A team at work

A team comprises a group of people or animals linked in a common purpose. Teams are especially appropriate for conducting tasks that are high in complexity and have many interdependent subtasks.

A group in itself does not necessarily constitute a team. Teams normally have members with complementary skills and generate synergy through a coordinated effort which allows each member to maximize his/her strengths and minimize his/her weaknesses. Team members need to learn how to help one another, help other team members realize their true potential, and create an environment that allows everyone to go beyond their limitations.^[1]

Thus teams of game players can form (and re-form) to practise their craft. Transport logistics executives can select teams of horses, dogs or oxen for the purpose of conveying goods.

Theorists in business in the late 20th century popularised the concept of constructing teams. Differing opinions exist on the efficacy of this new management fad. Some see "team" as a four-letter word: overused and under-useful. Others see it as a panacea that finally realizes the human relations movement's desire to integrate what that movement perceives as best for workers and as best for managers. Still others believe in the effectiveness of teams, but also see them as dangerous because of the potential for exploiting workers — in that team effectiveness can rely on peer pressure and peer surveillance.

Compare the more structured/skilled concept of a crew, and the advantages of formal and informal partnerships.

Team size, composition, and formation[link]

Team size and composition affect the team processes and outcomes. The optimal size (and composition) of teams is debated and will vary depending on the task at hand. At least one study of problem-solving in groups showed an optimal size of groups at four members. Other works estimate the optimal size between 5-12 members.^{[citation needed]} Belbin did extensive research on teams prior to 1990 in the UK that clearly demonstrated that the optimum team size is 8 roles plus a specialist as needed.^[2] Fewer than 5 members results in decreased perspectives and diminished creativity. Membership in excess of 12 results in increased conflict and greater potential of sub-groups forming.

David Cooperrider suggests that the larger the group, the better. This is because a larger group is able to address concerns of the whole system. So while a large team may be ineffective at performing a given task, Cooperider says that the relevance of that task should be considered, because determining whether the team is effective first requires identifying what needs to be accomplished.

Regarding composition, all teams will have an element of homogeneity and heterogeneity. The more homogeneous the group, the more cohesive it will be. The more heterogeneous the group, the greater the differences in perspective and increased potential for creativity, but also the greater potential for conflict.

Team members normally have different roles, like team leader and agents. Large teams can divide into sub-teams according to need.

Many teams go through a life-cycle of stages, identified by Bruce Tuckman as: forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning.

Types of teams[link]

Independent and interdependent teams[link]

A rugby union scrum

Of particular importance is the concept of different types of teams. A distinction is usually drawn between "independent" and "interdependent" teams. To continue the sports team example, a rugby team is clearly an interdependent team:

• no significant task can be accomplished without the help and cooperation of any of the members;
• within that team members typically specialize in different tasks (running the ball, goal kicking & scrum feeding), and
• the success of every individual is inextricably bound to the success of the whole team. No rugby player, no matter how talented, has ever won a game by playing alone.

On the other hand, a chess or bowling team is a classic example of an independent team:

• matches are played and won, or points are scored, by individuals or partners;
• every person performs basically the same actions;
• how one player performs has no direct effect on the performance of the next player. If all team members each perform the same basic tasks, such as students working problems in a math class, or outside sales employees making phone calls, then it is likely that this team is an independent team. They may be able to help each other — perhaps by offering advice or practice time, by providing moral support, or by helping in the background during a busy time — but each individual's success is primarily due to each individual's own efforts. Chess players do not win their own matches merely because the rest of their teammates did, and math students do not pass tests merely because their neighbours know how to solve the equations.

Coaching an "interdependent" team like a football team necessarily requires a different approach from coaching an "independent" team because the costs and benefits to individual team members — and therefore the intrinsic incentives for positive team behaviors — are very different. An interdependent team benefits from getting to know the other team members socially, from developing trust in each other, and from conquering artificial challenges (such as offered in outdoors ropes courses).

Project teams[link]

A team used only for a defined period of time and for a separate, concretely definable purpose, often becomes known as a project team. Managers commonly label groups of people as a "team" based on having a common function. Members of these teams might belong to different groups, but receive assignment to activities for the same project, thereby allowing outsiders to view them as a single unit. In this way, setting up a team allegedly facilitates the creation, tracking and assignment of a group of people based on the project in hand. The use of the "team" label in this instance often has no relationship to whether the employees are working as a team.

