- published: 14 Oct 2012
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Cherkasy Oblast
Cherkasy Oblast (Ukrainian: Черкаська область, translit. Cherkas’ka oblast’; also referred to as Черкащина, Cherkashchyna) is an oblast (province) of central Ukraine located along the Dnieper River. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Cherkasy).
With 20,900 km², the Cherkasy oblast is the 18th largest oblast of Ukraine, comprising about 3.5% of the area of the country. The south flowing Dnieper River with the hilly western bank and the plain eastern bank divides the oblast into two unequal parts. The larger western part belongs to the Dnieper Upland. The low-lying eastern part of the oblast used to be subject to the frequent Dnieper flooding before the flow of the river became controlled by multiple dams of Hydroelectric Power Plants constructed along the river in the 20th century.
The oblast extends for 245 km from south-west to north-east, and for 150 km from north to south. The northern-most point of the oblast is located is near the village of Kononivka in the Drabivskyi Raion (district), the southern-most point near the village of Kolodyste in the Talnivskyi Raion, the western-most point near the village of Korytnya in the Zhashkivskyi Raion, and the eastern-most point near the village of Stetsivka in the Chyhyrynsky Raion. The geometric centre of the oblast is located near the village Zhuravky of the Horodyshchenskyi Raion. The oblast borders the Kiev Oblast to the north, the Kirovohrad Oblast to the south, the Poltava Oblast to the east, and the Vinnytsya Oblast to the west.
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Kansas
Kansas (
i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers. Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
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Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States of America, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in four buildings in Washington, D.C., as well as the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.
The Library of Congress was instituted for Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in 1815. After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent public role, becoming a "library of last resort" and expanding its mission for the benefit of scholars and the American people.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire (i/njuːˈhæmpʃər/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th least extensive and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.
It became the first post-colonial sovereign nation in the Americas when it broke off from Great Britain in January 1776, and six months later was one of the original thirteen states that founded the United States of America. In June 1788, it became the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution, bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state constitution.
It is known internationally for the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level.
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North Korea
Coordinates: 40°00′N 127°00′E / 40°N 127°E / 40; 127 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국), commonly referred to as "North Korea" (
listen), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok, or Yalu, and the Tumen rivers form the border between North Korea and China. A section of the Tumen River in the far northeast is the border with Russia.
The peninsula was governed by the Korean Empire until it was annexed by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War in 1910. It was divided into Soviet- and American-occupied zones in 1945, after the end of World War II. North Korea refused to participate in a United Nations–supervised election held in the south in 1948, which led to the creation of separate Korean governments for the two occupation zones. North and South Korea each claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean Peninsula, which led to the Korean War of 1950. The Armistice Agreement of 1953 ended the fighting; but the two countries are officially still at war against each other, for a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (
i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
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Tom Gola
Thomas Joseph "Tom" Gola (born January 13, 1933, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a retired American basketball player.
Gola was praised as a great all-around player as a high school student at La Salle College High School, where he led the Explorers to a Philadelphia Catholic League Championship. He entered La Salle a year after another Philadelphia basketball Hall of Famer, Paul Arizin, graduated from Villanova.
Gola was one of the most talented collegiate athletes in Philadelphia sports history. He came to national attention while playing for the hometown La Salle University Explorers men's basketball team in 1954 as an All-American forward. Gola paced the Explorers to the NCAA basketball championship in 1954 and was named Tournament MVP. That same season he was selected as National Player of the Year. As a senior, Gola helped La Salle finish as the runner-up in the 1955 NCAA Tournament. He averaged 20.9 points and 19.0 rebounds during 115 games and holds the NCAA record with 2,201 career rebounds. At 6'6" (198 cm), Gola was clearly a forward who could shoot/score, rebound and defend, but he also had the ballhandling (dribbling, passing) skills of a guard, and with his shooting range and All-Pro defensive skills, could play just as well in the backcourt. He was inducted into the La Salle Hall of Athletes in 1961 and the Big 5 Hall of Fame in 1986. Gola was listed on "ESPN's Countdown to the Greatest" College basketball players as #17.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Abner Lacock
Abner Lacock (July 9, 1770 – April 12, 1837) was an American surveyor, civil engineer, and politician from Rochester, Pennsylvania. He served in both houses in the state legislature and represented Pennsylvania in both the U.S. House and Senate.
Abner Lacock was born on July 7, 1770, near Alexandria, Virginia. He moved with his parents to Washington County, Pennsylvania, as a youth. In 1796 he moved to Beaver, Pennsylvania. He was a justice of the peace in 1796. He also worked as an innkeeper. He served in the Pennsylvania State Legislature from 1801 to 1803. He was an associate judge of the Beaver County Court from 1803 to 1804. He served again in the State legislature from 1804 to 1808. He was member of the Pennsylvania Militia and served as brigadier general in 1807. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1808 to 1810.
Lacock was elected as a Democratic Republican to the Twelfth Congress. He was reelected to the Thirteenth Congress but resigned before it commenced, having been elected Senator. He was elected to the United States Senate as a Democratic Republican in 1812. He served as chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Pensions during the Fifteenth Congress. After he left Congress, he was appointed a State commissioner to survey routes for canals and railways in Pennsylvania in 1825. He again served in the State legislature from 1832 to 1835. He was appointed to survey and construct the Pennsylvania & Ohio Canal in 1836. He died near Freedom, Pennsylvania, in 1837. Interment in Lacock Cemetery in Rochester, Pennsylvania.
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Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001), under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President and won the popular vote in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
Gore is currently an author and environmental activist. He has founded a number of non-profit organizations, including the Alliance for Climate Protection, and has received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in climate change activism.
Gore was previously an elected official for 24 years, representing Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–85), and later in the U.S. Senate (1985–93), and finally becoming Vice President in 1993. In the 2000 presidential election, Gore won the popular vote by a margin of more than 500,000 votes. However, he ultimately lost the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush when the U.S. Supreme Court settled the legal controversy over the Florida vote recount by ruling 5-4 in favor of Bush. It was the only time in history that the Supreme Court has determined the outcome of a presidential election.
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Alan Cranston
Alan MacGregor Cranston (June 19, 1914 – December 31, 2000) was an American journalist and Democratic Senator from California.
Cranston was born in Palo Alto, California, the son of Carol (née Dixon) and William MacGregor Cranston. He earned his high school diploma from the old Mountain View High School, where among other things, he was a track star. He attended Pomona College and the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México before graduating from Stanford University in Palo Alto in 1936.
Cranston was born into a well-to-do family from Northern California with interests in real estate. He married and divorced twice. His first wife, Geneva McMath, was the mother of his sons, Robin, who died young in an auto accident, and Kim, who survived him. Cranston was later married to Norma Weintraub.
Cranston was a correspondent for the International News Service for two years preceding World War II. When an abridged English-language translation of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf was released, sanitized to exclude some of Hitler's anti-semitism and militancy, Cranston published a different translation (with annotations) which he believed more accurately reflected the contents of the book. In 1939, Hitler's publisher sued him for copyright violation in Connecticut; a judge ruled in Hitler's favor and publication of the book was halted.
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Alan Keyes
Alan Lee Keyes (born August 7, 1950) is an American conservative political activist, author, former diplomat, and perennial candidate for public office. A doctoral graduate of Harvard University, Keyes began his diplomatic career in the U.S. Foreign Service in 1979 at the United States consulate in Bombay, India, and later in the American embassy in Zimbabwe.
He ran for President of the United States in 1996, 2000, and 2008, and was a Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1988, 1992, and 2004. Keyes was appointed Ambassador to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations by President Ronald Reagan, and served as Reagan's Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs from 1985 to 1987; in his capacities as a UN ambassador, among Keyes's accomplishments was contributing to the Mexico City Policy.
Keyes also hosted a radio talk show, The Alan Keyes Show: America's Wake-Up Call, and a television commentary show on the MSNBC cable network, Alan Keyes Is Making Sense.
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Albert Gallatin
Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (January 29, 1761 – August 12, 1849) was a Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, politician, diplomat, congressman, and the longest-serving United States Secretary of the Treasury. In 1831, he founded the University of the City of New York. In 1896, this university was renamed New York University; it is now one of the largest private, non-profit universities in the United States.
Born in Switzerland, Gallatin immigrated to America in the 1780s, ultimately settling in Pennsylvania. He was politically active against the Federalist Party program, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1793, but was removed from office by a 14–12 party-line vote after a protest raised by his opponents suggested he had fewer than the required nine years of citizenship. In 1795 he was elected to the House of Representatives and served in the fourth through sixth Congresses, becoming House Majority Leader. He was an important leader of the new Democratic-Republican Party, its chief spokesman on financial matters, and led opposition to many of the policy proposals of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. He also helped found the House Committee on Finance (later the Ways and Means Committee) and often engineered withholding of finances by the House as a method of overriding executive actions to which he objected. While Treasury Secretary, his services to his country were honored in 1805 when Meriwether Lewis named one of the three headwaters of the Missouri River after Gallatin.
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Alberto Gonzales
Alberto R. Gonzales (born August 4, 1955) was the 80th, and the first Hispanic United States Attorney General, appointed in February of 2005 by President George W. Bush, becoming the highest-ranking Hispanic in government to date. Prior to his elevation, he was the first Hispanic White House General Counsel, and earlier he had been Bush's General Counsel during his governorship of Texas. In Texas Gonzales had also served as Secretary of State of Texas and then as a Texas Supreme Court Justice. Gonzales's tenure as US Attorney General was marked by several conflicts with Congress. Following bipartisan calls for his removal, Gonzales resigned from the office without explanation. Democrats were particularly opposed to Gonzales for his role in the firing of several US District Attorneys which they believe had politicized his office.
Alberto Gonzales was born to a Catholic family in San Antonio, Texas, and raised in Humble, a town outside of Houston. Of Mexican descent, he was the second of eight children born to Pablo and Maria Gonzales. His father, who died in 1982, was a migrant worker and then a construction worker with a second grade education. His mother worked at home raising eight children and had a sixth grade education. Gonzales and his family of ten lived in a small, two-bedroom home built by his father and uncles with no telephone and no hot running water. According to Gonzales, he is unaware whether immigration documentation exists for three of his grandparents who were born in Mexico and who, like Gonzales and his family, were poor and uneducated and thus they may have entered and resided in the United States illegally from Mexico or they may have entered and resided legally.
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Alexander Wiley
Alexander Wiley (May 26, 1884 – May 26, 1967) was a member of the Republican Party who served four terms in the United States Senate for the state of Wisconsin from 1939 to 1963. When he left the Senate, he was its most senior Republican member.
Wiley was born in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. He received his undergraduate education at Augsburg College in Minnesota and the University of Michigan. He received his law degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1907 and was also admitted to the bar the same year. He served as the Chippewa County district attorney from 1909 to 1915.
Wiley was the Republican candidate for governor of Wisconsin in 1936 but his bid failed. Philip La Follette and the new Wisconsin Progressive Party, which split from the Republicans in 1934, won the election. In 1938 Wiley was elected to the U.S. Senate by defeating incumbent F. Ryan Duffy. In 1944, he was challenged by Marine Captain Joseph McCarthy in the Republican Party primary. He defeated McCarthy and went on to win the general election. Wiley was re-elected two more times in 1950 and 1956. In 1956, he was challenged by Congressman Glenn Robert Davis in the Republican primary, but once again prevailed. In 1962, Wiley lost his bid for a fifth term to Governor Gaylord Nelson.
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Andrew Butler
Andrew Pickens Butler (November 18, 1796 – May 25, 1857) was a United States Senator and one of the authors of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Butler was a son of William Butler (1759–1821) and Behethland Butler (1764-1853), and was born in Edgefield County, South Carolina. His early education was at Moses Waddel's Willington Academy. He graduated from South Carolina College, now the University of South Carolina. He was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1818.
Butler was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives as a young man, and in 1824 was elected to the South Carolina Senate. He served two terms and part of a third in the Senate before being appointed judge of the session court in 1833.
In 1835, Butler was appointed judge of the South Carolina Court of Common Pleas. He was appointed to the United States Senate in 1846 as a States' Rights Democrat. He was re-elected by the South Carolina legislature to a full term in 1848 and he served in the Senate for the remainder of his life. He was the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee during much of that time.
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Andrew Gregg
Andrew Gregg (June 10, 1755 – May 20, 1835) was an American politician and political figure.
He was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania son of Andrew Gregg and Jean Scott. He married Martha Potter the daughter of Major General James Potter who was a vice president of the state of Pennsylvania. The couple had 11 children. His son, Andrew Gregg, Jr., built the Andrew Gregg Homestead about 1825. His father, also named Andrew Gregg, was a member of the Paxton Boys.
Andrew Gregg served as a United States Congressman from Pennsylvania from 1791 until 1813: first, in the United States House of Representatives from October 24, 1791 until March 4, 1807, and then in the United States Senate from October 26, 1807 until March 4, 1813. During part of his service in the Senate, he served as President pro tempore. Later in life, he was appointed secretary of state for Pennsylvania, in 1816, and ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Pennsylvania in 1823. Prior to his election to the United States Congress, he had served in the militia during the American Revolution, and had been a tutor at the College of Philadelphia, from 1779 to 1783. His grandsons Andrew Gregg Curtin and James Xavier McLanahan were also prominent Pennsylvania politicians.
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Anita Hill
Anita Faye Hill (born July 30, 1956) is an American attorney and academic—presently a professor of social policy, law and women's studies at Brandeis University's Heller School for Social Policy and Management. She became a national figure in 1991 when she alleged that U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had made harassing sexual statements when he was her supervisor at the U.S. Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Though Thomas was confirmed and took a seat on the Court, Hill's testimony focused national attention on the issue of workplace sexual harassment.
Hill was born in Morris, Oklahoma, the youngest of the thirteen children of Albert and Erma Hill, who were farmers. Her family hailed from Arkansas, where her great-grandparents and her maternal grandfather, Henry Eliot, were born into slavery. Hill was raised in the Baptist faith.
After graduating as valedictorian from Morris High School, Hill enrolled at Oklahoma State University, receiving a bachelor's degree with honors, in psychology 1977. She went on to Yale Law School, obtaining her Juris Doctor degree with honors in 1980.
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Arlen Specter
Arlen Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a former United States Senator from Pennsylvania. Specter is a Democrat, but was a Republican from 1965 until switching to the Democratic Party in 2009. First elected in 1980, he represented his state for thirty years in the Senate. Specter is a moderate who staked out a spot in the political center.
Specter was born in Wichita, Kansas to an American mother and a father who immigrated from Russia. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and served with the United States Air Force during the Korean War. Specter later graduated from Yale Law School and opened a law firm with Marvin Katz, who would later become a federal judge. Specter served as assistant counsel for the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy and helped devise the "single bullet theory." In 1965, Specter was elected District Attorney of Philadelphia, a position that he would hold until he lost his re-election bid in 1973.
On April 28, 2009, Specter announced that, after 44 years as an elected Republican, he was switching membership to the Democratic Party, On May 18, 2010, Specter was defeated in the Democratic primary by Joe Sestak, who then was defeated by current Senator Pat Toomey in the general election. Toomey replaced Specter on January 3, 2011.
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Arthur Fletcher
Arthur Fletcher (December 22, 1924 in Phoenix, Arizona – July 12, 2005 in Washington DC) was an American government official, widely referred to as the "father of affirmative action" as he was largely responsible for the Revised Philadelphia Plan.
Fletcher obtained a degree from distance learning school La Salle Extension University.
He ran for Lieutenant Governor of Washington State in 1968, losing to John Cherberg. During the campaign, his driver and bodyguard was Ted Bundy, who was active in Republican Party politics in the late 1960s through early 1970s.
An African American and a Republican, he served in the Nixon, Ford, Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations.
In 1978 he stood unsuccessfully for Mayor of Washington, D. C., losing to Marion Barry. In 1995, he briefly pursued a bid for the Republican presidential nomination.
Numbers of his fellow Republicans were often at odds with the affirmative action policies which Fletcher initiated.
As head of the United Negro College Fund, he coined their famous slogan, "A mind is a terrible thing to waste."
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Barry Goldwater
Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party's nominee for President in the 1964 election. An articulate and charismatic figure during the first half of the 1960s, he was known as "Mr. Conservative".
Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.
Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition to defeat the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican primaries. Goldwater's right-wing campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the largest landslides in history, bringing down many Republican candidates as well. The Johnson campaign and other critics painted him as a reactionary, while supporters praised his crusades against the Soviet Union, labor unions, and the welfare state. His defeat allowed Johnson and the Democrats in Congress to pass the Great Society programs, but the defeat of so many older Republicans in 1964 also cleared the way for a younger generation of American conservatives to mobilize. Goldwater was much less active as a national leader of conservatives after 1964; his supporters mostly rallied behind Ronald Reagan, who became governor of California in 1967 and the 40th President of the United States in 1981.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
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Birch Bayh
Birch Evans Bayh Jr. (pronounced /ˈbaɪ/ BY; born January 22, 1928) is a former United States Senator from Indiana, having served from 1963 to 1981. He was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in the 1976 election, but lost to Jimmy Carter. He is the father of former Indiana Governor and former U.S. Senator Evan Bayh and Christopher Bayh, a lawyer in Washington, D.C.
Bayh was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, a son of Birch Evans Bayh, Sr. and his wife Leah Ward (née Hollingsworth). As an MP, he served with the United States Army in occupied Germany following World War II. Bayh graduated from the Purdue University School of Agriculture in 1951 and later attended Indiana State University. He received his JD from the Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 1960.
Bayh served in the Indiana House of Representatives from 1954 to 1962. He rose to the position of Speaker, and in 1961 was admitted to the Indiana Bar. He won the 1962 US Senate race in Indiana.
On June 19, 1964, Bayh, his wife, Senator Ted Kennedy and legislative aide Edward Moss were on a small plane that crashed in heavy fog near Springfield, Massachusetts. Senator Bayh pulled the badly injured Kennedy from the wreckage. Bayh and his wife were only slightly injured, while the pilot and Moss were both killed.
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Bob Dole
Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22, 1923) is an American attorney and politician. Dole represented Kansas in the United States Senate from 1969 to 1996, was Gerald Ford's Vice Presidential running mate in the 1976 presidential election, and was Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and in 1995 and 1996. Dole was the Republican party nominee in the presidential election of 1996, but he lost to incumbent Democrat Bill Clinton. Dole is currently special counsel at the Washington, D.C. office of law firm Alston & Bird.
In 2007, President George W. Bush appointed Dole as a co-chair of the commission to investigate problems at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, along with Donna Shalala, a former member of the Clinton cabinet. Dole is married to former U.S. cabinet member and former U.S. Senator Elizabeth Hanford Dole of North Carolina. Bob Dole is currently a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.
Bob Dole was born in Russell, Kansas, the son of Bina M. (née Talbott; 1904–1983) and Doran Ray Dole (1901–1975). His father, who had moved the family to Russell while Dole was still a toddler, made a living by running a small creamery. Among his father's customers was the father of Arlen Specter who ran a junkyard in the town and used Dole's scales to weigh junk. Specter, who was six years younger than Dole and graduated Russell High School in 1947, was not a Dole contemporary although Specter's brother Morton Specter and Dole's brother Kenny Dole were friends. During the Great Depression, which hit Kansas very hard, the Dole family moved into the basement of their home and rented out the rest of the house. As a boy, he took many odd jobs around Russell, and he would later work as a soda jerk in the local drug store.
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Bob Dornan
Robert Kenneth "Bob" Dornan (born April 3, 1933) is a Republican and former member of the United States House of Representatives from California and a vocal advocate of pro-life and social conservative causes.
A boisterous former actor and television talk show host, Dornan had a flair for the dramatic that drew him supporters and detractors well beyond his congressional districts. Though never a major power in Washington, he became one of the most well-known members of the House of Representatives and has been described as "one of the leading firebrands among American politicians."
Dornan attended Loyola University of Los Angeles (later renamed Loyola Marymount University) until 1953. At age 19, Dornan volunteered to join the United States Air Force. During his time in the USAF, he survived two emergency parachute ejections and two "dead stick" forced landings (including one of an F-100). Dornan also served as a photographer during the Vietnam War and flew relief flights into Biafra. He was an active duty serviceman in USAF until 1958, reaching the rank of Captain. He then served in the Air Force Reserve until 1975.
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Bob Graham
Daniel Robert "Bob" Graham (born November 9, 1936) is an American politician and author. He was the 38th Governor of Florida from 1979 to 1987 and a United States Senator from that state from 1987 to 2005. Graham was considered a possible running mate for both Al Gore and John Kerry.
Graham tried unsuccessfully to run for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination, but dropped out of the race on October 6, 2003. He announced his retirement from the Senate on November 3 of that year.
Graham is now concentrating his efforts on the newly established Bob Graham Center for Public Service at his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Florida. He also serves as Chairman of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism and advocates for the recommendations in the Commission report, World at Risk.
In 2011 Graham published his first novel, the thriller The Keys to the Kingdom.
Graham was born in Coral Gables, Florida, the son of Hilda Elizabeth (née Simmons), a schoolteacher, and Ernest R. Graham, a Florida state senator, mining engineer, and dairy/cattleman. He is the youngest of four children. His siblings are the late Philip Graham, former publisher of the Washington Post; the late William Graham of Miami Lakes, Florida; and the late Mary Crow. He married Adele Khoury Graham, of Miami Shores, in 1959. They have four daughters: Gwen Graham, Cissy Graham McCullough, Suzanne Graham Gibson and Kendall Graham Elias. The Grahams also have 11 grandchildren.
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Boies Penrose
Boies Penrose (November 1, 1860 – December 31, 1921) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1897 until his death in 1921.
Born into a prominent Philadelphia family of Cornish descent, he was brother to Richard Penrose and Spencer Penrose, who in 1918 would build the elegant Broadmoor Hotel at Colorado Springs, Colorado. Penrose graduated from Harvard Law School in 1881, and was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1883. He took an interest in politics and began working for Matthew Quay, a Pennsylvania political boss. He was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1884, and was elected to the State Senate in 1886, where he served as president pro tempore from 1889 to 1891.
Penrose stepped down from his position as a State Senator in 1897 to take office as a United States Senator. Penrose was a dominant member of the Senate Finance Committee and supported high protective tariffs.
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Brett Tolman
Brett Tolman was the United States Attorney for the District of Utah from July 2006 to December 2009. Before becoming U.S. Attorney, Tolman worked as counsel in the Senate Judiciary Committee for committee chairs Orrin Hatch (R-UT) and then Arlen Specter (R-PA) during the 109th United States Congress. Tolman’s most noteworthy work in the Senate is his role in the passage of the 2005 Patriot Act reauthorization. He was instrumental in the revisions to the appointment process of interim U.S. Attorneys and is a major (if not well-known) figure in the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy.
