Solar Singhi Hills; parallel with that ridge, a line of lower heights belonging to the Siwalik Range traverses the district from south to north, while between the two chains stretches a valley of uneven width, known as the Jaswan Dun. Its upper portion is crossed by the Sohan torrent, while the Sutlej sweeps into its lower end through a break in the hills, and flows in a southerly direction until it turns the flank of the central range, and debouches westwards upon the plains. This western plain consists of alluvial formation, with a general westerly slope owing to the deposit of silt from the mountain torrents in the sub-montane tract. The Beas has a fringe of lowland, open to moderate but not excessive inundations, and considered very fertile. A considerable area is covered by government woodlands, under the care of the forest department. Rice is largely grown, in the marshy flats along the banks of the Beas. Several religious fairs are held, at Anandpur Sahib, Dasuya, Mukerian and Chintpurni, all of which attract an enormous concourse of people. The district, owing to its proximity to the hills, possesses a comparatively cool and humid climate. Cotton fabrics are manufactured, and sugar, rice and other grains, tobacco and indigo are among the exports. Hoshiarpur is also known as a City of Saints. There are many Deras in this district. The District Govt. College was once a campus for Punjab University.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Jagadhri
Jagadhri is a city and a municipal council in Yamuna Nagar district in the Indian state of Haryana. This town is a part of twin towns, constituting Jagadhri and Yamuna Nagar; Jagadhri is the older one and the latter a relatively new town (old name "Abdullahpur). There is hardly any demarcation between the two towns and almost impossible, without knowing, where one town ends and where other starts.
It is thought that small towns of Yugandhra & Ganadhari were demolished by Nadirshah in 1739. The Sikh chief Sardar Rao Singh is credited with rebuiding of the city in 1783. He encouraged artisans and traders to settle in the city. Slowly Jagadhri became a major center for metal industry.
The town is famous for its metal works & brassware including utensils; though nowadays the production of brass ware has fallen off, due to high cost. Subsequently, Jagadhari entered into and made its mark in high quality stainless steel products. In addition, jagadhri has also witnessed the blossoming of a new business, timber trading, in the last decade. There are many shops doing this business these days.
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmiri/ˌdʒɑːmuː/ & /ˈkæʃmɪər/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed, refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations, call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
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Jhajjar district
Jhajjar district (Hindi: झज्जर ज़िला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India.
Jhajjar district was carved out of Rohtak district on July 15, 1997. The district headquarters is situated in Jhajjar. Other towns in the district are Bahadurgarh and Beri. Bahadurgarh was founded by Rathi Jats and formerly known as Sharafabad. It is situated 29 km from Delhi and had developed into an important industrial center.
The area occupied by Jhajjar district is 1,890 km² and its population was 7,09,000 in 2001. The district consists of 2 industrial areas with 2408 plots. The basic industries are ceramics, glass, chemicals, engineering, electrical & electronics. There are 48 large and medium units 213 small scale units with the total investment of Rs. 3400 million ($ 76.5 million) and workforce of 8248. Major crops grown here are rice, wheat and maize. The total irrigated agricultural land is about 670 km².
The town is said to have been founded by Chhaju and Chhajunagar was changed to Jhajjar. It is also derived from Jharnaghar, a natural fountain. A third derivation is from Jhajjar, a water vessel, because the surface drainage of the country for miles around runs into the town as into a sink.
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Jhajjar District
Jhajjar district (Hindi: झज्जर ज़िला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India.
Jhajjar district was carved out of Rohtak district on July 15, 1997. The district headquarters is situated in Jhajjar. Other towns in the district are Bahadurgarh and Beri. Bahadurgarh was founded by Rathi Jats and formerly known as Sharafabad. It is situated 29 km from Delhi and had developed into an important industrial center.
The area occupied by Jhajjar district is 1,890 km² and its population was 7,09,000 in 2001. The district consists of 2 industrial areas with 2408 plots. The basic industries are ceramics, glass, chemicals, engineering, electrical & electronics. There are 48 large and medium units 213 small scale units with the total investment of Rs. 3400 million ($ 76.5 million) and workforce of 8248. Major crops grown here are rice, wheat and maize. The total irrigated agricultural land is about 670 km².
The town is said to have been founded by Chhaju and Chhajunagar was changed to Jhajjar. It is also derived from Jharnaghar, a natural fountain. A third derivation is from Jhajjar, a water vessel, because the surface drainage of the country for miles around runs into the town as into a sink.
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand /dʒɑrˈkɑːnd/[citation needed] (Hindi: झारखण्ड; Bengali: ঝাড়খন্ড; Urdu: جھاڑکھنڈ; Jhārkhaṇḍ, pronounced [ˈdʒʱaːrkʰəɳɖ] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,714 km2 49,821 sq mi (129,040 km2). The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital while Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state. Some of the other major cities and industrial centres are Dhanbad, Bokaro and Hazaribagh.
The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests".
According to some writers like Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu Mythological book Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas, who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands. During the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara.
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Jind
Jind (Hindi: जींद) is a town in Jind District in the Indian state of Haryana. It is one of the oldest districts of Haryana. It lies in central Haryana. Rani Talab is the major tourist place Pandu-Pindara and Ramrai are the main devotional places attracting devotees for Amavasya bath.
The district derives its name from its headquarters town Jind that is said to be a corruption of Jaintapuri. It is also said that this town had been founded at the time of the Mahabharata. According to an old saying, the Pandavas built the Jayanti Devi Temple in honour of Jainti Devi (the goddess of victory), offered prayers for success, and then launched the battle with the Kauravas. The town grew up around the temple and was named Jaintapuri (Abode of Jainti Devi) which later on came to be known as Jind.
Jind is located at 29°19′N 76°19′E / 29.32°N 76.32°E / 29.32; 76.32. It has an average elevation of 227 metres (744 feet).
As of 2011[update] India census,, Jind city had a population of 166,225. Males constituted 53.3% and females 46.7% of the population respectively. Sex ratio is measured at 877 compared to national average 940. The sex ratio for the 0 to 6 year age-group is worse at 831 compared to national average 918. Jind had an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 64.3%. Male literacy was 80%, and female literacy was 67% . In Jind, children under six years of age numbered 18,825 and were 11.3% of the population in 2011 .
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Jind district
Jind district (Hindi: जींद जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Jind town is the administrative headquarters of the district. It is part of Hisar Division.
It was one of the first Sikh Kingdoms. It lies in central Haryana and is the fourth district of the Jat belt (i.e. Sonipat, Rohtak, Hissar, Jind).
The district derives its name from its headquarters town Jind that is said to be derived from Jaintapuri. It is also said that this town had been founded at the time of the Mahabharta. According to a legend, the Pandavas built a temple in honour of Jainti Devi (the goddess of victory), offered prayers for success, and then launched the battle with the Kauravas. The town grew up around the temple and was named Jaintapuri (Abode of Jainti Devi) which later on came to be known as Jind.
Raja Gajpat Singh, a great grandson of Phul, the founder of the Phulkian Misl, established an independent kingdom by seizing a large tract of country which included the territory occupied by the present district of Jind from the Afghan governor Zain Khan in 1763 and made Jind city, the capital of the state in 1776. He made a fort here in 1775. Later, Sangrur was chosen as capital of Jind State by Raja Sangat Singh (reigned 1822 to 1834). After independence, Jind State was merged with the Indian union and the territory of the present district became part of Sangrur district of Patiala and East Punjab States Union on 15 July 1948. At the time of its creation of Haryana state on 1 November 1966, Sangrur district was bifurcated and its Jind and Narwana tehsils were merged to form Jind district, one of the seven districts of the newly formed state. Jind tehsil was bifurcated to two tehsils: Jind and Safidon in 1967.
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Jind District
Jind district (Hindi: जींद जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Jind town is the administrative headquarters of the district. It is part of Hisar Division.
It was one of the first Sikh Kingdoms. It lies in central Haryana and is the fourth district of the Jat belt (i.e. Sonipat, Rohtak, Hissar, Jind).
The district derives its name from its headquarters town Jind that is said to be derived from Jaintapuri. It is also said that this town had been founded at the time of the Mahabharta. According to a legend, the Pandavas built a temple in honour of Jainti Devi (the goddess of victory), offered prayers for success, and then launched the battle with the Kauravas. The town grew up around the temple and was named Jaintapuri (Abode of Jainti Devi) which later on came to be known as Jind.
Raja Gajpat Singh, a great grandson of Phul, the founder of the Phulkian Misl, established an independent kingdom by seizing a large tract of country which included the territory occupied by the present district of Jind from the Afghan governor Zain Khan in 1763 and made Jind city, the capital of the state in 1776. He made a fort here in 1775. Later, Sangrur was chosen as capital of Jind State by Raja Sangat Singh (reigned 1822 to 1834). After independence, Jind State was merged with the Indian union and the territory of the present district became part of Sangrur district of Patiala and East Punjab States Union on 15 July 1948. At the time of its creation of Haryana state on 1 November 1966, Sangrur district was bifurcated and its Jind and Narwana tehsils were merged to form Jind district, one of the seven districts of the newly formed state. Jind tehsil was bifurcated to two tehsils: Jind and Safidon in 1967.
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Kabul
Kabul ( /ˈkɑːbəl/, /ˈkɑːbuːl/; Pashto: کابل Kābəl, IPA: [kɑˈbəl]; Persian: کابل Kābol, IPA: [kɒːˈbol]), also spelled Cabool, Caubul or Cabul, mostly in historical contexts, is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Kabul is the 5th fastest growing city in the world [2] and the world's 64th largest city [3]. It is also the capital of Kabul Province, located in the eastern section of Afghanistan. According to latest estimates, the population of the Kabul metropolitan area is over 4 million.
The city serves as the nation's cultural and learning centre, situated 1,791 metres (5,876 ft) above sea level in a narrow valley, wedged between the Hindu Kush mountains along the Kabul River. It is linked with Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-e Sharif via the circular Highway 1 that stretches across Afghanistan. It is also the start of the main road to Jalalabad and further to Peshawar, Pakistan. The Kabul International Airport is located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the center of the city, next to the Wazir Akbar Khan neighborhood. Bagram Airfield is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Kabul.
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Kaithal
Kaithal (Punjabi: ਕੈਥਲ) (Hindi: कैथल) is a city and a municipal council in Kaithal district in the Indian state of Haryana. Kaithal was previously a part of Karnal District and later, Kurukshetra District until 1 November 1989, when it became the headquarters of the Kaithal District of Haryana. Kaithal shares common boundary with Patiala (Punjab), Kurukshetra, Jind and Karnal.
Kaithal is located at 29°48′N 76°23′E / 29.8°N 76.38°E / 29.8; 76.38. It has an average elevation of 220 metres (721 feet).
This city is situated on National Highway NH 65, connecting the state capital Chandigarh to Hissar, and has a rail connection to Kurukshetra and Narwana which further goes to Jind (local trains only).
Historically, it was known as Kapisthal, meaning "Abode of Kapi", another name of Lord Hanuman, and it is said to have been founded by the Pandava Emperor, Yudhisthira of Mahabharata. It is traditionally connected with Hanuman, and has a temple dedicated to Anjani, the mother of Hanuman. Timur stopped here in 1398, before attacking Delhi. Later, the city became a Muslim cultural centre, under the rule of Delhi Sultanate. Tombs of several Sufi saints dating from the 13th century can be found in the city today; most important among them is that of Sheikh Sala -ud-din of Bhalkh (1246 CE). The town was renovated and a fort was built during the rule of the Mughal Emperor, Akbar, and as per Ain-i-Akbari, it was a pargana, under the sarkar of Sirhind, and had developed into an agricultural centre
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Kaithal District
Kaithal district (Hindi: कैथल जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana, state in northern India. Kaithal town is the district headquarters. The district occupies an area of 2317 km². It has a population of 946,131 (2001 census). This district is part of Ambala Division.
This district came into existence on 1 November 1989.
Kaithal district comprises two tehsils: Kaithal and Guhla. 4 Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in this district are Guhla, Kalayat, Kaithal and Pundri. All of these are part of Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency.
According to the 2011 census Kaithal district has a population of 1,072,861, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 423rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 463 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,200 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.39 %. Kaithal has a sex ratio of 880 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 70.6 %.
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Kaithal district
Kaithal district (Hindi: कैथल जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana, state in northern India. Kaithal town is the district headquarters. The district occupies an area of 2317 km². It has a population of 946,131 (2001 census). This district is part of Ambala Division.
This district came into existence on 1 November 1989.
Kaithal district comprises two tehsils: Kaithal and Guhla. 4 Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in this district are Guhla, Kalayat, Kaithal and Pundri. All of these are part of Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency.
According to the 2011 census Kaithal district has a population of 1,072,861, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 423rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 463 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,200 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.39 %. Kaithal has a sex ratio of 880 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 70.6 %.
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Kalka
Kalka (Hindi: कालका) is a town in the Panchkula district of Haryana, India. The name of the town is derived from the goddess Kali. The town is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas and is a gateway to the neighbouring state of Himachal Pradesh. It is on the National Highway 22 between Chandigarh and Shimla, and is the terminus of the Kalka-Shimla Railway. To the south of Kalka is Pinjore, and the industrial town of Parwanoo (Himachal Pradesh) is to the north on the NH 22. Industrial development has led to a continuous urban belt from Pinjore to Parwanoo, but Kalka remains largely unaffected by these developments. Nearby is Chandimandir Cantonment where the Western Command of the Indian army is based.
Kalka was acquired by British India from the Princely state of Patiala in 1843 as a depot for Simla, the summer capital of the Raj. It became the junction for the Delhi-Ambala - Kalka, and the Kalka - Simla railways. By 1901, the town, administered as a notified area, had a population of 7,045, a railway workshop, and was a market for ginger and turmeric. The Kalka municipal committee was created on 11 April 1933.
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Kannauj
Kannauj (Hindi: क़न्नौज, Urdu: قنوج), also spelt Kanauj, is a city, administrative headquarters and a municipal board or Nagar Palika Parishad in Kannauj district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The city's name is traditionally derived from the term Kanyakubja (The city of the hunchbacked maidens). Kannauj is an ancient city, in earlier times the capital of Emperor Harshavardhan. It is said that Kanyakubja Brahmin's are originally from Kannauj. Kannauj is known for the distilling of scents and is a market center for tobacco, perfume, and rose water. It has given its name to a distinct dialect of the Hindi language known as Kanauji. It was called Calinipaxa during reign of Alexander the Great.
Kannuaj remained a focal point for the three powerful dynasties, namely the Gurjara Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas, between the 8th and 10th centuries. The conflict between the three dynasties has been referred to as the Tripartite struggle by many historians.
There were initial struggles but ultimately the Gurjar Pratihars succeeded in retaining the city. The Gurjar Pratihars ruled Malwa, which was bounded to the South by the Rashtrakuta Empire, and the Pala dynasty to the East. The Tripartite Struggle began with the defeat of Indrayudh at the hands of Gurjar Pratihar ruler Vatsaraja. The Pala ruler Dharampala was also keen to establish his authority at Kannauj, giving rise to a struggle between Vatsaraja and Dharampala. Dharampala was however defeated. Taking advantage of the chaos, the Rastrakuta ruler Dhruva surged northwards, defeated Vatsaraja, and took Kannauj for himself, completing the furthest northern expansion by a South Indian ruler.
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Karnal
Karnal pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: करनाल) is an important city and the headquarters of Karnal District in the Indian state of Haryana.
Karnal is said to have been founded by the Kauravas in the Mahabharata era for the king Karna, a mythological hero and a key figure in the epic tale. It is midway between Delhi and Chandigarh, being 123 km (76 mi) north of Delhi and 126 km (78 mi) south of Chandigarh, on the National Highway NH-1, which is famous as the Grand Trunk Road. Delhi and Chandigarh can be reached from Karnal within 2 hours using the very high frequency bus service provided by the Haryana Roadways.
Karnal is famous for its world class research[citation needed]and development institutes, namely Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), National Diary Research Institute (NDRI), Directorate of Wheat Research (DWR), National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), the production of very high-quality basmati rice and lush green pastures. Karnal is also famous for manufacture of agricultural implements and its spares as more than 40%[citation needed] of country agricultural implements and spares are manufactured here. One of the bigger units involved in the manufacture of spares is Karnal Agricultural Industries Ltd. having largest manufacturing base in the country.
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Karnal district
Karnal district (Hindi: करनाल जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Karnal town is the administrative headquarters of the district. Other major towns in this district are Assandh, Gharaunda, Nilokheri, Indri and Uncha Siwana. This district is part of Rohtak Division.
Karnal district was one of the districts of Punjab state. It became one of the seven districts of Haryana state at the time of its inception on 1 November 1966. Later Kurukshetra district was separated from it on 23 January 1973, Kaithal district was separated from it on 1 November 1989. Panipat district was merged with it on 24 July 1991 but again separated from this district on 1 January 1992.
Shaheed Baba Tapa Singh ji an 18th century Sikh Warrior Preached Sikhism in Karnal Countryside and Neighboring Regions.
Karnal district lies on the western bank of the river Yamuna, which forms its eastern boundary and separates Haryana from Uttar Pradesh. Karnal District, including Panipat, lies between 29 09' 50" and 29 50' North and 76 31' 15" and 77 12' 45" East; its height above sea level is around 240 meters. The district has an area of 1,967 km² and its population is 1,274,183 (2001 census). Karnal District is bordered by Kurukshetra District on its north-west, Jind & Kaithal Districts on its west, Panipat District on its south and Uttar Pradesh state on the east.
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Karnal District
Karnal district (Hindi: करनाल जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Karnal town is the administrative headquarters of the district. Other major towns in this district are Assandh, Gharaunda, Nilokheri, Indri and Uncha Siwana. This district is part of Rohtak Division.