Sports teams[link]

A sports team is a group of people which play a sport together. Members include all players (even those who are waiting their turn to play) as well as support members such as a team manager or coach.

Virtual teams[link]

Developments in communications technologies have seen the emergence of the virtual work team. A virtual team is a group of people who work interdependently and with shared purpose across space, time, and organisation boundaries using technology to communicate and collaborate. Virtual team members can be located across a country or across the world, rarely meet face-to-face, and include members from different cultures.^[3] Ale Ebrahim, N., Ahmed, S. & Taha, Z. in their recent (2009) literature review paper, added two key issues to definition of a virtual team “as small temporary groups of geographically, organizationally and/ or time dispersed knowledge workers who coordinate their work predominantly with electronic information and communication technologies in order to accomplish one or more organization tasks”.^[4] Many virtual teams are cross-functional and emphasis solving customer problems or generating new work processes. The United States Labour Department reported that in 2001, 19 million people worked from home online or from another location, and that by the end of 2002, over 100 million people world-wide would be working outside traditional offices.^[5]

Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary teams[link]

Teams, such as in medical fields, may be interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary.^[6] Multidisciplinary teams involve several professionals who independently treat various issues a patient may have, focusing on the issues in which they specialise. The problems that are being treated may or may not relate to other issues being addressed by individual team members. Interdisciplinary team approach involves all members of the team working together towards the same goal. In an interdisciplinary team approach, there can often be role blending by members of the core team, who may take on tasks usually filled by other team members.^[6]

Not all groups are teams[link]

Some people also use the word "team" when they mean "employees." A "sales team" is a common example of this loose or perhaps euphemistic usage, though inter dependencies exist in organisations, and a sales team can be let down by poor performance on other parts of the organisation upon which sales depend, like delivery, after-sales service, etc.. However "sales staff" is a more precise description of the typical arrangement.

From groups to teams[link]

Groups develop into teams in four stages. The four stages are: dependency and inclusion, counter dependency and fighting, trust and structure, and work. In the first stage, group development is characterized by members' dependency on the designated leader. In the second stage, the group seeks to free itself from its dependence on the leader and groups have conflicts about goals and procedures. In the third stage, the group manages to work through the conflicts. And in the last stage, groups focus on team productivity.^{[7][clarification needed]}

See also[link]

• Air-defense experiments
• Coalition
• Community
• Forming-storming-norming-performing
• Group (sociology)
• Groups of people
• Team Action Management
• Judge–advisor system
• Teamwork
• Team building
• Player
• Virtual team
• The Five Dysfunctions of a Team
• Driving (horse)
• Team Composition

References[link]

Look up teem or team in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Look up Anna, Anne, or Ann in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Anna, Anne, or Ann may refer to:

• Anna (given name)
  • Anne, a derivation of Anna

People[link]

• Anna (Bible), also known as Anna the Prophetess in the Gospel of Luke
• Saint Anne, known by tradition as the mother of the Virgin Mary
• King Anna of East Anglia (died c. 654), ruler of the East Angles
• Anna Porphyrogeneta (963–1011), sister of Basil II, the Byzantine emperor
• Anna, Grand Duchess of Lithuania (died 1418)
• Anna of Denmark (1532–1585), Electress of Saxony and Margravine of Meissen
• Anna of Poland, Countess of Celje (1366–1425), countess consort of Celje in Slovenia
• Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg (1432–1462)
• Anne of Brittany (1488–1514), Breton ruler
• Anna Phersönernas moder (died 1568), Swedish alleged witch
• Anna of Russia (1693–1740), Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740
• Anna Mary Robertson Moses, (1860–1961), United States painter known as "Grandma Moses"
• Anna, codename of Alfred Frenzel (1899–1968), a Czechoslovakian spy
• Anna, popular name of C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969), Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, India
• Anna, popular name of N. T. Rama Rao (1923–1996), Chief Minister of AndhraPradesh, India
• Anna (singer) (born 1987), Japanese-American singer
• Annah Graefe, late 20th- early 21st-century German folksinger
• Queen Anne (disambiguation), list of queens bearing the name Anne
• Princess Anne (disambiguation), list of princesses bearing the name Anne
• C. N. Annadurai, shortly referred to as Anna, former Chief Minister of Tamilnadu
• Anna Hazare (born 1937): Indian social activist