Tolman received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University in 1994, and his law degree cum laude from the J. Reuben Clark Law School in 1998. Tolman clerked for U.S. District Chief Judge Dee Benson from 1998-2000. Tolman then served four years as an assistant U.S. Attorney in the District of Utah under U.S. Attorney Paul Warner. In 2003, he began work on the staff of U.S. Sen. Orrin Hatch, (R-UT), chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Later, Tolman staffed for Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA) after Specter became judiciary chairman. While working for Senators Hatch and Specter, Tolman was Counsel for Crime and Terrorism, which included work on drafting and negotiating passage of the USA PATRIOT Act reauthorization.
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Chester Ashley
Chester Ashley (June 1, 1790 – April 29, 1848) was an American politician who represented Arkansas in the U.S. Senate from 1844 until his death.
Ashley was born in Amherst, Massachusetts in 1790; while a child he moved with his parents to Hudson, New York. He was a graduate, with honors, of Williams College; following this, he took a course in law in Litchfield, Connecticut. Ashley moved west upon completion of his education, going first to Illinois, and thence to Missouri. In 1820 he arrived in Little Rock, Arkansas, soon becoming one of the best and most prominent lawyers in the Arkansas Territory; for a time, his partner in practice was Robert Crittenden. Together, Ashley and Crittenden founded Rose Law Firm.
For some twenty years Ashley's practice was the largest in the state, and he became a wealthy man. This led him to try his hand at politics; in 1844 he canvassed the state campaigning for James K. Polk for president; the Democrats were victorious, and Ashley was elected by the state legislature to fill a vacancy in the Senate. Soon after entering, he was made the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee; in 1846, he was reelected to the Senate. Two years later he was taken suddenly ill in the Senate Chamber and died not long after.
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Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Succeeding Thurgood Marshall, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the Court.
Thomas grew up in Savannah, Georgia and was educated at the College of the Holy Cross and at Yale Law School. In 1974, he was appointed an Assistant Attorney General in Missouri and subsequently practiced law there in the private sector. In 1979, he became a legislative assistant to Missouri United States Senator John Danforth and in 1981 was appointed Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Thomas Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC); he served in that position until 1990, when President George H. W. Bush nominated him for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
On July 1, 1991, after 16 months of service as a judge, Thomas was nominated by Bush to fill Marshall's seat on the United States Supreme Court. Thomas's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought, centering on an accusation that he had made unwelcome sexual comments to attorney Anita Hill, a subordinate at the Department of Education and subsequently at the EEOC. The U.S. Senate ultimately confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52–48.
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Daniel Akaka
Daniel Kahikina Akaka (/əˈkɑːkə/; born September 11, 1924) is the junior United States Senator from Hawaii and a member of the Democratic Party. He is the first U.S. Senator of Native Hawaiian ancestry and is currently the only member of the Senate who has Chinese ancestry.
Born in Honolulu, he served in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers during World War II. He attended the University of Hawaii, where he received his bachelor's and master's degrees. Originally a high school teacher, he went on to serve as a principal for six years. In 1969, he was hired by the Department of Education as a chief program planner. In the 1970s he served in various governmental positions. He was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1976 to represent Hawaii's Second Congressional District, and he served for 13 years. In 1990 he was appointed to the U.S. Senate to succeed the deceased Spark Matsunaga. Akaka would later be re-elected to three full terms. In March 2011 he announced that he will not run for re-election in 2012.
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Daniel Inouye
Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (/ɨˈnoʊweɪ/; Japanese: 井上 建, Inoue Ken; born September 7, 1924) is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii, a member of the Democratic Party, and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history. Inouye is the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations.
A senator since 1963, Inouye is the most senior senator. He is also the second longest serving U.S. Senator in history after Robert Byrd. Inouye has continuously represented Hawaii in the U.S. Congress since it achieved statehood in 1959, serving as Hawaii's first U.S. Representative and later a senator. Inouye was the first Japanese-American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the first in the U.S. Senate. At age 87, Inouye is the second-oldest current senator, after 88 year-old Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey. He is also a recipient of the United States Medal of Honor, as well as other military awards.
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Daniel Sturgeon
Daniel Sturgeon (October 27, 1789 – July 3, 1878) was an American physician, banker and Democratic party politician from Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He served in both houses of the state legislature and represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate.
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David Durenberger
David Ferdinand Durenberger (born August 19, 1934) is an American politician and a former Republican member of the U.S. Senate from Minnesota.
Durenberger was born in St. Cloud, Minnesota. He attended Saint John's University and graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1959. He served in the United States Army Reserve from 1956 to 1963.
On November 7, 1978, Durenberger was elected in a special election to complete the unexpired term of Senator Hubert Humphrey, whose position had temporarily been filled by Humphrey's wife Muriel. He was reelected in 1982 and again in 1988, serving from November 8, 1978, to January 3, 1995, in the 96th, 97th, 98th, 99th, 100th, 101st, 102nd and 103rd Congresses. He served as the chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence during the 99th Congress. Durenberger was unanimously denounced by the Senate on July 25, 1990, for unethical conduct relating to outside income. He was also disbarred for his actions.
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David Wilmot
David Wilmot (January 20, 1814 – March 16, 1868) was a U.S. political figure. He was a sponsor and eponym of the Wilmot Proviso which aimed to ban slavery in land gained from Mexico in the Mexican-American War of 1846–1848. Wilmot was a Democrat, a Free Soiler, and a Republican during his political career. His opposition to slavery did not include the abolitionist position of ending slavery in the entire country, and his views on race, by today’s standards, could be classified as racist.
David Wilmot was born in Bethany, Pennsylvania to Randall (1792–1896) and Mary Grant Wilmot (1792–1820). His father was a well to do merchant, and David’s early life was a comfortable one. He was educated at the local Beech Woods Academy and later at the Cayuga Lake Academy in Aurora, New York. Moving to Wilkes-Barre in 1832, he read law under George W. Woodward and was admitted to the bar in Bradford County, Pennsylvania in August 1834. In 1836 he married Anna Morgan and the couple had three children, none of whom survived childhood.
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Dennis DeConcini
Dennis Webster DeConcini (born May 8, 1937) is a former Democratic U.S. Senator from Arizona. Son of former Arizona Supreme Court Judge Evo Anton DeConcini, he represented Arizona in the United States Senate from 1977 until 1995.
DeConcini was born in Tucson, Arizona, the son of Ora (née Webster) and Evo Anton DeConcini. His father was the Arizona Attorney General for one two-year term from 1948 to 1949. DeConcini received his Bachelors Degree from the University of Arizona in 1959 and his LLD from the University of Arizona in 1963. He then worked as a lawyer for the Arizona Governor's staff from 1965 to 1967. He founded the law firm of DeConcini, McDonald, Yetwin & Lacy (where he is still a partner) with offices in Tucson, Phoenix and Washington, D.C.
He is a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.
DeConcini served one elected term as Pima County, Arizona Attorney (1973–1976), the chief prosecutor and civil attorney for the county and school districts within the county.
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Dennis Peron
Dennis Peron (born April 8, 1945, Bronx, New York) is an openly gay American medical cannabis and LGBT activist and businessman who was the figurehead for the legality of cannabis throughout the 1990s influencing many in California and thus changing the political debate of marijuana in the United States.
He grew up on Long Island, served in the Air Force in Vietnam and moved to The Castro, San Francisco, where he sold cannabis, cofounded the Cannabis Buyers Club, and coauthored California Proposition 215. His marijuana business was busted by authorities in 1978 and 1990. In 1996, Dan Lungren, state attorney general, ordered another bust of Peron's club. Proposition 215 was passed soon thereafter, which allowed the club to reopen. Later in 1996 The Grassroots Party of Minnesota fielded Dennis Peron, as their first Presidential nominee, in the U.S. presidential election. Peron received 5,400 votes. In 1998, Peron ran in the Republican primary for California governor against his rival Lungren (who won the primary and lost the election to Gray Davis).
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Diane Beall Templin
Diane Beall Templin (born May 23, 1947, Buffalo, New York) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1996 election, the 2004 election, and the 2008 election.
In 1996 her running mate was Gary Van Horn; that year she was on the ballot in Utah representing the Independent American Party (IAP), where she received 1,290 votes; in Colorado she represented the American Party and received 557 votes. The 2000 ticket of the American Party, Don Rogers and Albert B. "Al" Moore, promised that if elected they would nominate Templin to head the Environmental Protection Agency and to the United States Supreme Court. When she ran again in 2004, her Vice Presidential nominee was Al Moore; they were not on the ballot in any state. They replaced the brief American Party ticket of Robert Boyd[disambiguation needed
] and Walter Thompson[disambiguation needed ], who chose to withdraw.
Templin was one of 135 candidates who ran for governor in the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election, receiving 1,067 votes. The San Diego described her as a "swing dance enthusiast." During the recall campaign, Templin appeared on a statewide PBS news program as she was dipped by a dance partner while declaring that California was "upside down." She has also run for California Attorney General in 1998 and 2002 as a candidate of the American Independent Party of California and has been a perennial candidate for Congress in California's 50th and 51st district in 2004.
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Dianne Feinstein
Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein ( /ˈfaɪnstaɪn/; born June 22, 1933) is the senior United States Senator from California. A member of the Democratic Party, she has served in the Senate since 1992. She also served as 38th Mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988.
Born in San Francisco, Feinstein graduated from Stanford University. In the 1960s she worked in city government, and in 1970 she was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She served as the board's first female president in 1978, during which time the assassinations of Mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk drew national attention to the city. Feinstein, who was the first to discover the shootings, succeeded Moscone as mayor. During her tenure as San Francisco's first female mayor she took a politically moderate stance, leading a revamp of the city's cable car system and overseeing the 1984 Democratic National Convention.
After a failed gubernatorial campaign in 1990, she won a 1992 special election to the U.S. Senate. Feinstein was first elected on the same ballot as her peer Barbara Boxer, and the two became California's first female U.S. Senators. Feinstein formerly chaired the Senate Rules Committee (2007–2009) and has chaired the Select Committee on Intelligence since 2009. She is also the first woman to have presided over a U.S. presidential inauguration.
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Dick Thornburgh
Richard Lewis "Dick" Thornburgh (born July 16, 1932) is an American lawyer and Republican politician who served as the 41st Governor of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1987, and then as the U.S. Attorney General from 1988 to 1991.
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on July 16, 1932, Thornburgh attended Mercersburg Academy and in 1954 obtained an engineering degree from Yale University, and a law degree from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law in 1957, where he served as an editor of the "Law Review." He subsequently has been awarded honorary degrees from 32 other colleges and universities. He joined the international law firm K&L Gates in 1959.
Thornburgh married Ginny Hooton who was killed in an automobile accident which left the youngest of their three sons with physical and intellectual disability. Thornburgh is married to Ginny Judson, a former schoolteacher from New York, who holds degrees from Wheaton College in Norton, Massachusetts and the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She presently serves as Director of the Interfaith Initiative of the American Association of People with Disabilities, based in Washington, D.C., and has co-authored and edited "That All May Worship," an award winning handbook for religious congregations working to include people with all types of disabilities. She received the Hubert H. Humphrey Civil Rights Award from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights in April, 2005.
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Dudley Chase
Dudley Chase (December 30, 1771 – February 23, 1846) was a United States Senator from Vermont.
He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1791, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1793. He worked as a prosecuting attorney for Orange County, Vermont from 1803 to 1812.
He served as a member of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1805 to 1812, and speaker from 1808 to 1812.
Chase was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1813 and again as an National Republican in 1825.
Dudley Chase was an uncle of Salmon P. Chase (Treasury Secretary, 1861–1864 and Chief Justice of the United States, 1864–1873) and Dudley Chase Denison (a U.S. Representative from Vermont.)
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Earl Dodge
Earl Farwell Dodge, Jr. (December 24, 1932 – November 7, 2007) was a long-time temperance movement leader and a politician of the Prohibition Party, from the U.S. state of Colorado.
Dodge was born in Revere, Massachusetts on December 24, 1932., and joined the Prohibition Party at age 19. He was appointed Chairman of the Prohibition Party in 1979 while the party was operating under the name of the National Statesmen Party; the party name was re-instated following the 1980 election.
In addition to his work with the Prohibition Party, Dodge was active in various other temperance organizations, as well as the Right to Life movement, and in several political memorabilia collecting organizations. In his later years, Dodge began to make a living producing political items.
The following is a list of his candidacies:
Dodge was waiting to board a flight en route from Denver International Airport to Pennsylvania, when he suddenly collapsed. Doctors confirmed it was cardiac arrhythmia. He died on November 7, 2007.
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Edgar Cowan
Edgar Cowan (September 19, 1815 – August 31, 1885) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate during the American Civil War.
Cowan was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Franklin College, Ohio, in 1839 and subsequently became a raftsman, boat builder, schoolmaster, and a student of medicine. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, in 1842. He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1861, to March 4, 1867, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Senate. During his tenure in office, he served as chairman, Committee on Patents and the Patent Office (Thirty-seventh through Thirty-ninth Congresses). Following the Civil War, he was appointed by President Andrew Johnson as Minister to Austria in January 1867, but was not confirmed by the Senate. He then resumed the practice of law.
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Eric Chester
Eric Thomas Chester (born 6 August 1943) is an American author, socialist political activist, and former economics professor.
Born in New York City, he is the son of Harry (a UAW economist) and Alice (a psychiatrist née Fried) Chester. Both parents were active socialists from Vienna, opposing the rise of fascism and nazism.
Chester was a member of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) while at the University of Michigan in the 1960s, when he opposed the war in Vietnam. In the spring of 1965 he was among those answering the call of the southern civil rights movement, going to Alabama to demonstrate against the federal government's support of Alabama's segregationist policies. Later that summer he once again answered the call, going to Jackson, Mississippi in support of people struggling against the segregationist policies of Mississippi and the federal government. He spent 10 days in the Hinds County, Mssissippi jail. In October, 1965 he was arrested in Ann Arbor, Michigan as part of one of the first acts of civil disobedience against the American government's warfare against the people of Viet Nam. He was a member of New American Movement in the 1970s, and has been a member of the Socialist Party USA since 1980. He helped organize the faculty union while teaching at the University of Massachusetts Boston. He is currently a member of the National Writers Union (UAW), an active member in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), the Socialist Party of Massachusetts, and the Socialist Party USA, and was the Socialist Party USA’s candidate for Vice President in 1996. The 1996 Socialist Party USA presidential ticket of Mary Cal Hollis and Chester received 4,765 votes. He campaigned for the SP's Presidential nomination for the 2000, 2004 and 2008 elections, but lost to David McReynolds, Walt Brown and Brian Moore, respectively. He twice ran for Congress from Massachusetts's First Congressional District, in 2002 and 2006.
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Felix Grundy
Felix Grundy (September 11, 1775 – December 19, 1840) was a U.S. Congressman and U.S. Senator from Tennessee who also served as the 13th Attorney General of the United States.
Born in Berkeley County, Virginia (now Berkeley County, West Virginia), he moved to Brownsville, Pennsylvania, and then Kentucky with his parents. He was educated at home and at the Bardstown Academy in Bardstown, Kentucky. He then studied law and was admitted to the Kentucky bar and commenced practice in Springfield, Kentucky in 1799.
In 1799, Grundy was chosen to represent Washington County at the convention which drafted the second Kentucky Constitution. From 1800 to 1802, he represented Washington County in the Kentucky House of Representatives. He then moved to Nelson County, which he represented in the Kentucky House from 1804 to 1806. On December 10, 1806, he was commissioned an associate justice on the Kentucky Court of Appeals. He was elevated to Chief Justice of the court on April 11, 1807. Later that year, he resigned and moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he again took up the practice of law.
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Frank Murkowski
Frank Hughes Murkowski (/mərˈkaʊski/; born March 28, 1933) is an American politician and a member of the Republican Party. He was a United States Senator from Alaska from 1981 until 2002 and the eighth Governor of Alaska from 2002 until 2006.
Born in Seattle, Washington, the son of Frank and Helen (née Hughes), Murkowski attended Ketchikan High School in Alaska, graduating in 1951. Studying at Santa Clara University from 1951 to 1953, he gained a BS in economics from Seattle University in 1955. Thereafter, he served in the United States Coast Guard until 1957 - the same year his daughter Lisa was born. After a stint at Pacific National Bank and further study at Pacific Coast Banking School, Murkowski became Alaska's youngest commissioner at the time when he was appointed Commissioner of Economic Development, aged 33, and was elevated to the presidency of the Alaska National Bank of the North in 1971. He has also headed the Alaska Bankers Association and - in 1977 - the Alaska State Chamber of Commerce.
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Frederick Van Nuys
Frederick Van Nuys (April 16, 1874 – January 25, 1944) was a United States Senator from Indiana. Born in Falmouth, he attended the public schools and graduated from Earlham College (Richmond, Indiana) in 1898 and from the predecessor of the now Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in 1900. He was admitted to the bar in 1900 and commenced practice in Shelbyville moving shortly afterward to Anderson. From 1906 to 1910 he was prosecuting attorney of Madison County and was a member of the Indiana Senate from 1913 to 1916, serving as president pro tempore in 1915. He moved to Indianapolis in 1916 and continued the practice of law; he was United States attorney for the district of Indiana from 1920 to 1922.
Frederick Van Nuys was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1932, soundly defeating longtime incumbent James Eli Watson. He was narrowly reelected in 1938, serving from March 4, 1933, until his death on a farm near Vienna, Virginia in 1944. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments (76th Congress) and a member of the Committee on the Judiciary (77th and 78th Congresses). Interment was in East Maplewood Cemetery, Anderson, Indiana.
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George Frisbie Hoar
George Frisbie Hoar (August 29, 1826 – September 30, 1904) was a prominent United States politician and United States Senator from Massachusetts. Hoar was born in Concord, Massachusetts. He was a member of an extended family that was politically prominent in 18th and 19th century New England.
Hoar graduated from Harvard University in 1846, then studied at Harvard Law School and settled in Worcester, Massachusetts where he practiced law before entering politics. Initially a member of the Free Soil Party, he joined the Republican Party shortly after its founding, and was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1852), and the Massachusetts Senate (1857).
In 1865, Hoar was one of the founders of the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science, now the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He represented Massachusetts as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1869 through 1877, then served in the U.S. Senate until his death. He was a Republican, who generally avoided party partisanship and did not hesitate to criticize other members of his party whose actions or policies he believed were in error.
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George Logan
George Logan (September 9, 1753 – April 9, 1821) was an American physician, farmer, legislator and politician from Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. He served in the Pennsylvania state legislature and represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate. He was a founder of the Democratic-Republican Societies in 1793. An accomplished farmer, he was a founder of the Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Agriculture.
In 1798, he went to Paris to negotiate peace with the French to settle the Quasi-War. On his return, he found he had been denounced by the opposition Federalists, who had passed a statute informally known as the "Logan Act", which made it a crime for an individual citizen to interfere in a dispute between the United States and a foreign country.
In 1781, he married Deborah Norris, a historian and diarist. She was the first woman elected to membership in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[citation needed] As a girl, she had been a friend of Sally Wister. When they were separated by the British occupation of Philadelphia and families' leaving the city, Wister wrote letters to Norris, which were published after Wister's death as Sally Wister's Journal.
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Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after Spiro Agnew had resigned), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President nor Vice-President by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.
As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over arguably the weakest economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.
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Gloria La Riva
Gloria Estela La Riva (born August 13, 1954, in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American politician associated with the Party for Socialism and Liberation. She was the party's 2008 presidential candidate, and was also vying for the nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party in California, but lost the bid to Ralph Nader. La Riva launched her presidential campaign in January 2008, with Eugene Puryear running for vice president.
La Riva was first a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the United States presidential election, 1992, representing the Workers World Party, although this was an unofficial run as basically a placeholder on a few state ballots. She had also been the Workers World vice-presidential candidate in the elections of 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2000. She joined the Party for Socialism and Liberation in its split from the Workers World Party in 2004.
La Riva was also the Peace and Freedom Party candidate for Governor of California in 1994, receiving 72,774 votes (0.9%). She ran again in the 1998 gubernatorial election, capturing 59,218 votes (0.71%).
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Harris Wofford
Harris Llewellyn Wofford (born April 9, 1926) served as a Democratic U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania from 1991 to 1995 and as the fifth president of Bryn Mawr College, and is a noted advocate of national service and volunteering. Wofford was a surrogate for Barack Obama's campaign for president, and introduced Obama in Philadelphia at the National Constitution Center before Obama's speech on race in America, "A More Perfect Union."
Harris Wofford was born in New York City in 1926. While attending high school, he was inspired by Clarence Streit's plea for a world government to found the Student Federalists.
Wofford served in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War.[citation needed] He is a 1948 graduate of the University of Chicago. He enrolled at Howard Law School, the first white student to do so since the early 20th century. After one year, he transferred to Yale Law School, where he graduated in June 1954.
He began his public service career as an attorney for the United States Commission on Civil Rights, serving from 1954 to 1958. In 1959, he became a law professor at University of Notre Dame. He was an early supporter of the Civil Rights movement in the south in the late 1950s and became a friend and unofficial advisor to Martin Luther King, Jr..
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Harry Browne
Harry Browne (June 17, 1933 – March 1, 2006) was an American libertarian writer, politician, and free-market investment analyst. He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of the Libertarian Party in 1996 and 2000.
Browne was born in New York City, New York to CBS radio personalities Cecil Margaret Davis and Edson Bradford Browne and grew up in Los Angeles, California. He lived in Vancouver, Canada and Zurich, Switzerland in the late 1970s and early 1980s and resided in Franklin, Tennessee, at the time of his death.
He was inducted into the U.S. Army on May 5, 1953. He went to the Southwestern Signal Corps Training Center at Camp San Luis Obispo, California to study cryptography. On October 4, 1953 he was sent to Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands. He had a top-secret and atomic-energy clearance and on March 1, 1954 he witnessed the Bikini H-bomb test.
In 1955 Browne was sent to Eniwetok to finish his tour of duty and afterwards was transferred to the Army Reserves at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. He was released from active military service on July 17, 1956. He was honorably discharged from the Armed Forces on February 28, 1961 and discharged from the Army Reserves on July 1, 1961.
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Hugh Scott
Hugh Doggett Scott, Jr. (November 11, 1900 – July 21, 1994) was an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he represented Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives (1941–1945, 1947–1959) and the U.S. Senate (1959–1977). As a Senator, he served as Senate Minority Leader from 1969 to 1977. He was also chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1948 to 1949.