Karnal district was one of the districts of Punjab state. It became one of the seven districts of Haryana state at the time of its inception on 1 November 1966. Later Kurukshetra district was separated from it on 23 January 1973, Kaithal district was separated from it on 1 November 1989. Panipat district was merged with it on 24 July 1991 but again separated from this district on 1 January 1992.
Shaheed Baba Tapa Singh ji an 18th century Sikh Warrior Preached Sikhism in Karnal Countryside and Neighboring Regions.
Karnal district lies on the western bank of the river Yamuna, which forms its eastern boundary and separates Haryana from Uttar Pradesh. Karnal District, including Panipat, lies between 29 09' 50" and 29 50' North and 76 31' 15" and 77 12' 45" East; its height above sea level is around 240 meters. The district has an area of 1,967 km² and its population is 1,274,183 (2001 census). Karnal District is bordered by Kurukshetra District on its north-west, Jind & Kaithal Districts on its west, Panipat District on its south and Uttar Pradesh state on the east.
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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Kurukshetra
Kurukshetra pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: कुरुक्षेत्र) is a land of historical and religious importance. Historically the land belonged to Punjab, but now it is a district in Haryana state of India. It is a holy place and is also known as Dharmakshetra ("Holy City"). According to the Puranas, Kurukshetra is named after King Kuru, the ancestor of Kauravas and Pandavas, as depicted in epic Mahabharata. The importance of the place is attributed to the fact that the Kurukshetra War of the Mahabharata was fought on this land and the Bhagavad Gita was preached on this land during the war when Lord Krishna found Arjuna in a terrible dilemma.
Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' has written an epic poem by the title of Kurukshetra. It is a narrative poem based on the Santi Parva of the Mahabharata. It was written at a time when the memories of the Second World War were fresh on the mind of the poet.
Thanesar or Sthaneswar is a historical town located adjacent to what is now the newly created Kurukshetra city. Thanesar derives its name from the word "Sthaneshwar", which means "Place of God". The Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple, whose presiding deity is Lord Shiva, is believed to be the oldest temple in the vicinity. Local hearsay identifies the legendary "Kurukshetra" with a nearby place known as Thanesar. A few kilometers from Kurukshetra is the village known as Amin, where there are remnants of a fort which is believed to be Abhimanyu's fort.
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Kurukshetra district
Kurukshetra district (Hindi: कुरुक्षेत्र जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. The town of Kurukshetra, a sacred place for the Hindus, is the administrative headquarters of this district. The district occupies an area of 1682.53 km². The district has a population of 825,454 (2001 census). This district is part of Ambala division.
The district derived its name from the ancient region of Kurukshetra, which literally means the land of the Kurus. It is believed that the Kurukshetra war described in the Mahabharata and the Puranas was fought here and Krishna recited the Bhagavat Gita to Arjuna on the battlefield before the war.
The district was carved out from the erstwhile Karnal district in 1973. Later some parts of this district were transferred to Kaithal and Yamuna Nagar districts at the time of their creation.
Kurukshetra district comprises two sub-division: Thanesar and Pehowa. Thanesar sub-division comprises two tehsils, Thanesar and Shahabad and two sub-tehsils, Ladwa and Babain. Pehowa sub-division consists of Pehowa tehsil and Ismailabad sub-tehsil. The significant towns in this district are Kurukushetra, Thanesar and Pehowa. Due to its location at punjab border it has a substantial sikh population also
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Kurukshetra District
Kurukshetra pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: कुरुक्षेत्र) is a land of historical and religious importance. Historically the land belonged to Punjab, but now it is a district in Haryana state of India. It is a holy place and is also known as Dharmakshetra ("Holy City"). According to the Puranas, Kurukshetra is named after King Kuru, the ancestor of Kauravas and Pandavas, as depicted in epic Mahabharata. The importance of the place is attributed to the fact that the Kurukshetra War of the Mahabharata was fought on this land and the Bhagavad Gita was preached on this land during the war when Lord Krishna found Arjuna in a terrible dilemma.
Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' has written an epic poem by the title of Kurukshetra. It is a narrative poem based on the Santi Parva of the Mahabharata. It was written at a time when the memories of the Second World War were fresh on the mind of the poet.
Thanesar or Sthaneswar is a historical town located adjacent to what is now the newly created Kurukshetra city. Thanesar derives its name from the word "Sthaneshwar", which means "Place of God". The Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple, whose presiding deity is Lord Shiva, is believed to be the oldest temple in the vicinity. Local hearsay identifies the legendary "Kurukshetra" with a nearby place known as Thanesar. A few kilometers from Kurukshetra is the village known as Amin, where there are remnants of a fort which is believed to be Abhimanyu's fort.
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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.[clarification needed] The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.
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Lok Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′3″N 77°12′30″E / 28.6175°N 77.20833°E / 28.6175; 77.20833
The Lok Sabha (Hindi: लोक सभा) or House of the People is the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by direct election under universal adult suffrage. As of 2009, there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. The Constitution limits the Lok Sabha to a maximum of 552 members, including no more than 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two appointed non-partisan members to represent the Anglo-Indian community (if the President feels that that community is not adequately represented).
Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five-year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a proclamation of emergency. In such cases, the term may be extended by one-year increments. The 15th Lok Sabha was formed in May 2009.
An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001. This exercise, which was supposed to be carried out after every census, was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects of the family planning program which was being implemented. Today, the Lok Sabha has its own TV channel, Lok Sabha TV, head-quartered within the premises of Parliament.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Mahendragarh
Mahendragarh is a town and a municipal committee in Mahendragarh district in the north Indian state of Haryana.
Mahendragarh is located at 28°17′N 76°09′E / 28.28°N 76.15°E / 28.28; 76.15. It has an average elevation of 262 metres (859 feet).It is bounded on the north by Bhiwani and Rohtak districts, on the east by Rewari district and Alwar district of Rajasthan, on the south by Alwar, Jaipur and Sikar districts of Rajasthan, and on the west by Sikar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan. It has 2 tehsils of Narnaul and Mahendergarh.
It is named after Maharaj Mahendra singh who was the rular during the Mughal era. It is situated at the bank of Dohan river (which was a seasonal river),which is at the verge of extinction.
Mahendragarh is emerging as the new education hub of haryana with several high standard schools and colleges including engineering college. Also the Central University is opening shortly here.
Central University has been started in Mahendergarh, Village-Pali at present classes are being held at Narnaul B.Ed. Campus. which is a Government College.
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Manipur
Manipur /mænɨˈpʊər/ (Pronunciation manipur (help·info)), literally meaning "a jeweled land", is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to the east. It covers an area of 22,347 square kilometres (8,628 sq mi).
The Meiteis (Meeteis), who live primarily in the state's valley region, form the primary ethnic group (60% of the total population) but occupy only 10% of the total land area. Their language, Meiteilon (Meeteilon), (also known as Manipuri), is also the lingua franca in the state, and was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 1992. The Muslims (Meitei-Pangal) also live in the valley; the Kukis, Nagas, Paites and other smaller groups form about 40% of the population but occupy the remaining 90% of the total land area of Manipur State. Manipur is considered a sensitive border state.[citation needed]
Manipur state has taken Bengali script of writing but now-a-days started in their original scripts "Meetei/Meitei Mayek(Script)" at schools as well as in Newspapers.
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Meghalaya
Meghalaya /ˌmɛɡəˈleɪə/ (Hindi: मेघालय; pronounced [meːˈɡʱaːləjə]) is a state in north-eastern India. The word "Meghalaya" literally means the Abode of Clouds in Sanskrit and other Indic languages. Meghalaya is a hilly strip in the eastern part of the country about 300 km long (east-west) and 100 km wide, with a total area of about 8,700 sq mi (22,720 km²). The population numbered 2,175,000 in 2000. The state is bounded on the north by Assam and by Bangladesh on the south. The capital is Shillong also known as the Scotland of the East, which has a population of 260,000.
About one third of the state is forested. The Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests of Meghalaya are notable for their biodiversity of mammals, birds, and plants. It was previously part of Assam, but on January 21, 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya.
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Mewat district
Mewat district (Hindi: मेवात जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. The district was carved as the 20th district of Haryana from erstwhile Gurgaon and Hathin Block of Faridabad districts on 4 April 2005. though Hathin Sub Division was shifted to New district Palwal in 2008.It is bounded by Gurgaon district on the north, Rewari district on the west and Faridabad and Palwal districts on the east. Nuh town is the headquarters of this district. The district occupies an area of 1859.61 km². The district has a population of 10,89,406 (2011 census). Mewat is populated by the Meos, who are agriculturalists.
Mewat district was carved from erstwhile Gurgoan and Hathin sub-division of Faridabad district and came into existence on 4 April 2005 as the 20th district of the Haryana State. After the formation of Palwal district, Hathin sub-division was transferred to Palwal district. Nuh town is Mewat district's headquarter. The district comprises Nuh, Taoru, Nagina, Firozpur Jhirka and Punhana blocks, 431 villages and 297 panchayats. There were 512 villages and 365 panchayats in Mewat district before Hathin Block was transferred to Palwal district.
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Mewat District
Mewat district (Hindi: मेवात जिला) is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. The district was carved as the 20th district of Haryana from erstwhile Gurgaon and Hathin Block of Faridabad districts on 4 April 2005. though Hathin Sub Division was shifted to New district Palwal in 2008.It is bounded by Gurgaon district on the north, Rewari district on the west and Faridabad and Palwal districts on the east. Nuh town is the headquarters of this district. The district occupies an area of 1859.61 km². The district has a population of 10,89,406 (2011 census). Mewat is populated by the Meos, who are agriculturalists.
Mewat district was carved from erstwhile Gurgoan and Hathin sub-division of Faridabad district and came into existence on 4 April 2005 as the 20th district of the Haryana State. After the formation of Palwal district, Hathin sub-division was transferred to Palwal district. Nuh town is Mewat district's headquarter. The district comprises Nuh, Taoru, Nagina, Firozpur Jhirka and Punhana blocks, 431 villages and 297 panchayats. There were 512 villages and 365 panchayats in Mewat district before Hathin Block was transferred to Palwal district.
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Mizoram
Mizoram /mɨˈzɔrəm/ (Mizo pronunciation: /mɪ.'zoʊ.'rʌm/) (from mi 'people', zo 'hill', ram 'country', Land of the Hill People / Mizo people") is one of the Seven Sister States listed as in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighboring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar Burma. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. Its capital is Aizawl. Mizoram is located in the northeast of India.
Mizoram has a mild climate, comfortable in summer 20 °C to 29 °C (68 °F to 84 °F) and never freezing during winter, with temperatures from 7 °C to 21 °C (44 °F to 70 °F). The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The average state rainfall is 254 cm (100 in.), per annum. In the capital, Aizawl rainfall is about 208 centimetres (82 in.) and in Lunglei, another major center, about 350 centimetres (138 in.)
Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hills ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state are about 1,000 metres (3,281 feet). These gradually rise up to 1,300 metres (4,265 feet) to the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a height of over 2,000 metres (6,562 feet). Phawngpui Tlang also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the south-eastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at 2,210 metres (7,251 feet).
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Morni
Morni is a village and tourist attraction in the Morni Hills in the Panchkula district of the Indian state of Haryana. It is located around 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Chandigarh, and is known for its Himalayan views, flora, and lakes. The name of Morni is believed to have been the name of a queen who once ruled the area.
The Morni Hills are offshoots of the Shivalik range of the Himalayas, which run in two parallel ranges. The village of Morni lies on the mountainside, at 1,220 metres (4,000 ft) above mean sea level. Among the spurs of the hills lie two lakes, the larger of these being about 550 metres (1,800 ft) long and 460 metres (1,510 ft) broad, and the smaller around 365 metres (1,198 ft) either way. A hill divides the two lakes, but there is theorised to be a hidden channel linking them, as the water level of two lakes remains roughly the same. Morni locals look upon the lakes as sacred.
The Haryana Government has constructed the Mountain Quail Resort for tourists, along with a motorable road to connect the Morni Hills with the Haryana State Highway near Panchkula. Three further roads connect Morni to Chandigarh and other nearby towns. An Indian Forest Department rest house named "Lal Munia" and a PWD rest house have also been constructed to accommodate tourists and trackers. The resort includes small playgrounds for children, along with a roller skating rink and a swimming pool. There is an old fort in the Morni area, which is now in ruins. The hills are covered by pine trees, and are popular trekking locations.
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Nagaland
Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in the far north-eastern part of India. It borders the state of Assam to the west, Arunachal Pradesh and part of Assam to the north, Burma to the east and Manipur to the south. The state capital is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur. The state of Nagaland has an area of 16,579 km2 with a population of 1,980,602 (nineteen lakhs eighty thousand six hundred two) as per the 2011 census making it one of the smallest states of India. The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley. Mount Saramati is the highest peak in Nagaland with a height of 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Burma. It lies between the parallels of 98 degree and 96 degree East Longitude and 26.6 degree and 27.4 degree latitude North of the Equator.
Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union, was established on December 1, 1963. It is divided into eleven districts: Kohima, Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha, Zunheboto, Tuensang, Mon, Dimapur, Kiphire, Longleng and Peren. It is a largely mountainous state. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland. Principal crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and fibres. Other economy boosters are forestry, cottage industries, insurance, real estate and tourism.
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Narwana
Narwana (Hindi: नरवाना is a city in the Jind district of state Haryana, India.
Narwana is nicknamed as NRW. and according to historical references and the ancestors there are several myths related to existence of city's name. One of them is that it was named after a lake, Nirwana, near Baba Gaibi Sahib Temple. And another one is that people with surname Mor lived in Narwana with a large number of population before and was called as Morwana before and later it was changed to Narwana.
Narwana is located at 29°37′00″N 76°07′00″E / 29.616667°N 76.116667°E / 29.616667; 76.116667. It has an average elevation of 213 metres (702 feet). The terrain of Narwana shows great views.
Narwana features an atypical version of the humid subtropical climate. Summers are long and extremely hot, from early April to mid-October, with the monsoon season in between. The months of March to May see a time of hot prickling heat. Monsoon arrives at the end of June, bringing some respite from the heat, but increasing humidity at the same time. The brief, mild winter starts in late November and peaks in January and is notorious for its heavy fog. Extreme temperatures range from −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) to 46.7 °C (116.1 °F).
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Nepal
Nepal (नेपाल) (i/nɛˈpɔːl/ ne-PAWLNepali: नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million.
Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
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Orissa
Orissa /ɔːˈrɪsə/ (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା [oˑɽisaˑ], Hindi: ओड़िशा – Oṛiśā), officially spelled Odisha, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was established on April 1, 1936, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Oriya speakers. April 1st is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa (formation day of Orissa). Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until April 13, 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new capital of Orissa, and is the present capital of this state.
Orissa is the ninth largest state by area in India, and the eleventh largest by population. Oriya (officially spelled Odia) is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by three quarters of the population. Orissa has a relatively unindented coastline (about 480 km long) and lacked good ports, except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamara Port (The Dhamra Port Company Limited (DPCL) is a 50:50 joint venture of L&T and Tata Steel. DPCL has been awarded a concession by Government of Orissa to build and operate a port north of the mouth of river Dhamra in Bhadrak district). The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta supports the bulk of the population. The interior of the state is mountainous and sparsely populated.Deomali at 1672 m is the highest point of the state. Orissa is subject to intense cyclones. The most intense one, in October 1999, Tropical Cyclone 05B caused severe damage and nearly 15,000 deaths.
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Palwal
Palwal (Hindi: पलवल) is a city and a municipal council. It is the headquarters of Palwal district, the 21st district of Haryana state in northern India
It is situated at a distance of 60 km from Delhi on the Delhi-Mathura highway. The latitude of the town is 28° 40' N and longitude is 76° 59' E. The area of town is 22.10 km².
It is a place of great antiquity, supposed to figure in the earliest Aryan traditions under the name of Apelava, part of the Pandava kingdom of Indraprastha, which was later restored by Vikramaditya.
Its importance is mainly historical, but it is a centre for the cotton trade in the area. It is the site of a Hindu temple called "Panchvati" which is a great symbol of the religion. Mahatama Gandhi was arrested for the first time at the Palwal station. Palwal Station Have Highest Numbers Of Platforms(8) In Whole Haryana. There are many hospitals like City hospital, Bagla Nursing Home, Manav Kalyan Ultrasound Centre. The Biggest Hospital in the region, Om Spero Hospital, is situated on National Highway-2.
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Panchkula
Panchkula (Hindi: पंचकुला़, Punjabi: ਪੰਚਕੁਲਾ) is a planned city in Panchkula district, Haryana, India. It is a satellite city of the Union Territory of Chandigarh. It also shares seamless border with Mohali district in Punjab. The prestigious Chandimandir Cantonment Headquarters of the Indian Army Western Command, is also located in Panchkula city. There are five towns in the Panchkula district, Pinjore, Kalka, Barwala, Panchkula and Raipur Rani. Morni is the only Hill station in Haryana. The estimated population of Panchkula city, in 2006, was 200,000. Panchkula and Mohali (in Punjab) are two satellite cities of Chandigarh. These three cities are collectively known as Chandigarh Tricity.
The origin of the name Panchkula is based on the five irrigation canals (or kuls as they were called, making it Panch Kul of five canals) that take water from the Ghaggar in the uphill section and distribute it from Nada Sahib to Mansa Devi. The Nada canal has now been eroded by the river and most of the kul's pass through the cantonement of Chandimandir towards Mansa Devi. The canals are a beautiful example of community property and are maintained by the villagers along the way, with distribution days decided. The canals were made by a ruler in the past, and follow the contours to take water to levels much higher than the river at the same spot.