Places[link]

• Anna, Valencia, Spain
• Anna, Illinois, United States
• Anna, Ohio, United States
• Ann, Burma, a town in Rakhine State, Myanmar
• Anna, Estonia, a village in Paide Commune, Järva County, Estonia
• Anna, Latvia, a village in the Alūksne District, Latvia
• Anna, Voronezh Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Voronezh Oblast, Russia
• Anna Paulowna, a municipality and town in the Netherlands
• Anna Regina, the capital of the Pomeroon-Supenaam Region of Guyana
• Anna Salai, an arterial road in Chennai, India
• Anna Valley, a village in Hampshire, United Kingdom
• Lake Anna, a freshwater lake in central Virginia
• Anna Cave, a natural limestone cave in Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary
• Anna River (disambiguation), any of several rivers in the United States
• Anna University, an engineering university in India
• Anna University of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, an engineering university in India

Culture and society[link]

Films, television, theater, and games[link]

• Anna (1951 film), Italian film directed by Alberto Lattuada
• Anna (1964 film), Indian Malayalam film directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan
• Anna (1967 film), French film starring Anna Karina
• Anna (1970 film), Finnish film starring Harriet Andersson
• Anna (1987 film), American film about a Czech actress in New York City
• Anna (1994 film), Indian Telugu film directed by Muthyala Subbaiah starring Rajasekhar, Roja and Gauthami
• Anna and the King (TV series), American TV series
• Anna and the King of Siam (film), 1946 American film directed by John Cromwell
• Anna and the Wolves, 1973 Spanish film directed by Carlos Saura
• Anna: 6 - 18, 1993 documentary by Nikita Mikhalkov
• Anna M. (2007), French film directed by Michel Spinosa
• Anne (Little Britain), a character in the Little Britain radio and TV show
• "Anne" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode)
• Anna or Ti'ana, a fictional character in the Myst games
• Anna Williams (Tekken), fictional character in the Tekken video game series
• Anna, a character in the animated series Space Carrier Blue Noah

Literature[link]

• Anna, the main character in the book Mister God, This Is Anna by Fynn
• Anna (magazine), a Finnish women's magazine
• Anna and the King of Siam (book), a semi-fictionalised biographical novel by Margaret Landon
• Anna Christie, a play by Eugene O'Neill
• Anna Karenina, a novel by Leo Tolstoy
• Anna Lombard a novel by Annie Sophie Cory
• Anne of Green Gables, a series of novels by L. M. Montgomery
• Anna, the sister of Dido, Queen of Carthage, in Roman mythology and later literature
• Anna, an early name for Morgause of Arthurian legend

Music[link]

• "Anna", a 2011 song by Charlotte Gainsbourg on her album Stage Whisper
• "Anna", a 1975 song by Bad Company on their album Straight Shooter
• "Anna", a 1970 song by Lucio Battisti
• "Anna", a song by Toto from their album The Seventh One
• "Anna (Go to Him)", a 1962 song by Arthur Alexander, later covered by The Beatles
• "Anna's Song", a 1978 song by Marvin Gaye
• "Ana's Song (Open Fire)", a 1998 song by Silverchair
• "Boten Anna" ("Anna, the bot"), a song by Swedish dance musician BassHunter
• "Anna e Marco", a 1977 song by Lucio Dalla
• Anna Records, early Motown label
• "Anna Begins", a song by Counting Crows
• "Ana", a song by Pixies
• ANNA (band), a Ukrainian nu-metal band

Science[link]

• Anna (dog), first survivor of experimental pulmonary bypass surgery
• Anna, a genus of the family of large sea snails Buccinidae

Vehicles[link]

• Anna (1912 automobile), a defunct automobile of unknown origin
• HMS Anne, the ship that carried James Oglethorpe and the first settlers of Georgia in 1732
• MV Anna, a Kriegsmarine coastal tanker
• SS Anny, an Italian coastal tanker, later fitted with a diesel engine and thus becoming MV Anny

Other uses[link]

• Anna (era) (安和, An'na^?), Japanese era from 968 to 970
• Indian anna, currency unit formerly used in India, equal to the 16th part of a rupee
• Anna University, engineering school in India
• Pommes Anna, or Anna Potatoes, a classic French potato dish