The son of Hugh Doggett and Jane Lee (née Lewis) Scott, Hugh Doggett Scott, Jr. was born on an estate in Fredericksburg, Virginia, that was once owned by George Washington. His grandfather served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War under General John Hunt Morgan, and his great-grandmother was the niece of President Zachary Taylor. After attending public schools in Fredericksburg, he studied at Randolph–Macon College in Ashland, from where he graduated in 1919. He enrolled in the Student Reserve Officers Training Corps and the Students' Army Training Corps during World War I.
In 1922, Scott earned his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law at Charlottesville, where he was a member of the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society and the Alpha Chi Rho fraternity. His interest in politics was established after frequently attending committee hearings in the Virginia House of Delegates.
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Isabell Masters
Dr. Isabell Masters Ph.D. (January 9, 1913 – September 11, 2011) of Topeka, Kansas, was a five-time perennial third-party candidate (Looking Back Party) for President of the United States.
Masters' five presidential campaigns are the most for any woman in U.S. history. She was a candidate in the United States presidential election, 1984, the United States presidential election, 1992 (339 votes), the United States presidential election, 1996 in which she was only on the ballot in Arkansas (but also received a few votes in California and Maryland) (752 votes total, 2000), and the United States presidential election, 2004. Her 1992 running mate was her son, Walter Ray Masters while her 1996 running mate was her daughter, Shirley Jean Masters.
Isabell Masters was born Isabell Arch in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on January 9, 1913. Her father, a businessman, was of African American and German descent. Masters graduated from Douglas High School in Oklahoma City and received a bachelor's degree in education from Langston University. She later earned a doctorate from the University of Oklahoma. An educator by profession, Masters taught in California, New York, Nevada and Kansas during her career. She specifically worked in schools in the American cities of Pasadena, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Kansas City and Syracuse, New York.
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Jack Fellure
Lowell Jackson "Jack" Fellure (born October 3, 1931) is an American perennial political candidate and retired engineer. He is the presidential nominee of the Prohibition Party for the 2012 presidential election.
Fellure has formally campaigned for President of the United States in every presidential election since 1988 as a member of the Republican Party. He asserts on his campaign website that his platform based on the 1611 Authorized King James Bible has never changed. As a candidate, he calls for the elimination of the liquor industry, abortion and pornography, and advocates the teaching of the Bible in public schools and criminalization of homosexuality. He has blamed the ills of society on those he has characterized as "atheists, Marxists, liberals, queers, liars, draft dodgers, flag burners, dope addicts, sex perverts and anti-Christians."
In 1992, Fellure filed to run in the New Hampshire, West Virginia and Kansas Republican primaries. By November 1991, he had spent $40,000 of his own money on the campaign, and he sent a King James Bible to the FEC as a copy of his platform. Regarding the 1611 English version of the Bible, translated by 47 Church of England scholars at the request of King James, he said, "God wrote it as the supreme document and final authority in the affairs of all men, nations and civilizations, for time and eternity... It shall never be necessary to change it." He received 36 votes in the New Hampshire primary and complained that President George H.W. Bush and commentator Pat Buchanan were receiving all the media attention.
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Jack Kemp
Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935 – May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a collegiate and professional football player. A Republican, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993, having previously served nine terms as a congressman for Western New York's 31st congressional district from 1971 to 1989. He was the Republican Party's nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election, where he was the running mate of presidential nominee Bob Dole. Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries.
Before entering politics, Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL), but became a star in the American Football League (AFL). He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, and set many of the league's career passing records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his football career, he served in the United States Army Reserve.
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James Buchanan
James Buchanan, Jr. (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868, English pronunciation: /bjuːˈkænən/) was the 15th President of the United States (1857–1861). He is the only president from Pennsylvania and the only president who remained a lifelong bachelor. His niece Harriet Lane played the role as lady of the house.
Buchanan (often called Buck-anan by his contemporaries) was a popular and experienced state politician and a successful attorney before his presidency. He represented Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the Senate, and served as Minister to Russia under President Andrew Jackson. He was also Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. After he turned down an offer for an appointment to the Supreme Court, President Franklin Pierce appointed him Minister to the United Kingdom, in which capacity he helped draft the controversial Ostend Manifesto.
Buchanan was nominated in the 1856 election. Throughout most of Franklin Pierce's term he was stationed in London as a Minister to the Court of St. James's and therefore was not caught up in the crossfire of sectional politics that dominated the country. Buchanan was viewed by many as a compromise between the two sides of the slavery question. His subsequent election victory took place in a three-man race with John C. Frémont and Millard Fillmore. As President, he was often called a "doughface", a Northerner with Southern sympathies, who battled with Stephen A. Douglas for the control of the Democratic Party. Buchanan's efforts to maintain peace between the North and the South alienated both sides, and the Southern states declared their secession in the prologue to the American Civil War. Buchanan's view of record was that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal. Buchanan, first and foremost an attorney, was noted for his mantra, "I acknowledge no master but the law."
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James Eastland
James Oliver Eastland (November 28, 1904 – February 19, 1986) was an American politician from Mississippi who briefly served in the United States Senate as a Democrat in 1941; and again from 1943 until his resignation December 27, 1978. From 1947 to 1978, he served alongside John Stennis, also a Democrat. At the time, Eastland and Stennis were the longest-serving Senate duo in American history, though their record was subsequently surpassed by Strom Thurmond and Fritz Hollings of South Carolina, who served together for 36 years. Eastland was also the most senior member of the Senate at the time of his retirement in 1978. He compiled a conservative record in support of the conservative coalition.
Eastland was born in Doddsville, the son of Woods Caperton Eastland, a cotton planter, and Alma Teresa (Austin) Eastland. In 1905 he moved with his parents to Forest where he attended public schools. A lawyer in rural Mississippi, he served one term in the state House of Representatives from 1928 to 1932. In the 1930s, he took over the family's Sunflower County plantation, which eventually grew to nearly 6,000 acres (24 km2). Even after entering politics, he considered himself first and foremost a cotton planter.
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Jay Rockefeller
John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) is the senior United States Senator from West Virginia. He was first elected to the Senate in 1984, while in office as Governor of West Virginia, a position he held from 1977 to 1985. Rockefeller moved to Emmons, West Virginia to serve as a VISTA worker in 1964, and was first elected to public office in the state, as a member of the House of Delegates, in 1966. Rockefeller was later elected Secretary of State in 1968 and was president of West Virginia Wesleyan College from 1973 to 1976.
As a great-grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, he is the only currently-serving politician of the prominent six-generation Rockefeller family and the only Democrat in what has been a traditionally Republican dynasty.
John Davison Rockefeller IV was born at New York Hospital in New York City to John D. Rockefeller III and Blanchette Ferry Hooker just 26 days after the death of his great-grandfather John D. Rockefeller. Jay Rockefeller graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1955 and from Harvard College in 1961 with an A.B. in Far Eastern Languages and History, after having spent three years studying Japanese at the International Christian University in Tokyo.
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Jimmy McMillan
James "Jimmy" McMillan III (born December 1, 1946) is an American political activist, perennial candidate, and Vietnam War veteran, as well as a former postal worker and private investigator from Brooklyn, New York. He is best known as the founder of the Rent Is Too Damn High Party, a New York-based political party. McMillan has run for office at least six times since 1993, including in the 2010 New York gubernatorial election on the "Rent Is 2 Damn High" line. He declared on December 23, 2010, that he would run in the 2012 U.S. presidential election as a Republican.
McMillan's first run for political office came in 1993, when he ran for Mayor of New York on the Rent Is Too Damn High ticket. In the course of that campaign, McMillan was at one point tied to a tree and doused with gasoline; he would later climb the Brooklyn Bridge and refuse to come down from it unless television stations broadcast his message. He was ultimately disqualified from the ballot for coming 300 petition signatures short of the 7,500 needed to qualify for the general election ballot.
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Jo Jorgensen
Jo Jorgensen was the United States Libertarian Party candidate for vice-president in the 1996 U.S. presidential election, the running mate of presidential candidate Harry Browne. She was also a South Carolina congressional candidate for House District 4 in 1992 receiving 4,286 votes for 2.2%. She is now a Psychology professor at Clemson University in Clemson, SC.
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Joan Jett Blakk
Joan Jett Blakk is the drag persona of performer Terence Smith. Smith is an African-American actor, writer and political candidate. Blakk first garnered a measure of national attention when he ran for President of the United States in 1992.
Calling himself a blend of Divine, David Bowie and Grace Jones, Smith began performing in 1974.
In 1991, Smith, as Blakk, ran against Richard M. Daley for the office of mayor of Chicago, Illinois. The campaign was chronicled in the 1991 video Drag in for Votes. Smith's next campaign was for the presidency in 1992, under the slogan "Lick Bush in '92!" and documented in the 1993 video of the same name. Smith also ran for president in 1996 with the slogan "Lick Slick Willie in '96!" In each of these campaigns Smith ran on the Queer Nation Party ticket.
Following the 1992 campaign, Smith relocated to San Francisco, California and joined the African-American stage comedy troupe Pomo Afro Homos. He launched his talk show, Late Nite with Joan Jett Blakk.
In 1999, Smith, again as Blakk, announced his intention to run for mayor of San Francisco against incumbent Willie Brown.
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Joan Specter
Joan L. Specter is an American businesswoman and politician. She is a former member of the Philadelphia City Council, and the wife of former U.S. Senator Arlen Specter.
Specter holds a BA from Southern Connecticut College and an MA in food and design from Drexel University. Upon her graduation from Drexel, she founded several cooking schools in the Philadelphia-area. In the 1970s, she hosted a consumer advice and food-related program on a local radio station, and wrote a weekly column for the Philadelphia Bulletin. Specter also began selling her pies to local restaurants. Eventually, the business grew into a wholesale distribution company which operated in several dozen states. Specter's pies were billed as "America's first gourmet frozen pies which require no baking, decorating or special preparations".
She left the business world in 1979, when she was elected to one of the two allotted minority Republican Party at-large seats on the Philadelphia City Council. She was re-elected three more times, though she finished third in the 1991 primary, behind her colleuage on Council, W. Thacher Longstreth and Joseph Egan, Jr. However, prior to the general election, former Democratic Mayor Frank Rizzo, who had switched to the Republican Party and was its nominee in that year's Mayoral election, died. Egan was subsequently selected to take Rizzo's spot on the ballot (and lost to former District Attorney Ed Rendell), and Longstreth and Specter were both re-elected.
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Joe Biden
Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden, Jr. (pronunciation: /ˈdʒoʊsɨf rɒbɨˈnɛt ˈbaɪdən/; born November 20, 1942) is the 47th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President Barack Obama. A Democrat, he was a United States Senator from Delaware from January 3, 1973 until his resignation on January 15, 2009, following his election to the Vice Presidency.
Biden was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania and lived there for ten years before moving to Delaware. He became an attorney in 1969, and was elected to a county council in 1970. Biden was first elected to the Senate in 1972 and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history. He was re-elected to the Senate six times, was the fourth most senior senator at the time of his resignation, and is the 15th-longest serving Senator in history. Biden was a long-time member and former chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. His strong advocacy helped bring about U.S. military assistance and intervention during the Bosnian War. He opposed the Gulf War in 1991. He voted in favor of the Iraq War Resolution in 2002, but later proposed resolutions to alter U.S. strategy there. He has also served as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, dealing with issues related to drug policy, crime prevention, and civil liberties, and led creation of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and Violence Against Women Act. He chaired the Judiciary Committee during the contentious U.S. Supreme Court nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.
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Joe Sestak
Joseph Ambrose "Joe" Sestak, Jr. (born December 12, 1951) is a former American politician and Navy admiral. A Democrat, he served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for two terms, from Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district from 2007 to 2011. He was the highest-ranking military official ever elected to the U.S. Congress. Sestak defeated 30-year incumbent Arlen Specter in the 2010 Pennsylvania Democratic Senate primary. He was defeated in the general election by former U.S Representative Pat Toomey.
Sestak was a member of the United States Navy for over 30 years, before retiring as a Vice admiral (three stars). Late in his naval career, Sestak served as the Director for Defense on the National Security Council under President Bill Clinton. During his naval career, he held a series of operational commands, including commanding the USS George Washington carrier strike group during combat operations in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean in 2002. Following the September 11 attacks, he served as the first director of "Deep Blue" (code name), the Navy's top secret counter-terrorism unit.
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John Connally
John Bowden Connally, Jr. (February 27, 1917 – June 15, 1993), was an influential American politician, serving as the 39th governor of Texas, Secretary of the Navy under President John F. Kennedy, and as Secretary of the Treasury under President Richard M. Nixon. While he was Governor in 1963, Connally was a passenger in the car in which President Kennedy was assassinated. Connally was seriously wounded during the shooting.
Connally was born into a large family in Floresville, the seat of Wilson County southeast of San Antonio. He was one of seven children born to Lela (née Wright) and John Bowden Connally, Sr., a dairy and tenant farmer. At the time, Connally was among the few Floresville High School graduates who attended college. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin, where he was the student body president and a member of the Friar Society. He subsequently graduated from the University of Texas School of Law and was admitted to the bar by examination.
Connally served in the United States Navy during World War II, first as an aide to James V. Forrestal, then as part of the planning staff for the invasion of Africa by General Dwight D. Eisenhower. He transferred to the South Pacific Theater, where he served with distinction. He was a fighter-plane director aboard the aircraft carrier USS Essex and won a Bronze Star for bravery. He was shifted to another Essex class aircraft carrier, the USS Bennington and won a Legion of Merit. He was also involved in the campaigns in the Gilbert, Marshall, Ryukyu, and Philippine islands. He was discharged in 1946 at the rank of lieutenant commander.
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John Hagelin
John Samuel Hagelin (born June 9, 1954) is an American particle physicist, three-time candidate of the Natural Law Party for President of the United States (1992, 1996, and 2000), and the director of the Transcendental Meditation movement for the US.
Hagelin was a researcher at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), and is now Professor of Physics and Director of the Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy at Maharishi University of Management. He has conducted research into unified field theory and the Maharishi Effect.
Hagelin was appointed Raja of Invincible America by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and is also President of the US Peace Government. He is Executive Director of the International Center for Invincible Defense, Executive Director of the Global Financial Capital of New York, Executive Director of the Center for Leadership Performance, Director of the Board of Advisors for the David Lynch Foundation, Honorary Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Maharishi University of Management, and International Director of the Global Union of Scientists for Peace.
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Jon Delano
Jon Delano is the Money & Politics Editor for KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
A graduate of Haverford College and University of Pennsylvania Law School, Delano spent 14 years working as a Congressional staffer. In 1994, he became a political analyst for KDKA-TV.
He is also a professor at the H. John Heinz III College at Carnegie Mellon University. He also writes columns for Pittsburgh Business Times and Pittsburgh Magazine.
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Knute Nelson
Knute Nelson, also known as Knud Evanger (February 2, 1843 – April 28, 1923) was a Norwegian-American attorney and politician active in both Wisconsin and Minnesota. A Republican, he served in state and national positions: he was elected to the Wisconsin and Minnesota legislatures, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and the US Senate from Minnesota, and he served as the 12th Governor of Minnesota.
He is known for promoting the Nelson Act of 1889 to consolidate the Ojibwe/Chippewa in Minnesota on a western reservation in the state, and require the breakup of communal land by allotting it to individual households, with sales of the remainder to anyone. This was similar to the Dawes Act of 1887, which had applied to Native American lands in the Indian Territory.
Knute Nelson was born out of wedlock in Voss, Norway to Ingebjørg Haldorsdatter Kvilekval, who named him Knud Evanger. He was baptized by his uncle on their farm of Kvilekval, who recorded his father as Helge Knudsen Styve. This is unconfirmed. Various theories persist about Knud's paternity, including one involving Gjest Baardsen, a famous outlaw.
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Korean War
The Korean War (Korean: 한국전쟁 or 조선전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭 or 朝鮮戰爭; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The Korean War was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.
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Lamar Alexander
Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr. (born July 3, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Tennessee. He was previously the Conference Chair of the Republican Party from 2007 to 2012, the 45th Governor of Tennessee from 1979 to 1987, United States Secretary of Education from 1991 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush and candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination in 1996 and 2000.
Alexander was born in Maryville, Tennessee, where he was raised, to Genevra Floreine (née Rankin) and Andrew Lamar Alexander, a high school principal. In high school he was elected Governor of Tennessee Boys State. Alexander graduated with a B.A. from Vanderbilt University where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Chi Fraternity in 1962 and from the New York University School of Law in 1965. After graduating from law school, Alexander clerked for United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit judge John Minor Wisdom in New Orleans from 1965 to 1966.
In 1969 Alexander married Honey Buhler, who grew up in Victoria, Texas, and graduated from Smith College of Massachusetts. They had met during a softball game for Senate staff members; he was then a staffer for Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee while she worked for Senator John Tower of Texas. Together they have four children: Drew, Leslee, Kathryn, and Will.
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Larry Craig
Larry Edwin Craig (born July 20, 1945) is a former Republican politician from the U.S. state of Idaho. He served 18 years in the U.S. Senate (1991–2009), preceded by 10 years in the U.S. House, representing Idaho's first district (1981–91). His 28 years in the Congress rank as the second-longest in Idaho history, trailing only William Borah, who served over 32 years in the Senate. In addition to serving in Congress, Craig has been a member of the Board of Directors of the National Rifle Association since 1983. Craig has also been selected for induction into the Idaho Hall of Fame. Although he was selected in March 2007, the announcement was made in October 2007.
On August 27, 2007, the Capitol Hill newspaper Roll Call revealed that Craig had been arrested for lewd conduct in the men's restroom at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport on June 11, 2007, and entered a guilty plea to a lesser charge of disorderly conduct on August 8, 2007. Despite firmly stating that he was not gay and never has been gay, Craig announced his intention to resign from the Senate at a news conference on September 1, 2007, but later decided to finish the remainder of his term.
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Lyman Trumbull
Lyman Trumbull (October 12, 1813 – June 25, 1896) was a United States Senator from Illinois during the American Civil War, and co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Trumbull was born in Colchester, Connecticut, the grandson of historian Benjamin Trumbull. He attended Bacon Academy and was a school teacher from 1829 to 1833. At 20, he was head of an academy in Georgia. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar and practiced in Greenville, Georgia until moving to Belleville, Illinois in 1837.
By 1840, he was serving in the Illinois House of Representatives, and he served as Illinois Secretary of State from 1841-1843. From 1848 to 1853 he was a justice on the Supreme Court of Illinois. Although elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1854, he was elected to serve in the United States Senate before he could take his seat. He served from 1855 through 1873, during which time he claimed party affiliations with the Democrats, the Republicans, the Liberal Republicans, and finally the Democrats again. As chairman of the Judiciary Committee (1861–1872), he co-wrote the Thirteenth Amendment, which prohibited all kinds of slavery in the United States other than its use as punishment for crimes of which the party had been convicted; this became the sentence to "time at hard labor" that became assignable for certain crimes.
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Lyndon LaRouche
Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche, Jr. (born September 8, 1922), also known as Lyn Marcus, is an American political activist and founder of the LaRouche movement. He has written on economic, scientific, and political topics, as well as on history, philosophy, and psychoanalysis. Journalists and government officials in China, Italy and Russia have credited LaRouche with forecasting that unrestricted financial speculation would cause the late-2000s financial crisis.
LaRouche was a presidential candidate eight times between 1976 to 2004, running once for his own U.S. Labor Party and campaigning seven times for the Democratic Party nomination. He was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment in 1988 for conspiracy to commit mail fraud and tax code violations, and was released in 1994 on parole. Ramsey Clark, his chief appellate attorney and a former U.S. Attorney General, said that LaRouche was denied a fair trial. The Court of Appeals unanimously rejected the appeal.
Supporters of LaRouche call him a political leader in the tradition of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Commentators for The Washington Post and The New York Times have described him as a conspiracy theorist and a political extremist. Some have called him fascist or antisemitic, and a 1979 editorial in the New York Times characterized his movement as a 'cult'.Norman Bailey, formerly with the National Security Council, described LaRouche's staff in 1984 as one of the best private intelligence services in the world, while the Heritage Foundation, a think tank, wrote that he leads "what may well be one of the strangest political groups in American history."
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Margot Adler
Margot Adler (born April 16, 1946) is an author, journalist, lecturer, Wiccan priestess and radio journalist and correspondent for National Public Radio (NPR).
Born in Little Rock, Arkansas, Adler grew up mostly in New York City. Her grandfather, Alfred Adler, was a noted Austrian Jewish psychotherapist, collaborator with Sigmund Freud and the founder of the school of individual psychology.
Adler received a bachelor of arts in political science from the University of California, Berkeley and a master's degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York in 1970. She was a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University in 1982.
Adler first worked for WBAI, FM 99.5, the Pacifica Radio outlet in New York City. She created the talk shows Hour of the Wolf in 1972 (still on the air as hosted by Jim Freund) and later Unstuck in Time.
Adler joined NPR in 1979 as a general assignment reporter, after spending a year as an NPR freelance reporter covering New York City, and has since worked on a great many pieces dealing with subjects as diverse as the death penalty, the right to die movement, the response to the war in Kosovo, computer gaming, the drug ecstasy, geek culture, children and technology, and Pokémon. Since 9/11, she has focused much of her work on stories exploring the human factors in New York City, from the loss of loved ones, homes and jobs, to work in the relief effort. She was the host of Justice Talking up until the show ceased production on July 3, 2008. She is a regular voice on Morning Edition and All Things Considered. She is also co-producer of an award-winning radio drama, War Day.
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Marsha Feinland
Marsha Feinland was a third-party candidate (Peace and Freedom Party) for President of the United States in the 1996 U.S. presidential election. Her running mate was Kate McClatchy; they were only on the ballot in California and received 25,332 votes. The Peace and Freedom Party convention had actually voted to run a slate of candidates for the United States Electoral College divided proportionally between the three top candidates for president at the convention, since none had received a majority. The California Secretary of State's office refused to place the names of electors on the ballot and demanded that the party put forward a single name (even though U.S. citizens do not vote directly for president). Marsha Feinland was selected by the officers of the party to represent it in the election and Kate McClatchy of Massachusetts agreed to serve as the vice-presidential candidate.
Feinland has served as state party chair for the Peace and Freedom Party from 1994–96, 1998–2000, 2002–2004, and has frequently been a candidate for public office. In June 1998, she ran for Governor but lost the Peace & Freedom party primary to Gloria La Riva. In September 1998, she ran for the California State Senate against Democratic candidate Don Perata in a special election. This was part of the special election musical chairs of 1998-1999. In the 2004 election, Feinland ran for the United States Senate against Barbara Boxer, and received 233,000 votes.