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Panchkula District
Panchkula district (Hindi: पंचकुला़ जिला) is the newly formed 17th district of Haryana state in India. As formed 15 August 1995, it comprises two sub divisions and two Tehsils named Panchkula and Kalka. It has 264 villages out of which 12 villages are un-inhabited and 10 villages wholly merged in towns or treated as census towns according to census 1991. There are five towns in the district named Barwala, Kalka, Panchkula, Pinjore and Raipur Rani. Total population of the district is 319398 out of which 173557 are males and 145841 are females.
As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Haryana (out of 21).
Panchkula city is the headquarters of this district. Chandimandir Cantonment is located in this district, adjoining the Panchkula Urban Estate.
According to the 2011 census Panchkula district has a population of 558,890, roughly equal to the nation of Solomon Islands or the US state of Wyoming. This gives it a ranking of 537th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 622 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,610 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.32 %. Panchkula has a sex ratio of 870 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.4 %.
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Panchkula district
Panchkula district (Hindi: पंचकुला़ जिला) is the newly formed 17th district of Haryana state in India. As formed 15 August 1995, it comprises two sub divisions and two Tehsils named Panchkula and Kalka. It has 264 villages out of which 12 villages are un-inhabited and 10 villages wholly merged in towns or treated as census towns according to census 1991. There are five towns in the district named Barwala, Kalka, Panchkula, Pinjore and Raipur Rani. Total population of the district is 319398 out of which 173557 are males and 145841 are females.
As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Haryana (out of 21).
Panchkula city is the headquarters of this district. Chandimandir Cantonment is located in this district, adjoining the Panchkula Urban Estate.
According to the 2011 census Panchkula district has a population of 558,890, roughly equal to the nation of Solomon Islands or the US state of Wyoming. This gives it a ranking of 537th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 622 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,610 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.32 %. Panchkula has a sex ratio of 870 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.4 %.
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Panipat
Panipat pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: पानीपत) بَنِبَت is an ancient and historic city in Panipat district, Haryana state, India. It is 90 km north from Delhi and 169 km south of Chandigarh on NH-1. The three battles fought at the city were turning points in Indian history. The city is famous in India by the name of "City of Weaver". The first verse of the Bhagavad Gita is possibly referencing to Panipat as 'Dharmakshetra'
According to the legend, Panipat was one of the five cities (prasthas) founded by the Pandava brothers during the times of the Mahabharata; its historic name being Panduprastha. Panipat was the scene of three pivotal battles in Indian history.
The First Battle of Panipat was fought on 21 April 1526 between Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan of Delhi, and the Timurid warlord Zaheeruddin Babur. Babur's force defeated Ibrahim's much larger force of over one lakh (one hundred thousand) soldiers.This First battle of Panipat thus ended the 'Lodi Rule' established by Bahlul Lodhi in India.
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Peshawar
Peshawar (Pashto: پېښور Pēx̌awar; Hindko: پيشور Pishōr; Urdu: پشاور Pishāwar; Persian: پیشاور P īshāwar; pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as NWFP), and the administrative centre and central economic hub for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Peshawar is situated in a large valley near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. Known as "City on the Frontier", Peshawar's strategic location on the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia has made it one of the most culturally vibrant and lively cities in the greater region. Peshawar is irrigated by various canals of the Kabul River and by its right tributary, the Bara River.
Peshawar has evolved into one of Pakistan's most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in urban population, in part due to internal migration of people in search of better employment opportunities, education, and services, and in part because of the influx of Afghan refugees and other people displaced by military operations and civil unrest in neighboring regions. Peshawar is the major educational, political and business center of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Pinangwan
Pinangwan (Hindi: पिनगवां) is located at 27.90°N, 77.10°E in National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR), in Mewat district (formerly Gurgaon) in Haryana. It is located at Main District Road 131 of Haryana, 9 km from Gurgaon Alwar State Highway and 28 km from National Highway 2(Delhi to Mathura). It is located around 100 km south of Delhi, and about 370 km south of Chandigarh, the capital of Haryana. As the town falls on southern edge of the border of Haryana, it is very near to Alwar and Bharatpur Districts of Rajasthan and Mathura District of Uttar Pradesh.
According to 2001 census, Pinangwan had a population of 8441. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Pinangwan has an average literacy rate of 46%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 30%.
Pinangwan is an old town. Qazi Dost Mohammad was the Qazi of Pinangwan during 17th century. He had one daughter Bibi Rabiya and two sons Deewan Idris Mohammad and Durwesh Mohammad. Bibi Rabiya was married to Qazi Abdul Baqi son of Qazi Ibrahim ibn Qazi Mahmood ibn Hākim-e Shariah Shareef Qazi-e Aazam ibn Qazi Ziauddin.
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Pinjore
Pinjore (Hindi: पिंजौर) is a town in Panchkula district in the Indian state of Haryana.
As of 2001[update] India census, Pinjore had a population of 25,498. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Pinjore has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 72%. In Pinjore, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Pinjore is known for the Mughal Gardens and the HMT Hindustan Machine Tools factory.
Pinjore is a small, residential 'township' located close to Chandigarh, which is set over 1800 feet above the sea level in a valley, overlooking the Sivalik Hills.
The average temperatures for summers and winters are 35 and 18 degree Celsius respectively, with rainfall concentrated over the summer months of July, August and September.
The Yadavindra Gardens at Pinjore have terraced gardens, which feature the Rajasthani Mughal style Shish Mahal, the Rang Mahal, the cubical Jal Mahal and a series of fountains and waterfalls. The gardens are open from 7am to 10pm and are illuminated at night.
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Pondicherry
Puducherry /ˌpɒndɨˈtʃɛri/ is a Union Territory of India formed out four enclaves of former French India and named for the largest, Pondicherry.
In September 2006, the territory changed its official name from Pondicherry to Puducherry, which means "New village" in the Tamil language. The territory is called புதுச்சேரி (Putuccēri) or பாண்டிச்சேரி (Pāṇṭiccēri) in Tamil, or Pondichéry in French. It is also known as "The French Riviera of the East" (La Côte d'Azur de l'Est).
Pondicherry consists of four small unconnected districts: Pondicherry, Karaikal and Yanam on the Bay of Bengal and Mahé on the Arabian Sea. Pondicherry and Karaikal are by far the larger ones and are both enclaves of Tamil Nadu. Yanam and Mahé are enclaves of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively. The territory has a total area of 492 km²: Pondicherry (city) 293 km², Karaikal 160 km², Mahé 9 km² and Yanam 30 km². It has 900,000 inhabitants (2001).
Some of those enclaves are themselves amalgamations of non-contiguous enclaves, often called pockets in India. Thus, Pondicherry district is made of 12 pockets, some of whom are very small (see map) and entirely surrounded by the territory of Tamil Nadu. For its part, Mahe district is made of 3 pockets. This unusual geography is a legacy of the colonial period since the U.T. of Puducherry has retained the borders of former French India.
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Rajound
Rajound (Rajaund) is a city in Kaithal District of Haryana State in India. Its co ordinates are 29°34'35"N 76°28'56"E
Pin code-136044
STD Code-01746
This is an administrative block and Sub Tehsil. Its population according to 2001 census is 15,335. Male population is 8,147 female population is 7,188. Rajound is located on State Highway no. 11 at Kaithal-Assandh section. frequent bus service at every 10 minutes from Kaithal to Rajound is available. Land around Rajound is fertile and well irrigated by canal water and tubewells, it is a major producer of wheat and Paddy( rice).
Facilities available at Rajound:
4 no. of Govt. Schools
3 no. of Nationalised banks and HDFC Bank
3 no. of colleges for Education, Pharmacy, Nursing and MBA
2 no. of Fuel Stations
2 no. of water supply plants based on canal water
Electricity Sub Station.
Police Station
General hospital
Historical Place:-
1 Makhdum Peer & Raju Peer.... On Rajound to Mandhwal Road & Pujari of Kaka Thakur (Surender) and Sandeep kumar
2 Baba Bahadurban Mandir.... In the middle of Village
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Rajya Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′0″N 77°12′30″E / 28.616667°N 77.20833°E / 28.616667; 77.20833
The Rajya Sabha (Hindi: राज्य सभा) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Rajya means state and Sabha means "assembly" in Sanskrit. Membership is limited to 250 members, 12 of whom are chosen by the President of India for their expertise in specific fields of art, literature, science, and social services. These members are known as nominated members. The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Terms of office are six years, with one third of the members retiring every two years.
The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions and, unlike the Lok Sabha, is not subject to dissolution. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses is held.
However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, it would normally hold the greater power in such joint sessions. Only three joint sessions have been held; the last one was for the passage of the anti-terror law POTA in 2002.
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Rakhigarhi
Rakhigarhi, or Rakhi Garhi (Rakhi Shahpur + Rakhi Khas), is a village in Hisar District in the northwest Indian state of Haryana, around 150 kilometers from Delhi. In 1963 archeologists discovered the village was the site of an extensive city, part of the Indus Valley Civilization. Since 1997 the Archaeological Survey of India has undertaken a detailed excavation of the site, revealing the size of the lost city (at least 2.2 km²) and recovering numerous artifacts, some over 5,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, drainage system, large rainwater collection, storage system, terracotta brick, statue production, and skilled metal working (in both bronze and precious metals) has been uncovered. Jewellery, including bangles made from terracotta, conch shells, gold, and semi-precious stones, has also been found.
The site is 224 hectares, the largest in the country.(This estimation places Rakhigarhi bigger than Mohenjadaro in size). In size, dimensions, strategic location and unique significance of the settlement, Rakhi Garhi matches Harappa and Mohenjodaro at every level. Three layers of Early, Mature and Late phases of Indus Valley civilization have been found at Rakhi Garhi. What has so far been found indicates that Rakhi Garhi settlement witnessed all the three phases. The site’s antiquities, drainage system and signs of small-scale industry are in continuity with other Indus sites. But major portion of this site is not excavacated.
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Rewari
Rewari is a city and a municipal council in Rewari district in the Indian state of Haryana. It is located in south-west Haryana around 82 km (51 mi) from Delhi and 51 km (32 mi) from Gurgaon.
Rewari was founded by Nand Ram, an Ahir leader of Bolni village.
Hemu, who reigned as king of Delhi for one month in 1556, was educated and brought up in what is now Rewari, although he was born elsewhere.[Full citation needed] His haveli (house) still stands in the Qutabpur area of the city, which in his day was a village in its own right.[Full citation needed] He became Chief of the Army and Prime Minister of Adil Shah in 1553, then defeated the army of Akbar, a Moghul emperor, at Delhi on 6 October 1556. At that point he declared himself king of Delhi. He was defeated by Akbar's army at the Second Battle of Panipat on 5 November 1556 and beheaded.
Hemu had developed a cannon foundry in Rewari, laying the foundation of a metalwork industry in brass, copper sheets and utensils manufacture for which Rewari is still known.
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Rohtak
Rohtak Pronunciation (help·info) City is a Municipal Corporation in Rohtak district that styles itself as the "Heart of Haryana". It is located 70 km Northwest of New Delhi and 210 km South of the state capital Chandigarh at the NH 10. Rohtak forms a part of National Capital Region II and is a satellite city of New Delhi.
Rohtak has several major educational institutions and is sometimes known as Education City.[dubious – discuss]
Rohtak is said to be a corruption of Rohtashgarh, a name still applied to the ruined sites of two older sites, one lying immediately north of the present town and other about 5 km towards the east.[citation needed] Traditionally, it is named after Raja Rohtash, in whose days the city is said to have been built.[citation needed] It is also claimed that the town derives its name from the Roherra (Tacoma undulate) tree called Rohitaka in Sanskrit.[citation needed] It is said that before the town came into existence it was the site of a forest of Rohitaka trees and hence the city's name became Rohtak.
As per another theory the city came into existence around 500 BC. It was mentioned as Rohitaka Kūla, Rohitaka Giri or Rohitakapura in Vedic Text and as per tradition the city is said to be founded by Rohit, the son of Harishcandra[citation needed]
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Rupnagar district
Rupnagar district (Doabi:ਰੂਪਨਗਰ ਜ਼ਿਲਾ) is one of the twenty districts in the state of Punjab in North-West Republic of India. The town of Rupnagar (formerly known as Rupar or Ropar) is said to have been founded by a Raja called Rokeshar, who ruled during the 11th century and named it after his son Rup Sen. It is also the site of an ancient town of the Indus Valley Civilization. The major cities in Ropar District are Morinda, Kurali, Anandpur Sahib. Morinda is also known as Baghawala "The City of Gardens." Morinda is located at Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway.
Rupar is a 21 metre high ancient mound overlaying the Shiwalik (also spelt as Sivalik or Shivalik) deposition on the left bank of the river Sutlej where it emerges into the lains. It has yielded a sequence of six cultural periods or phases with some breaks from the Harappan times to the present day. The excavations were carried out by Dr. Y.D. Sharma of Archaeological Survey of India. The migration of the Harappans to Rupar has been postulated through the lost Saraswati River to the Sutlej as both the river once belonged to one system.
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Sikkim
Sikkim (/ˈsɪkɨm/; Devanagari: सिक्किम, i.e. the "Goodly Region", or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim;Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, "one of the fortified place";Standard Tibetan: འབྲས་ལྗོངས་, Bras Ljongs, Denzong or Demojongs) is a landlocked Indian state located in the Himalayan mountains. The state borders Nepal to the west, China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan to the southeast, while the state of West Bengal lies to the south.
With around 607,000 inhabitants as of 2011[update], Sikkim is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa in total area, covering approximately 7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi). Sikkim is nonetheless geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas; the climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine, and Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on Sikkim's border with Nepal. Sikkim is a popular tourist destination, owing to its culture, scenery and biodiversity. It also has the only open land border between India and China. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok.
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Sirsa district
Sirsa district (Hindi: सिरसा ज़िला) is one of the districts of Haryana state, India. Sirsa is the district headquarters, and is located on National Highway 10 and 250 km away from Delhi.
The district is named after its headquarters, Sirsa. The name, Sirsa is derived from its ancient Sanskrit name Sairishaka, which is mentioned in the Mahabharata, the Ashtadhyayi and the Divyavadana. In Mahabharata, Sairishaka is described as being taken by Nakula in his conquest of the western quarter. It must have been a flourishing city in the 5th century B.C. as it has been mentioned by Panini.
There are a number of legends about the origin of the name of the town. Its ancient name was Sairishaka and from that it seems to have been corrupted to Sirsa. According to local tradition, an unknown king named Saras founded the town in 7th century A.D. and built a fort. The material remains of an ancient fort can still be seen in the south-east of the present town. It is about 5 km in circumference. According to another tradition, the name has its origin from the sacred river Sarasvati which one flowed near it. During the medieval period, the town was known as Sarsuti. It has been mentioned as Sarsuti by a number of medieval historians. The derivation of name Sirsa, is also attributed to the abundance of siris trees (Albizia lebbeck (Benth)) in the neighborhood of Sirsa which seems quite plausible for it finds some corroboration also in Panini and his commentator. In the ancient period, Sirsa was also known as Sirsapattan.
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Sirsa District
Sirsa (Hindi: सिरसा) is a city and a municipal council in Sirsa district in the Indian state of Haryana. It is a town in the westernmost region of the state, bordering Punjab and Rajasthan. Its history dates back to the time of Mahabharata. At one time, the Sarasvati River flowed in this area.
Sirsa is said to be one of the oldest places of North India and its ancient name was Sairishaka, which finds mention in Mahabharata, Panini's Ashatadhayayi and Divyavadan. In Mahabharata, Sairishaka is described as being taken by Nakula in his conquest of the western quarter. It must have been a flourishing city in the 5th century BC, as it has been mentioned by Panini.
There are a number of legends about the origin of the name of the town. It seems to have been corrupted to Sirsats from its ancient name Sairishaka. According to local tradition, an unknown king named Saras founded the town in the 7th century AD and built a fort. The material remains of an ancient fort can still be seen in the South-East of the present town. It is about 5 km in circumference. According to another tradition, the name has its origin from the sacred river Sarasvati which one flowed near it. During medieval period, the town was known as Sarsuti. It has been mentioned as Sarsuti by a number of medieval historians. In ancient period, Sirsa was also known as Sirsapattan.
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Sivalik Hills
The Sivalik hills is a mountain range of the outer Himalayas also known as Manak Parbat in ancient times. Shivalik literally means 'tresses of Shiva’. This range is about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long enclosing an area that starts almost from the Indus and ends close to the Brahmaputra, with a gap of about 90 kilometres (56 mi) between the Teesta and Raidak rivers in Assam. The width of the Shivalik hills varies from 10 to 50 km (6.2 to 31 mi), their average elevation is 1,500 to 2,000 m (4,900 to 6,600 ft).
Other spelling variations used include Shivalik and Siwalik, originating from the Hindi and Nepali word 'shiwālik parvat' शिवालिक पर्वत. Other names include Churia hills Nepali: चुरिया पर्वत, Chure hills Nepali: चूरे पर्वत, and Margalla hills.
The Sivalik hills are the southernmost and geologically youngest east-west mountain chain of the Himalayas. The Siwaliks have many sub-ranges. They extend from Sikkim westward through Nepal and Uttarakhand, continuing into Indian Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistani Azad Kashmir, and are cut through at wide intervals by large rivers flowing south from the Himalayas. Smaller rivers without sources in the high Himalayas are more likely to detour around sub-ranges. Southern slopes have networks of small rills and channels, giving rise to ephemeral streams during the monsoon and into the post-monsoon season until groundwater supplies are depleted.[citation needed]
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Sonipat
Sonipat (Hindi: सोनीपत), also spelled as Sonepat, is an ancient town and a municipal council in the Sonipat district in the state of Haryana, India. It comes under the National Capital Region and is around 20 km from Delhi's Border. The Yamuna River runs along the eastern boundary of the district. Sonipat comprises 3 sub-divisions namely Sonipat, Ganaur and Gohana and seven blocks (Sonipat, Ganaur, Rai, Kharkhoda, Gohana, Kathura and Mundlana). It has been carved out of Rohtak and made a full fledged district on 22 December 1972.