See also[link]

• ANN (disambiguation)
• Anya
• Santa Ana (disambiguation)
• Saint Anne (disambiguation)
• Annie (disambiguation)
• All pages beginning with "Ann", including many people with forename Ann
• All pages beginning with "Anna", including many people with forename Anna
• All pages beginning with "Anne", including many people with forename Anne
• All pages beginning with "Annie", including many people with forename Annie
• All pages with titles containing "Anna"
• All pages with titles containing "Ann"
• All pages with titles containing "Anne"
• All pages with titles containing "Annie"
• Hannah (given name)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Kiran Bedi
Bedi at the "Successful Women in Management" (SWIM) conference, 2007
Born	(1949-06-09) June 9, 1949 (age 63)[1] Amritsar, Punjab, India
Nationality	Indian
Alma mater	Panjab University, Chandigarh University of Delhi IIT Delhi
Occupation	IPS Officer (1972–2007) Social activist
Religion	Hinduism[1]
Awards	Suryadatta National Award 2007 United Nations Medal 2004 Ramon Magsaysay Award 1994 President’s Gallantry Award 1979
Website
Kiran Bedi

Kiran Bedi (born 9 June 1949) is an Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.^[1] Bedi joined the police service in 1972 and became the first woman officer in the IPS.^[2] Bedi held the post of Director General at the Bureau of Police Research and Development before she voluntarily retired from the IPS in December 2007.^[3] Bedi was the host and judge of the popular TV series "Aap Ki Kachehri" (English, "Your Court"), which is based on real-life disputes and provides a platform for settling disputes between consenting parties.^[4]

She has also founded two NGOs in India: the Navjyoti Delhi Police Foundation for welfare and preventative policing in 1988^[5] which was later renamed as the Navjyoti India Foundation in 2007, and the India Vision Foundation for prison reformation, drug abuse prevention and child welfare in 1994.^[6] Bedi was awarded Ramon Magsaysay award in 1994 for Government service.^[7]

Early life and education[link]

Kiran Bedi was born in Amritsar, Punjab, India. She is the second of four daughters of Prakash Peshawaria and Prem Peshawaria. Her three sisters are; Shashi, an artist settled in Canada, Reeta, a clinical psychologist and writer, and Anu, a lawyer.^{[citation needed]}

She attended the Sacred Heart Convent School, Amritsar, where she joined the National Cadet Corps(NCC). She took up tennis, a passion she inherited from her father, a tennis player.^[1] She won the Junior National Lawn Tennis Championship in 1966, the Asian Lawn Tennis Championship in 1972, and the All-India Interstate Women's Lawn Tennis Championship in 1976.^[8] In addition, she also won the All-Asian Tennis Championship, and won the Asian Ladies Title at the age of 22.

She earned her Bachelor of Arts in English (Hons.) from the Government College for Women, Amritsar in 1968. She then earned a Master’s degree in Political Science from Punjab University, Chandigarh, graduating at the top of her class in 1970. She later obtained Bachelor of Laws in 1988 from Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. In 1993, she obtained a Ph.D. in Social Sciences from the Department of Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi,^[9] where the topic of her thesis was 'Drug Abuse and Domestic Violence'.^[10]

In 1972, Kiran Bedi married Brij Bedi,^[1] a textile machine manufacturer whom she met at the Amritsar tennis courts. Neither of them were particularly religious, so they married in a quasi-religious ceremony at a local Shiva temple.^[1] Three years later, in 1975, they had daughter Saina, who is now also involved in community service. In one of her lectures to a corporate meeting, Kiran Bedi expressed her belief that everyone in society has an important role to play which will enable others to fulfill their duties (or important tasks), quoting the example of her uneducated housemaid whose help in Bedi's daily household work had helped Bedi to complete an important task of writing a book.^{[citation needed]}

Career[link]

She began her career as a Lecturer in Political Science (1970–72) at Khalsa College for Women, Amritsar. In July 1972, she joined the Indian Police Service, becoming the first woman to do so.^[11] Bedi joined the police service "because of [her] urge to be outstanding".^[12]