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Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren (Dutch: Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States (1837–1841). Before his presidency, he was the eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the tenth Secretary of State, under Andrew Jackson (1829–1831).
Van Buren was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president not of British or Irish descent—his family was Dutch. He was the first president to be born an American citizen, his predecessors having been born British subjects before the American Revolution. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, having grown up speaking Dutch, and the first president from New York.
As Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State and then Vice President, Van Buren was a key figure in building the organizational structure for Jacksonian democracy, particularly in New York State. As president, he did not want the United States to annex Texas, an act which John Tyler would achieve eight years after Van Buren's initial rejection. Between the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada also proved to be strained.
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Marvin Katz
Marvin Katz (November 22, 1930 – October 12, 2010) was a United States federal judge.
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Katz received a B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1951 and an LL.B. from Yale Law School in 1954. He was in private practice in Philadelphia from 1954 to 1977, serving as a law clerk for Judge Francis X. McClanaghan of Pennsylvania's Court of Common Pleas from 1959 to 1960. Katz was an Assistant to the commissioner of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service from 1977 to 1981, thereafter returning to private practice in Philadelphia until 1983.
On June 21, 1983, President Ronald Reagan nominated Katz to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania vacated by Joseph S. Lord III. Katz was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 4, 1983, and received his commission on August 6, 1983. Katz assumed senior status on August 26, 1997, serving in that capacity until his death, in 2010.
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Mary Cal Hollis
Mary Cal Hollis is an American politician. She was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1996 U.S. presidential election, representing the Socialist Party USA (SPUSA) with running mate Eric Chester Hollis and Chester also received the endorsement and ballot line of Vermont's Liberty Union Party, receiving 674 votes (80.1%) in their primary. Hollis appeared on the syndicated radio program Democracy Now! with two other socialist presidential candidates for a discussion and debate. The SPUSA ticket received 4,765 votes in the general election.
She returned in 2000 as the vice-presidential candidate of the SPUSA, running with David McReynolds and receiving 5,602 votes.
She sought the Party's 2004 nomination for President, but withdrew from the Presidential race shortly before the Party's October 2003 National Convention. At the Convention, she competed for the Party's Vice Presidential nomination but lost to Mal Herbert.
Mary Cal Hollis lives in Colorado. She is a native of Pine Bluff, Arkansas.
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Matthew Quay
Matthew Stanley Quay (September 30, 1833 – May 28, 1904) was an immensely powerful Pennsylvania political boss once dubbed a "kingmaker" by President Benjamin Harrison. "Boss" Quay's political principles and actions stood in contrast to an unusually attractive personality. He was a resident of Beaver, northwest of Pittsburgh; today, his house is a National Historic Landmark.
Quay was born in Dillsburg, York County, Pennsylvania, the son of a preacher, Anderson Quay. He graduated at Jefferson College (now Washington and Jefferson College) in 1850 and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He served in various capacities in the American Civil War and Congress awarded him the Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Fredericksburg.
From 1865–1867 he was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. From 1869, when he had served as secretary of the Republican State Committee, until his death, he was the most influential Republican politician in Pennsylvania. He served as Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1873–1878 and again from 1879–1882. He was the County Recorder of Philadelphia from 1878–1879, and state treasurer from 1886–1887. He became chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1888, and was a member of the United States Senate from March 4, 1887 until March 3, 1899.
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Michael Leib
Michael Leib (January 8, 1760 – December 8, 1822) was an American physician, politician, scientist, inventor, statesman, and philosopher born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He served Pennsylvania in both houses of the state legislature and represented Pennsylvania in both the U.S. House and the United States Senate.
He was greatly influenced and mentored by Benjamin Franklin.
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Michael Steele
Michael Stephen Steele (born October 19, 1958) is an American politician who served as the first African-American chairman of the Republican National Committee from January 2009 until January 2011. From 2003 to 2007, he was the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, the first African American elected to statewide office in Maryland. During his time as Lieutenant Governor, he chaired the Minority Business Enterprise taskforce, actively promoting an expansion of affirmative action in the corporate world.
In 2006, Steele made an unsuccessful run for the U.S. Senate, losing to Democrat Ben Cardin. He then served as chairman of GOPAC, the political training organization of the Republican party, was a political commentator for Fox News and a partner at the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae LLP before making his bid for RNC Chairman. He co-founded the Republican Leadership Council, a "fiscally conservative and socially inclusive" political action committee, in 1993. On December 13, 2010, he announced his intentions to seek a second term as Republican National Committee Chair. On January 14, 2011, after four rounds of voting, Steele dropped out of the race and endorsed Maria Cino. Reince Priebus went on to win the election to succeed Steele. He commenced as a columnist for online magazine The Root in May 2011.
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Mike Tompkins
Mike Tompkins (born November 29, 1948) is a U.S. politician who was the Natural Law Party vice presidential candidate during the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections.
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard University in 1970 and completed his post-graduate studies at Maharishi European Research University (MERU) in Seelisberg, Switzerland in 1984, where he received a doctorate in the Science of Creative Intelligence. He became an associate director of the Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy, a nonprofit organization affiliated with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi that defines itself as a "progressive policy think tank."
In 1992, Tompkins joined John Hagelin as the first national candidates for the Natural Law Party. Hagelin, a quantum physicist, was the director of the Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy and director of the physics department at the Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, Iowa. Hagelin and Tompkins received ballot placement in 32 states and their campaign qualifed for federal matching funds.
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Monica Moorehead
Monica Gail Moorehead (born 1952, Tuscaloosa, Alabama) is a frequent candidate of the Workers World Party, a U.S. Communist party. An African American, she is a former school teacher, and has been a political activist since high school. She distributed newspapers for the Black Panther Party and subsequently joined the WWP in 1972. She rose to the national leadership in 1979.
Her presidential campaign in 1996 received around 29,000 votes. In 2000 she received 4,795 votes; that year she was only on the ballot in Florida, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin. On both occasions, her vice-presidential running-mate was Gloria LaRiva.
In an open letter (entitled "Blame Monica!") posted on his website shortly after the U.S. Presidential Election of 2000, filmmaker and activist Michael Moore argued that Moorehead, not supporters of Ralph Nader like himself, were responsible for the election of George W. Bush.
Other works include being the author of Feminism and Marxism in the 90's and South Africa: Which Road to Liberation? She also edited the book Marxism, Reparations, and the Black Freedom Struggle, a collection of articles from Workers World newspaper, written by herself and others.
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Morry Taylor
Maurice "Morry" Taylor Jr. (born August 28, 1944) is the President and Chief executive officer of Titan International, a tire and wheel manufacturing company. Taylor, nicknamed "the Grizz" for his bear-like gruffness, started in tool and die manufacturing before purchasing Titan Wheel International from Firestone.
Taylor gained brief fame outside the business world when he made an unsuccessful run for the Republican nomination in the U.S. presidential election of 1996, a campaign chronicled in his book "Kill all the lawyers- and other ways to fix the government". He spent over $6 million, but received about 1% of the vote in all the primaries in which he ran. His campaign is featured prominently in the Michael Lewis book Trail Fever.
Taylor was one of the subjects on the 19th episode of PRI's This American Life entitled "Rich Guys", originally aired in 1996.
Taylor was also featured prominently in 1997's Trail fever: spin doctors, rented strangers, thumb wrestlers, toe suckers, grizzly bears, and other creatures on the road to the White House by Michael Lewis, chronicling the 1996 Presidential republican primary.
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Orrin Hatch
Orrin Grant Hatch (born March 22, 1934) is the senior United States Senator for Utah and is a member of the Republican Party. Hatch served as the chairman or ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee (depending on whether the Republicans controlled the Senate) from 1993 to 2005. He previously served as chairman of the Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee from 1981 to 1987. He currently serves as ranking member of the Senate Finance Committee. Hatch also serves on the Board of Directors for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
If re-elected, Hatch will be the most senior Republican Senator, and would be elected President pro tempore of the United States Senate if the Republicans take control of the Senate.
Orrin Grant Hatch was born to Jesse Hatch (1904, Vernal, Utah - 1992, Salt Lake City, Utah) and his wife Helen Frances Hatch (née Kamm; 1906, Pekin, Illinois - 1995, Murray, Utah). Both of English descent. His great-grandfather Jeremiah Hatch (1823, Lincoln, Vermont - 1903, Vernal, Utah) was the founder of Vernal, Utah.
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Pat Buchanan
Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan ( /bjuːˈkænɨn/; born November 2, 1938) is an American paleoconservative political commentator, author, syndicated columnist, politician and broadcaster. Buchanan was a senior advisor to American Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan, and was an original host on CNN's Crossfire. He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1992 and 1996. He ran on the Reform Party ticket in the 2000 presidential election.
He co-founded The American Conservative magazine and launched a foundation named The American Cause. He has been published in Human Events, National Review, The Nation and Rolling Stone. He was a political commentator on the MSNBC cable network, including the show Morning Joe until he was indefinitely suspended during early January 2012 and fired the following month. Buchanan is also a regular on The McLaughlin Group.
Buchanan was born in Washington, D.C., a son of William Baldwin Buchanan (Virginia, August 13, 1905 – Washington, D.C., January 1988), a partner in an accounting firm, and his wife Catherine Elizabeth (Crum) Buchanan (Charleroi, Washington County, Pennsylvania, December 23, 1911 – Oakton, Fairfax County, Virginia, September 18, 1995), a nurse and a homemaker. Buchanan had six brothers (Brian, Henry, James, John, Thomas, and William Jr.) and two sisters (Kathleen Theresa and Angela Marie, nicknamed Bay). Bay served as U.S. Treasurer under Ronald Reagan. His father was of Scottish, English, and Irish descent and his mother was of German ancestry. He had a great-grandfather who fought in the American Civil War in the Confederate Army. He is a member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans and admires Robert E. Lee. Of his southern roots, Buchanan has written:
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Pat Choate
Patrick Choate (born April 27, 1941) is an American economist who is perhaps most known for being the 1996 Reform Party Vice President candidate, the running-mate of H. Ross Perot. Following the 1996 election, the Federal Election Commission certified the Reform Party as a national political party eligible for federal campaign matching funds, a historic first.
Pat Choate is the Director of the Manufacturing Policy Project, which studies long-term U.S. economic policy. He previously worked as Director of Research and Planning for the Oklahoma Industrial Development Commission; as Tennessee’s first Commissioner of Economic and Community Development; as the Director of the Appalachian and then Southern Regional Offices of the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration (EDA); as Director of the EDA Office of Economic Research; as the Senior Economist in the Office of Management and Budget’s Trade Reorganization Project; as a Fellow at the Battelle Institute’s Academy for Contemporary Problems and as Vice President of Public Policy at TRW, Inc. He has served on several Presidential and Congressional commissions on education, infrastructure and national security.
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Pat McCarran
Patrick Anthony McCarran (August 8, 1876 – September 28, 1954) was a Democratic United States Senator from Nevada from 1933 until 1954, and was noted for his strong anticommunism.
McCarran was born in Reno, Nevada, the child of Irish immigrants. He attended the University of Nevada, Reno, but had to withdraw to work on the family sheep ranch when his father suffered an injury. He passed the state bar exam in 1905, after studying law independently. In 1903 he became a member of the State legislature and after earning his law degree he became district attorney of Nye County (1907–09).
McCarran was also Nevada Chief Justice (1917–1918), chairman of the Nevada State Board of Parole Commissioners (1913–1918) and chairman of the Nevada State Board of Bar Examiners (1919–1932). A member of the Democratic Party, McCarran ran unsuccessfully for Senate in 1916 and 1926. In 1932, he ran a third time, securing the Democratic nomination and defeating Republican incumbent Tasker Oddie, becoming Nevada's first native-born US Senator. During the 1930s, McCarran became well known as one of the few Congressional Democrats who totally rejected the New Deal.
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Pat Paulsen
Patrick Layton "Pat" Paulsen (July 6, 1927 – April 24, 1997) was an American comedian and satirist notable for his roles on several of the Smothers Brothers TV shows, and for his campaigns for President of the United States in 1968, 1972, 1980, 1988, 1992, and 1996, which had primarily comedic rather than political objectives, although his campaigns generated some protest votes for him.
Paulsen was born in South Bend, Washington, a small fishing town in Pacific County. He was the son of Beulah Inez (née Fadden) and Norman Inge Paulsen, a Norwegian immigrant who worked for the Coast Guard. When he was 10, the family moved to California.
After graduating from Tamalpais High School, in Mill Valley, Paulsen immediately joined the United States Marines during World War II. Paulsen returned home after the war and worked several jobs, including working as a posting clerk, truck driver, hod carrier, selling Fuller brushes, toiling in a gypsum mine. Later, he was employed as a photostat operator for several years. After attending San Francisco City College, Paulsen joined an acting group called "The Ric-y-tic Players" and formed a comedy trio which included his brother Lorin.
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Pat Roberts
Charles Patrick "Pat" Roberts (born April 20, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Kansas. A member of the Republican Party, he has served since 1997. He is the ranking member of the United States Senate Committee on Agriculture and previously served as the Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
Born in Topeka, Kansas, Roberts is a graduate of Kansas State University. He served as a captain in the U.S. Marine Corps and worked as a newspaper reporter before entering politics in the late 1960s. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1980 to succeed 1st District Congressman Keith Sebelius, for whom he had worked. He served eight terms in the House, including one as chairman of the House Agriculture Committee.
Roberts was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1996, and is currently serving his third term. He has a conservative voting record. On the Intelligence Committee he was responsible for an investigation into the intelligence failures prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He led the creation of the Pat Roberts Intelligence Scholars Program in 2004.
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Pat Robertson
Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (born March 22, 1930) is a media mogul, television evangelist, ex-Baptist minister and businessman who politically aligns himself with the Christian Right in the United States.
He is the founder of numerous organizations and corporations, including the American Center for Law & Justice (ACLJ), the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), the Christian Coalition, Flying Hospital, International Family Entertainment Inc., Operation Blessing International Relief and Development Corporation, CBN Asia and Regent University. He is the host of The 700 Club, a Christian TV program airing on channels throughout the United States and on CBN network affiliates worldwide.
The son of U.S. Senator A. Willis Robertson, Robertson is a Southern Baptist and was active as an ordained minister with that denomination for many years, but holds to a charismatic theology not traditionally common among Southern Baptists. He unsuccessfully campaigned to become the Republican Party's nominee in the 1988 presidential election. As a result of his seeking political office, he no longer serves in an official role for any church. His media and financial resources make him a recognized, influential, and controversial public voice for conservative Christianity in the United States.
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Pat Toomey
Patrick Joseph "Pat" Toomey, Sr. (born November 17, 1961) is an American businessman and politician. He is currently the junior United States Senator for Pennsylvania, and a member of the Republican Party. Previously, Toomey served as a United States Representative for three terms, but he did not seek a fourth in compliance with a pledge he had made while running for office in 1998. He also served as president of the Club for Growth.
Toomey attended school at La Salle Academy in Providence, Rhode Island before earning an A.B. in government from Harvard College. He was employed first by Chemical Bank and subsequently Morgan, Grenfell & Co. beginning in 1984 and 1986, respectively, until resigning from the latter in 1991.
Prior to being elected to the U.S. Senate, Toomey served as the U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district from 1999 to 2005. He narrowly lost the Republican primary for United States Senate in 2004. From 2005 to 2009, he served as president of the Club for Growth. After becoming the Republican nominee for the 2010 U.S. Senate election in Pennsylvania, Toomey was elected to the seat on November 2, 2010, defeating his Democratic opponent, retired Admiral and Congressman Joe Sestak.
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Patrick Leahy
Patrick Joseph Leahy (/ˈleɪhiː/; born March 31, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Vermont and member of the Democratic Party. He is the first and only elected Democratic Senator in Vermont's history. He is the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Leahy is the second most senior U.S. Senator, and second longest-serving Democrat in the U.S. Senate having served since 1975.
Leahy was born in Montpelier, Vermont, the son of Alba (née Zambon) and Howard Francis Leahy, a printer. His grandparents came to Vermont from Ireland and Italy during the 19th century to work at quarries.
Leahy graduated from Saint Michael's College in 1961 and received his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center in 1964. He practiced as a lawyer until he was elected as State's Attorney of Chittenden County in 1966 and re-elected in 1970. Leahy was elected to the United States Senate for the first time in 1974 (at 34, he was the youngest U.S. Senator ever to be elected by Vermont). Leahy was the first and remains the only Democrat elected to the Senate from Vermont. He was also the first non-Republican Senator from Vermont since 1856.
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Patty Murray
Patricia Lynn "Patty" Murray (née Johns; born October 11, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from Washington and a member of the Democratic Party. Murray was first elected to the Senate in 1992, becoming Washington's first female senator. She was re-elected in 1998, 2004 and 2010.
Murray has served as the Senate Majority Conference Secretary since 2007, making her the fourth-highest-ranking Democrat and the highest-ranking woman in the Senate.
Chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 2001 to 2003, Murray assumed the role again in early 2011, for a term ending in 2013. She is also the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs.
On August 9, 2011, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed Murray to co-chair the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction.
One of seven children, Murray was born in Bothell, Washington, to Beverly A. (née McLaughlin) and David L. Johns. Her mother was an accountant. Her father fought in World War II and was awarded a Purple Heart.[citation needed] She attended Saint Brendan Catholic School as a young child.
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Pete Wilson
Peter Barton “Pete” Wilson (born August 23, 1933) is an American politician from California. Wilson, a Republican, served as the 36th governor of California (1991–1999), the culmination of more than three decades in the public arena that included eight years as a United States Senator (1983–1991), eleven years as Mayor of San Diego (1971–1982) and four years as a California State Assemblyman (1967–1971).
Peter Barton Wilson was born on August 23, 1933, in Lake Forest, Illinois, a suburb north of Chicago. His parents were James Boone Wilson and Margaret Callaghan Wilson. His father was originally a jewelry salesman who later became a successful advertising executive. The Wilson family moved to St. Louis, Missouri when Pete was in junior high school. There, he attended the St. Louis Country Day School, an exclusive private high school, where he won an award in his senior year for combined scholarship, athletics, and citizenship. In the fall of 1952, Pete Wilson enrolled at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he received a U.S. Navy (Marine Corps) ROTC scholarship, majored in English, and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree.
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Peter Muhlenberg
John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg (October 1, 1746 – October 1, 1807) was an American clergyman, Continental Army soldier during the American Revolutionary War, and political figure in the newly-independent United States. A Lutheran minister, he served in the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate from Pennsylvania.
Muhlenberg was born to Pennsylvania Dutch parents Anna and Henry Muhlenberg in Trappe, Pennsylvania. He was sent, together with his brothers, Frederick Augustus and Gotthilf Henry Ernst 1763 to Halle. They were educated in Latin at the Francke Foundations. He left school in 1767 to start as a sales assistant in Lübeck and returned in the same year to Pennsylvania. There he received a classical education from the Academy of Philadelphia, which is today the University of Pennsylvania.
He also served briefly in the German dragoons, earning the nickname "Teufel Piet" (Devil Pete) before returning to Philadelphia. He was ordained in 1768 and headed a Lutheran congregation in Bedminster, New Jersey, before moving to Woodstock, Virginia. In 1770 he married Anna Barbara "Hannah" Meyer, the daughter of a successful potter. Together they had six children.
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Phil Gramm
William Philip "Phil" Gramm (born July 8, 1942) is an American economist and politician, who has served as a Democratic Congressman (1979–1983), a Republican Congressman (1983–1985) and a Republican Senator (1985–2002) from Texas. He was a senior economic adviser to John McCain's presidential campaign from the summer of 2007 until July 18, 2008.
Gramm was born in Fort Benning, Georgia on July 8, 1942, and grew up in nearby Columbus. Soon after his birth, Gramm's father Kenneth suffered a stroke and was partially paralyzed. He died when Gramm was 14. Gramm's mother, Florence (née Scoggins), worked double shifts as a nurse to supplement the veterans disability pension.
Gramm attended public schools, graduated 1961 from Georgia Military Academy (now Woodward Academy), and graduated 1964 from the University of Georgia. He received a doctorate in economics from the University of Georgia's Terry College of Business in 1967
He then taught economics at Texas A&M University from 1967 to 1978. In addition to teaching, Gramm founded the economic consulting firm Gramm & Associates (1971–1978).
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Rachel Bubar Kelly
Rachel Bubar Kelly (November 22, 1922 — January 14, 2002) was the Prohibition Party candidate for United States Vice President in the 1996 presidential election as the running mate of Earl F. Dodge. Dodge had in the past been the running mate of her brother Ben Bubar.
Kelly was a graduate of Colby College (1947) and a President of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.
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Ralph Nader
Ralph Nader (
/ˈneɪdər/; born February 27, 1934) is an American political activist, as well as an author, lecturer, and attorney. Areas of particular concern to Nader include consumer protection, humanitarianism, environmentalism, and democratic government.
Nader came to prominence in 1965 with the publication of his book Unsafe at Any Speed, a critique of the safety record of American automobile manufacturers in general, and most famously the Chevrolet Corvair. In 1999, an NYU panel of journalists ranked Unsafe at Any Speed 38th among the top 100 pieces of journalism of the 20th century.
Nader is a six-time candidate for President of the United States, having run as a write-in candidate in the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic primary, as the Green Party nominee in 1996 and 2000, and as an independent candidate in 2004 and 2008. Some people claim that Nader acted as a spoiler in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, while others, including Nader, dispute this claim.
Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose (née Bouziane) Nader, were immigrants from Lebanon and members of the Maronite Church. His family's native language is Arabic, and he has spoken it along with English since childhood. His sister, Laura Nader, is an anthropologist. His father worked in a textile mill and later owned a bakery and restaurant where he talked politics with his customers.
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Richard Brodhead
Richard Brodhead (January 5, 1811 – September 16, 1863) was an American lawyer and politician from Easton, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in both the U.S. House and Senate. He was the father of U.S. Representative Jefferson Davis Brodhead.
Richard Brodhead was born in Lehman Township, Pennsylvania. He moved to Easton, Pennsylvania in 1830. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1836 and commenced practice in Easton. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives from 1837 to 1839. He was appointed treasurer of Northampton County, Pennsylvania in 1841.
Broadhead was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, and Thirtieth Congresses. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Revolutionary Pensions during the Twenty-ninth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1848.
Brodhead was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate. He served as chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Claims during the Thirty-second and Thirty-third Congresses. and the United States Senate Committee on Revolutionary Claims during Thirty-second Congress. He died in Easton in 1863. Interment in Easton Cemetery.