Its believed that Sonipat was founded as Swarnaprastha by the five Pandava brothers during the times of Mahabharata. Its one of the five Preasthas or towns demanded by Yudhisthira from Duryodhana as the price of peace. Another legend ascribed it to Raja Soni, the thirteenth descendent of Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers. Both the traditions are without substance. There is no mention of Sonipat in the Mahabharata, although it has been noted much earlier by the great grammarian Panini in his celebrated Ashtadhyayi. The town was therefore already in existence around 600 B.C.
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Sutlej
The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River) (Punjabi: ਸਤਲੁਜ, Sanskrit: शुतुद्रि, Śutudri, Urdu: ستلج, and Hindi: सतलज) is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroad region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. It is located north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush segment of the Himalayas, and east of the Central Sulaiman Range in Pakistan.
The Sutlej is sometimes known as the Red River. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. Its source is from Lowangko Co, Tibet near Lake Rakshastal in Tibet, China, near Mount Kailas, and it flows generally west and southwest entering India through the Shipki La pass in Himachal Pradesh. In Pakistan, it waters the ancient and historical former Bahawalpur state. The region to its south and east is arid, and is known as Cholistan a part of Bahawalpur Division. The Sutlej is joined by the Beas River in Hari-Ke-Patan, Amritsar, Punjāb, India, and continues southwest into Pakistan to unite with the Chenab River, forming the Panjnad River near Bahawalpur. The Panjnad joins the Indus River at Mithankot. Indus then flows through a gorge near Sukkur, flows through the fertile plains region of Sindh, forming large delta region between border of Gujarat, India & Pakistan and finally terminates in the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Pakistan.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Taraori
Taraori or Tarori, as it is sometimes called in the local dialect, is a city and a Tehsil (Municipal committee) 16 km north of Karnal in Karnal district in the Indian state of Haryana. It was here that in 1191 CE that the Hindu army under Prithviraj Chauhan had defeated the invading army of Muhammad of Ghaur. The following year Ghauri invaded again and defeated Prithviraj's forces at this same site. A wall around the town is now in a dilapidated condition. A mosque and a tank, said to be the works of Aurangzeb, are still in existence. Taraori is also famous for its Gurudwara (Shishganj Gurudwara)and Basmati Rice. The name of Taraori is extracted from the word "Taraine."
As of 2001[update] India census, Taraori had a population of 22,205. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Taraori has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 66%, and female literacy is 56%. In Taraori, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Most of the population works in agriculture, and Taraori has a worldwide reputation for its Basmati Rice. Basmati Rice is exported to the USA, Europe and the Middle East from here. There are a few rice shellers and small industries manufacturing dairy products, honey and so on. This is also one of the most fertile areas of Haryana.
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Thanesar
Thanesar (Hindi: थानेसर) is an old and historic town on the banks of the Sarsawati Ghaggar river in the state of Haryana in northern India. It is located in Kurukshetra District, approximately 160 km northwest of Delhi. Prabhakaravardhana, father of Harshavardhana, was the ruler of Thanesar and the first king of the Vardhana dynasty with his capital at Sthanishvara (present day Thanesar).
The name Thanesar is derived from its name in Sanskrit, Sthanishvara which means Place/Abode of the Lord. (Sthana-Place/region, Ishvara-Lord)
Thanesar was an obscure village until the 1950s. After the partition of India, a large refugee camp was set up here, which became the nucleus of a bustling commercial city. It grew so much that in 23rd January, 1973, a new district named Kurukshetra district was created, of which Thanesar was the main town. Now Thanesar is a Municipal Council. People now tend, erroneously, to refer to Thanesar town as "Kurukshetra".
The new district was named Kurukshetra in order to capitalize on the purported mythological significance of the area. According to the epic Mahabharata, Krishna along with his family came from Dwaraka to participate in the fair of solar eclipse at Kurukshetra. It is believed that the Mughal Emperor Akbar, accompanied by his court historian Abul Fazl, too visited Kurukshetra during the Solar Eclipse in 1567. Abul Fazl’s Akbarnama refers to the eclipse in Kurukshetra and the Pilgrims bathing in the Brahma Sarovar. The French traveler François Bernier of the Mughal Emperor Shahjehan’s era also mentions the sacred baths at the Indus, Ganges and the sacred tanks of Thaneshwar (Kurukshetra) on the occasion of the Solar Eclipse.
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Tripura
Tripura /ˈtrɪpərə/ is a state in North East India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The third smallest state of India, it occupies an area of 4,051 sq mi (10,490 km2). Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to its east. The state capital is Agartala. A landlocked state, Tripura's geography is characterized by several north-south laid parallel hill ranges with intervening valleys, and plain in the western part of the state.
The area of the modern Tripura was part of an independent Tripuri kingdom that ruled for several centuries, probably millennia. It was known as "Hill Tippera" during the British rule in India. The kingdom merged with independent India on 15 October 1949 by the Tripura Merger Agreement. Ethnic strife between original tribes and largely migrant Bengali population led to tension and scattered violence since 1970s. Establishment of an autonomous tribal zone soothed such tensions to a great extent, and the state remains peaceful, as of 2012.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
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Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand[needs IPA] (Sanskrit: उत्तराखण्डम्, Uttarākhanḍam ?, Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड, Uttarākhanḍ ?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: देव भूमि, Dēv bhūmi ?) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, the Mahakali Zone of Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the north west.
The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²).
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West Bengal
West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
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Yamuna Nagar
Yamuna Nagar pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: यमुनानगर, Punjabi: ਯਮੁਨਾਨਗਰ) is a city and a municipal corporation in Yamuna Nagar district in the Indian state of Haryana. This town is known for the cluster of plywood units. The older town is called Jagadhri. The Jagadhari Railway Station services the city. It is a green, clean and prosperous industrial city.[citation needed] However, due to recent spur in Industrial units in and around the city have resulted in severe air, water and soil pollution issues.[citation needed]
Yamuna Nagar has the river Yamuna running through the district, and forming the eastern boundary with the neighbouring Saharanpur district. This boundary is also a state boundary, as Saharanpur is in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The distt. also separates the Yamuna system from the Satluj river system.
Towards its northern edge is a sub-mountainous region, which has more forest cover and lots of streams; it is the area where the river Yamuna flows out of the hills and into the plains. The northern boundary is also an interstate boundary with the state of Himachal Pradesh to the north. Sirmour in Himachal is the district to its north with the towns of Nahan and Paonta Sahib close to the boundary with Yamuna nagar.
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Akbar
Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar (Persian: جلال الدین محمد اکبر - Jalāl ud-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar), also known as Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam or Akbar the Great (14 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), was the third Mughal Emperor. He was of Timurid descent; the son of Emperor Humayun, and the grandson of the Mughal Emperor Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler who founded the Mughal dynasty in India. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of northern and central India. He is most appreciated for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs and during his era, culture and art reached a zenith as compared to his predecessors.
Akbar was 13 years old when he ascended the Mughal throne in Delhi (February 1556), following the death of his father Humayun. During his reign, he eliminated military threats from the powerful Pashtun descendants of Sher Shah Suri, and at the Second Battle of Panipat he decisively defeated the newly self-declared Hindu king Hemu. It took him nearly two more decades to consolidate his power and bring all the parts of northern and central India into his direct realm. He influenced the whole of the Indian Subcontinent as he ruled a greater part of it as an emperor. As an emperor, Akbar solidified his rule by pursuing diplomacy with the powerful Hindu Rajput caste, and by marrying Rajput princesses.
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Babur
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530; sometimes also spelt Baber or Babar) was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother. Babur identified his lineage as Timurid and Chaghatay-Turkic. He was greatly influenced by Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.
Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Muḥammad (Persian: ﻇﻬﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ محمد, also known by his royal titles as al-ṣultānu 'l-ʿazam wa 'l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram bādshāh-e ġāzī), is more commonly known by his nickname, Bābur (بابر).
According to Stephen Frederic Dale, the name Babur is derived from the Persian word babr, meaning "tiger", a word that repeatedly appears in Firdawsī's Shāhnāma and had also been borrowed by the Turkic languages of Central Asia. This thesis is supported by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, explaining that the Turko-Mongol name Timur underwent a similar evolution, from the Sanskrit word cimara ("iron") via a modified version *čimr to the final Turkicized version timür, with -ür replacing -r due to the Turkish vowel harmony (hence babr → babür).[citation needed]
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Banarsi Das Gupta
Banarsi Das Gupta (5 November 1917 – 29 August 2007) was a chief minister of Haryana state in India.
Born in Bhiwani he studied at Pilani in Rajasthan.
He was renowned freedom Fighter and went to jail many times during the British rule. He established Parja Mandal in erstwhile Jind State in pre-independence period and launched agitation for establishment of a responsible Government in Jind State and was imprisoned several times. He undertook several padyatras, collected thousands of acres of land and distributed it among the landless during the Bhoodan Movement. He fought against traditional social abuses such as the dowry system, untouchability, and child marriage. He stood for widow re-marriage rights and started the tradition of community-marriages without dowry.
He was founder of the All India Vaish Federation (Vais Maha Sammelan); Foounder and Patron of the Maharaj Agrasen Medical Education & Scientific Research Society, Haryana, Trustee of Vaish Mahavidyalaya Trust which runs (i) Vaish Senior Secondary School and (ii) Vaish Model School, Founder and Trustee and Member of Haryana Prakritik Chikitsalaya, President of Managing Committee of (i) Vaish P.G. Boy's College, (ii) Adarsh Mahila Mahavidyalaya (also founder of this institute) and (iii) and Chief Patron of All India Agarwal Sammelan. He was president of All Indian Agarwal Sammelan for over 20 years and worked hard to unite the trading community.
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Bansi Lal
Chaudhary Bansi Lal (Hindi: चौधरी बंसी लाल) (August 26, 1927 – March 28, 2006) was an Indian freedom fighter, senior Congress leader, former Chief Minister of Haryana and considered by many to be the architect of modern Haryana. He was born in a Jat family of Golagarh village in Bhiwani district of Haryana. He served three separate terms as Chief Minister of Haryana: 1968–75, 1985–87, and 1996–99. Bansi Lal was considered a close confidante of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her son Sanjay Gandhi during the Emergency era in 1975. He served as the Defence Minister from December 1975 to March 1977, and had a brief stint as a Minister Without Portfolio in the Union government in 1975. He also held the Railways and Transport portfolios. Lal was elected to the State Assembly seven times, the first time in 1967. He set up Haryana Vikas Party after parting ways with the Indian National Congress in 1996.
Bansi Lal studied at the Punjab University Law College, Jalandhar. In 1972, the Kurukshetra University and the Haryana Agricultural University awarded him honorary degrees of Doctor of Law and Doctor of Science respectively.
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Bhajan Lal
Bhajan Lal (Hindi: भजन लाल) (6 October 1930 – 3 June 2011) was a politician and two-time chief minister from the northern Indian state of Haryana.
Bhajan Lal was born on October 6, 1930 in Koranwali, Bahawalpur District, now in Punjab (Pakistan) in a Bishnois sub-caste, and has two sons, Chander Mohan Bishnoi, who converted to Islam in December 2008 so he could marry his "love", and became Chand Mohammad (but eventually converted back to Hinduism in 2009) and Kuldeep Bishnoi. He started his political career by becoming a 'Panch' in the Adampur Gram Panchayat.
Bhajan Lal was the chief minister of the Haryana state twice, his first term from June 28, 1979 to July 5, 1985, and his second term from July 23, 1991 to May 11, 1996. He had also served as a union cabinet minister at the centre, holding the Agriculture and Environments & Forest portfolios during Rajiv Gandhi's administration. He has been a central point in Haryana politics, representing the non-Jat caste groups of the state.he was a mass leader of Haryana, to whom each community loves. But there is one quote that every Political life ends with a failure!!
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Chaudhary Devi Lal
Chaudhary Devi Lal Sihag (1914–2001) (Hindi: चौधरी देवी लाल) was an Indian politician, freedom fighter, Chief Minister of the state of Haryana and Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was born in a Jaat Hindu family of Sihag clan on 25 September 1914 in Teja Khera village of Sirsa district in Haryana, India. His mother's name was Shugna Devi and father's name was Ch. Lekh Ram Sihag.Ch. Lekh Ram was a wealthy Jaat landlord of Chautala village and he owned 2750 bighas of land. Ch. Devi Lal, whose original name was Devi Dayal, received education up to middle and also trained as a wrestler at an 'Akhara' in Badal village (Punjab). On Mahatma Gandhi's call, both he and his elder brother Ch Sahib Ram, left their studies unfinished to take part in the freedom movement. His son Om Prakash Chautala is also a former Chief Minister of the state of Haryana . He belongs to the Jaat clan of Bagris.
Chaudhari Devi Lal was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and was actively involved in the struggle for Indian independence from the British Raj. On Mahatma Gandhi's call, both he and his elder brother Ch Sahib Ram, left their studies unfinished to take part in the freedom movement.
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Chhotu Ram
Rao Bahadur Sir Chhotu Ram (November 24, 1881–January 9, 1945) was one of the most prominent pre-partition politicians in Punjab and an ideologue of the Jat peasantry and a champion of its interests. Sir Chottu Ram was the first Stephanian (St. Stephen's College, Delhi) to be knighted in 1937. He was a co-founder of the National Unionist Party and later leader of the Punjab Unionist Party.
Chhotu Ram was born on 24 November 1881 in Ohlyan clan of Hindu Jat family in village Garhi Sampla of district Rohtak in present day Haryana, India. His parents were Chaudhari Sukhiram Singh Ohlyan and Sarla Devi. His childhood name was Ramrachhpal.
Chhotu Ram joined primary school in Jan 1891, passing out four years later. He studied for his middle school examination in Jhajjar, 12 miles from his village. He left Jhajjar to be enrolled in the Christian Mission School in Delhi. He passed his intermediate examination in 1903 and then enrolled in St Stephen's College, Delhi from where he graduated in 1905 with a distinction in Sanskrit. He gained his LLB from Agra College in 1910 and began his practice as an advocate in 1912. He started the Jat-Anglo Sanskrit School on 26 March 1913 in Rohtak. He joined National Congress in 1916. Sir Chhotu Ram worked as the President of the Rohtak District Congress Committee from 1916 to 1920.
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Harsha
Harsha or Harsha Vardhana or Harshvardhan (Hindi: हर्षवर्धन) (c. 590—647) was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India from 606 to 647 AD. He was the son of Prabhakara Vardhana and younger brother of Rajya Vardhana, a king of Thanesar, Haryana. At the height of his power his kingdom spanned the Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bengal, Orissa and the entire Indo-Gangetic plain north of the Narmada River. He belonged to Bargurjar clan of Gurjars.
After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the sixth century CE, North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by fractured fragments of Gupta rulers. Harsha, a Buddhist convert, united the small republics from Punjab to central India, and they, at an assembly, crowned Harsha king in April 606 AD when he was merely 16 years old.
They were descended from a certain Pushyabhuti who founded and ruled the kingdom of Sthanvisvara or modern Thanesar, an ancient Hindu pilgrimage centre and one of the 51 Shaktipeeth's, now a small town in the vicinity of the newly created Kurukshetra in the state of Haryana north of Delhi. The name Pushpabhuti is the key to Harsha's origins and the relevant reference point is an inscription dated 181 AD and found at Gunda in the state of Gujarat. That inscription mentions a general of Rudrasimha I or Rudrasingh by the name Rudrabhuti.Rudradaman I, an ancestor of Rudrasimha I had conquered the Yaudheya, who were the original masters of Haryana.
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Hemu
Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, Hemu Vikramaditya, Raja Vikramaditya or simply Hemu (Hindi: सम्राट हेम चंद्र विक्रमादित्य) (1501–5 November 1556) was a Hindu emperor of India during the sixteenth century AD. This was one of the crucial periods in Indian history, when the Mughals and Afghans were desperately vying for power.
The son of a Hindu priest, who later became a food seller, and a vendor of saltpetre at Rewari, Hemu rose to become Chief of Army and Prime Minister of Adil Shah Suri of the Suri Dynasty. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from the Punjab to Bengal and the Mughal forces of Akbar and Humayun in Agra and Delhi, winning 22 battles continuously, without a single setback.
Hem Chandra acceded to the throne of Delhi on 7 October 1556, assuming the title of "Vikramaditya" that had been earlier adopted by many Hindu kings since the Vedic times. His Rajyabhishek (coronation) as Samrat was held at Purana Quila in Delhi. Hemu re-established the Hindu rule (albeit for a short duration) in North India, after over 350 years of Muslim rule. Some historians say that this rule was on the pattern of a strong Hindu state prevailing in South India for more than three centuries, known as 'Vijaynagar Empire'. Hemu struck coins bearing his title.
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Hoshiar Singh
Brigadier Hoshiar Singh, PVC (May 5, 1937 - December 6, 1998) was born in Sisana village, Sonipat district, Haryana to Choudhary Hira Singh. He served in the Indian Army with dedication, retiring as a Colonel. He was awarded India's highest military honor, the Param Vir Chakra. He died on 6 December 1998 of natural causes.
Hoshiar Singh married Dhanno when he was still studying in the 7th standard.[citation needed] They had three sons.[citation needed] After his schooling and one year's study at the Jat College, Rohtak, he joined the Army.[citation needed]
He was commissioned in The Grenadiers Regiment of the Indian Army on 30 June 1963.[citation needed]
His first posting was in NEFA.[citation needed] In the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, he saw some action in the Rajasthan sector.[citation needed]
During the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, the 3rd Grenadiers was given the task of establishing a bridgehead across the Basantar River in the Shakargarh Sector from 15 - 17 December 1971. The river was covered with deep minefields on both sides and protected by well-fortified defence by the Pakistani army. Major Hoshiar Singh, commander 'C' Company, was ordered to capture the Pakistani locality of Jarpal. The Pakistani Army reacted and put in sharp counterattacks. Major Hoshiar Singh went from trench to trench, motivating his command and encouraging his men to stand fast and fight as a result his company repulsed all the attacks inflicting heavy casualties on the Pakistani army. Though seriously wounded, Major Hoshiar Singh refused to be evacuated till ceasefire. Throughout this operation, Major Hoshiar Singh displayed most conspicuous gallantry, indomitable fighting spirit and leadership in the highest traditions of the Army. He was awarded the Param Vir Chakra for his bravery and leadership. He was also Mentioned-in-Despatches.