She served in a number of tough assignments ranging from New Delhi traffic postings, Deputy Inspector General of Police in Mizoram, Advisor to the Lieutenant Governor of Chandigarh, Director General of Narcotics Control Bureau, to a United Nations delegation, where she became the Civilian Police Advisor in United Nations peacekeeping operations.^[13] For her work in the UN, she was awarded a UN medal.^[14] She is popularly referred to as Crane Bedi for towing the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's car for a parking violation,^[11] during the PM's tour of United States at the time.^[9]

Kiran Bedi influenced several decisions of the Indian Police Service, particularly in the areas of narcotics control, Traffic management, and VIP security. During her stint as the Inspector General of Prisons, in Tihar Jail (Delhi) (1993–1995), she instituted a number of reforms in the management of the prison, and initiated a number of measures such as detoxification programs, Art of Living Foundation Prison Courses,^[15] yoga, vipassana meditation, Murat redressing of complaints by prisoners and literacy programs.^[16] For this she won the 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Award, and the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship', to write about her work at Tihar Jail.^[10]

She was last appointed as Director General of India's Bureau of Police Research and Development.

In May 2005, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Law in recognition of her “humanitarian approach to prison reforms and policing”.^[17]

On 27 November 2007, she expressed her wish to voluntarily retire from the police force to undertake new challenges in life. On 25 December 2007, the Government of India agreed to relieve Bedi of her duties as Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.

Social initiatives[link]

Kiran Bedi along with 17 other police officers set up Navjyoti India Foundation (NIF) in 1987,^[5] NIF started with a de-addiction and rehabilitation initiative for the drug addicts and now the organization has expanded to other social issue like illiteracy and women empowerment.^[5] In 1994 Bedi setup India Vision Foundation which works in field of police reforms, prison reforms, women empowerment and rural and community development.^[18] Her efforts have won national and international recognition, and her organizations were awarded the "Serge Soitiroff Memorial Award" for drug abuse prevention by the United Nations.^{[citation needed]}

Lokpal Movement[link]

Kiran Bedi is one of the prominent members of the India Against Corruption (IAC) along with Anna Hazare and Arvind Kejriwal. IAC has been actively protesting against corruption and is urging the government of India to enact a strong Lokpal Bill.^[19] On August 16, 2011, Key members of the India Against Corruption including Bedi were arrested four hours before the planned indefinite hunger strike by Hazare.^[20] However, Bedi and other activist were later released in the evening same day.^[21] After twelve days of protests and many discussions between the government and the activists, Parliament passed a resolution to consider three points in drafting of Lokpal bill.^[22]

Honours and Awards[link]

Controversies[link]

In July 1994, Kiran Bedi, the then Inspector-General of Prisons of Tihar Jail was pulled up by the Supreme Court of India for ignoring the apex court directives for providing medical attention to a foreign under-trial prisoner by initiating contempt proceedings against her. She escaped from punishment despite being heavily reprimanded, in view of her winning the Magsasay Award, the court exonerating her from further proceedings.^[30] In 1988 Wadhwa Commission criticized Bedi for her role in lathi-charge on lawyers protesting against a colleague’s arrest outside Bedi’s office.^[31] Karan Thapar, host of many popular interview shows published an article on controversies surrounding Bedi after she pulled out of one of Thapar's interview show.^[32]

Bedi was criticized for being a hardliner in the negotiations with government over Lokpal bill.^[33] Later members of parliament proposed to bring a breach of privilege motion against Kiran Bedi and a few other activists for allegedly mocking the parliamentarians during the lokpal bill protests,^[34] however withdrew the notice later.^[35]

Kiran Bedi was alleged to have charged her hosts full fare for air tickets despite her paying discounted fare. She was also alleged to have charged her hosts business class fare while flying economy class.^[36][37]Kiran Bedi was also accused by an NGO of claiming business class fare from Delhi to Mumbai, while her travel intineray communicated to them showed she was flying from nearby Pune.^[38] Kiran Bedi has said that money was not earned for personal gains, but given to her NGO.^[39]

In 1992 Kiran Bedi's daughter was given admission for MBBS course in Delhi's Hardinge College under a quota for student's from North-East. Kiran Bedi was posted in Mizoram at that time. She had defended the move to get her daughter admitted in a reserved seat saying that Central Government employees are entitled to such schemes.^[40]