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Richard Lamm
Richard Douglas "Dick" Lamm (born September 12, 1935) is an American politician, Certified Public Accountant, college professor, and lawyer. He served three terms as 38th Governor of Colorado as a Democrat (1975–1987) and ran for the Reform Party's nomination for President of the United States in 1996.
He is currently the Co-Director of the Institute for Public Policy Studies at the University of Denver
Richard Douglas Lamm was born in Madison, Wisconsin. He graduated from high school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he majored in accounting. Lamm spent his college summers working as a lumberjack in Oregon, a stockboy in New York, and helping out on an ore boat. Lamm graduated from college in 1957, then served one year of active duty as a first lieutenant in the United States Army at Fort Carson in Colorado and Fort Eustis in Virginia until switching to reserve duty in 1958.
From 1958-1960 Lamm lived in Salt Lake City, San Francisco, and Berkeley, holding jobs as an accountant, tax clerk and a law clerk.
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Richard Lugar
Richard Green "Dick" Lugar (born April 4, 1932) is the senior United States Senator from Indiana and a member of the Republican Party. First elected to the Senate in 1976, he is the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and was its chairman from 1985 to 1987 and 2003 to 2007. Much of Lugar's work in the Senate is toward the dismantling of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons around the world. Before his election to the United States Senate, Lugar served as mayor of Indianapolis, Indiana.
Lugar is currently the third most senior senator, behind only Daniel Inouye and Patrick Leahy. He is also the longest-serving Senator in Indiana's history, and is the most senior Republican member of the Senate. In 2012, however, he lost the Republican primary for a seventh term and his service in the Senate will end in January 2013.
Lugar was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, the son of Bertha (née Green) and Marvin Lugar. He attended the public schools of Indianapolis. During this time he attained the Boy Scouts' highest rank: Eagle Scout. Later, he became a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated first in his class at Shortridge High School in 1950 and from Denison University in 1954 where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi. He went on to attend Pembroke College, Oxford, England, as a Rhodes Scholar, and received a second Bachelors and an MA degree in 1956. He served in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1960; one of his assignments was as an intelligence briefer for Admiral Arleigh Burke. He achieved the rank of Lieutenant, Junior Grade.
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Richard Schweiker
Richard Schultz Schweiker (born June 1, 1926) is a former American politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 14th U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1983. He previously served as a U.S. Representative (1961–1969) and a U.S. Senator (1969–1981) from Pennsylvania.
The second of three children, Richard Schweiker was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania, to Malcolm Alderfer and Blanche (née Schultz) Schweiker. His father and his uncle worked in the tiling business for several decades. He received his early education at public schools in Worcester, and graduated from Norristown Area High School as valedictorian in 1944. During World War II, he served aboard an aircraft carrier in the U.S. Navy, being discharged with the rank of electronics technician (second class) in 1946.
Following his military service, Schweiker attended Slippery Rock State College for two years before transferring to the Pennsylvania State University. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Penn State in 1950, graduating as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He then joined his family's business, American Olean Tile Company, rising from an assistant in the personnel department to the company's president within a few years. He also became active in local Republican politics; he served as a precinct committeeman, and founded the Montgomery County chapter of the Young Republicans, of which he was also president (1952–1954). He was selected as an alternate delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1952 and in 1956.
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Richard Shelby
Richard Craig Shelby (born May 6, 1934) is the senior United States Senator from Alabama. First elected to the Senate in 1986, he is the ranking member of the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and was its chairman from 2003 to 2007.
Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Shelby received his law degree from the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, where he went on to serve as city prosecutor (1963–1971). During this period he worked as a U.S. Magistrate for the Northern District of Alabama (1966–1970) and Special Assistant Attorney General of Alabama (1969–1971). He won a seat in the Alabama Senate in 1970. In 1978 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives from the 7th District, where he was among a group of conservative Democrats known as the boll weevils. Shelby won a tight race in 1986 for the U.S. Senate. Originally elected as a Democrat, Shelby switched to the Republican Party in 1994 when Republicans gained the majority in Congress midway through President Bill Clinton's first term. He was re-elected by a large margin in 1998 and has faced no significant electoral opposition since.
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Rick Santorum
Richard John "Rick" Santorum (born May 10, 1958) is an American author, attorney, and Republican Party politician. He served as a United States Senator representing Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007, and was a candidate for the 2012 Republican Party presidential nomination.
Born in Virginia, Santorum was raised primarily in Butler, Pennsylvania. He obtained an undergraduate degree from Pennsylvania State University, an M.B.A. from the University of Pittsburgh, and a J.D. from the Dickinson School of Law. Santorum worked as an attorney at K&L Gates where he met Karen Garver. They married in 1990, and have seven children; an eighth child died shortly after birth. Santorum was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives on behalf of Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district in 1990, becoming a member of a group dubbed the "Gang of Seven".
Santorum was elected as a United States Senator for Pennsylvania in 1994. He served two terms until losing his re-election bid in 2006. Santorum holds socially conservative positions, and is particularly known for his opposition to same-sex marriage and birth control. While serving as a senator, Santorum was the author of the National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005 and the Santorum Amendment. In 2005, Santorum introduced the Workplace Religious Freedom Act along with Senator John Kerry.
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Robert Bork
Robert Heron Bork (born March 1, 1927) is an American legal scholar who has advocated the judicial philosophy of originalism. Bork formerly served as a Yale Law School professor, Solicitor General, Acting Attorney General, and judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. In 1987, he was nominated to the Supreme Court by President Ronald Reagan, but the Senate rejected his nomination. Bork had more success as an antitrust scholar, where his once-idiosyncratic view that antitrust law should focus on maximizing consumer welfare has come to dominate American legal thinking on the subject. Currently, Bork is a lawyer, law professor, and bestselling author.
Bork was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father was Harry Philip Bork (1897–1974), a steel company purchasing agent, and his mother was Elisabeth (née Kunkle; 1898–2004), a schoolteacher. He was married to Claire Davidson from 1952 until 1980, when she died of cancer. They had a daughter, Ellen, and two sons, Robert and Charles. In 1982 he married Mary Ellen Pohl, a Roman Catholic religious sister turned activist.
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Roger Goodell
Roger S. Goodell (born February 19, 1959) is the Commissioner of the National Football League (NFL), having been chosen to succeed the retiring Paul Tagliabue on August 8, 2006. He was chosen over four finalists for the position, winning a close vote on the fifth ballot before being unanimously approved by acclamation of the owners. He officially began his tenure on September 1, 2006, just prior to the beginning of the 2006 NFL season. Commentators have described him as "the most powerful man in sports".
Goodell was born in Jamestown, New York, the son of the late United States Senator Charles E. Goodell, a Republican from New York, and the late Jean Rice Goodell of Buffalo, New York. He graduated from Bronxville High School where, as a three-sport star in football, basketball, and baseball, he captained all three teams as a senior and was named the school's athlete of the year. Injuries kept him from playing college football. Goodell is a 1981 graduate of Washington & Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania with a degree in economics.
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Ross Perot
Henry Ross Perot (/pəˈroʊ/; born June 27, 1930) is a U.S. businessman best known for running for President of the United States in 1992 and 1996. Perot founded Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in 1962, sold the company to General Motors in 1984, and founded Perot Systems in 1988. Perot Systems was bought by Dell for $3.9 billion in 2009.
With an estimated net worth of about US$3.4 billion in 2011, he is ranked by Forbes as the 99th-richest person in the United States.
Perot was born in Texarkana, Texas, to Lula May Perot (née Ray) and Gabriel Ross Perot. His father was a cotton broker. He attended a private school called Patty Hill. He graduated from Texas High School in Texarkana in 1947. One of Perot's boyhood friends was Hayes McClerkin, later Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives and a prominent Texarkana, Arkansas, lawyer.
Perot joined the Boy Scouts of America and made Eagle Scout in 1942, after only thirteen months in the program. He is a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.
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Russ Feingold
Russell Dana "Russ" Feingold (/ˈfaɪn.ɡoʊld/; born March 2, 1953) is a lawyer and politician from the U.S. state of Wisconsin. He served as a Democratic party member of the U.S. Senate from 1993 to 2011. From 1983 to 1993, Feingold was a Wisconsin State Senator representing the 27th District.
He is a recipient of the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award, and cosponsored the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain–Feingold Act), a major piece of campaign finance reform legislation. He was the only Senator to vote against the USA PATRIOT Act during the first vote on the legislation.
Feingold had been mentioned as a possible candidate in the 2008 Presidential election, but following the November midterm elections of 2006 he chose not to run. In 2010, Feingold lost his campaign for re-election to the US Senate to Republican Ron Johnson.
On February 17, 2011, Feingold announced he had formed a grassroots Political Action Committee Progressives United, a movement intended, among other things, to fight the controversial United States Supreme Court decision Citizens United v. FEC.
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Samuel Maclay
Samuel Maclay (June 17, 1741 – October 5, 1811) was an American surveyor, farmer, and politician from Union County, Pennsylvania. He served in the state legislature and represented Pennsylvania in both the U.S. House and the United States Senate.
Maclay was born the younger brother of future Pennsylvania senator William Maclay. He was born in Lurgan Township, Pennsylvania, at Maclay's Mill and served in the Revolutionary War.
In 1790, Maclay performed his first state work as a surveyor of the streams of northwestern Pennsylvania. He became an associate judge of Franklin County, Pennsylvania and served between 1792 and 1975. Maclay was the father of William Plunkett Maclay.
Maclay was elected to the Fourth Congress. He served as a member of the lower house of the State legislature in 1797 and was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1798 to 1802 and served as speaker from 1801 to 1802.
He was elected to the United States Senate as a Democratic Republican by the Pennsylvania legislature and began service in 1803. Popular among Pennsylvanians, he was an infrequent Senate speaker, but was frequently mentioned as his party's possible candidate for governor, but was passed over in favor of Simon Snyder.
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Samuel McKean
Samuel McKean (April 7, 1787 – December 14, 1841) was an American merchant and politician from Burlington, Pennsylvania. He served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1815 to 1819. He was in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1829 to 1830.
He then represented Pennsylvania in both the U.S. House and Senate.
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Simon Cameron
Simon Cameron (March 8, 1799 – June 26, 1889) was an American politician who served as United States Secretary of War for Abraham Lincoln at the start of the American Civil War. Cameron made his fortune in railways, canals and banking, founding the Bank of Middletown. He then turned to a life of politics. He became a U.S. senator in 1845 for the state of Pennsylvania, succeeding James Buchanan. Originally a Democrat, he failed to secure a nomination for senator from the Know-Nothing party, and joined the People's Party, the Pennsylvania branch of what became the Republican Party. He won the Senate seat in 1857, and became one of the candidates for the Republican nomination in the presidential election of 1860.
Cameron gave his support to Abraham Lincoln, and became his Secretary of War. He only served a year before resigning amidst corruption. Cameron became the minister to Russia during the Civil War, but was overseas for less than a year. He again served in the Senate, eventually being succeeded by his son, J. Donald Cameron, and only resigned from the Senate upon confirmation that his son would succeed him.
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Steve Forbes
Malcolm Stevenson "Steve" Forbes, Jr. (born July 18, 1947) is an American publishing executive who was twice a candidate for the nomination of the Republican Party for president. He is the editor-in-chief of business magazine Forbes as well as president and chief executive officer of its publisher, Forbes Inc. He was a Republican candidate in the U.S. Presidential primaries in 1996 and 2000. He is the son of longtime Forbes magazine publisher Malcolm Forbes and the grandson of that publication's founder, B.C. Forbes.
Forbes was born in Morristown, New Jersey, the son of Roberta Remsen (née Laidlaw) and Malcolm Forbes. He is married to Sabina Beekman, and they have five daughters; Sabina, Roberta, Catherine, Moira, and Elizabeth. Forbes attended Far Hills Country Day School. He graduated cum laude in 1966 from Brooks School in North Andover, Massachusetts, and was in the Princeton class of 1970. While at Princeton, Forbes founded his first magazine, Business Today, with two other students. Business Today is currently the largest student-run magazine in the world.
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Steve Michael
Steve Michael (1956 - May 25, 1998) was a member of ACT UP and in 1996 was the AIDS Cure Party's candidate for President of the United States, with Anne Northrup as his running mate. Their presidential ticket was only on the ballot in Tennessee. He was a critic of the Clinton administration and his stated intention in creating the party and running for office was to "create the illusion of an AIDS voting bloc, and AIDS will become a small part of the media coverage."[1] He had also run in the New Hampshire primaries, receiving a "couple hundred" votes there.[2]
Michael also ran for a Washington, D.C. council seat in Ward 6 in 1997 with his party.[3] He died in 1998.[4] The AIDS Cure Party is now inactive.[5]
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Strom Thurmond
James Strom Thurmond (December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician who served for 48 years as a United States Senator. He also ran for the Presidency of the United States in 1948 as the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrat) candidate, receiving 2.4% of the popular vote and 39 electoral votes. Thurmond later represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 until 2003, at first as a Democrat and after 1964 as a Republican. He switched out of support for the conservatism of Republican presidential candidate and Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, who shared his opposition to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. He left office as the only senator to reach the age of 100 while still in office and as the oldest-serving and longest-serving senator in U.S. history (although he was later surpassed in the latter by Robert Byrd). Thurmond holds the record for the longest-serving Dean of the United States Senate in U.S. history at 14 years.
He conducted the longest filibuster ever by a lone senator, in opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1957, at 24 hours and 18 minutes in length, nonstop. In the 1960s, he continued to fight against civil rights legislation. He always insisted he had never been a racist, but was merely opposed to excessive federal authority. However, he infamously said that "all the laws of Washington and all the bayonets of the Army cannot force the Negro into our homes, into our schools, our churches and our places of recreation and amusement", while attributing the movement for integration to Communism. Starting in the 1970s, he moderated his position on race, but continued to defend his early segregationist campaigns on the basis of states' rights in the context of Southern society at the time, never fully renouncing his earlier viewpoints.
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Ted Kennedy
Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. Serving almost 47 years, he was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and is the fourth-longest-serving senator in United States history. For many years the most prominent living member of the Kennedy family, he was the last surviving son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.; the youngest brother of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both victims of assassination, and Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., killed in action in World War II; and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy.
Kennedy entered the Senate in a November 1962 special election to fill the seat once held by his brother John. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was reelected seven more times before his death. The controversial Chappaquiddick incident on July 18, 1969, resulted in the death of his automobile passenger Mary Jo Kopechne; Kennedy pleaded guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of an accident, and the incident significantly damaged his chances of ever becoming President of the United States. His one attempt, in the 1980 presidential election, resulted in a Democratic primary campaign loss to incumbent President Jimmy Carter.
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Tennie Rogers
Tennie Beatrice Thomas Rogers (August 1, 1927 – January 22, 2009) was a perennial candidate for national office, having run in Republican primaries for United States President three times, and one time for United States Congress. In 1992 she was on more state ballots than any previous female Republican candidate for President. She was also the author of Standing Up: Rogers For U.S. President, an autobiography and chronicle of her first two attempts at the Presidency and her intention for the 2000 election.[1] She is the mother of Evelyn L. Rogers, another candidate. She died on January 22, 2009.
In 2000 she ran for the Republican nomination for Oklahoma's 2nd Congressional District in the U.S. House of Representatives, winning 266 votes, coming in 6th of seven candidates, losing to Andy Ewing. Ewing lost to Brad Carson in the general election.
In 2002 she ran for the Republican nomination for Oklahoma's 4th Congressional District (map) winning 648 votes, coming in 4th of six candidates, losing to Tom Cole who won with 21,789 votes and then went on to win the general election.
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Tom Gola
Thomas Joseph "Tom" Gola (born January 13, 1933, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a retired American basketball player.
Gola was praised as a great all-around player as a high school student at La Salle College High School, where he led the Explorers to a Philadelphia Catholic League Championship. He entered La Salle a year after another Philadelphia basketball Hall of Famer, Paul Arizin, graduated from Villanova.
Gola was one of the most talented collegiate athletes in Philadelphia sports history. He came to national attention while playing for the hometown La Salle University Explorers men's basketball team in 1954 as an All-American forward. Gola paced the Explorers to the NCAA basketball championship in 1954 and was named Tournament MVP. That same season he was selected as National Player of the Year. As a senior, Gola helped La Salle finish as the runner-up in the 1955 NCAA Tournament. He averaged 20.9 points and 19.0 rebounds during 115 games and holds the NCAA record with 2,201 career rebounds. At 6'6" (198 cm), Gola was clearly a forward who could shoot/score, rebound and defend, but he also had the ballhandling (dribbling, passing) skills of a guard, and with his shooting range and All-Pro defensive skills, could play just as well in the backcourt. He was inducted into the La Salle Hall of Athletes in 1961 and the Big 5 Hall of Fame in 1986. Gola was listed on "ESPN's Countdown to the Greatest" College basketball players as #17.
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Vance Hartke
Rupert Vance Hartke (May 31, 1919 – July 27, 2003) was a Democratic United States Senator from Indiana from 1959 until 1977.
Born at Stendal in Pike County, Indiana, on May 31, 1919, Hartke attended public schools in Stendal. He graduated from Evansville College (now the University of Evansville) in 1940, and from 1942 until 1946 Hartke served in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard, rising from Seaman to Lieutenant. Hartke graduated from the Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 1948. His grandfather also died the day he graduated. Therefore, he had to miss his graduation.
After joining the Indiana State Bar in 1948, Hartke began practicing law in Evansville. He also worked as deputy prosecuting attorney of Vanderburgh County (1950–1951) and mayor of Evansville (1956–1958) and integrated the city swimming pools before being elected to the United States Senate in 1958 and reelected in 1964 and 1970 (1959–1977).
In the Senate, Hartke was best known for his opposition to the Vietnam War and his chairmanship of the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee. Hartke had a fallout with President Lyndon Johnson when he became one of the first opponents of the Vietnam War.
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Vincent Bugliosi
Vincent Bugliosi ( /ˌbuːliˈoʊsi/; born August 18, 1934) is an American attorney and author, best known for prosecuting Charles Manson and other defendants accused of the Tate-LaBianca murders, and for defending Stephanie Stearns in the Sea Wind murders of 1974. His most recent books are Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (2007), The Prosecution of George W. Bush for Murder (2008), and Divinity of Doubt: The God Question (2011).
Bugliosi, who is of Italian ancestry, was born in Hibbing, Minnesota. Bugliosi is a graduate of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, which he attended on a tennis scholarship. In 1964, he received his law degree from UCLA, where he was president of his graduating class.
He is married with two children: Wendy and Vince Jr. He often refers to his wife, Gail, in his books, referencing her understanding and patience with him. He has also stated that he is an agnostic, although open to the ideas of deism.
As a Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney, he successfully prosecuted Charles Manson and several other members of his "family" for the 1969 murders of Sharon Tate and six others. He lost only one of the 106 felony cases he tried as a prosecutor, which included winning 21 out of 21 murder cases. He later wrote, jointly with Curt Gentry, a book about the Manson trial called Helter Skelter. The book went on to become the biggest selling true crime book in publishing history with over 7 million copies sold.
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Walter Lowrie
Walter Lowrie (December 10, 1784 – December 14, 1868) was a teacher, farmer, and politician from Butler County, Pennsylvania. He served in both houses in the state legislature and represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate. Serving as chairman of the Committee on Finance during the 2nd session of the 17th Congress.
After his term as a Senator, Lowrie stayed on as Secretary of the Senate for eleven years. In 1836 he moved to New York City and went to work with the Missionary Board of the Presbyterian Church. He remained with them until his death. Three of his sons, John Cameron, Walter Macon, and Reuben, were prominent as missionaries to India and China. A nephew, Walter H. Lowrie, later served as chief justice of Pennsylvania's Supreme Court.
Lowrie died in New York City on December 14, 1868 (precisely 4 days after his birthday) and is interred in the First Presbyterian Church in Manhattan.
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Wikipedia Persondata
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William Bigler
William Bigler (January 1, 1814 – August 9, 1880) was the 12th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1852 to 1855, and later a U.S. Senator for the Democratic Party.
Bigler was born in rural Pennsylvania and received little formal education; he studied informally under his elder brother John Bigler (later governor of California), publisher of the Centre County Democrat newspaper. Bigler founded his own political newspaper, the Clearfield Democrat, in 1833, and later became wealthy in the lumber business. In the 1840s he served in the Pennsylvania senate, and he defeated incumbent governor William F. Johnston for the governor's seat in 1851. Although Bigler opposed slavery in principle, he supported the federal government's Fugitive Slave Act and the pro-slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act. He was defeated for a second term by James Pollock, the candidate of the newly formed Republican Party. Following his term as governor, he served in the United States Senate from 1856 to 1861.
Bigler Hall on the University Park campus of Penn State is named after William Bigler.
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William Bingham
William Bingham (March 8, 1752 – February 7, 1804) was an American statesman from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress from 1786 to 1788 and served in the United States Senate from 1795 to 1801. He helped to found the Bank of North America, the first bank of the new nation, in 1781.
William Bingham was born on 8 March 1752 in Philadelphia. He graduated from the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1768. He married Anne Willing, daughter of Thomas Willing, president of the First Bank of the United States, and they had two daughters. In 1798 his daughter Anne Louisa married English financier Alexander Baring, later 1st Baron Ashburton. His elder daughter, Maria Matilda married firstly a French aristocrat, Alexandre, comte de Tilly, and then married Alexander Baring's brother Henry. His son, also named William, married one of the three beautiful heiresses of his friend Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbiniere.
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William Langer
William "Wild Bill" Langer (September 30, 1886 – November 8, 1959) was a prominent US politician from North Dakota. Langer is one of the most colorful characters in North Dakota history, most famously bouncing back from a scandal that forced him out of the governor's office and into prison. He served as the 17th and 21st Governor of North Dakota from 1933 to 1934 and from 1937 to 1939. Langer also served in the United States Senate from 1940 to 1959 when he died in office.
Langer was born on September 30, 1886 near Casselton, North Dakota to Frank and Mary (Weber) Langer. His father, Frank Langer, was a member of the first legislature of the state of North Dakota. William was valedictorian of Casselton High School upon graduation in 1904. He obtained a bachelor of laws from the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, but was too young upon graduation to practice law. He therefore continued his undergraduate education at Columbia, where he graduated at the top of his class in 1910. Although he was offered a position at a prominent New York law firm, he elected to return to North Dakota, where he practiced law in the town of Mandan before starting his career in politics. He married Lydia Cady, the daughter of a New York architect, in 1918, and had four daughters, Emma, Lydia, Mary, and Cornelia (who became a wife of abstract impressionist painter Kenneth Noland).