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Hukam Singh
Chaudhari Hukam Singh is a politician and former Chief Minister of the state of Haryana. He was born in a Jat Hindu family in the village Dhani Phogat (Charkhhi Dadri), Bhiwani district in Haryana, India.
Hukum Singh taken a strong action against the then IG of Police SPS Rathore in the Ruchika Griharotra case by recommending the case to CBI for inquiry.
Mr hukum Singh Phogat is also a pioneer figure in fighting for SYL Link canal, Jat Arakshan & other social issues. He was one of the most honest CM of Haryana.
About SYL Master Hukam Singh, said he had always been preferring the interests of farmers rather than political interest. Therefore, he would not hesitate to attend the meeting called by any political party over the issue. He said an all-party meeting over this sensitive issue should have been convened earlier.
The Jats in Haryana are angry that after being recommended reservations in 1990 by the Gurnam Singh Commission, the Mandal Commission ruled them out of the OBC category. Hukum Singh, the Haryana CM when the Gurnam Singh Commission report was tabled in 1991, too, notified Jats as OBCs but his successor, Bhajan Lal, withdrew it.
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Ibrahim Lodi
Ibrahim Lodi (Pashto: ابراهیم لودي, Hindi: इब्राहिम लोधी) (b.? - April 21, 1526) was one of the rulers of the Lodi dynasty who became the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate in India. He was an Afghan (specifically of the Ghilzai tribe of Pashtuns) who ruled over much of northern India from 1517 to 1526, when he was defeated by Babur's army.
Lodi attained the throne upon the death of his father, Sikandar Lodi, but was not blessed with the same ruling capability. He faced a number of rebellions. The Mewar ruler Rana Sanga extended his empire right up to western Uttar Pradesh and threatened to attack Agra. There was rebellion in the East also. Lodi also displeased the nobility when he replaced old and senior commanders by younger ones who were loyal to him. He was feared and loathed by his subjects. His Afghan nobility eventually invited Babur to invade India.
Ibrahim died in the Battle of Panipat, where Babur's artillery and the desertion of many of Lodi's soldiers led to his downfall, despite superior troop numbers.
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Jagannath Pahadia
Jagannath Pahadia (born January 15, 1932) is an Indian politician and a leader of the Indian National Congress party. He is the current Governor of the state of Haryana since 27 July 2009.
He was born in Bhusawar town of the present-day Bharatpur district of Rajasthan state on 15 January 1932 to Nathilal Pahadia and Chanda Devi. He holds M.A., LL.B, M.S.J. College, Bharatpur, Maharaja College, Jaipur and Law College Rajasthan University.
He was Chief Minister of Rajasthan state from 6 June 1980 to 14 July 1981. He was a junior level Minister in government of India for many years. He was a member of the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 7th Lok Sabha. He represented Bayana constituency in Rajasthan in the 4th, 5th and 7th Lok Sabha. His wife Shanti was also a member of Lok Sabha. He was governor of Bihar state from 3 March 1989 to 2 February 1990.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).
During Carter's term as President, two new cabinet-level departments were created: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. Throughout his career, Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation, which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979), 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States of the Moscow Olympics and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
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Kalpana Chawla
Kalpana Chawla (July 1, 1961 – February 1, 2003) was an Indian-American astronaut who, was a mission specialist on the space shuttle Columbia. She first flew on the Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. Chawla was one of seven crew members killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
Kalpana Chawla was born to a Hindu family in Karnal, Haryana, India on 1st july , 1961 to Banarasi Lal Chawla and Sanjyothi. She had 2 sisters, Sunita and Dipa, and a brother, Sanjay. She became a US citizen in 1990. She was the youngest of four siblings in the family.
Kalpana Chawla completed her earlier schooling at Tagore Public School, Karnal and her Bachelor of Engineering degree in Aeronautical Engineering at Punjab Engineering College at Chandigarh in 1982. She moved to the United States in 1982 and obtained a M.S. degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1984. Chawla went on to earn a second M.S. degree in 1986 and a Ph.D. in aerospace engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado at Boulder. Later that year she began working at the NASA Ames Research Center as vice president of Overset Methods, Inc. where she did CFD research on Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing concepts. Chawla held a Certificated Flight Instructor rating for airplanes, gliders and Commercial Pilot licenses for single and multi-engine airplanes, seaplanes and gliders.
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Kapil Dev
Kapil Dev Ramlal Nikhanj ( pronunciation (help·info)) (born 6 January 1959, Chandigarh Punjab, India), better known as Kapil Dev, is a former Indian cricketer. He captained the Indian cricket team which won the 1983 Cricket World Cup. Named by Wisden as the Indian Cricketer of the Century in 2002, Kapil Dev was also India's national cricket coach for 10 months between October 1999 and August 2000.
Kapil was a right-arm pace bowler noted for his graceful action and potent outswinger, and was India's main strike bowler for most of his career. He also developed a fine inswinging yorker during the 1980s, which he used very effectively against tail-enders. As a batsman, he was a natural striker of the ball who could hook and drive effectively. A naturally aggressive player, he often helped India in difficult situations by taking the attack to the opposition. Nicknamed The Haryana Hurricane, he represented the Haryana Cricket Team in domestic cricket. He retired in 1994, holding the world record for the most number of wickets taken in Test cricket, a record subsequently broken by Courtney Walsh in 2000. At the time, he was also India's highest wicket taker in both major forms of cricket, Tests and ODIs. He is the only player in the history of cricket to have taken more than 400 wickets and scored more than 5,000 runs in Tests, making him one of the greatest all-rounder to have played the game. On 8 March 2010, Kapil Dev was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame
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Krishna
Krishna (Sanskrit: कृष्ण) (kṛṣṇa in IAST, pronounced [ˈkr̩ʂɳə] literally "dark, black") is a central figure of Hinduism. He is known as the eighth and "complete" avatar of Lord Vishnu, come to restore Dharma to the earth in a time of great dharmic imbalance. Krishna is identified as a historical individual who participated in the events of the Mahabharata.
Krishna is often described as an infant or young boy playing a flute as in the Bhagavata Purana, or as a youthful prince giving direction and guidance as in the Bhagavad Gita. The stories of Krishna appear across a broad spectrum of Hindu philosophical and theological traditions. They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero and the Supreme Being. The principal scriptures discussing Krishna's story are the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana.
Worship of a deity of Krishna, in the form of Vasudeva, Bala Krishna or Gopala, can be traced to as early as 4th century BC. Worship of Krishna as svayam bhagavan, or the Supreme Being, known as Krishnaism, arose in the Middle Ages in the context of the bhakti movement. From the 10th century AD, Krishna became a favorite subject in performing arts and regional traditions of devotion developed for forms of Krishna such as Jagannatha in Orissa, Vithoba in Maharashtra and Shrinathji in Rajasthan. Since the 1960s the worship of Krishna has also spread in the West, largely due to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
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Lala Lajpat Rai
Lala Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) was an Indian author, freedom fighter and politician who is chiefly remembered as a leader in the Indian fight for freedom from the British Raj. He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari (Punjabi:The Lion of Punjab) or Sher-e-Punjab (Urdu:The Lion of Punjab) meaning the same and was part of the Lal Bal Pal trio. He was also associated with activities of Punjab National Bank and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages. He sustained serious injuries by the police when leading a non-violent protest against the Simon Commission and died less than three weeks later. His death anniversary (November 17) is one of several days celebrated as Martyrs' Day in India.
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Mallika Sherawat
Mallika Sherawat (Hindi: मल्लिका शेरावत, born Reema Lamba) is an Indian actress who appears mainly in Bollywood films. Known for her bold onscreen attitude, Sherawat has been frequently featured in the media as a sex symbol. She is one of the few Bollywood stars trying to crossover to Hollywood, with films like Hisss and Politics of Love.
Sherawat was born Reema Lamba in Rohtak, Haryana to a Jat family. Mallika was born in the family of Seth Chhaju Ram, a leading Jat philanthropist. She was born on October 24, though the year is unknown. She adopted the screen name of "Mallika", meaning "empress", to avoid confusion with other actresses named Reema. "Sherawat" is her mother's maiden name She has stated that she uses her mother's maiden name because of the support that her mother has provided her. Although relations with her family were strained when she entered the film industry, now Sherawat's family have accepted her career choice and reconciled their relations.
Sherawat went to school at Delhi Public School, Mathura Road. She has obtained a degree in philosophy from Miranda House, Delhi University. During the initial days of her career, she claimed to have come from a very conservative small town family, and that she faced many hurdles from her family in pursuing her career. However, Mallika's family has refuted this as a story created by her to give her an aura of a small town rustic girl who made it big in Bollywood. It has been reported that she was married for a short while to a Jet Airways pilot Captain Karan Singh Gill.
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Om Prakash Chautala
Om Prakash Chautala (born 1 January 1935) is an Indian politician from the state of Haryana and the leader of the Indian National Lok Dal political party. He is a former Chief Minister of Haryana. Presently, he is the Leader of Opposition in the Haryana Vidhan Sabha.
Chautala is the son of Chaudhari Devi Lal, a former deputy prime minister of India. He was born in a Jaat family of Sihag gotra. He was the Chief Minister of Haryana from 2 December 1989 to 2 May 1990, from 12 July 1990 to 17 July 1990, again from 22 March 1991 to 6 April 1991 and finally from 24 July 1999 to 4 March 2005. Politically, he had been part of NDA and Third Front at national level. But still he describe the Congress and BJP as Saampnath and Naagnath.
Many Controversies have been associated with Chautala since the beginning of his political career.
Chautala was publicly disowned by his father Devi Lal. He had allegedly smuggled gold watches worth Rs 100,000. Even his sons had been accused of being involved in controversies.
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Prithviraj Chauhan
Prithvi Raj III, commonly known as Prithviraj Chauhan (1149–1192 CE), was a king of the Hindu Chauhan (Chauhamana) dynasty, who ruled the kingdom of Ajmer and Delhi in northern India during the latter half of the 12th century.
Prithviraj Chauhan belonged to the Rajput Chauhan clan, which according to a legend mentioned in later manuscripts of Prithviraj Raso was part of Agnivanshi Rajputs, derived its origin from a sacrificial fire-pit. Chauhan was the last independent Hindu king to sit upon the throne of Delhi. He succeeded to the throne in 1169 CE at the age of 20, and ruled from the twin capitals of Ajmer and Delhi which he received from his maternal grandfather Arkpal or Anangpal III of the Tomara dynasty in Delhi. He controlled much of present-day Rajasthan and Haryana, and unified the Rajputs against Muslim invasions. His elopement in 1175 with Samyukta (Sanyogita), the daughter of Jai Chandra Rathod, the Gahadvala king of Kannauj, is a popular romantic tale in India, and is one of the subjects of the Prithviraj Raso, an epic poem composed by Chauhan's court poet and friend, Chand Bardai.
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Rao Birender Singh
Rao Birender Singh (20 February 1921-30 September 2009) was an Indian politician. He served as the Chief Minister of Haryana from 24 March 1967 until 2 November 1967, and also served in the union cabinet. He was the second Chief Minister of the state and first speaker of Haryana Vidhan Sabha after its secession from Punjab, which state he had also represented as a minister at one time.
Born on 20 February 1921 in the village of Nangal Pathani, he joined St Stephens College in 1942. After graduating he enrolled in the Indian National Army and fought in the Second World War.
He formed the Kisan-Mazdur party in 1952. This was the beginning of his political career. Rao Birender Singh fought as an independent candidate in the Joint Punjab Vidhan Sabha for the 1st time in 1954 and won. He joined the Congress party in 1956 under the leadership of Pandit Nehru.
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Rao Tula Ram
Rao Tula Ram (Hindi: राव तुला राम) (c. 9 December 1825–1863) was one of the key leaders of the Indian rebellion of 1857, in Haryana, where he is considered a state hero.
He is credited with having "obliterated every vestige"[citation needed] of the British rule from the region that today is southwest Haryana during the Rebellion, and also helping rebel forces fighting in the historic city of Delhi with men, money and material. Noted as a good administrator and military commander, after the 1857 uprising ended, he left India, met rulers of Iran and Afghanistan and also established contacts with the Tsar of Russia, to seek their help to fight a war to free India from the British.[citation needed] His plans were cut short by his death from dysentery in Kabul on September 23, 1863, at the age of 38.
Rao Tula Ram was born on 9 December 1825 in a noble Rao Bahadur Nirpur[clarification needed]Yadav family of Rao Bhadur Garhi-Bolni in the village of Rampura (Rewari).[citation needed] His father was Puran Singh, his grandfather Rao Tej Singh and his mother's name was Gyan Kanwar, daughter of Rao Zahari Singh, a local jagirdar.
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Seth Chhaju Ram
Seth Chhaju Ram (Hindi: सेठ सर छाजूराम) (1861-1943) was a leading Jat from Haryana, India, who made a fortune in Calcutta during the colonial raj. A philanthropist, he undertook many socially relevant projects. He financed the higher studies of Sir Chhotu Ram.
He was born at village Alakhpura, tehsil-Bawanikhera in Bhiwani district in Haryana, in the family of Chaudhary Salig Ram of Lamba gotra Hindu Jat in year 1861. His father had migrated from the village Gothra in Sikar district in Rajasthan. He completed his primary education in the village Bawanikhera and high school at Rewadi in Haryana. He could not continue his higher education due to his weak financial position.
He was married twice. His first wife was from the village Dohaka who died due to cholera. He had no son from his first wife. Then he married Lakshmi Devi of the village Vilawal in Bhiwani district and had children with her.
Chhaju Ram, at the age of 20-22, came in contact with Arya Samajist engineer Raisaheb Shivnath Rai of Bhiwani, who was very much influenced by the talents and sincerity of Chhaju Ram. He took him to Kolkata. For some time he coached Raisaheb’s children. Meanwhile he came in contact with a businessman from Rajgarh. He taught his children also.
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Sushma Swaraj
Sushma Swaraj (Hindi: सुष्मा स्वराज pronunciation (help·info)) (born 14 February 1952) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)and Member of Parliament. She is currently the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha. She is a former union cabinet minister of India and a former Chief Minister of Delhi. Also she served as the Chairperson of the BJP's 19 member campaign committee for the 2009 General Elections. She was the first female Chief Minister of Delhi.
She was born in Palwal, Haryana. She was educated at Sanatan Dharma College, Ambala Cantonment and earned a B.A. degree. She studied LL.B. from the Law Department of Punjab University, Chandigarh. She is an advocate by profession.
She has been associated with many social and cultural bodies in various capacities. She was President of the Sahitya Sammelan, Haryana for four years.
Sushma Swaraj began her political career as a student leader in the 1970s, organizing protests against Indira Gandhi's government. She was a member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly from 1977–82 and then from 1987–90. As a Janata Party MLA in Devi Lal's government, she was the Cabinet Minister of Labour and Employment (1977–1979). She joined the BJP in 1980. Under a combined Lok Dal-BJP government led by Devi Lal, she was the Cabinet Minister of Education, Food and Civil Supplies (1987–1990). She was judged Best Speaker of Haryana State Assembly for three consecutive years.
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Vibudh Shridhar
Vibudh Shridhar or Vibudha Shridhara (विबुध श्रीधर) (wrote during Vikram Samvat 1189-1230) was an accomplished Apabhramsha writer and poet in North India. He is the first known Agrawal author. His Pasanaha Chariu provides the first reference to the Agrawal community and the first historical reference to the legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi.
हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम, गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम|
परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु, जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं|
रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु, ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं|
Translation: There are countless villages in Haryana country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this country. The capital of this country is Dhilli.
जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु, णरणाहु पसिद्धउ अणंगवालु ||
वलभर कम्पाविउ णायरायु, माणिणियण मणसंजनीय ||
The ruler Anangapal is famous, he can slay his enemies with his sword. The weight (of the Iron pillar) caused the Nagaraj to shake.
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Vijender Singh
Vijender Singh Beniwal (born October 29, 1985) (also known as Vijender Singh or Vijender Beniwal) is an Olympic Medalist Indian boxer from Kalwash, Bhiwani district in Haryana.Vijender’s early days were spent in his village where he did his schooling, after which he received a bachelor’s degree from a local college in Bhiwani. He practiced boxing at the Bhiwani Boxing Club where coach Jagdish Singh recognized his talent and encouraged him to take to professional boxing.
Vijender went on to compete at the sub-junior nationals where he won a silver medal for two years in succession. Having won medals in different competitions at the national level, Vijender was picked to train and compete at several international level competitions such as the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games. At the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, he won the bronze medal after losing the semifinal bout against Kazakhstan's Bakhtiyar Artayev. At the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, he defeated Carlos Góngora of Ecuador 9–4 in the quarterfinals which guaranteed him a bronze medal—the first ever Olympic medal for an Indian boxer.
wn.com/Vijender_Singh -
Vikas Krishan Yadav
Vikas Krishan Yadav (born 10 February 1992) is an Indian male boxer from Bhiwani district in Haryana, who won a gold medal in the 2010 Asian Games in the Lightweight category.