On 26 November 2011, based on a complaint filed by a Delhi-based lawyer Devinder Singh Chauhan, the additional chief metropolitan magistrate Amit Bansal has directed the crime branch of Delhi police to register a case against Kiran Bedi within 24 hours, for allegedly misappropriating funds meant for her NGOs.^[41] Consequently, Delhi Police has registered a case against Bedi under Section 420 (cheating), 406 (criminal breach of trust), 120 b (criminal conspiracy) of IPC.^[42]

In films and literature[link]

A non fiction feature film on Kiran Bedi's life, Yes Madam, Sir, has been produced by Australian film maker, Megan Doneman. This film is being screened in film festivals around the world. Its commentator is an Academy Award winner, Helen Mirren. Kiran Bedi was present during its screenings in Toronto, Dubai and Adelaide, and to address the Q&A sessions at the end of each show.

The documentary has made a clean sweep of the award categories---“Best Documentary” with a cash award of $100,000, the biggest prize for a documentary in any film festival in the US and the Social Justice Award with $2500 at Santa Barbara International Film Festival. Yes Madam, Sir got a unanimous vote from the jury.

In 2006, Norwegian Mpower Film & Media and film maker Oystein Rakkenes released another documentary on Bedi and her prison revolution in Tihar Central Jail, In Gandhi's footsteps. The film was awarded Best Documentary at the Indo-American Film Festival in Atlanta, in November 2006.

Kiran Bedi also became host in 2009–10 on the TV show Aap Ki Kachehri Kiran Ke Saath on Star Plus.

Biographies of Bedi:

• I dare!: Kiran Bedi : a biography by Parmesh Dangwal^[43]
• Kiran Bedi, the kindly baton by Meenakshi Saxena^[44]

Bibliography[link]

• It's always possible: transforming one of the largest prisons in the world (1999) by Kiran Bedi^[45]
• "What Went Wrong?", collection of The fortnightly column written by Kiran Bedi.
• The Motivating Bedi by Kiran Bedi.^[10]
• Government@net: new governance opportunities for India(2001) by Kiran Bedi, Sandeep Srivastava and Parminder Jeet Singh^[46]
• As I see-(2005) by Kiran Bedi^[47]
• Himmat Hai by Kiran Bedi^[48]

See also[link]

• Jan Lokpal Bill

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kiran Bedi

• Kiran Bedi Official Website
• Kiran Bedi Blog
• Safer India Official website
• India Police
• Navjyoti India Foundation website
• Aap Ki Kachehri Kiran Ke Saath
• TED talk: Kiran Bedi: A police chief with a difference

Arvind Kejriwal
Arvind Kejriwal
Born	(1968-06-16) 16 June 1968 (age 44) Hissar, Haryana
Education	B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering
Alma mater	IIT Kharagpur
Organization	Parivartan (परिवर्तन) Public Cause Research Foundation India Against Corruption
Political movement	2012 Indian anti-corruption movement 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement Right to Information Jan Lokpal Bill
Religion	Hinduism
Children	3
Website
http://www.pcrf.in/

Arvind Kumar Kejriwal (born 16 June 1968) is a retired Indian Revenue Service officer and an Indian social activist fighting for greater transparency in Government.^[1] He was awarded Ramon Magsaysay Award for Emergent Leadership in 2006, for activating India's Right to Information movement at grassroots and social activities to empower the poorest citizens to fight corruption by holding the government answerable to the people.^[2][3][2][2] Kejriwal is also a Saathi (fellow) of the Association for India's Development,^[4] a Global Impact award winning NGO.^[5]

Early life[link]

Arvind Kejriwal was born in a Marwari family in Hissar, Haryana in 1968.^[1] His father was an engineer and he spent most of his childhood living in small northern Indian towns like Sonepat, Mathura and Hissar. He did his schooling from Campus School.^[6] Kejriwal graduated from IIT Kharagpur as a Mechanical engineer in 1989.^[7][8]

Career[link]

Kejriwal joined Tata Steel right after his graduation from IIT Kharagpur. Kejriwal quit his job with Tata Steel in 1992^{[citation needed]} and spent some time working with Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata, the Ramakrishna Mission in the North-East India and Nehru Yuva Kendra.^[9][10]