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William Scott Vare
William Scott Vare (December 24, 1867 – August 7, 1934) was an American construction contractor and Republican Party politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in the U.S House and won a contested election to the United States Senate.
Bill Vare was the youngest of three Vare brothers who were all contractors and politicians. George (1859–1908), Edwin (1862–1922) and William were all born in the area of South Philadelphia known in local slang as "The Neck", or the area of South Philadelphia that calls the Wachovia Center, Lincoln Financial Field and Citizens Bank Park home.
At age six, he witnessed the death of his father, his mother died while in labor and with the exceptions of his two older brothers mentioned above he witnessed the deaths of all his brothers and sisters. This seems to have instilled in him a dark side, a bright side and a real drive to succeed. The renowned merchant of Philadelphia, John Wanamaker, took young Bill under his wing, by paying for his tuition at Philadelphia's famous Central Highschool, and a little later he worked at Wanamaker's.
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Winona LaDuke
Winona LaDuke (born 1959) is a Native American activist, environmentalist, economist, and writer. In 1996 and 2000, she ran for vice president as the nominee of the United States Green Party, on a ticket headed by Ralph Nader. In the 2004 election, however, she endorsed the Democratic candidate John Kerry. In the 2008 presidential election, LaDuke endorsed the Democrat Barack Obama.
She is currently the executive director of both Honor the Earth and White Earth Land Recovery Project, which she founded.
LaDuke was born in Los Angeles, California, to Vincent and Betty LaDuke. Her father was Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) from Minnesota. He was an actor with supporting roles in Western movies, an activist, a writer, and at the end of his life, a spiritual guru under the name Sun Bear. Her mother was a Jewish artist, who was an art professor at Southern Oregon University in Ashland, Oregon. She raised LaDuke in Ashland, Oregon.
After graduating from Harvard in 1982 with a degree in rural economic development, LaDuke became principal of the high school on the Anishinaabe White Earth Indian Reservation in Minnesota. She completed an M.A. in Community Economic Development at Antioch University.
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
Specter, Arlen Filmography
- Advise & Dissent (2012)
- Frame 313: The JFK Assassination Theories (2008)
- 14 Women (2007)
- Loose Change: Final Cut (2007)
- Oswald's Ghost (2007)
- The Campaign Trail to the Road to the White House: Storytellers (2000)
- The Politics of Cancer (1994)
- Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy (1992)
- The Men Who Killed Kennedy (1988)
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Former senator Arlen Specter dies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Former US Sen. Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania died at his home in Philadelphia from complications from cancer.
http://wn.com/Former_senator_Arlen_Specter_dies
Former US Sen. Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania died at his home in Philadelphia from complications from cancer.
Arlen Specter Interrogates Anita Hill
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Arlen Specter interrogates Professor Anita Hill during Judge Clarence Thomas' Nomination Hearing.
http://wn.com/Arlen_Specter_Interrogates_Anita_Hill
Arlen Specter interrogates Professor Anita Hill during Judge Clarence Thomas' Nomination Hearing.
- published: 20 Jul 2009
- views: 35396
- author: anaidnidnadriht
CNN Exclusive: Arlen Specter's foray into stand up comedy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Former Senator Arlen Specter was working towards a second act in stand-up comedy before his death from cancer. For more CNN videos, check out our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com Or visit our site at www.cnn.com
http://wn.com/CNN_Exclusive_Arlen_Specter's_foray_into_stand_up_comedy
Former Senator Arlen Specter was working towards a second act in stand-up comedy before his death from cancer. For more CNN videos, check out our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com Or visit our site at www.cnn.com
- published: 14 Oct 2012
- views: 818
- author: CNN
Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania Welcomed to the Democratic Party (2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:58
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
thefilmarchive.org April 29, 2009 Arlen Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a former United States Senator from Pennsylvania. Specter is a Democrat, but was a Republican from 1965 until switching to the Democratic Party in 2009. First elected in 1980, he represented his state for thirty years in the Senate. Specter is a moderate who staked out a spot in the political center. Specter was born in Wichita, Kansas to an American mother and a father who immigrated from Russia. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and served with the United States Air Force during the Korean War. Specter later graduated from Yale Law School and opened a law firm with Marvin Katz, who would later become a federal judge. Specter served as assistant counsel for the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy and helped devise the "single bullet theory." In 1965, Specter was elected District Attorney of Philadelphia, a position that he would hold until he lost his re-election bid in 1973. On April 28, 2009, Specter announced that, after 44 years as an elected Republican, he was switching membership to the Democratic Party, On May 18, 2010, Specter was defeated in the Democratic primary by Joe Sestak, who then was defeated by current Senator Pat Toomey in the general election. Toomey replaced Specter on January 3, 2011. In fall 2011, Specter was an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, where he taught a course on the relationship between ...
http://wn.com/Senator_Arlen_Specter_of_Pennsylvania_Welcomed_to_the_Democratic_Party_2009
thefilmarchive.org April 29, 2009 Arlen Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a former United States Senator from Pennsylvania. Specter is a Democrat, but was a Republican from 1965 until switching to the Democratic Party in 2009. First elected in 1980, he represented his state for thirty years in the Senate. Specter is a moderate who staked out a spot in the political center. Specter was born in Wichita, Kansas to an American mother and a father who immigrated from Russia. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and served with the United States Air Force during the Korean War. Specter later graduated from Yale Law School and opened a law firm with Marvin Katz, who would later become a federal judge. Specter served as assistant counsel for the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy and helped devise the "single bullet theory." In 1965, Specter was elected District Attorney of Philadelphia, a position that he would hold until he lost his re-election bid in 1973. On April 28, 2009, Specter announced that, after 44 years as an elected Republican, he was switching membership to the Democratic Party, On May 18, 2010, Specter was defeated in the Democratic primary by Joe Sestak, who then was defeated by current Senator Pat Toomey in the general election. Toomey replaced Specter on January 3, 2011. In fall 2011, Specter was an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, where he taught a course on the relationship between ...
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 352
- author: thefilmarchived
2008: Arlen Specter describes life with cancer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
In 2008, Sanjay Gupta interviewed then-Senator Arlen Specter about his non-Hodgkins Lymphoma.
http://wn.com/2008_Arlen_Specter_describes_life_with_cancer
In 2008, Sanjay Gupta interviewed then-Senator Arlen Specter about his non-Hodgkins Lymphoma.
- published: 14 Oct 2012
- views: 266
- author: CNN
Arlen Specter Dead: Former Pennsylvania Senator Dies of Cancer at Age 82
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Arlen Specter lost his third battle with cancer at the age of 82.
http://wn.com/Arlen_Specter_Dead_Former_Pennsylvania_Senator_Dies_of_Cancer_at_Age_82
Arlen Specter lost his third battle with cancer at the age of 82.
- published: 14 Oct 2012
- views: 1145
- author: ABCNews
Former Senator Arlen Specter(D-Pa) Does Stand-Up Comedy on Cain and Clinton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
More on Arlen Specter: www.politicalarticles.net
http://wn.com/Former_Senator_Arlen_SpecterD-Pa_Does_Stand-Up_Comedy_on_Cain_and_Clinton
More on Arlen Specter: www.politicalarticles.net
- published: 29 Dec 2011
- views: 1734
- author: politicalarticles
Arlen Specter upset radio interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Former Senator Arlen Specter was mad and lost control of his temper on a radio interview he was having with Jason Lewis.
http://wn.com/Arlen_Specter_upset_radio_interview
Former Senator Arlen Specter was mad and lost control of his temper on a radio interview he was having with Jason Lewis.
- published: 02 Apr 2012
- views: 7648
- author: DailyWorldwideNews
Former Sen. Arlen Specter, 82, 'Fiercely Independent'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Arlen Specter served in the US Senate for nearly 30 years, during which time he served as a Democrat and Republican. As a moderate, he frequently ignored party lines and spoke his mind on issues from judicial appointments to health care reform and stimulus spending. Kwame Holman remembers Specter who passed away from cancer.
http://wn.com/Former_Sen_Arlen_Specter,_82,_'Fiercely_Independent'
Arlen Specter served in the US Senate for nearly 30 years, during which time he served as a Democrat and Republican. As a moderate, he frequently ignored party lines and spoke his mind on issues from judicial appointments to health care reform and stimulus spending. Kwame Holman remembers Specter who passed away from cancer.
- published: 16 Oct 2012
- views: 1358
- author: PBSNewsHour
Sen Arlen Specter and Truth of Alien Contact. June 3. 2012 PART 1. Allan Handelman Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:01
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Senator Arlen Specter talks about his new book, LIFE AMONG THE CANNIBALS: A Political Career, A Tea Party Uprising, and the End of Governing as We Know It.
http://wn.com/Sen_Arlen_Specter_and_Truth_of_Alien_Contact_June_3_2012_PART_1_Allan_Handelman_Show
Senator Arlen Specter talks about his new book, LIFE AMONG THE CANNIBALS: A Political Career, A Tea Party Uprising, and the End of Governing as We Know It.
- published: 04 Jun 2012
- views: 611
- author: Allan Handelman
Oral Histories Preview: Arlen Specter on Robert Bork & Clarence Thomas Confirmation Hearings
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
In his 30 years representing Pennsylvania in the US Senate, Arlen Specter participated in the confirmation hearings of 14 US Supreme Court nominees. Soon after leaving the Senate in 2011, Specter sat down for a series of extended oral history interviews with the Pennsylvania Cable Network. In this excerpt, he recounts his experience as a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee as it considered the nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.
http://wn.com/Oral_Histories_Preview_Arlen_Specter_on_Robert_Bork_Clarence_Thomas_Confirmation_Hearings
In his 30 years representing Pennsylvania in the US Senate, Arlen Specter participated in the confirmation hearings of 14 US Supreme Court nominees. Soon after leaving the Senate in 2011, Specter sat down for a series of extended oral history interviews with the Pennsylvania Cable Network. In this excerpt, he recounts his experience as a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee as it considered the nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.
- published: 08 Aug 2012
- views: 740
- author: CSPAN
Senator Arlen Specter on The Howard Stern Show (3/19/2008)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:13
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Senator Arlen Specter stopped by to promote his new book about his battle with cancer, "Never Give In," and Howard immediately set about questioning him on his opinion of President Bush.
http://wn.com/Senator_Arlen_Specter_on_The_Howard_Stern_Show_3_19_2008
Senator Arlen Specter stopped by to promote his new book about his battle with cancer, "Never Give In," and Howard immediately set about questioning him on his opinion of President Bush.
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 451
- author: flicknausi
Arlen Specter Meltdown on the Jason Lewis Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Jason Lewis interviews former Senator Arlen Specter, resulting in Specter getting upset and hanging up
http://wn.com/Arlen_Specter_Meltdown_on_the_Jason_Lewis_Show
Jason Lewis interviews former Senator Arlen Specter, resulting in Specter getting upset and hanging up
- published: 02 Apr 2012
- views: 11095
- author: johnpgcnlive
Meehan Remembers Senator Arlen Specter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Rep. Patrick Meehan (PA-07) was a guest on Good Day Philly today to discuss the late Senator Arlen Specter
http://wn.com/Meehan_Remembers_Senator_Arlen_Specter
Rep. Patrick Meehan (PA-07) was a guest on Good Day Philly today to discuss the late Senator Arlen Specter
- published: 15 Oct 2012
- views: 48
- author: RepMeehan
Arlen Specter Meltdown on the Jason Lewis Show (Full Interview - Part 1/2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:46
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Jason Lewis interviews former Senator Arlen Specter, resulting in Specter getting upset and hanging up
http://wn.com/Arlen_Specter_Meltdown_on_the_Jason_Lewis_Show_Full_Interview_Part_1_2
Jason Lewis interviews former Senator Arlen Specter, resulting in Specter getting upset and hanging up
- published: 02 Apr 2012
- views: 722
- author: johnpgcnlive
Arlen Specter - Life Among the Cannibals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:32
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Thom Hartmann interviews Arlen Specter, former US Senator from Pennsylvania (R, then D) Website us.macmillan.com about his new book,Life Among the Cannibals A Political Career, A Tea Party Uprising, and the End of Governing as We Know It
http://wn.com/Arlen_Specter_Life_Among_the_Cannibals
Thom Hartmann interviews Arlen Specter, former US Senator from Pennsylvania (R, then D) Website us.macmillan.com about his new book,Life Among the Cannibals A Political Career, A Tea Party Uprising, and the End of Governing as We Know It
- published: 29 Mar 2012
- views: 481
- author: thomhartmann
Arlen Specter recalls informal interview with Dr. Humes before formal Warren Commission testimony
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:10
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Arlen Specter: Dr Humes - JFK SHOT FROM FRONT. Arlen Specter took official testimony from his friend James Humes and says Humes speculated the neck shot came from the front and caused the blow out to JFK's head!!! 5/15/12 PA Cable oral history. Category: Entertainment Tags: Arlen SpecterClint HillWarren CommissionJFKPresident KennedyLBJJohnsonconspiracySecret ServiceDr James HumesOswaldassassinationKennedy DetailMrs Kennedy and MeLisa McCubbinGerald BlaineJackie Kennedy
http://wn.com/Arlen_Specter_recalls_informal_interview_with_Dr_Humes_before_formal_Warren_Commission_testimony
Arlen Specter: Dr Humes - JFK SHOT FROM FRONT. Arlen Specter took official testimony from his friend James Humes and says Humes speculated the neck shot came from the front and caused the blow out to JFK's head!!! 5/15/12 PA Cable oral history. Category: Entertainment Tags: Arlen SpecterClint HillWarren CommissionJFKPresident KennedyLBJJohnsonconspiracySecret ServiceDr James HumesOswaldassassinationKennedy DetailMrs Kennedy and MeLisa McCubbinGerald BlaineJackie Kennedy
- published: 17 May 2012
- views: 305
- author: VincePalamaraJFK
Arlen Specter Dies, Tensions Between Syria & Turkey Intensifies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:02
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Magic bullet theory guy, Senator Arlen Specter dies at 82, anniversary of Cuban Missle Crisis, situation in Syria spinning out of control, UN to send in Peace Keepers? More... Mike Rivero October 15, 2012 whatreallyhappened.com republicbroadcasting.org http
http://wn.com/Arlen_Specter_Dies,_Tensions_Between_Syria_Turkey_Intensifies
Magic bullet theory guy, Senator Arlen Specter dies at 82, anniversary of Cuban Missle Crisis, situation in Syria spinning out of control, UN to send in Peace Keepers? More... Mike Rivero October 15, 2012 whatreallyhappened.com republicbroadcasting.org http
- published: 16 Oct 2012
- views: 540
- author: BoKnowsEntertainment
Give It Up For The Comedy Stylings Of SENATOR Arlen Specter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
October 14, 2012 CNN MOXNews.com
http://wn.com/Give_It_Up_For_The_Comedy_Stylings_Of_SENATOR_Arlen_Specter
Oral Histories Preview: Arlen Specter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
In his 30 years representing Pennsylvania in the US Senate, Arlen Specter participated in the confirmation hearings of 14 US Supreme Court nominees -- including Clarence Thomas - and the impeachment trial of President Clinton. Specter sat down for a series of extended oral history interviews with the Pennsylvania Cable Network soon after leaving the Senate in 2011. In this first excerpt, he recounts his family's arrival in the US as Russian immigrants, his formative years during the Great Depression and World War II, and how his personal experiences later informed his politics.
http://wn.com/Oral_Histories_Preview_Arlen_Specter
In his 30 years representing Pennsylvania in the US Senate, Arlen Specter participated in the confirmation hearings of 14 US Supreme Court nominees -- including Clarence Thomas - and the impeachment trial of President Clinton. Specter sat down for a series of extended oral history interviews with the Pennsylvania Cable Network soon after leaving the Senate in 2011. In this first excerpt, he recounts his family's arrival in the US as Russian immigrants, his formative years during the Great Depression and World War II, and how his personal experiences later informed his politics.
- published: 18 Jul 2012
- views: 259
- author: CSPAN
Arlen Specter at Carolines March 26 2012.m4v
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:53
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Former US Senator Arlen Specter making his Carolines debut!
http://wn.com/Arlen_Specter_at_Carolines_March_26_2012m4v
Former US Senator Arlen Specter making his Carolines debut!
- published: 27 Mar 2012
- views: 2437
- author: CarolinesOnBroadway
Remembering Arlen Specter - Joe Sestak on CNN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
JoeSestak.com
http://wn.com/Remembering_Arlen_Specter_Joe_Sestak_on_CNN
AP Ticker's SCRAPPLE NEWS - Mourning Arlen Specter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
October 17, 2012. A man slaps a cop, then gets his ass beat...a meningitis outbreak may be sweeping the nation...the election is getting closer, the polls are getting tighter and our bowels are getting looser...but the big big big story is... Pennsylvania mourns the loss of it's longest serving senator Arlen Specter. If you poke around a little on the internets, you could find thousands of stories about him infuriating his fellow politicians and presidents with his caustic wit and going against his own party in crucial votes. He came to fame for being assistant counsel for the Warren commission, investigating the assassination of President Kennedy and he co-authored the "single bullet theory", which suggested the wounds to Kennedy and to Texas Governor John Connally were caused by the same bullet. This was a crucial assertion for the Warren Commission, since if the two had been wounded by separate bullets within such a short time frame, that would have demonstrated the presence of a second assassin and therefore a conspiracy. Perhaps now with Mr. Specter's death, we may finally learn the truth about who killed JFK. My money is on the mob, spearheaded by Sam Giancana and Carlos Marcello, who lost all their offshore casino's due to the Beard taking over Cuba and Bad Back Jack waffling over the Bay of Pigs. Extreme Sports athlete Felix Baumgartner completed a 24-mile skydive Sunday, wrapping up a five-year effort to shatter a world record set 52 years ago. He jumped out of ...
http://wn.com/AP_Ticker's_SCRAPPLE_NEWS_Mourning_Arlen_Specter
October 17, 2012. A man slaps a cop, then gets his ass beat...a meningitis outbreak may be sweeping the nation...the election is getting closer, the polls are getting tighter and our bowels are getting looser...but the big big big story is... Pennsylvania mourns the loss of it's longest serving senator Arlen Specter. If you poke around a little on the internets, you could find thousands of stories about him infuriating his fellow politicians and presidents with his caustic wit and going against his own party in crucial votes. He came to fame for being assistant counsel for the Warren commission, investigating the assassination of President Kennedy and he co-authored the "single bullet theory", which suggested the wounds to Kennedy and to Texas Governor John Connally were caused by the same bullet. This was a crucial assertion for the Warren Commission, since if the two had been wounded by separate bullets within such a short time frame, that would have demonstrated the presence of a second assassin and therefore a conspiracy. Perhaps now with Mr. Specter's death, we may finally learn the truth about who killed JFK. My money is on the mob, spearheaded by Sam Giancana and Carlos Marcello, who lost all their offshore casino's due to the Beard taking over Cuba and Bad Back Jack waffling over the Bay of Pigs. Extreme Sports athlete Felix Baumgartner completed a 24-mile skydive Sunday, wrapping up a five-year effort to shatter a world record set 52 years ago. He jumped out of ...