Yadav was born in Singhwa Khas village in Hisar district. His father Krishan Kumar Yadav is an employee in the Elecy. Deptt.. In 1994 he came to Bhiwani along with his father, who was transferred to this city. In 2003, Yadav joined the Bhiwani Boxing Club. Later, he received training in the Army Sports Institute at Pune. Presently, Yadav is an employee of the Haryana State Electricity Board.
In the 2010 Asian Youth Boxing Championships at Teheran in March, 2010 Yadav won a gold medal. He won a gold medal in the 2010 Youth World Amateur Boxing Championships at Baku in the Lightweight category, defeating Evaldas Petrauskas of Lithuania. On 24 August 2010, he won a bronze medal in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics at Singapore in Lightweight category after being defeated by Evaldas Petrauskas of Lithuania. On 25 November 2010, in the finals of the 2010 Asian Games Lightweight category, he won gold medal defeating Hu Qing of China 5-4.
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Funny Haryana Guy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
This Video Is A Copy From Another Video. Quality As Received. Just Found It Funny On Television But Over Here The Quality Is No Good But Yet Some Entertainment.
http://wn.com/Funny_Haryana_Guy
This Video Is A Copy From Another Video. Quality As Received. Just Found It Funny On Television But Over Here The Quality Is No Good But Yet Some Entertainment.
haryana new songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
rajesh singpurya song upload by lalit garg saharwa hissar
http://wn.com/haryana_new_songs
rajesh singpurya song upload by lalit garg saharwa hissar
- published: 07 May 2011
- views: 41819
- author: LALIT GARG SAHARWA
India's got talent season 3 haryana from jind by smarty_sonu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
Haryana ka talent
http://wn.com/India's_got_talent_season_3_haryana_from_jind_by_smarty_sonu
super hit haryana song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
this is a very good haryanvi song
http://wn.com/super_hit_haryana_song
Mood Of Haryana Jind 1/5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:26
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Mood_Of_Haryana_Jind_1_5
Haryana: Man kills self after daughter's rape MMS circulated - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
In a heinous case of sexual assault, a minor Dalit girl was allegedly gang-raped by eight boys belonging to the upper-caste in Dabra village of Haryana's Hisar district. The suspects have allegedly circulated the MMS of the rape around the village. The shattered victim's father committed suicide. The victim was reportedly raped on Sept 9, but revealed the incident to her parents ten days later. After the victim informed her parents about the incident her father Krishan took the extreme step on Tuesday after allegedly being threatened by the accused against calling the police, reports said. Soon after Krishan committed suicide the family and the Dalit communities in the village began a protest and refused to cremate his body until the police took action against the rapists. For more log on to www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Haryana_Man_kills_self_after_daughter's_rape_MMS_circulated_NewsX
In a heinous case of sexual assault, a minor Dalit girl was allegedly gang-raped by eight boys belonging to the upper-caste in Dabra village of Haryana's Hisar district. The suspects have allegedly circulated the MMS of the rape around the village. The shattered victim's father committed suicide. The victim was reportedly raped on Sept 9, but revealed the incident to her parents ten days later. After the victim informed her parents about the incident her father Krishan took the extreme step on Tuesday after allegedly being threatened by the accused against calling the police, reports said. Soon after Krishan committed suicide the family and the Dalit communities in the village began a protest and refused to cremate his body until the police took action against the rapists. For more log on to www.newsx.com
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 9852
- author: newsxlive
Press conference on Robert Vadra, DLF and Haryana Govt nexus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:11
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Press conference on Robert Vadra, DLF and Haryana Govt nexus by IAC team including Arvind Kejriwal, Shanti Bhushan, Manish Sisodia, Gopal Rai and Kumar Vishwas.
http://wn.com/Press_conference_on_Robert_Vadra,_DLF_and_Haryana_Govt_nexus
Press conference on Robert Vadra, DLF and Haryana Govt nexus by IAC team including Arvind Kejriwal, Shanti Bhushan, Manish Sisodia, Gopal Rai and Kumar Vishwas.
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 5075
- author: Aam AadmiParty
Haryana Tourism suspends Surajkund hotel manager for nude dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
The Haryana government has suspended Rajiv Sabbarwal, manager of Hotel Rajhans at Surakund here, after a foreign model began dancing in the buff during an international tattoo competition.
http://wn.com/Haryana_Tourism_suspends_Surajkund_hotel_manager_for_nude_dance
The Haryana government has suspended Rajiv Sabbarwal, manager of Hotel Rajhans at Surakund here, after a foreign model began dancing in the buff during an international tattoo competition.
- published: 06 Oct 2012
- views: 1343
- author: IndiaTV
Haryana Jan Hit Congress Jinda Baad Love Sex Aur Dhokha --- Sewa Daar -- INDL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Haryana Jan Hit Congress Jinda Baad Love Sex Aur Dhokha --- Sewaar INDL--- Watch Facebook Ajay Chautala www.facebook.com And ON Twitter twitter.com
http://wn.com/Haryana_Jan_Hit_Congress_Jinda_Baad_Love_Sex_Aur_Dhokha_--_Sewa_Daar_-_INDL
Haryana Jan Hit Congress Jinda Baad Love Sex Aur Dhokha --- Sewaar INDL--- Watch Facebook Ajay Chautala www.facebook.com And ON Twitter twitter.com
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 9129
- author: LokDalHaryiana
Swami Ramdev , Patanjali Yogpeeth Yoga Camp, Jind ,Haryana, Date-18-05-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 121:00
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
baba ramdev,swami ramdev,swamy ramdev, baba ramdev daily video, baba ramdev yoga video,baba ramdev daily yoga video,iphone,ipad, bharat swabhiman andolan,bharat swabhiman andolan video,black money,corruption, bharat swabhiman samachar,baba ramdev latest video,baba ramdev news,congress,bjp,gov...
http://wn.com/Swami_Ramdev_,_Patanjali_Yogpeeth_Yoga_Camp,_Jind_,Haryana,_Date-18-05-2012
baba ramdev,swami ramdev,swamy ramdev, baba ramdev daily video, baba ramdev yoga video,baba ramdev daily yoga video,iphone,ipad, bharat swabhiman andolan,bharat swabhiman andolan video,black money,corruption, bharat swabhiman samachar,baba ramdev latest video,baba ramdev news,congress,bjp,gov...
- published: 18 May 2012
- views: 6596
- author: vkskmrgpt
Perfect Roti Omelette by street vendors , Chandigarh, Haryana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:04
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Making of tasty Roti Omelette by street vendors. For more click on - www.indiavideo.org
http://wn.com/Perfect_Roti_Omelette_by_street_vendors_,_Chandigarh,_Haryana
Making of tasty Roti Omelette by street vendors. For more click on - www.indiavideo.org
- published: 20 Jan 2012
- views: 49144
- author: indiavideodotorg
girl become an example by married a man and bring him at her home at sirsa haryana .wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/girl_become_an_example_by_married_a_man_and_bring_him_at_her_home_at_sirsa_haryana_wmv
Post Game - 2013 Infinity T20 Cricket Tournament - Taipans V Haryana Panthers - 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Taipans captain Kyle Baker remains confident after his team's loss to the Haryana Panthers and also introduces young talent Eddie Bryant
http://wn.com/Post_Game_2013_Infinity_T20_Cricket_Tournament_Taipans_V_Haryana_Panthers_1
Taipans captain Kyle Baker remains confident after his team's loss to the Haryana Panthers and also introduces young talent Eddie Bryant
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 1
- author: InfinityCricket
HARYANA NEWS - TOURIST BEATEN UP IN JHAJJAR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
www.ptcnews.in www.facebook.com PTC News , Punabi News,Punjab Latest News,Latest News from Punjab,Punjab News Headlines,Top News from Punjab
http://wn.com/HARYANA_NEWS_TOURIST_BEATEN_UP_IN_JHAJJAR
www.ptcnews.in www.facebook.com PTC News , Punabi News,Punjab Latest News,Latest News from Punjab,Punjab News Headlines,Top News from Punjab
- published: 29 Jan 2013
- views: 10
- author: Ritesh Lakhi
Indian Temple - Darshan Of Gurdwara Panchayati Parisar - Faridabad - Haryana - Indian Gurdwara Tours
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Immerse yourself in devotion of Guru Nanak and seek his blessings. Gurudwara Panchayati Parisar is located in Faridabad, Haryana. Subscribe to take the memorable Indian Temple Tours at www.youtube.com Visit the ancient spiritual Indian temples and check out all tour videos here www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Indian_Temple_Darshan_Of_Gurdwara_Panchayati_Parisar_Faridabad_Haryana_Indian_Gurdwara_Tours
Immerse yourself in devotion of Guru Nanak and seek his blessings. Gurudwara Panchayati Parisar is located in Faridabad, Haryana. Subscribe to take the memorable Indian Temple Tours at www.youtube.com Visit the ancient spiritual Indian temples and check out all tour videos here www.youtube.com
- published: 30 Jun 2012
- views: 156
- author: TheDivineIndia
child girl rape and killing in haryana india .wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/child_girl_rape_and_killing_in_haryana_india_wmv
Haryana Samagam 2012. Ishq Sufiyana..By.. Kamal Khan.FLV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:39
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Dhan Nirankar Kamal Khan Ji.........Sushil Chauhan Unit No. 424.... Nathu Pura...........
http://wn.com/Haryana_Samagam_2012_Ishq_SufiyanaBy_Kamal_KhanFLV
Dhan Nirankar Kamal Khan Ji.........Sushil Chauhan Unit No. 424.... Nathu Pura...........
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 16941
- author: Sushil Chauhan
IAS officer Ashok Khemka talks to ABP News
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:28
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
New Delhi: Haryana's top land records officer Ashok Khemka was transferred within hours after ordered a probe into all land dealings of Robert Vadra, who is under fire over his business links with DLF. Khmeka, then Inspector General of Registration Haryana, in an order dated October 12, 2012 asked the deputy commissioners cum registrars of the four districts of Gurgaon, Faridabad, Palwal and Mewat to inspect all documents registered from January 1, 2005 to till date by or on behalf of Robert Vadra. For more info log on to: www.youtube.com For more info log on to: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/IAS_officer_Ashok_Khemka_talks_to_ABP_News
New Delhi: Haryana's top land records officer Ashok Khemka was transferred within hours after ordered a probe into all land dealings of Robert Vadra, who is under fire over his business links with DLF. Khmeka, then Inspector General of Registration Haryana, in an order dated October 12, 2012 asked the deputy commissioners cum registrars of the four districts of Gurgaon, Faridabad, Palwal and Mewat to inspect all documents registered from January 1, 2005 to till date by or on behalf of Robert Vadra. For more info log on to: www.youtube.com For more info log on to: www.youtube.com
- published: 16 Oct 2012
- views: 5426
- author: abpnewstv
India at 9 09/10/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Congress President Sonia Gandhi will on Tuesday visit the rape vicitims and their families in Jind, Haryana. Her visit comes three days after a Dalit teen girl set herself on fire after being gangraped by four men. The Congress government in Haryana had been criticised for doing too little too late. Although the Hooda government has set up a three-member panel to look into the rising number of rapes in the state, much still needs to be done. Meanwhile, the Superintendent of Police, Hisar, has said that rapes will be dealt by fast track courts and strictest punishment awarded to the accused. Speaking to IBN18 Editor-in-Chief on India @ 9, the police officer said, "Rape is a very serious crime. One gangrape took place in Hisar and we arrested all the accused and we have planned to put this case in the fast track court and we will ensure that the culprits are punished."
http://wn.com/India_at_9_09_10_12
Congress President Sonia Gandhi will on Tuesday visit the rape vicitims and their families in Jind, Haryana. Her visit comes three days after a Dalit teen girl set herself on fire after being gangraped by four men. The Congress government in Haryana had been criticised for doing too little too late. Although the Hooda government has set up a three-member panel to look into the rising number of rapes in the state, much still needs to be done. Meanwhile, the Superintendent of Police, Hisar, has said that rapes will be dealt by fast track courts and strictest punishment awarded to the accused. Speaking to IBN18 Editor-in-Chief on India @ 9, the police officer said, "Rape is a very serious crime. One gangrape took place in Hisar and we arrested all the accused and we have planned to put this case in the fast track court and we will ensure that the culprits are punished."
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 248
- author: ibnlive
Post Game - 2013 Infinity T20 Cricket Tournament - Haryana Panthers -1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Tony Chauhan of the Haryana Panthers on his team's big win against The Taipans Date: 27-1-13
http://wn.com/Post_Game_2013_Infinity_T20_Cricket_Tournament_Haryana_Panthers_-1
Tony Chauhan of the Haryana Panthers on his team's big win against The Taipans Date: 27-1-13
- published: 29 Jan 2013
- views: 1
- author: InfinityCricket
HARYANA NEWS - COAL SHORTAGE IN HARYANA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
www.ptcnews.in www.facebook.com PTC News , Punabi News,Punjab Latest News,Latest News from Punjab,Punjab News Headlines,Top News from Punjab
http://wn.com/HARYANA_NEWS_COAL_SHORTAGE_IN_HARYANA
www.ptcnews.in www.facebook.com PTC News , Punabi News,Punjab Latest News,Latest News from Punjab,Punjab News Headlines,Top News from Punjab
- published: 29 Jan 2013
- author: Ritesh Lakhi
Mood Of Haryana, Jind, Part 6, 26 Jan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:29
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Special Program on Haryana politics to check pulse of the people.
http://wn.com/Mood_Of_Haryana,_Jind,_Part_6,_26_Jan
Special Program on Haryana politics to check pulse of the people.
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: TotalTvNews
Shreemad Bhagwat Katha, Uklana (Haryana)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 63:16
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
SWAMl AVDHESHANAND GIRIJI MAHARAJ
http://wn.com/Shreemad_Bhagwat_Katha,_Uklana_Haryana
photo: AP / Aleppo Revolution Against Assad Regime
29 Jan 2013
By Alexander Dziadosz and Oliver Holmes. BEIRUT, Jan 29 (Reuters) - At least 65 people were found shot dead with their hands bound in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on Tuesday in a "new massacre" in the near two-year revolt against President Bashar al-Assad, activists said. Opposition campaigners blamed the government but it was impossible to confirm who was responsible ... The U.N ... State media did not mention the incident ... STALEMATE ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
photo: US DoD / U.S. Army Staff Sgt Sun L. Vega, Joint Staff
27 Jan 2013
TEL AVIV – Now that he has secured his second term, President Barack Obama has already secretly pledged to the Palestinians he will press Israel into a new round of so-called land-for-peace negotiations, a top Palestinian Authority negotiator told WND. The negotiator said top members of the Obama administration told the Palestinians the U.S....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Ronald Mendes-Agencia RBS
27 Jan 2013
Tweet. Police say at least 232 people have died in a fire that swept through a crowded nightclub in southern Brazil. Around 117 others were injured after the blaze broke out while a band was performing at the Kiss club in the southern city of Santa Maria at about 2am (local time). Police earlier said more than 245 people had died in the fire. It is thought pyrotechnics being used for the concert may have caused the blaze ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
28 Jan 2013
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Sunday declared a state of emergency and a nightime curfew for one month in three restive cities after days of deadly violence. Mr. Morsy, facing his worst crisis since taking office in June, said the measures would take effect on Sunday night in the cities of Port Said, Suez and Ismailia ... Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
29 Jan 2013
Cairo • An unpredictable new element has entered Egypt’s wave of political unrest. a mysterious group of masked young men called the Black Bloc who present themselves as the defenders of protesters opposed to the Islamist president’s rule. They boast that they’re willing to use force to fight back against Islamists who have attacked protesters in the past — or against police who crack down on demonstrations ... Photos. Join the Discussion ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)
Newstrack India
30 Jan 2013
Zeenews
30 Jan 2013
There was no let up in the persisting cold conditions in Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh Wednesday with the mercury dipping to nearly four degrees Celsius below normal in several parts of the region ... one to four degrees Celsius below normal in several parts of Punjab and Haryana, the Met office said here....(size: 1.6Kb)
Newstrack India
30 Jan 2013
Chandigarh, Jan 30 (IANS) Haryana has achieved the highest ever rice production of 39.76 lakh tonnes since its inception in 1966, an official said here Wednesday. "This has been achieved despite the state receiving about 36.8 percent less rainfall in 2012," said a spokesman of the Haryana ......(size: 1.7Kb)
The Times of India
30 Jan 2013
Alleging around Rs 200 crore scam in subsidy to farmers by the agriculture department, a retired agriculture economist has alleged that private firms sell sprinkler sets and underground pipelines at one and half times less rates to Gujarat farmers than their Haryana counterparts ... Kanwar has alleged that the rates were higher in Haryana due to commission (bribe) being paid to agriculture department officials....(size: 2.9Kb)
Newstrack India
30 Jan 2013
New Delhi, Jan 30 (IANS) The Delhi High Court Wednesday granted five weeks' bail to Rekha Sharma, convicted along with former Haryana Chief Minister Om Prakash Chautala in a teacher-recruitment scam, in view of her dughter's marriage Feb 6 ... Special CBI Judge Vinod Kumar had sentenced Indian National Lok Dal chief and former Haryana chief minister Om Prakash Chautala, his son Ajay Chautala, and eight others to 10 years in jail....(size: 3.5Kb)
Newstrack India
30 Jan 2013
One of seven offshore casino vessels, abandoned by disgraced Haryana minister Gopal Kanda, would be taken over by the Goa government and auctioned, Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar told the state assembly Wednesday ... The former Haryana minister is accused of abetting the suicide of a young woman flight attendant who worked with a ... Fatehgarh Haryana ....(size: 2.2Kb)
Zeenews
30 Jan 2013
The Delhi High Court Wednesday granted interim bail to one of the 55 persons convicted and sentenced along with former Haryana Chief Minister O P Chautala in the teacher recruitment scam case, to attend the marriage ceremony of her daughter ... Dhar, both IAS officers, political advisor to the then Haryana CM Sher Singh Badshami and 16 women officials....(size: 2.5Kb)
Headlines India
30 Jan 2013
Bangalore, Jan 30 ... Also recording a win in the men's section was Indian Overseas Bank from Chennai who routed Jind District, Haryana, 96-48 after overcoming early resistance ... The results. Men ... Quarter Scores ... Indian Overseas Bank, Chennai 96 (P Rikin 20, Hareesh Kolroth 20, Mihir Pandey 13, Raghu Ram 10) beat Jind Dist, Haryana 48 (Deepak Rathi 23, Vikas Mor 11). Quarter Scores ... Women ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
Zeenews
30 Jan 2013
New Delhi ... But there was no comfort from the persisting cold in Punjab and Haryana with the mercury dipping to nearly four degrees below normal in many areas across the two states. Hisar in Haryana was the coldest place in the region with a low of 3.7 degrees Celsius, which was three notches below normal, while Punjab's Ludhiana braved a low of 4.4 degrees Celsius, four notches below normal ... PTI ... First Published ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Zeenews
30 Jan 2013
Panaji. The casino vessel owned by former Haryana minister Gopal Kanda's company, would be auctioned by the Goa government if it is not shifted soon from the Mandovi river here, as its licence has expired,. Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar told the Legislative Assembly today ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
Indian Express
30 Jan 2013
The casino vessel owned by former Haryana minister Gopal Kanda's company, would be auctioned by the Goa government if it is not shifted soon from the Mandovi river here, as its licence has expired, Chief ......(size: 1.1Kb)
Coalspot
30 Jan 2013
Zeenews
30 Jan 2013
For the town in Hoshiarpur district, see Hariana.