Kejriwal joined the Indian Revenue Service in 1995 after qualifying the highly competitive IAS examination.^[10] In February 2006, he voluntarily resigned from the IRS as Joint Commissioner in IT Department.^[11] After voluntary resignation from job, he founded Parivartan, a Delhi based citizens’ movement which works on ensuring a just, transparent and accountable governance. In December 2006, Kejriwal along with Manish Sisodia and Abhinandan Sekhri started Public Cause Research Foundation, which works for promoting better local self governance and RTI related campaigns^[12]

Right to Information[link]

He along with Aruna Roy and others, campaigned for the Right to Information Act (RTI), which soon became a silent social movement, Delhi Right to Information Act was passed in 2001^[7] and eventually at national level Indian Parliament passed the RTI in 2005. Thereafter, in July 2006, he spearheaded an awareness campaign for RTI across India.^[13] To motivate others Arvind has now instituted an RTI Award through his organisation.^[14] Kejriwal has been using RTI in corruption cases in many government departments including the Income Tax department, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, the Public Distribution System (PDS), the Delhi Electricity Board and others.^[9][15]

Jan Lokpal Bill[link]

As a member of India Against Corruption (IAC) Kejriwal is an active participant in the movement for the enactment of Jan Lokpal Bill. He is considered a key figure along with social activist Anna Hazare.^[16] On August 16, 2011, Key members of the India Against Corruption including Kejriwal, Kiran Bedi, and Manish Sisodia were arrested four hours before the planned indefinite hunger strike by Hazare.^[17] Rajan Bhagat, spokesman for Delhi Police, said police arrested Hazare under a legal provision that bans public gatherings and protests at the park in Delhi where Hazare was planning to begin his hunger strike. Activists were later released same day although they spent two more days in the Tihar jail negotiating conditions put on protest.^[18] Kejriwal left the jail on August 18 and the protests started the following day from Ramlila Maidan in Delhi.^[19] After twelve days of protests and many discussions between the government and the activists, Parliament passed a resolution to consider three points in drafting of Lokpal bill.^[20]

Controversies[link]

Swami Agnivesh a former colleague of Kejriwal in Team Anna accused Arvind Kejriwal of diverting money from India Against Corruption (IAC) fund to his (Kejriwal's) own NGO. Kejriwal allegedly deposited Rs 70-80 lakh from IAC fund in his own NGO. The money was raised as the donation to IAC.^[21] Mr. Kejriwal responded to the allegation that the IAC was a "movement" not an institution and that PCRF was working as a secretariat for IAC.^[22]

In an article published in the Hindu newspaper in 22 August 2011, Booker prize winning author and civil rights activist Arundhati Roy alleged that an NGO run by Kejriwal received a donation of USD 400,000 from the Ford Foundation in the past 3 years.^[23] Arvind Kejriwal has since admitted that the NGO Kabir he runs along with Manish Sisodia, did receive funds from the New York-based Ford Foundation, but pointed out that it had stopped about two years ago. Kejriwal dismissed the view held by some which suggested that Ford Foundation has historically been linked to CIA, the US intelligence agency that used it for channeling funds to its recipients in foreign countries.^[24][25]

Personal life[link]

Kejriwal is married to Sunita, who is an IRS officer his batchmate from National Academy of Administration in Mussoorie.^[8] They live just outside Delhi with their two children.^[10] and presently Additional Director in Serious Fraud Investigation Office.

Awards[link]

• 2004: Ashoka Fellow, Civic Engagement.^[9]
• 2005: 'Satyendra K. Dubey Memorial Award', IIT Kanpur for his campaign for bringing transparency in Government.^[7]
• 2006: Ramon Magsaysay Award for Eminent Leadership.^[2][3]
• 2006: CNN-IBN, 'Indian of the Year' in Public Service^[26]
• 2009: Distinguished Alumnus Award, IIT Kharagpur for Eminent Leadership.^[1]
• 2010: Policy Change Agent of the Year, The Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence along with Aruna Roy.^[27]
• 2011: NDTV Indian of the Year along with Anna Hazare^[28]

Arvind Kejariwal has also won an IIM Gold Medal.