- published: 17 Oct 2012
- views: 176
- author: woodshopfilms
photo: AP / Menahem Kahana
08 Jan 2013
JERUSALEM (Reuters) - It's Bibi against the world on a campaign trail that took the combative Israeli prime minister to a Jewish settlement on Tuesday. Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu attends the weekly cabinet meeting in Jerusalem December 9, 2012. REUTERS/Ammar Awad ... Tweaking his message to match the locality, Netanyahu said ... The danger comes from Iran, which is building nuclear weapons." ... CHEMICAL WEAPONS ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
08 Jan 2013
MOSCOW, January 8 (RIA Novosti) – At least 17 billion Earth-size planets may inhabit the Milky Way galaxy, SPACE.com reported citing a new study by US astronomers ... That translates to a minimum of 17 billion planets as there are about 100 billion stars in the Milky Way ... Over a hundred of candidates have been confirmed as planets so far, NASA said....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Channi Anand
09 Jan 2013
JAMMU, India (Reuters) - India slammed arch-rival Pakistan on Wednesday over a fire fight in the disputed territory of Kashmir in which two of its soldiers were killed, and said the mutilation of one of the bodies was "inhuman". India's Defence Minister A.K. Antony waits to speak at a plenary session of the 11th International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) Asia Security Summit ... REUTERS/Tim Chong ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Richard Drew
09 Jan 2013
A commuter ferry has crashed into the dockside in Lower Manhattan in New York during the morning rush hour, injuring between 30 and 50 people.. The Seastreak Ferry, which provides daily services from Atlantic Highlands in New Jersey, struck Pier 11 in the East River not far from Wall Street at about 8.45am ET (1.45pm GMT).. Officials say at least two of the passengers were in a critical condition, one with confirmed head injuries. ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: US Army / Sgt. Christopher Bonebrake
07 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Congress granted President Lyndon B. Johnson absolute powers to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression," Congress could have also included "all necessary vanities." The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which greatly escalated a foreign imperial war in Vietnam, added fuel to the bonfires of vanity....(size: 5.2Kb)
The Inquisitr
01 Jan 2013
Arlen Specter – Arlen Specter started his career as a Democrat before switching to the GOP and remaining in the Republican Party for almost 40 years ... Specter had been diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2005, and was undergoing chemotherapy before he died on October 14 ... to half-staff on the day Specter was interred ... Arlen Specter, Sen....(size: 11.9Kb)
Huffington Post
01 Jan 2013
The calls of opposition from these groups appear to have been heard by House Republicans, who are refusing to support the deal passed by the Senate ... ... "I urge you to call your state’s two U.S ... The group's primary opposition to the late Arlen Specter led him to switch parties in 2009 to run for reelection as a Democrat ... Pat Toomey (R-Pa.), who chased Specter out of the Republican Party, voted for the deal in the Senate. Also on HuffPost....(size: 15.0Kb)
Huffington Post
01 Jan 2013
Congressional leaders are still engaged in negotiations over the fiscal cliff. The Senate passed a last-minute plan at 2 a.m. Tuesday with a vote of 89 to 8. The plan came about after a late-night visit from Vice President Joe Biden on New Year's Eve ... live blog. Oldest Newest. Cantor, Boehner Coming Together. Rep ... The group's primary opposition to the late Arlen Specter led him to switch parties in 2009 to run for reelection as a Democrat ... 1....(size: 42.8Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
31 Dec 2012
Arlen Specter ... Arlen Specter was a longtime Republican moderate who became a crucial Democratic vote late in his life and played a central role in many political battles, including the Supreme Court confirmation of Clarence Thomas, the impeachment of President Bill Clinton and the passage of health care reform ... Specter served five terms as a Republican U.S....(size: 12.3Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
31 Dec 2012
From Neil Armstrong to Whitney Houston, these giants will be dearly missed. As 2012 comes to a close and we welcome a new year, we remember the influential people who died in the past 12 months ... senators in history ... Neil Armstrong. (1930-2012) ... (Photo ... SEE ALSO ... J ... Arlen Specter ... senator in Pennsylvania history and a frequent and proud thorn in the side of both political parties, Specter switched parties twice but was always true to himself ... ....(size: 7.4Kb)
The Washington Times
31 Dec 2012
Photo Gallery.. Neil Armstrong would always be taking that first step onto the moon, and Dick Clark was forever “the world’s oldest teenager.” Some of the notables who died in 2012 created images in our minds that remained unchanged over decades. Sadly, for others an established image was shattered by a fall from grace ... Arlen Specter, the outspoken Pennsylvania centrist. Others from the world of politics ... JANUARY. ... Jan. 1....(size: 7.0Kb)
Tampa Bay Online
31 Dec 2012
Tonight marks only the second time since the mid-'70s that the new year won't be ushered in by TV icon Dick Clark. "America's Oldest Teenager" died of a heart attack in April. This past year, we also lost a local Gulf War hero, a pop diva and the first man to walk on the moon. So, before the ball drops on another year in New York City's Time Square, we remember Gen ... military we lost in 2012. JANUARY ... John F ... Arlen Specter, 82, former U.S ... N....(size: 20.6Kb)
Detroit Free Press
30 Dec 2012
Joe Paterno, 85. Longtime Penn State coach who lost his job in 2011 amid an assistant coach's child sex abuse scandal. Jan. 22. Florence Green, 110. Last known veteran of World War I. Feb. 4. Whitney Houston, 48. Singer accidentally drowned in a bathtub. Feb. 11. Davy Jones, 66. Actor, singer with the Monkees. Feb. 29. Robert B. Sherman, 86. Songwriter who wrote "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" from "Mary Poppins." March 5. F ... Aug ... Arlen Specter, 82 ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Huffington Post
29 Dec 2012
Several prominent faces in politics died in the year 2012. As the calendar comes to a close, HuffPost Politics takes a look back at the figures we lost.. Loading Slideshow. Norman Schwarzkopf. Served as. United States Army general, Desert Storm commander Died on. Dec. 27, 2012 at age 78.Robert Bork. Served as. U.S. Solicitor General (June 1973 - Jan. 1977) Died on. Dec. 19, 2012 at age 85.Daniel Inouye. Served as ... 21, 2012 at age 90.Arlen Specter ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
The Examiner
29 Dec 2012
The advent of a new year prompts us to look back upon the past 12 months with both merriment and mourning. As time marches along, we consider those we have lost during the last year. And 2012 was no exception. Take a look at the list of more than 200 celebrities of every stripe, lost during the 2012 year ... Alan Poindexter Alex Karras Andrew Breitbart Andrew Sarris Andy Griffith Andy Williams Ann Rutherford Arlen Specter Art (Mr ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
Lehigh Valley
28 Dec 2012
AP Photo . MATT SLOCUM . Some things that stirred much political discussion in Pennsylvania in 2012 did not materialize — a photo ID requirement for voters, legislative redistricting, a high-profile role for the state in the presidential race ... In October, former U.S. Sen. Arlen Specter, whose 30 years in office made him Pennsylvania’s longest-serving senator, died at 82 after his third bout with cancer ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
Star Tribune
28 Dec 2012
Neil Armstrong would always be taking that first step onto the moon, and Dick Clark was forever "the world's oldest teenager." Some of the notables who died in 2012 created images in our minds that remained unchanged over decades. Sadly, for others an established image was shattered by a fall from grace ... Other scientists who died in 2012 included Lowell Randall, Martin Fleischmann, F ... Arlen Specter, the outspoken Pennsylvania centrist ... 1....(size: 4.3Kb)
Huffington Post
28 Dec 2012
Reaction to the death Thursday of retired Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf.. ___. "Barbara and I mourn the loss of a true American patriot and one of the great military leaders of his generation. A distinguished member of that `Long Gray Line' hailing from West Point, Gen ... More than that, he was a good and decent man – and a dear friend ... – former President George H.W. Bush. ___. "With the passing of Gen ... 21, 2012 at age 90.Arlen Specter ... ....(size: 8.5Kb)
| Arlen Specter | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Pennsylvania |
|
| In office January 3, 1981 – January 3, 2011 |
|
| Preceded by | Richard Schweiker |
| Succeeded by | Pat Toomey |
| Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence | |
| In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 |
|
| Preceded by | Dennis DeConcini |
| Succeeded by | Richard Shelby |
| Chairman of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs | |
| In office January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Alan Simpson |
| Succeeded by | Jay Rockefeller |
| In office January 20 – June 6, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Jay Rockefeller |
| Succeeded by | Jay Rockefeller |
| In office January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2005 |
|
| Preceded by | Jay Rockefeller |
| Succeeded by | Larry Craig |
| Chairman of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary | |
| In office January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007 |
|
| Preceded by | Orrin Hatch |
| Succeeded by | Patrick Leahy |
| 19th District Attorney of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
| In office January 3, 1966 – January 7, 1974 |
|
| Preceded by | James Crumlish |
| Succeeded by | Emmitt Fitzpatrick |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1930-02-12) February 12, 1930 (age 82) Wichita, Kansas |
| Political party | Democratic (1951–1965,[1] April 28, 2009–present) Republican (1966 – April 28, 2009) |
| Spouse(s) | Joan Specter |
| Residence | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Alma mater | University of Pennsylvania (B.S.) Yale University (J.D.) |
| Occupation | Attorney |
| Committees | Appropriations, Judiciary, Veterans' Affairs, Special Committee on Aging |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1951–1953 |
| Rank |  First Lieutenant |
Arlen Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a former United States Senator from Pennsylvania. Specter is a Democrat, but was a Republican from 1965 until switching to the Democratic Party in 2009. First elected in 1980, he represented his state for thirty years in the Senate. Specter is a moderate who staked out a spot in the political center.[2]
Specter was born in Wichita, Kansas to an American mother and a father who immigrated from Russia. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and served with the United States Air Force during the Korean War. Specter later graduated from Yale Law School and opened a law firm with Marvin Katz, who would later become a federal judge. Specter served as assistant counsel for the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy and helped devise the "single bullet theory." In 1965, Specter was elected District Attorney of Philadelphia, a position that he would hold until he lost his re-election bid in 1973.
On April 28, 2009, Specter announced that, after 44 years as an elected Republican, he was switching membership to the Democratic Party,[3][4] On May 18, 2010, Specter was defeated in the Democratic primary by Joe Sestak, who then was defeated by current Senator Pat Toomey in the general election. Toomey replaced Specter on January 3, 2011.
In fall 2011, Specter was an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, where he taught a course on the relationship between Congress and the U.S. Supreme Court, focusing on separation of powers and the confirmation process.[5] For this course the National Jurist named him as one of the "23 professors to take before you die."[6]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Specter was born in Wichita, Kansas, the youngest child of Lillie (Shanin) and Harry Specter, who grew up in the Bachkuryne village of Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine. Specter claimed in his memoir Passion for Truth that his father's family was the only Jewish family in the village.[7] The family lived at 940 South Emporia Street in Wichita before moving to Russell, Kansas where he graduated from Russell High School in 1947.[8] He was raised in the Jewish faith in Russell, also the hometown of fellow politician Bob Dole (who graduated Russell High School in 1941). Specter said that his father weighed items from his junkyard on a scale owned by Dole's father Doran Dole (who owned a granary). He said his brother Morton and Dole's brother Kenny were contemporaries and friends.[9]
Specter's father served in the U.S. infantry during World War I, and was badly wounded. During the Great Depression, Specter's father was a fruit peddler, a tailor, and a junkyard owner.
After graduating from Russell High School,[10] Specter studied first at the University of Oklahoma. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, majored in International Relations, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1951. While at UPenn, Specter was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. Specter said the family moved to Philadelphia when his sister Shirley was of a marriageable age because there were no other Jews in Russell.[9]
During the Korean War, he served stateside in the United States Air Force from 1951 to 1953 and obtained the rank of Second Lieutenant within the Air Force Office of Special Investigations.[11][12][13]
Specter graduated from Yale Law School in 1956 and was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar. That year, he married the former Joan Levy. In 1979, Joan was elected to an at-large seat on the Philadelphia City Council. She held the seat for four terms, until she was defeated for re-election in 1995. The couple has two sons, Shanin and Steve, and four grandchildren, Silvi, Perri, Lilli, and Hatti. They currently reside in the East Falls section of Philadelphia.
After graduating from Yale Law School, Specter opened a law practice, Specter & Katz, with the late Marvin Katz, who served as a Federal District Court Judge in Philadelphia until his death in October 2010. Specter became an assistant district attorney under District Attorney James Crumlish, and was a member of the Democratic Party.
Early political career[link]
Warren Commission[link]
At the recommendation of Representative Gerald Ford, he worked for the Warren Commission, investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy. As an assistant counsel for the commission, he authored or co-authored[14] the "single bullet theory," which suggested the non-fatal wounds to Kennedy and wounds to Texas Governor John Connally were caused by the same bullet. This was a crucial assertion for the Warren Commission, since if the two had been wounded by separate bullets within such a short time frame, that would have demonstrated the presence of a second assassin and therefore a conspiracy.[15]
A further investigation by the House Committee on Assassinations in the late 1970s reaffirmed the single bullet theory, though concluded a conspiracy was likely owing to acoustic evidence.[citation needed] Numerous authors have raised doubts over the plausibility of the theory and have concluded a conspiracy was likely, though most conclude Oswald acted alone.[citation needed]
Seeks political office[link]
In 1965, Specter ran for district attorney for the city of Philadelphia, on the Republican ticket as a registered Democrat. He handily beat incumbent Jim Crumlish, and subsequently changed his registration to Republican. Although a supporter of capital punishment, as prosecutor he questioned the fairness of the Pennsylvania death penalty statute in 1972.[16]
In 1967, he was the Republican Party standard bearer, together with City Controller candidate, Tom Gola, in the Philadelphia mayoral campaign against the Democratic incumbent James Tate. One of their slogans was, "We need THESE guys to watch THOSE guys."[17] He served two terms as district attorney for the city of Philadelphia, but was handily defeated in his bid for a third term in 1973 by noted criminal defense attorney Emmett Fitzpatrick.[18][19]
In 1976, Specter ran in the Republican primary for the U.S. Senate and was defeated by John Heinz. In 1978, he was defeated in the primary for Governor of Pennsylvania by Dick Thornburgh.[20] After several years of private practice with the prestigious Philadelphia law firm Dechert, Price & Rhoads, Specter ran for the Senate in 1980, this time, successfully. He assumed office in January 1981.
Hodgkin's disease[link]
On February 16, 2005, Specter announced that he had been diagnosed with an advanced form of Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of cancer. Despite this, Specter continued working during chemotherapy. He ended treatment on July 22. Senator John Sununu (R-New Hampshire) shaved his head to show solidarity with Specter when he was undergoing chemotherapy and was temporarily bald. On April 15, 2008, he announced his cancer had returned, at a stage "significantly less advanced than his Hodgkin's disease when it was originally diagnosed in 2005."[21][22] He underwent a second round of chemotherapy, which ended on July 14, 2008.[23]
Senate career[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009) |
Specter was first elected to the Senate in 1980. He is the longest-serving Senator in Pennsylvania's history; no one else from the state has been elected to five terms in that body. According to polls by Quinnipiac University, Specter has a higher approval rating among Democrats in Pennsylvania than Republicans, 62–55 respectively.[24]
His opposition to Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork in 1987 is seen as an important factor in the nomination's failure. However, he raised the ire of many feminists with his aggressive questioning of Anita Hill during the Clarence Thomas hearings in 1991, claiming she had committed "flat-out perjury" in her testimony.[25][26]
In 1988 Specter co-sponsored an amendment to the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which prohibits discrimination in the rental, sale, marketing, and financing of the nation's housing. The amendment strengthened the ability of the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity to enforce the Fair Housing Act and expanded the protected classes to include disabled persons and families with children.
In 1998 and 1999, Specter criticized the Republican Party for the impeachment of President Bill Clinton. Believing that Clinton had not received a fair trial, Specter cited Scots law to render a verdict of "not proven" on Clinton's impeachment.[27] However, his verdict was recorded as "not guilty" in the Senate records.[28]
On October 11, 2002, Arlen Specter voted in favor of H.J.Res.114 authorizing the Iraq War.[29]
In a 2002 PoliticsPA Feature story designating politicians with yearbook superlatives, he was named the "Toughest to Work For."[30] In 2003, the Pennsylvania Report, a subscription-based political newsletter, described Specter as one of the "vanishing breed of Republican moderates" and described his political stance as "'Pennsylvania first' middle of-the-road politics" even though he was known as an "avid Republican partisan."[31]
Soon after the 2004 election, Specter stepped into the public spotlight as a result of controversial statements about his views of the future of the Supreme Court. At a press conference, he stated that:
| “ | When you talk about judges who would change the right of a woman to choose, overturn Roe v. Wade, I think [confirmation] is unlikely. The president is well aware of what happened, when a number of his nominees were sent up, with the filibuster. ... And I would expect the president to be mindful of the considerations which I am mentioning. | ” |
Activist groups interpreted his comments as warnings to President George W. Bush about the implications of nominating Supreme Court justices who are opposed to the Roe v. Wade decision. Specter maintained his comments were a prediction, not a warning. He met with many conservative Republican senators, and based on assurances he gave them, he was recommended for the Judiciary Committee's chairmanship in late 2004. He officially assumed that position when the 109th Congress convened on January 4, 2005.
On March 9, 2006, the USA PATRIOT Act was signed into law. It amended the process for interim appointments of U.S. Attorneys, a clause which Specter wrote during his chairmanship of the Senate Judiciary Committee.[32] The change allowed the Bush Administration to appoint interim U.S. attorneys without term limits, and without confirmation by the Senate. The Bush administration used the law to place at least eight interim attorneys into office in 2006. Specter claims that the changes were added by staff member Brett Tolman.[33] For more information, see dismissal of U.S. Attorneys controversy.
Specter was very critical of Bush's wiretapping of U.S. citizens without warrants. When the story first broke, he called the effort "inappropriate" and "clearly and categorically wrong." He said, he intended to hold hearings into the matter early in 2006, and had Alberto Gonzales appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee to answer for the program (although Specter declined to force Gonzales to testify under oath). On January 15, 2006, Specter mentioned impeachment and criminal prosecution as potential remedies if Bush broke the law, though he downplayed the likelihood of such an outcome.
On April 9, 2006, Specter, speaking on Fox News about the Bush administration's leaking of classified intelligence, said that "The president of the United States owes a specific explanation to the American people".[34]
However, he voted for the 2008 amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, which placed federal electronic searches almost entirely within the executive branch.[35]
During the 2007–2008 National Football League season, Specter wrote to NFL commissioner Roger Goodell concerning the destruction of New England Patriots Spygate tapes, wondering if there was a link between the tapes and their Super Bowl victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. On February 1, 2008, Roger Goodell stated that the tapes were destroyed because "they confirmed what I already knew about the issue." Specter would release a follow up statement:
| “ | My strong preference is for the NFL to activate a Mitchell-type investigation, I have been careful not to call for a Congressional hearing because I believe the NFL should step forward and embrace an independent inquiry and Congress is extraordinarily busy on other matters. If the NFL continues to leave a vacuum, Congress may be tempted to fill it.[36] | ” |
Since 2007, Specter has sponsored legislation[37] to fix a longstanding inequity in American law which shuts out a majority of U.S. Armed Forces service members from equal access to the U.S. Supreme Court.[38] In 2007, Specter cosponsored the Equal Justice for United States Military Personnel Act of 2007 with Senators Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), Hillary Clinton (D-NY) and Russ Feingold (D-Wis.).[37] The bill failed in the 110th Congress, and Specter again cosponsored the measure in the 2009 111th Congress.[39]
In December 2008, Specter was involved in a controversy as a result of telling "Polish jokes" at New York's Rainbow Room while speaking at the annual meeting of the Commonwealth Club.[40]
Specter voted in favor of the Senate's version of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 on February 10, 2009; he was one of only three Republicans to break ranks with the party and support the bill, which was favored by President Barack Obama and was unanimously supported by the Democratic senators.[41] As a result of his support, many in the Republican mainstream have begun to set up ads calling for his removal from office.[42] Specter was instrumental in ensuring that the act allocated an additional $10 billion to the National Institutes of Health over the next two years.[43] Since becoming a Democrat in the Senate, Specter has been denied seniority on Senate committees.[44]
In October 2009, Specter called for the repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act, which he supported in 1996.[45]
In November 2009, Specter introduced a bill to require televising U.S. Supreme Court proceedings, and explained "[t]he Supreme Court makes pronouncements on constitutional and federal law that have direct impacts on the rights of Americans. Those rights would be substantially enhanced by televising the oral arguments of the Court so that the public can see and hear the issues presented."[46]
His career in the United States Senate ended on January 3, 2011. He was succeeded by Pat Toomey.
Committee assignments[link]
Specter holds the following committee assignments:[47]
- Committee on Appropriations
- Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies
- Subcommittee on Defense
- Subcommittee on Homeland Security
- Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
- Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
- Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
- Committee on Environment and Public Works
- Committee on the Judiciary
- Committee on Veterans' Affairs
- Special Committee on Aging
Specter was chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence from 1995, when the Republicans gained control of the Senate, until 1997, when he became chairman of the Committee on Veterans Affairs. He chaired that committee until 2001 and again from 2003 to 2005, during the times the Republicans controlled the Senate. He also chaired the Judiciary Committee from 2005 to 2007.
Campaigns[link]
In 1980, Specter became the Republican nominee for Senate when Republican incumbent Richard Schweiker announced his retirement. He faced the former Mayor of Pittsburgh, Pete Flaherty. Specter won the election by a 2.5% margin. He was later reelected in 1986, 1992, 1998 and 2004, despite 1992 and 1998 being bad years for Republicans. Specter ran for reelection in 2010, for the first time as a Democrat, but was defeated in the Primary.[48]
1996 presidential bid[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1996
On March 31, 1995, Specter announced his candidacy for President of the United States, to challenge the incumbent Bill Clinton. He entered the race claiming his party needed a candidate who did not conform to the stereotypical religious conservative image. He was critical of Pat Buchanan, Pat Robertson and Ralph Reed, saying all three were far too conservative.[49]
His campaign focused on balancing the federal budget, strict crime laws, and establishing relations with North Korea.[50] His candidacy was not expected to succeed in winning the Republican nomination due to the overwhelmingly large number of social conservatives in the Republican Party. He was, however, able to gain support. Although fellow Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum was never overly enthusiastic, he was supportive. Other supportive Republicans were hopeful Specter could trim the party's "far-right fringe." Although his campaign was ultimately unsuccessful at wooing conservatives, it was widely believed he could have had a strong showing among independents. On November 23, 1995, before the start of the primaries, Specter suspended his campaign to endorse Kansas Senator Bob Dole.
2004 campaign[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 2004
In 2004, Specter faced a challenge in the Republican primary election from conservative Congressman Pat Toomey, whose campaign theme was that Specter was not fiscally conservative enough. The match-up was closely watched nationally, being seen as a symbolic clash between the conservative and moderate wings of the Republican Party. However, most of the state and national Republican establishment, including the state's other senator at the time, Rick Santorum closed ranks behind Specter. Specter was strongly supported by President George W. Bush. Specter narrowly avoided a major upset with 51 percent of the primary vote. Once Specter defeated the challenge from the right, he was able to enjoy great support from independents and some Democrats in his race against Hoeffel.[51] Hoeffel also trailed Specter in name recognition, campaign funds and poll results.[52] Although the two minor candidates were seen as more conservative than Specter, they were only able to take four percent of the vote and Specter was easily reelected.
2010 campaign[link]
Main articles: United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 2010 and United States Senate Democratic primary election in Pennsylvania, 2010
Specter was up for re-election to the Senate in 2010, and expressed his plans to run again. On March 18, 2009, Specter said that he was not considering running as an independent. He said, "To eliminate any doubt, I am a Republican, and I am running for reelection in 2010 as a Republican on the Republican ticket." [53] Subsequently Specter's 2004 conservative GOP primary challenger, Pat Toomey, announced he would again run for the Republican nomination in the Republican senatorial primary.[54]
However, on April 28, 2009, Specter stated that "As the Republican Party has moved farther and farther to the right, I have found myself increasingly at odds with the Republican philosophy and more in line with the philosophy of the Democratic Party."[55] He said that he was switching party affiliation and would run as a Democrat in the 2010 election.[4][55][56] In the same announcement, Specter also said that he had "surveyed the sentiments of the Republican Party in Pennsylvania and public opinion polls, observed other public opinion polls and have found that the prospects for winning a Republican primary are bleak."[55] A March 2009 Quinnipiac poll indicated that Specter trailed his likely primary challenger, Pat Toomey, by 14 percent (41 percent for Toomey, 27 percent for Specter).[57] Additional polling found that 70 percent of Pennsylvania Republicans disapproved of his recent vote in favor of the Stimulus Bill[58] and that 52 percent of Pennsylvania Republicans disapprove of the job he is doing.[57] Following Specter's switching parties, Republican National Committee chairman Michael Steele criticized his leaving the Republican Party, claiming that Specter had "flipped the bird" at the GOP.[59]
On February 6, 2010, the Pennsylvania Democratic Party overwhelmingly endorsed U.S. Senator Arlen Specter at the Democratic State Committee's annual endorsement convention which was held in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.[60] Specter defeated Joe Sestak by winning over 77% of the Pennsylvania Democratic State Committee members vote which far exceeds the 2/3 threshold needed to claim the endorsement.[61] Sestak, however, went on to win the Democratic primary nomination on May 18.[62]
Political views[link]
According to the National Journal, Specter voted with Democrats 90% of the time since he switched parties, while as a Republican Specter split his votes between both parties.[63] According to fivethirtyeight.com, between January–March 2009 Specter voted with the Democrats 58% of the time. Following the support of the stimulus package and the entrance of Pat Toomey in the Republican primary, Specter began to vote 16% with Democrats. When switching to become a Democrat, he voted 69% with his new party initially, until Joe Sestak entered the Democratic primary and Specter started to vote 97% of the time.[64]
Abortion[link]
Specter states that he is "personally opposed to abortion", but is "a supporter of a woman's right to choose".[65][66] He received a 20 percent rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America in 2005 based on certain votes related to the regulation of abortion; in 2008, he received 100 percent [67][68]
Gay rights[link]
Specter supports some LGBT rights. He voted to prohibit job discrimination based on sexual orientation, and was a co-sponsor of the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act.[69] Specter is opposed to same-sex marriage, but is also opposed to a federal ban and supports civil unions.[70] Specter also voted in favor of repealing Don't Ask, Don't Tell in the lame-duck session of the 111th Congress.