| Haryana | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — State — | |||
|
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| Coordinates (Chandigarh9352975898): 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73°N 76.78°E / 30.73; 76.78Coordinates: 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73°N 76.78°E / 30.73; 76.78 | |||
| Country |  India |
||
| Established | 1 November 1966 | ||
| Capital | Chandigarh | ||
| Largest city | Faridabad | ||
| Districts | 21 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Governor | Jagannath Pahadia | ||
| • Chief Minister | Bhupinder Singh Hooda (INC) | ||
| • Legislature | Unicameral (90 seats) | ||
| • Parliamentary constituency | 10 | ||
| • High Court | Punjab and Haryana High Court | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 44,212 km2 (17,070 sq mi) | ||
| Area rank | 20th | ||
| Population (2011) | |||
| • Total | 25,353,081 | ||
| • Rank | 16th | ||
| • Density | 570/km2 (1,500/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | ||
| ISO 3166 code | IN-HR | ||
| HDI |  0.644 (medium) |
||
| HDI rank | 11th (2005) | ||
| Literacy | 76.64% | ||
| Sex Ratio | 877 | ||
| Child Sex Ratio (0-6 yrs) | 830 | ||
| Official language | Hindi | ||
| Website | haryana.gov.in | ||
Haryana /ˌhɑriˈɑːnə/ is a state in India. Constituted in 1966, it is one of two newly created states carved out of the greater Punjab province as a means of creating a stronger national identity. It has been a part of the Kuru region in North India.[1][2][3] The name Haryana is found mentioned in the 12th century AD by the apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230).[4] It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of the state is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab.
Sites in Haryana were part of the Indus Valley and Vedic Civilizations. Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic battle of Mahabharata at Kurukshetra mentioned in the Hindu mythology (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna), and the three battles of Panipat. Haryana was administered as part of the Punjab province of British India, and was carved out on linguistic lines as India's 17th state in 1966. Haryana is now a leading contributor to the country's production of foodgrain and milk. Agriculture is the leading occupation for the residents of the state, the flat arable land irrigated by submersible pumps and an extensive canal system. Haryana contributed heavily to the Green Revolution that made India self-sufficient in food production in the 1960s.
Haryana is one of the wealthiest states of India and has the third highest per capita income in the country at Rs. 67,891,[5] including the largest number of rural crorepatis in India.[6] Haryana is also one of the most economically developed regions in South Asia and its agricultural and manufacturing industry has experienced sustained growth since 1970s.[7] Haryana is India's largest manufacturer of passenger cars, two-wheelers, and tractors.[8] Since 2000, the state has emerged as the largest recipient of investment per capita in India.[9] The city of Gurgaon has rapidly emerged as a major hub for the information technology and automobile industries. Gurgaon is home to Maruti Udyog Limited, India's largest automobile manufacturer, and Hero MotoCorp Limited, the world's largest manufacturer of two-wheelers. Yamuna Nagar, Panipat, Panchkula and Faridabad are also industrial hubs, with the Panipat Refinery being the second largest refinery in South Asia. There are also long established steel, plywood, paper and textile industries in the state.
Contents |
History[link]
See also: History of Haryana
Ancient period[link]
Main articles: Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization
Haryana was the outermost location of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization with centers such as Banawali and Rakhigarhi. The most extensive center, Rakhigarhi, is now a village in Hisar District. The site is dated to be over 5,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, drainage system, large rainwater collection, storage system, terracotta brick, statue production, and skilled metal working (in both bronze and precious metals) has been uncovered.
Also the Vedic Civilization flourished on the banks of the now lost Sarasvati River. Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic Battle of Kurukshetra described in the Mahabharata (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna) and the three battles of Panipat.
Etymology[link]
The name "Haryana" could mean "the Abode of God", derived from the Sanskrit words Hari (the Hindu God Vishnu) and ayana (home).[10]
Scholars like Muni Lal, Murli Chand Sharma, HA Phadke and Sukhdev Singh Chib believe that the name Haryana comes from the words Hari (Sanskrit Harit, "green") and Aranya (forest).[11]
The Yashastilaka-Champu of Somadeva mentions "Harivansha" as the ruling family of this region.[12] JN Singh Yadav, Pran Nath Chopra and some anthropologists believe that the name Haryana may have derived from Abhiras, its ancient inhabitants (Abhirayana -> Ahirayana -> Hirayana -> Haryana).[11][12][13]
Medieval period[link]
See also: Harsha
King Harshavardhana established his capital at Thanesar near Kurukshetra in the 7th century AD. After his death, the kingdom of his clansmen, the Pratiharas continued to rule over a vast region for quite a while from Harsha's adopted capital of Kannauj. The region remained strategically important for the rulers of North India even though Thanesar was no more central than Kannauj. Prithviraj Chauhan established forts at Tarori and Hansi in the 12th century. Muhammad Ghori conquered this area in the Second Battle of Tarain. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate was established that ruled much of India for several centuries. The earliest reference to 'Hariana' occurs in a Sanskrit inscription dated 1328 AD kept in Delhi Museum, which refers to this region as The heaven on earth, indicating that it was fertile and relatively peaceful at that time. Firoz Shah Tughlaq established a fort at Hisar in 1354 to further fortify the region, and also constructed canals or rajwahas as they were referred to in the Indo-Persian historical texts.
The three famous battles of Panipat took place near the modern town of Panipat in Haryana. The first battle took place in 1526, where Babur, the ruler of Kabul, defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate, through the use of field artillery. In the second battle of Panipat (5 November 1556), Akbar's forces defeated, the local Haryanvi warrior Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya popularly called Hemu, who belonged to Rewari in Haryana and who had earlier won 22 battles, from Punjab to Bengal including two against Akbar's forces during 1553-1556 before acceeding to Delhi throne and establishing 'Hindu Raj' in North India on 7 October 1556. The decline of the Mughal Empire in early 18th century, led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire, including Haryana. In 1737, Maratha forces sacked Delhi, following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi.[14] Baji Rao's son, Balaji Baji Rao (popularly known as Nana Saheb), further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab and Peshawar in 1758. This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali, who was based in Kabul. After the Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the Afghan warlord Ahmad Shah Abdali, Marathas lost Punjab, Delhi and Haryana to Ahmad Shah Durrani. Within 10 years, Mahadji Shinde re-established Maratha rule over North India, Haryana region remained under the rule of the Scindhia clan of the Maratha Empire, until in 1803, the British East India Company took control of Gurgaon through the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon after the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
British period[link]
During the Indian rebellion of 1857, several leaders from this region, including Rao Tula Ram, participated actively. People of the most important fights were at Sonipat, Bhiwani, Rohtak. Later, leaders like Sir Chhotu Ram played an important role in the politics of the Punjab province.
Formation of Haryana[link]
Haryana state was formed on 1 November 1966, on the recommendation of the Parliamentary Committee. The formation of this committee was announced in the Parliament on 23 September 1965. On 23 April 1966, acting on the recommendation of the Hukam Singh Committee, the Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice J. C. Shah, to divide and set up the boundaries of Punjab and Haryana giving consideration to the language spoken by the people. The commission gave its report on 31 May 1966. According to this report the then districts of Hissar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak, and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind (district Sangrur), Narwana (district Sangrur), Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri were also to be included.
The commission recommended that Tehsil Kharar (including Chandigarh) should be a part of Haryana.[15] However, the city of Chandigarh was denied to Haryana, and Chandigarh and a Punjabi-speaking area of Rupnagar district were made a Union Territory serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.
Pt.Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, MLA from Yamuna Nagar became first Chief Minister of Haryana.
Geography[link]
Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is located between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude. The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 to 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level. An area of 1,553 km2 is covered by forest. Haryana has four main geographical features.
- The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state
- The Shivalik Hills to the northeast
- Semi-desert sandy plain to the southwest
- The Aravalli Range in the south
Rivers of Haryana[link]
The river Yamuna flows along its eastern boundary. The ancient Sarasvati River is said to have flowed from Yamuna Nagar, but it has now disappeared.
The river Ghaggar is Haryana's main seasonal river. The Ghaggar rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Sutlej and enters Haryana near Pinjore, Panchkula district. Passing through Ambala and Hissar, it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs a course of 290 miles before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan.
The Markanda river's ancient name was Aruna. A seasonal stream like the Ghaggar, it originates from the lower Sivalik Hills and enters Haryana near Ambala. During monsoons, this stream swells into a raging torrent notorious for its devastating power. The surplus water is carried on to the Sanisa lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasvati.
An important tributary is the Tangri. The Sahibi originates in the Mewat hills near Jitgarh and Manoharpur in Rajasthan. Gathering volume from about a hundred tributaries, it reaches voluminous proportions, forming a broad stream around Alwar and Patan. On reaching Rohtak it branches off into two smaller streams, finally reaching the outskirts of Delhi and flowing into the Yamuna. There are three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills – Indori, Dohan and Kasavati and they all flow northwards from the south.[16]
Climate[link]
The climate of Haryana is similar to other states of India lying in the northern plains. It is very hot in summer (up to a high of 50 deg Celsius) and cold in winters (down to a low of 1 deg Celsius). The hottest months are May and June and the coldest being December and January. Rainfall is varied, with the Shivalik Hills region being the wettest and the Aravali Hills region being the driest. About 80% of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season (July–September) and sometimes causes local flooding.[16]
Flora and fauna[link]
Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon, a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry, eucalyptus, pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose, jackal and wild dog. More than 300 species of birds are found here.
Demographics[link]
| Religion in Haryana | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism |
|
89.7% | ||
| Sikhism |
|
6.2% | ||
| Islam |
|
4% | ||
| Others |
|
0.10% | ||
| Distribution of religions | ||||
Hindus are majority in Haryana and are about 90% of the population, Sikhs 6.2%, Muslims 4.05% (mainly Meos) and Christians 0.10%.[17] In 2001 Hindus made up 18,655,925 of the population, Sikhs 1,170,662, Muslims 1,222,196, Jains 57,167, Christians 27,185, and Buddhists 7,140.[18] Muslims are mainly in the Mewat district and Yamuna Nagar district, while Sikhs are mostly in the districts adjoining Punjab, Hisar, Sirsa, Jind, Fatehabad, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Ambala, and Panchkula. Agriculture and related industries have been the backbone of the local economy. These days the state is seeing a massive influx of immigrants from across the nation, primarily from Bihar, Bengal, Uttrakhand, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Nepal.
Government and politics[link]
See also: Government of Haryana and Politics of Haryana
Like in all other states of India, Haryana is governed through a governor, a largely ceremonial position who is appointed by the President of India. The Chief Minister is the head of the Haryana state government and is vested with most of the executive and legislative powers. Haryana’s legislature is unicameral; its one house, the Haryana Legislative Assembly, consists of 90 members. Haryana has five seats in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's national parliament, and ten in the Lok Sabha, the lower house. The largest political parties in Haryana are the Indian National Lok Dal,[CPI(M)], Haryana Janhit Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party[19] and Indian National Congress. The present political scenario of the state is clear and it has a stable government under Bhupinder Singh Hooda who is presently the Chief Minister of the state. During his presidency American president Jimmy Carter visited Carterpuri village in Gurgaon.[20]
Culture[link]
Haryana means Hari Ka Ana or the Land of arrival of God. Haryana has a rich cultural heritage that goes way back to the Vedic times. The last Hindu Emperor of India who belonged to Rewari in Haryana, Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, taking a cue from Vedic times declared himself a 'Vikramaditya' king after defeating Akbar's forces in Delhi in 1556. It amounted to establishing a vedic 'Hindu Raj' in North India during medieval period after a gap of more than 350 years. The state is rich in folklore with the oldest extant romance of Sorath and Dhaj, Ror Kumar.[21] The people of Haryana have their own traditions. The age old customs of meditation, Yoga and chanting of Vedic Mantras, are still observed by the masses. Famous yoga guru Swami Ramdev is from Mahendragarh in Haryana.[22] Seasonal and religious festivals glorify the culture of this region. Haryana has a variety of folk dances.
The people of Haryana have preserved their old religious and social traditions. They celebrate festivals with great enthusiasm and traditional fervor. Their culture and popular art are Saangs, dramas, ballads and songs in which they take great delight. Regarding eating habits, there is an idiom that says, Hara-Bhara Haryana, Jit Doodh-Dahi ka Khana (meaning a lush-green state where milk and curd are the food).
Languages[link]
See also: Haryanavi
Haryanavi and Hindi traditionally been the dominant language spoken by the martial people of Haryana. Since 1947, Punjabi has also been spoken by a lot of people in Haryana especially by those Hindus and Sikhs who came over from older Punjab region at the time of partition. Sanskrit is also taught in most of the schools in Haryana. In towns and cities, English is still to be adopted as the household lingo, but is spoken in a hazy mixture of Haryanvi. Other language is Ahirwati, it is an Indo-Aryan language, classified as a Rajasthani language,[23] and is spoken in the Mahendragarh, Rewari and Gurgaon districts of Haryana. According to famous historian Robert Vane Russell Ahirwati language is spoken in Rohtak and Gurgaon Districts of Punjab (now Haryana) and Delhi. This is akin to Mewati, one of the forms of Rajasthani or the language of Rajputana.[24] The most striking feature of Haryana is its language itself; or rather, the manner in which it is spoken. Popularly known as Haryanavi, with Bangaru being the most widely spoken dialect, it is perhaps a bit crude, but full of earthy humor and straightforwardness. With rapid urbanization, and due to Haryana's close proximity to Delhi, the cultural aspects are now taking a more modern hue.
Music[link]
See also: Music of Haryana
Raagni are very famous in Haryana and it is a part of folk music in Haryana.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Haryana
The economy of Haryana relies on manufacturing, business process outsourcing, agriculture and retail.
Manufacturing[link]
Yamuna Nagar is the largest industrial town wholly within Haryana. It has Asia's largest paper mill BILT[citation needed] and Asia's largest Sugar Mill[citation needed]. Yamuna Nagar has Asia's largest timber industry[citation needed], an HPGCL thermal power plant, a hydro power plant and India's largest Railway workshop[citation needed]. It is also famous for its old steel and brass industry[citation needed].
Faridabad is another big industrial part of Haryana.[25] It is home to hundreds of large scale companies like Orient Paper & Industries[citation needed], JCB India Limited, Nirigemes, Agri Machinery Group (Escorts Limited), India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd., Whirlpool, ABB Group, Goodyear Tyres and Knorr Bremse India Pvt. Ltd. There are thousands of medium and small scale units as well, like Amrit Enterprises, McAma Industries[citation needed].
Panipat is a city of textiles and carpets. It is the biggest centre for cheap blankets and carpets in India[citation needed] and has a handloom weaving industry. The pickle "Pachranga International" is also well known. Panipat also has heavy industry, including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation, and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant, Hissar is another big city where Jindal company has established. Jindal Steel now increasing their business and open new factory in other state also.
Ambala is the largest manufacturer of Scientific Apparatuses.It is named as Science City of Haryana. Ambala is one of the biggest exporters of educational instruments in the country[citation needed]. Ambala has largest whole sale cloth market in India[citation needed].
Service industries[link]
Gurgaon has seen emergence of an active information technology industry in the recent years. With organisations like Nokia Siemens Networks, Mitsubishi Electric, Schneider Electric, Fuji Electric, ABB Electric, General Electric - GE, HONEYWELL, ALSTOM, Matsushita Electric, Nippon Electric Corporation Ltd., ERICSSON, A2Z Group, Aricent Group, Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei, Tata Consultancy Services, IBM, NIIT, Hewitt Associates, Dell, Accenture, Convergys, United Healthcare and The Boston Consulting Group have their Indian headquarters or branch offices and contact centers in Gurgaon.
Agriculture[link]
Despite recent industrial development, Haryana is primarily an agricultural state. About 70% of residents are engaged in agriculture Wheat and rice are the major crops. Haryana is self-sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains. The main crops of Haryana are wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, pulses, barley, maize, millet etc. There are two main types of crops in Haryana: Rabi and Kharif. The major Kharif crops of Haryana are rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, jute, sugarcane, sesame and groundnut. For these crops the ground is prepared in April and May and the seeds are sown at the commencement of rains in June. The crops are ready for harvesting by the beginning of November. The major Rabi crops are wheat, tobacco, pulses, linseed, rapeseed and mustard. The ground is prepared by the end of October or the beginning of November and the crops are harvested by March.