Books[link]

The Right to Information : Vyawharik Margdarshika - Co-Author - Vishnu Rajgadia, Published by Rajkamal Prakashan, New Delhi. in the year 2008.^{[citation needed]}

Slipper Attack on Kejriwal[link]

Team Anna member Arvind Kejriwal was attacked by a youth with a slipper during attending a program in Jhulelal Park Lucknow, India under India Against Corruption (IAC) anti-graft campaign.^[29]

After the incident, the accused was caught by the IAC volunteers and handed over to the police. Later, Mr. Kejriwal asked that the accused be released and did not file any FIR against him.^[30]

The accused was identified as Jitendra Pathak of Uttar Pradesh’s Jalaun district, who worked for the Indian National Congress from 2006-2009 and is a former member of Congress Sewa Dal.^[31] He was not a mere party worker but was responsible for key areas in Jhansi. As per the accused acceptance, he considers Rahul Gandhi as his role model.^[32][33]

Kejriwal's attacker Jitendra Pathak has been sacked from his job. He is working in a private construction company Ansh Project Service, Lucknow.^[34] On the other hand, Arvind Kejriwal has written a letter to the chairman of the company to take back their decision and to retain the accused. As per Kejriwal's ideology, violence can be stopped by non-violence only and taking Jitendra's job is violence against the accused and his family.^[35]

In a Sting operation done by India TV in Lucknow, the slipper threatened a bomb attack during Anna Hazare's anti-graft movement in Uttar Pradesh .^[36]

See also[link]

• Right to Information Act
• Jan Lokpal Bill
• India Against Corruption
• 2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
• 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arvind Kejriwal

• 'Parivartan' Official website
• 'Arvind Kejriwal' website
• 'Public Cause Research Foundation' Official website
• 'The Insurgent' by MEHBOOB JEELANI, The Caravan
• Arvind Kejriwal Interview BBC Hindi
• Arvind Kejriwal Interview BBC Hindi - Audio
• Jaago Re! "Usse kuchh farak padega kya?": Arvind Kejriwal on fighting corruption in India
• An Interview with Arvind Kejriwal
• 'Lokraj Andolan'
• 'India Against Corruption'
• 'Valmik Thapar Interviews Arvind Kejriwal'
• Follow Jan Lokpal Bill Movement

Anna Torv
Torv at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2010
Born	(1978-06-15) 15 June 1978 (age 34) Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Occupation	Actress
Years active	2002–present
Spouse	Mark Valley (m. 2008–2009; divorced)

Anna Torv (born 15 June^[1] 1978) is an Australian actress known for her role as FBI agent Olivia Dunham on the Fox television series Fringe.^[2]

Early life[link]

Anna Torv was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia to Susan and Hans Torv^[3] and grew up on the Hinterlands of the Gold Coast, Queensland.^[4] Anna's father Hans Torv is of Estonian descent, but was born in Stirling, Scotland.^[5] She has been estranged from her father since the age of 8.^[6] She has one sibling, a younger brother, Dylan. Her paternal aunt is writer Anna Maria Torv Murdoch Mann, who was married for 31 years to billionaire media mogul Rupert Murdoch.^[6]

Career[link]

Education[link]

Torv graduated from Benowa State High School in 1996.^[7] She graduated from Australia's National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) with a degree in Performing Arts in 2001.^[6]

Acting career[link]

In 2004, Torv joined the cast of Australia's acclaimed television drama The Secret Life Of Us playing Nikki Martel.

Torv appeared in the BBC series Mistresses. She also played the voice and performed motion capture of the main character Nariko in the 2007 video game Heavenly Sword.^[8]

Torv plays FBI Agent Olivia Dunham in the American television series Fringe. She currently films Fringe in Vancouver, British Columbia since production moved there starting season 4.^[9] She received an Australians in Film Breakthrough award in 2009. Torv appeared as Virginia Grey on HBO's mini-series The Pacific. She also won the 2010 Saturn Award for the Best Television actress.^[10] Torv also recently played a role in a CollegeHumor Original video as a tyrannical traffic cop.^[11]

Personal life[link]

In December 2008, Torv married her Fringe co-star Mark Valley.^[12] They separated after one year of marriage.^[13]

Filmography[link]

Notable awards and nominations[link]

• 2008: Nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television for her role in Fringe
• 2009: Won an Australians in Film Breakthrough Award
• 2010: Won a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television for her role in Fringe
• 2010: Nominated for a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi for her role in Fringe
• 2011: Won a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television for her role in Fringe
• 2011: Won a Fantasy Horror Award for Best Actress for her role in Fringe
• 2011: Nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series for her role in Fringe

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anna Torv

• Anna Torv at the Internet Movie Database