About 86% of the area is arable, and of that 96% is cultivated. About 75% of the area is irrigated, through tube wells and an extensive system of canals. Haryana contributed significantly to the Green Revolution in India in the 1970s that made the country self-sufficient in food production. The state has also significantly contributed to the field of agricultural education in the country. Asia's biggest agricultural University[26] - Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University is located at Hisar and it has made a significant contribution in ushering in the 'Green Revolution' in the state.
Dairy farming is also an essential part of the rural economy. Haryana has a livestock population of 98.97 lakh.[26] Milk and milk products form an essential part of the local diet. There is the saying Desaan main des Haryana, jit doodh dahi ka khaana, which means "Best among all the countries in the world is Haryana, where the staple food is milk and yoghurt". Haryana, with 660 grams of availability of milk per capita per day, ranks at number two in the country as against the national average of 232 grams.[27][28] There is a vast network of milk societies that support the dairy industry. The National Dairy Research Institute[29] at Karnal is Asia's largest and oldest dairy, and the Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes at Hisar are instrumental in development of new breeds of cattle and propagation of these breeds through embryo transfer technology. The Murrah breed of water buffalo from Haryana is world-famous for its milk production.
Roads, aviation and infrastructure[link]
It has a total road length of 23,684 kilometers. There are 29 national highways with total length of 1,461 km and many state highways with total length of 2,494 km. The most remote parts of the state are linked with metaled roads. Its modern bus fleet of 3,864 buses covers a distance of 1.15 million Kilometers per day. It was the first State in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.[30] Grand Trunk Road, commonly abbreviated to GT Road, is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. It passes through the districts of Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way. The state government proposes to construct Express highways and freeways for speedier vehicular traffic. The 135.6-km long Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP) will provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonepat, Gurgaon and Faridabad. The work on the project has already started and is scheduled to be completed by July 2013.[31] Haryana is in close contact with the cosmopolitan world, being right next to Delhi. As a result, international and domestic airports, diplomatic and commercial complexes are located in close proximity to the state. Haryana and Delhi government has also constructed Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway which has the largest toll plaza in Asia and 3rd largest in the world. There is a proposal for a Badarpur Flyover and the widening of the Mathura Road passing through Faridabad from 6 lanes to 8 lanes. There is also a proposal to connect Chandigarh to Haryana without entering Punjab through a 4-lane highway via Yamuna Nagar and Panchkula.
Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important inputs for the development of the State. Haryana was the first State in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970, first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and first in the country to provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[32] Haryana is well connected on the railway network also.
Communication and media[link]
Haryana has a state-wide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own state-wide area network by which all government offices of 21 districts and 127 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country.[33][34][35] Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone Essar, Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. Important areas around Delhi are also an integral part of the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. This network system would easily cover major towns like Faridabad, Gurgaon and Sonipat. The major newspapers of Haryana are New Bright Star, Aaj Samaj, Dainik Tribune, Punjab Kesari, Jag Bani, Dainik Jagran, The Tribune, Amar Ujala, Hindustan Times, Dainik Bhaskar, The Times of India, Ampm News and Hari-Bhumiand delhi times
Administrative divisions[link]
Main article: Districts of Haryana
The state is divided into four divisions for administrative purpose - Ambala Division, Rohtak Division, Gurgaon Division and Hisar Division. Within these there are 21 districts, 47 sub-divisions, 67 tehsils, 45 sub-tehsils and 116 blocks. Haryana has a total of 81 cities and towns and 6,759 villages.
Districts[link]
Education[link]
See also: Education in Haryana
File:Pgims.jpg
Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak
The state of Haryana has made tremendous progress in the field of higher education since its inception. SCERT Haryana Sonepat was established in April 1979. It was the conglomeration of State Institute of Education and State Institute of Science, to provide new dimensions to school education. It has been the endeavor of the government to make educational facilities available to the poorest of children. 32 primary schools, 69 middle schools and 101 high schools were upgraded to middle, high and senior secondary respectively during the year 2004-05. Now accessibility to schooling is available within the radius of 1.10 km, 1.38 km, 1.66 km and 2.79 km at the primary, middle, high and senior secondary levels respectively.[36] During 2001-02, there were 11,013 primary schools, 1,918 middle schools, 3,023 high schools and 1,301 senior secondary schools in the state.[37] Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over seven lac candidates attend annual examinations in February and March, and 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.[38] The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the Bachelor's Degree level.
North Haryana is more developed in terms of education and agriculture because of more fertile land and water availability. People from South Haryana were mostly government employees, soldiers and politicians but agriculture has picked up a lot in recent years as a result of efforts from the Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar.
Leading institutes for Technical and Engineering Education in Haryana are NIT Kurukshetra, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani, University Institute of Engineering & Technology (UIET),Maharshi Dayanand University(MDU), and the Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa . Earlier YMCA University of Science and Technology was known by the name of "YMCA Institute of Engineering" before it has been granted University status since 1st Dec., 2009 (Established by Haryana State Legislative Act No. 21 of 2009 & Recognized by UGC Act 1956 u/s 22 to Confer Degrees), NIT Kurukshetra was known by the name of Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra. There are eight universities in the state. Technical education and management studies are provided by YMCA University of Science and Technology at Faridabad, Maharishi Dayanand University at Rohtak have a University Institute of Engineering & Technology, University Campus (UIET, Rohtak), Manav Rachna International University at Faridabad, Lingaya's University at Faridabad, Kurukshetra University at Kurukshetra, ITM University at Gurgaon, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology at Hisar and Chaudhary Devi Lal University at Sirsa, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana. Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University at Hisar is one of the biggest agricultural universities in Asia. It is engaged in education, research and development related to agriculture. The Holy Land where the University stands was first transformed into a centre of learning in 1936 by Bhagat Phool Singh Ji when he started a Gurukul for girls. The Gurukul was opened after he opened a boys Gurukul in 1919 in Bhainswal Kalan which today is the South Campus of the University. The Gurukul, started with only three students grew in size, stature and reputation with time and in November 2006, the Haryana Legislative Assembly passed a Legislative Notification, vide no. 31/2006 making the Gurukul a full-fledged State University.
Apart from the above mentioned institutes, some of the top engineering colleges of Haryana are in its Capital - Chandigarh. Some of them are Punjab Engineering College, UIET (Punjab University) and CCET.
The National Dairy Research Institute at Karnal provides education in the field of dairy science. It has been upgraded to the level of a Deemed University. There are medical colleges in Rohtak, Mullana and Agroha. Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak is a premier post-graduate medical institute in North India offering courses in major specialties and super specialties of medicine. There is also a Management Development Institute in Gurgaon.
Sports[link]
[[File:Vijendersingh2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vijender Singh Beniwal, Middleweight Boxer from Bhiwani [Haryana] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijender_Singh] [[File:Ballu.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Volleyball player Ror Balwant Singh Sagwal|right]] Haryana has produced some of the best Indian players in a variety of sports. In 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games 22 out of 38 Gold Medals came from Haryana.[39] During the 33rd National games held in Assam in 2007, Haryana stood 4th in the nation[40] with a medal tally of 80, including 30 Gold, 22 Silver and 28 Bronze medals. In team sports, Haryana is the national champion in men's volleyball and women's hockey. Haryana is a traditional powerhouse in games like Kabbadi, Kho-kho, Judo, Boxing, Volleyball and Wrestling. Modern India's most enjoyed game, cricket, is very popular Haryana. Haryana hurricane Kapil Dev is from Haryana. Wisden - The Bible of Cricket awarded Virender Sehwag the award for the best test match player for two consecutive years in 2008 and 2009.[41] Indian wrestler Sushil Kumar who won bronze medal in Beijing olympics and made a record in Delhi commonwealth games by winning the game in just 11 seconds in world history. Sports in the state are managed by the Department of Sports & Youth Affairs, Haryana. Nahar Singh Stadium for international cricket was built in Faridabad in the year 1981. This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators.[42] Tejli Sports Complex is an Ultra-Modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar. The Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Panchkula is a multi-sport complex.[43] It came into prominence because of the Indian Cricket League's inaugural Twenty20 tournament. Astroturf hockey grounds in Nehru Stadium, Gurgaon and Shahbad, Kurukshetra. Haryana even have a dedicated sports school MNSS at Rai, Sonipat which is affiliated to Sports Authority of India.
At the 2008 Olympics, Vijender Singh Beniwal won a middleweight (75 kg) bronze medal and Vikas Krishan Yadav boxer from Bhiwani district won a gold medal in the 2010 Asian Games in the Lightweight category.[44] Manoj Kumar of village Rajound, Kaithal district won a gold medal in light welterweight ctegory at the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games.
Haryana Sports Policy, 2009
Haryana has adopted a new sports policy on 21 August 2009, when Haryana Cabinet which met under the Chairmanship of Chief Minister, Mr Bhupinder Singh Hooda, approved the Sports Policy, 2009.[45]
In the 2010 Commonwealth Games, most of India's male wrestlers were from Haryana.[46]
Health[link]
- Haryana Civil Medical Services (HCMS)[47]
- NRHM, National Rural Health Mission
See also[link]
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References[link]
- ^ Kautilya describes them as martial and most heroic, while Panini includes among them the Kauravyas, the ancient warrior community of Haryana. It would thus appear that the main force of Chandragupta's liberation army was recruited Punjab. As Haryana or the ancient Kuru janapada....., Page 33, "Haryana, ancient and medieval" by H. A. Phadke, Publisher Harman Pub. House, 1990, ISBN 81-85151-34-2, ISBN 978-81-85151-34-2
- ^ Chapter Kuru Janapada (Pages 2, 3 & 7) of the book "Buddhist remains from Haryana", by Devendra Handa, Edition illustrated, Publisher Sundeep Prakashan, 2004 Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 3 September 2008
-
- If the Buddhist texts are to be relied upon, it may be said that Buddhism reached Haryana through the Buddha himself. (Page 3)
- Dipavamsa refers to Buddha's visit to a city in the Kuru country where he received alms on the banks of the Anotatta lake which he crossed. The city may have been Kurukshetra..... (Page 3)
- We shall see subsequently that Agroha was an important Buddhist centre of Haryana.....Buddhaghosha's candid confession that even a single monastery could not be set up in the Kuru country during the lifetime of Tathagata who was obliged to stay in the hermitage of a Brahmana.... (Page 7)
-
- ^ The ancient Kuru janapada is said to have comprised Kurukshetra, Thanesar, Karnal, Panipat, Sonipat....., Page 115, "Buddhist sites and shrines in India: history, art and architecture", Volume 231 of Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica by D. C. Ahir, Publisher Sri Satguru Publications, 2003, ISBN 81-7030-774-0, ISBN 978-81-7030-774-7
- ^ An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī, by Richard J. Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989, p. 513-519
-
- हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम, गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम|
- परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु, जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं|
- रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु, ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं|
-
- Translation: There are countless villages in Haryana country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this country. The capital of this country is Dhilli.
-
- ^ Haryana to construct 6000 rooms for games
- ^ Poor rural India? It's a richer place - International Herald Tribune
- ^ Byres, T.J.. Rural labour relations in India. Taylor & Francis, 1999. ISBN 0-7146-8046-X, 9780714680460.
- ^ Government of India portal
- ^ IndianExpress.com :: Haryana Hurricane
- ^ Haryana Britannica Online Encyclopedia]
- ^ a b Bijender K Punia (1994). Tourism management: problems and prospects. APH. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-7024-643-5.
- ^ a b J. N. Singh Yadav (1992). Yadavas through the ages, from ancient period to date: Volume 2. Sharada. ISBN 978-81-85616-03-2.
- ^ Pran Nath Chopra (1982). Religions and communities of India. Vision Books. p. 139.
- ^ Gordon, Stewart. The Marathas 1600–1818, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7.
- ^ 1 November 1966 - Haryana Day - History - Haryana Online - North India
- ^ a b Geography of Haryana - Map, Shivaliks, Ghaggar, Yamuna, Saraswati, Morni - India
- ^ name="haryana-online.com"
- ^ Census of India, Population by Religious Communities
- ^ Haryana.bspindia.org
- ^ Reverse Take
- ^ This is a book by a Jat author. Page 19, "Ror Itihaas ki Jhalak" (Hindi) by Dr. Raj Pal Singh, Pal Publications, Yamuna Nagar (1987)
- ^ Thecolorsofindia.com
- ^ District History
- ^ Google Books
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Delhi and neighbourhood
- ^ a b Haryana
- ^ Haryana number two in milk production The Times of India
- ^ Haryana 2nd in milk yield
- ^ Telegraphindia.com
- ^ Why Haryana? - Economic Infrastructure
- ^ IndianExpress.com :: KMP Expressways to be completed by 2009
- ^ :::: Investment Promotion Center:::::: Govt. of HARYANA
- ^ Egovonline.net
- ^ Punjabnewsline.com
- ^ "The Tribune India". The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080206/haryana.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
- ^ Welcome to India in Business: Know India
- ^ Education in Haryana - Universities - Colleges - Schools - Institutions - Engineering - Medical
- ^ Hbse.nic.in
- ^ Mizoramexpress.com
- ^ Official site for the 33rd National Games 2007, Guwahati
- ^ "Wisden cricket almanack". Wisden Cricket Almanack. Wisden. http://www.wisden.com/default.aspx?id=2. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ Cricinfo - Grounds - Nahar Singh Stadium, Faridabad
- ^ Cricinfo - Grounds - Tau Devi Lal Cricket Stadium, Panchkula, Chandigarh
- ^ Vikas Krishan Yadav
- ^ Hr.abclive.in
- ^ Blake, Linda (6 October 2010). "Mud Wrestling Breeds Champions". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/06/mud-wrestling-in-india-breeds-champions/.
- ^ Garyanahealtch.nic.in
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Robert Vadra | |
|---|---|
| Born | Robert Vadra |
| Nationality | India |
| Occupation | Businessperson |
Robert Vadra is an Indian businessman notable as the husband of Priyanka Vadra and also a member of the Nehru-Gandhi family by marriage. He was born to Rajinder and Maureen Vadra on 18 April 1969. Rajinder Vadra hails from Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh and Maureen was of Scottish origin (maiden name: McDonagh).[1]
Contents |
Family[link]
His brother Richard Vadra was found dead in September 2003 at his Vasant Vihar residence, and his sister Michelle died in a car accident in 2001. His father Rajinder Vadra committed suicide[2][3] on 2 April 2009.
Controversies[link]
Vadra has been exempted from frisking at airports when travelling with 'other SPG protectees[4] presumably his wife or other family members. The list of such VIPs was compiled and forwarded to the concerned authorities by the Government of India on 26 September 2005. Others on the list include the President, the Prime Minister, former Presidents and PMs and SPG protectees.[5][6] This move has come under scrutiny since more important entities on the warrant of precedence. BCAS Commissioner S. R. Mehra declined comment.[7]
His bodyguard was prevented from carrying a pistol into Parliament.[8]
Robert Vadra publicly disowned his father Rajendra Vadra following claims of misuse of Robert's proximity to the Gandhi clan.
Subramanian Swamy, an Indian politician claimed through his tweet that Vadra has migrated to Dubai and settled in a Rs. 50 Crore mansion.[9]
Businesses[link]
- He owns, Artex, a small company specialising in jewellery and handicraft exports.
- His companies have received unsecured loans from DLF Limited, India's largest real estate conglomerate.[10]
- Sky Light Hospitality Pvt Ltd (owned by Vadra and his mother Maureen Vadra), is a partner in a firm that owns Hilton Garden Inn in the South Delhi business district Saket. As on March 2009, Sky Light Hospitality had received unsecured loans amounting to 25 crore from DLF Ltd.
- Blue Breeze Trading Pvt Ltd (aircraft chartering)
- North India IT Parks Pvt Ltd
- Real Earth Estates Pvt Ltd
- Sky Light Realty Pvt Ltd.
- India Today weekly has reported that he has a partnership and wide-ranging transactions with the country's biggest realty firm, DLF Limited.[11]
Politics[link]
Robert Vadra has said that he will join politics at the "right time for the right cause" with the consent of his family and that his wife Priyanka Gandhi should also enter public life.
In an interview to Zee news, Vadra said just as in his case he would not be pushed, Priyanka's entry into politics will be decided according to the need to do so at a particular point in time.[citation needed]
References[link]
- ^ Another tragedy in Vadra family, The Times of India, 20 September 2003.
- ^ Priyanka’s father-in-law found dead in guesthouse, Indian Express, Apr 04 2009.
- ^ Priyanka's father-in-law hanged himself: Police sources, The Times of India, Apr 3, 2009.
- ^ Exemption from pre-embarkation security checks (JPG). None. Retrieved on 2012-03-24.
- ^ Robert, these are the plane truths.... The Times of India (2006-01-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-13.
- ^ Airport authorities notice board about list VVIPs. Retrieved on 2012-03-24.
- ^ No security checks: After Dalai Lama, Robert Vadra only one named in VIP list, The Indian Express, 13 Nov 2005.
- ^ Priyanka guard’s gun steals Rahul thunder – Family turns up for young MP’s big day in Parliament, but security breach has first say The Telegraph of India, 10 Mar 2006.
- ^ [1], 21 May 2012.
- ^ National Real Estate Development Council. Naredco.in. Retrieved on 2011-10-13.
- ^ Politics is in the heir, India Today, Issue dated Febrauary 20, 2012, Pages 22–23
External links[link]
- Sonpath, Rediff India
- The Rediff Interview with Rajinder Vadra, Rediff United States
- Don't know if I'll join politics, but I can win from anywhere, The Times of India, Oct 20, 2010.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dick Robert |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1969 |
| Place of birth | Uttar Pradesh |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Robert_Vadra
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Vadra
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