Gun control[link]
Specter strongly opposes most gun control, voting against the Brady Bill, background checks at gun shows, the ban on assault weapons, and trigger locks for handguns.[71]
Affirmative action[link]
He supports affirmative action and voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1991, receiving a 76 percent rating from the NAACP in 2008.[72] He was one of only four Republicans to vote against the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act and in recent years has been less enthusiastic about weakening so-called consumer protection laws than many members of his party. In 1995 he was the only Republican to vote to limit tax cuts to individuals with incomes of less than one million dollars. He voted against CAFTA. Specter also supports an increase in the federal minimum wage. He is a leading supporter of the U.S. Public Service Academy.
Illegal immigration[link]
On immigration, Specter supports a "pathway to citizenship" and a "guest worker program" which opponents call amnesty. He introduced Senate bill S. 2611 (the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006) on April 6, 2006, which was passed by the Senate on May 25, 2006 before reaching a stalemate in the House.[73]
Health care reform[link]
Public option[link]
On May 3, 2009 Specter went on Meet the Press and was asked "Would you support health care reform that puts up a government run public plan to compete with a private plan issued by a private insurance company?" Specter said no.[74][75] Two months later, he changed his position and he now supports it.[76]
Single payer[link]
Specter believes single payer healthcare should not be "taken off the table," according to an interview he had with John King on CNN.
Votes[link]
On health care reform, Specter was a cosponsor of the Healthy Americans Act, a proposal he supported during both the 110th and 111th Congresses. Specter voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the healthcare bill passed through the Senate by every Democratic senator, on a party-line vote.[77]
Card check[link]
Specter has received a 61 percent rating from AFL-CIO.[78] He voted for cloture on the Employee Free Choice Act in 2007. In early 2009, Specter announced that he would not be voting for cloture on the same act in the 111th Congress.[79] After Specter switched parties, he changed his position on the issue yet again and wrote a letter to the unions that he supported card check legislation.
Privacy; computers[link]
Spurred by the 2010 case of Robbins v. Lower Merion School District, in which two high schools admitted to secretly taking 66,000 webcam photos and screenshots of students in their homes on school-issued laptops, Specter held a hearing of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs on March 29, 2010.[80] He said: "The issue is one of surreptitious eavesdropping. Unbeknownst to people, their movements and activities were under surveillance."[80] Specter said he believes existing wiretap and video-voyeurism statutes do not adequately address concerns in today's era of widespread use of cell-phone, laptop, and surveillance cameras.[81] He said that Lower Merion's use of laptop cameras for surveillance convinced him that new federal legislation was needed to regulate electronic privacy.[82][83]
Specter then introduced legislation in April 2010 to amend the federal Wiretap Act to clarify that it is illegal to capture silent visual images inside another person's home. He said: "This is going to become law. You have a very significant invasion of privacy with these webcams, as more information is coming to light."[84] Speaking on the floor of the Senate, he said:
Many of us expect to be subject to ... video surveillance when we leave our homes and go out each day—at the ATM, at traffic lights, or in stores, for example. What we do not expect is to be under visual surveillance in our homes, in our bedrooms, and, most especially, we do not expect it for our children in our homes.[85]
Other[link]
The Jewish daily newspaper The Forward reported in the wake of the July 2009 organ trafficking scandal in the U.S. involving Rabbi Levy Izhak Rosenbaum of Brooklyn that an Organ Trafficking Prohibition Act of 2009, sponsored by Specter, had yet to be officially introduced in the U.S. [86]
Specter criticized the federal government's policy on cancer, stating the day after Jack Kemp — the 1996 Republican vice presidential nominee and former congressman — died of cancer, that Kemp would still be alive if the federal government had done a better job funding cancer research.[87]
Electoral history[link]
Main article: Electoral history of Arlen Specter
Arlen Specter Center for Political Science and International Relations at Philadelphia University[link]
On December 21, 2011, former Senator Arlen Specter donated to Philadelphia University nearly 2,700 boxes of historical papers and memorabilia dating from his career as a Philadelphia District Attorney to his service as a United States Senator, including materials associated with his role as assistant counsel on the Warren Commission. The Specter Collection will support The Arlen Specter Center for Political Science and International Relations at Philadelphia University.
The Center will be a nonpartisan initiative dedicated to promoting greater understanding of public policy issues both foreign and domestic. The Center will strive to accomplish these goals through support for research, educational programming, and exhibitions inspired, in part, by the Senator's career and the permanent collection of his historic papers. The Center will be managed by the Paul J. Gutman Library at Philadelphia University will be located in Roxboro House which is located nearby on campus.
Parts of Roxboro House date back to 1799. The Georgian period house constructed of frame and clapboard was expanded in 1810. At one point in its history, Roxboro House was owned by Dr. Caspar Wistar who published the first American textbook of anatomy in 1811. Wistar was president of the American Philosophical Society and his friend, Thomas Nuttall, a famous botanist, named the Wisteria vine after him. In 1965 the Philadelphia Historical Commission added this house to its list of registered buildings (No. 141). Prior to the University’s purchase of the property in 1998, the house was being used as a Bed and Breakfast establishment.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Upset in Philadelphia" (PDF). The New York Times. November 2, 1965. http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/flash/politics/20090414_SPECTER/1965Elected.pdf. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ Krawczeniuk, Borys (April 28, 2009). "Specter is a marked 'moderate'". The Daily Review. http://www.thedailyreview.com/articles/2009/02/09/news/tw_review.20090209.a.pg3.tw09specter_s1.2290943_loc.txt.
- ^ "Statement by Senator Arlen Specter". Specter 2010 Election website. Citizens for Arlen Specter. April 28, 2009. http://www.specter2010.com/news6.html. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ a b Cillizza, Chris (April 28, 2009). "Specter to switch parties". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/04/28/specter_to_switch_parties.html?wprss=44. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ "Senator Arlen Specter to Teach at the University of Pennsylvania Law School | Penn News". Upenn.edu. 2011-01-04. http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/senator-arlen-specter-teach-university-pennsylvania-law-school. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ^ http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/cypress/nationaljurist0311/#/22
- ^ Specter, Passion for Truth, p. 8.
- ^ Official Congressional Directory ... - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2005-10-12. ISBN 978-0-16-072467-1. http://books.google.com/?id=Kl_GqvpDelsC&pg=PA223&dq=Arlen+Specter+Russell+Kansas#v=onepage&q=Arlen%20Specter%20Russell%20Kansas&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ^ a b "Q&A with Senator Arlen Specter (Penn Law News & Stories)". Law.upenn.edu. 2011-03-03. http://www.law.upenn.edu/blogs/news/archives/2011/03/qa_with_senator_arlen_specter.html. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ^ Specter, Passion for Truth, p. 215.
- ^ "About Arlen Specter: Timeline". United States Senate. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20100826123625/http://specter.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=AboutArlenSpecter.Timeline.
- ^ Official Congressional Directory, 2009-2010: 111th Congress, Convened January 2009. Government Printing Office. 2010. p. 221. ISBN 0-16-083727-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=9nL2Bhq3UYIC
- ^ "Arlen Specter, U.S. Senator". PBS. September 20, 2004. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2004/key-races/pa_specter.html. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
- ^ Bugliosi, pp. 301–6. "Warren Commission staff lawyer Norman Redlich was asked by author Vincent Bugliosi in 2005 whether Specter was the sole author of the single bullet theory and he said, 'No, we all came to this conclusion simultaneously.' When asked who he meant by 'we,' he said, 'Arlen, myself, Howard Willens, David Belin, and Mel Eisenberg.' Specter did not respond to Bugliosi's request for a clarification on the issue."
- ^ Bugliosi, p.456.
- ^ "Death Rattles". TIME magazine. November 20, 1972. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,712208,00.html.
- ^ Dionne, E.J. (May 24, 2005). "Watch Those Guys". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/23/AR2005052301337_pf.html. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
- ^ "Media Specter | The New Republic". Tnr.com. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/media-specter. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ "The Law: Tough, Honest and Fired". Time Magazine. December 30, 1974. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909030-1,00.html. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ Samuel, Terence (September 4, 2005). "Irritating Them All". US News and World Report. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/050912/12specter_2.htm. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
- ^ "Specter Announces Cancer Recurrence". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 16, 2008. http://www.alhazan.com/images/phil-spector.jpg. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ "Arlen Specter's Hodgkin's disease returns". CNN. April 15, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/04/15/arlen.specter/index.html. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ "Specter finishes chemotherapy". Pennlive.com. The Associated Press. July 14, 2008. http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2008/07/specter_finishes_chemotherapy.html. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ Coomes, Jessica (February 11, 2009). "Poll: Voters don't want to give Arlen Specter another term". lehighvalleylive.com. The Express-Times. http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/jessica-coomes/index.ssf/2009/02/poll_voters_dont_want_to_give.html. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ Stephey, M.J. (April 29, 2009). "Arlen Specter: A Republican No More". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1894479,00.html.
- ^ "Arlen Specter Interrogates Anita Hill". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfvDcMzyAlY. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ^ Bray, Samuel (2005). "Not Proven: Introducing a Third Verdict". University of Chicago Law Review 72 (4): 1299–1300. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1339222.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=106&session=1&vote=00017. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=2&vote=00237. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ^ "Keystone State Yearbook Committee". PoliticsPA. The Publius Group. 2001. Archived from the original on August 31, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20020803170058/www.politicspa.com/yearbookcommittee.htm.
- ^ "The PA Report "Power 75" List" (PDF). Pennsylvania Report. Capital Growth, Inc.. January 31, 2003. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060920200116/www.pa-report.com/uploaded_pdf/PAReportPower75_.pdf.
- ^ Lithwick, Dahlia (March 5, 2007). "Specter Detector". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2161260/. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
- ^ Kiel, Paul (February 6, 2007). "Specter: ‘I Do Not Slip Things In’". TPMmuckraker. TPM Media LLC. http://www.tpmmuckraker.com/archives/002487.php. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Jackson, David (April 10, 2006). "Specter urges Bush, Cheney to explain CIA leak". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-04-09-specter-cia_x.htm. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes: Bill H.R. 6304". United States Senate website. July 9, 2008. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=2&vote=00168. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Maske, Mark (June 6, 2008). "Specter Repeats Call for NFL to Hire Outside Investigator". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/nflinsider/2008/06/specter_repeats_call_for_nfl_t.html. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ a b Equal Justice for United States Military Personnel Act of 2007, S.2052 introduced in 110th Congress-Senate (September 17, 2007)
- ^ American Bar Association (August 7–8, 2006). "Resolution 116" (PDF). http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/policy/am06116.pdf. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ "S. 357: Equal Justice for United States Military Personnel Act of 2009". Thomas website. Library of Congress. January 30, 2009. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:S.357:. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ "huffingtonpost.com". huffingtonpost.com. December 14, 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/14/specter-polish-jokes-at-l_n_150855.html. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ Schatz, Joseph J. (February 10, 2009). "Senate Passes Stimulus, Setting Up Tough Conference With House". CQPolitics. Congressional Quarterly. http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docid=news-000003028597. Retrieved April 30, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Smith, Ben (February 14, 2009). "Ads target 3 Republicans, Lincoln". Politico.com. http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0209/Ads_target_3_Republicans_Lincoln.html. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Harris, Gardiner (February 13, 2009). "Specter, a Fulcrum of the Stimulus Bill, Pulls Off a Coup for Health Money". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/14/health/policy/14specter.html. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Kane, Paul (May 5, 2009). "Senate Democrats Deny Specter Committee Seniority". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitol-briefing/2009/05/senate_democrats_deny_specter.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
- ^ Phillips, Kate (October 27, 2009). "Specter calls for repeal of marriage act". The Caucus Blogs of the New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/specter-calls-for-repeal-of-marriage-act/. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
- ^ "Specter Introduces Resolution to Televise Supreme Court Proceedings" press release (November 5, 2009)
- ^ 2009 Congressional Record, Vol. 155, Pg. S5168{{{3}}}
- ^ Sherman, Jerome L. (March 20, 2007). "Specter says he'll run in 2010 at age of 80". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07079/770871-178.stm. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ "Arlen Specter 1996 Presidential Announcement Speech". 4president.org. March 30, 1995. http://www.4president.org/speeches/1996/arlenspecter1996announcement.htm. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Berke, Richard L. (March 31, 1995). "Joining Race, Specter Attacks the Right". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/31/us/joining-race-specter-attacks-the-right.html?pagewanted=1.
- ^ Sabato, Larry J. (October 22, 2004). "Republican Specter defends his seat against Joe Hoeffel". Crystal Ball. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080213062620/http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/article.php?id=SPA2004102201. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Samad, Farouk (September 27, 2004). "Hoeffel trails Specter by large margin in Senate race". The Daily Pennsylvanian. http://media.www.dailypennsylvanian.com/media/storage/paper882/news/2004/09/27/News/Hoeffel.Trails.Specter.By.Large.Margin.In.Senate.Race-2150770.shtml. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Fitzgerald, Thomas (March 19, 2009). "Specter staying on Republican ticket". The Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/20090319_Specter_staying_on_Republican_ticket.html. Retrieved April 28, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Turner, Trish (April 15, 2009). "Specter faces conservative challenge from familiar foe". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/04/15/specter-faces-conservative-challenge-familiar-foe/. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Longtime GOP Sen. Arlen Specter becomes Democrat". CNN. April 28, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/28/specter.party.switch/index.html. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ Hulse, Carl (April 28, 2009). "Specter switches parties". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/specter-will-run-as-a-democrat-in-2010/. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ a b "Little-Known GOP Challenger Tops Specter In Primary, Quinnipiac University Pennsylvania Poll Finds; Support For Obama Plan Helps Among Democrats". Quinnipiac University. March 25, 2009. http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1284.xml?ReleaseID=1280&What=&strArea=5;10;&strTime=3. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ Fitzgerald, Thomas (March 26, 2009). "Two polls show challenges for Specter". The Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.philly.com/inquirer/world_us/20090326_Two_polls_show_challenges_for_Specter.html. Retrieved April 29, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ 12:09 pm, EDT (April 29, 2009). "First Read – Specter bolts the GOP". Firstread.msnbc.msn.com. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/04/29/1913755.aspx. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster, file. "Arlen Specter endorsed by Pennsylvania Democratic State Committee". PennLive.com. http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2010/02/arlen_specter_endorsed_by_penn.html. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ Wilson, Reid. "Specter Endorsed By PA Dems – Hotline On Call". Hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com. http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2010/02/specter_endorse.php. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ Associated Press projection reported by Fox News on 2010 May 18 at 10:14 PM EDT. See United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 2010.
- ^ "Pennsylvania's Specter runs again like he's the underdog | McClatchy". Mcclatchydc.com. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/04/22/v-print/92706/pennsylvanias-specter-runs-again.html. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ "Arlen Specter's Hypocrisy". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZRQKn2hBzE&feature=channel. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ "Senator Arlen Specter: Key Issues". U.S. Senate website. http://specter.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=IssueStatements.View&Issue_id=bd531be8-7e9c-9af9-74ef-d3a53537ede0. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ "Specter: I'm pro-choice... But I don't make the decisions". CNN. November 9, 2004. http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/11/08/judy.specter/index.html. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ "Arlen Specter". NARAL Pro-Choice America. http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/choice-action-center/us-gov/congressional-record-on-choice/arlenspecter.html. Retrieved April 30, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Pennsylvania Senators 2008". NARAL Pro-Choice America. http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/choice-action-center/us-gov/congressional-record-on-choice/pennsylvania.html. Retrieved April 30, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Bill Summary & Status – 111th Congress (2009–2010) – S.909 – Cosponsors – THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Library of Congress. July 6, 2009. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:SN00909:@@@P. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Arlen Specter on the Issues". On the Issues. http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Arlen_Specter.htm. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Delano, Jon. "Specter Says No To Automatic Weapons Ban". KDKA-TV website (CBS). http://kdka.com/local/Specter.gun.control.2.987870.html. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ "CIVIL RIGHTS FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE REPORT CARD". NAACP. http://www.naacp.org/programs/bureau-dc/report_card/110th_Congress.FINAL.pdf. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ "S.2611, A bill to provide for comprehensive immigration reform and for other purposes". Thomas. Library of Congress. May 25, 2006. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN02611:@@@L&summ2=m&. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ "Meet the Press – May 3, 2009 Transcript and Video Link". Scribd.com. http://www.scribd.com/doc/14884085/Meet-the-Press-May-3-2009-Transcript-and-Video-Link. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ Sunday, May 3, 2009 (May 3, 2009). "Specter Disappoints Democrats Now". Outsidethebeltway.com. http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/specter_disappoints_democrats_now/. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ "Hypocrisy Alert: Where Does Arlen Specter Stand?". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XEQ01HXj2M. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ "Specter faces hostile audience at health care forum". CNN. August 11, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/11/specter.town.hall/index.html. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- ^ "Sen Arlen Specter". AFL-CIO website. http://www.aflcio.org/cgi-bin/member.pl?state=PA&pg=2&id=76&year=07&congress=s. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Schor, Elana (March 24, 2009). "Specter: I'll Vote No on Employee Free Choice Act". Talking -Points Memo. http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/03/specter-ill-vote-no-on-employee-free-choice-act.php. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ a b "Pa. school spy case sparks fight over money". Network World. http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/031910-pa-school-spy-case-sparks.html. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ Dale, Maryclaire (March 29, 2010). "Specter pushes for stronger federal privacy laws". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9EOHVVG0.htm. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ Maryclaire Dale (March 29, 2010). "Specter pushes in Pa. for electronic privacy laws". SignOnSanDiego.com. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/mar/29/specter-pushes-in-pa-for-electronic-privacy-laws/. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ Rao, Maya (March 29, 2010). "Specter wants to extend U.S. privacy curbs to Web-cam use". The Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.philly.com/inquirer/breaking/news_breaking/20100329_Specter_wants_to_extend_U_S__privacy_curbs_to_Web-cam_use.html?posted=n. Retrieved August 13, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Editorial (April 22, 2010). "No need for Candid Cameras". The Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.philly.com/inquirer/opinion/20100422_Editorial__No_need_for_candid_cameras.html?c=0.5505521897909238&posted=n. Retrieved August 13, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Martin, John P. (April 16, 2010). "1,000s of Web cam images, suit says". The Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.philly.com/inquirer/front_page/20100416_1_000s_of_Web_cam_images__suit_says.html. Retrieved August 13, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Guttman, Nathan (August 5, 2009). "Kidney Donation Scandal Sparks New Debate Over Specter’s Organ Legislation". The Forward. http://forward.com/articles/111473/.
- ^ Fox News (2009-05-04). “Specter Claims Kemp Would Be Alive if Congress Better Funded Medical Research” Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- Bugliosi, Vincent (2007). Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arlen Specter |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Arlen Specter |
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Booknotes interview with Specter on Passion for Truth, January 28, 2001.
- Complete transcript, audio and video of Specter's Final Floor Speech in the U.S. Senate at AmericanRhetoric.com
- Articles
- After Yale, Specter Still a Force[dead link], Andrew Mangino, Yale Daily News, September 23, 2005
- Tale of injustice, Sarasota Herald Tribune, July 16, 2007
- Specter: Reagan’s GOP is Gone by Mark Trumbull, The Christian Science Monitor, May 3, 2009
- The Need to Roll Back Presidential Power Grabs, by Arlen Specter, The New York Review of Books, May 14, 2009
- The Magic Bullet; Even More Magical Than We Knew, Gary Aguilar and Josiah Thompson, History Matters
- Legislation sponsored or cosponsored
The following table links to the Congressional Record hosted by the Library of Congress. All the specifics and actions taken for each individual piece of legislation that Specter either sponsored or cosponsored can be viewed in detail there. "Original bills" and "'Original amendments" indicate instances where Sen. Specter pledged to support the legislation at the time it was initially introduced and entered into the Senate record, rather than later in the legislative process.
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Note: The numbers for the current session of Congress may no longer reflect the actual numbers as they are still actively in session. The THOMAS database shows Sen. Arlen Specter has withdrawn his one-time support of legislation by adding his cosponsorship to introduced legislation a total of five times during the time this statistic first started being compiled by them: |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Specter, Arlen J. |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | United States Senator from Pennsylvania |
| Date of birth | February 12, 1930 |
| Place of birth | Wichita, Kansas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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For the Lutheran pastor, see Anita C. Hill.
| Anita Faye Hill | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1956-07-30) July 30, 1956 (age 55) Morris, Oklahoma |
| Residence | Massachusetts[1] |
| Ethnicity | African-American |
| Education | Attorney |
| Alma mater | Oklahoma State University; Yale Law School |
| Occupation | Attorney, professor |
| Years active | 1983-present |
| Employer | Brandeis University |
| Known for | Testimony against Clarence Thomas |
| Board member of | Board of Trustees, Southern Vermont College |
| Awards | Fletcher Foundation Fellowship; Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award |
Anita Faye Hill (born July 30, 1956) is an American attorney and academic—presently a professor of social policy, law and women's studies at Brandeis University's Heller School for Social Policy and Management.[2] She became a national figure in 1991 when she alleged that U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had made harassing sexual statements when he was her supervisor at the U.S. Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.[3] Though Thomas was confirmed and took a seat on the Court, Hill's testimony focused national attention on the issue of workplace sexual harassment.[3][4]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Hill was born in Morris, Oklahoma, the youngest of the thirteen children of Albert and Erma Hill, who were farmers.[3][5] Her family hailed from Arkansas, where her great-grandparents and her maternal grandfather, Henry Eliot, were born into slavery.[6] Hill was raised in the Baptist faith.[3]
After graduating as valedictorian from Morris High School, Hill enrolled at Oklahoma State University, receiving a bachelor's degree with honors, in psychology 1977.[3][5] She went on to Yale Law School, obtaining her Juris Doctor degree with honors in 1980.[3][7]
She was admitted to the District of Columbia Bar in 1980 and began her law career as an associate with the Washington, D.C. firm of Wald, Harkrader & Ross. In 1981, she became an attorney-adviser to Clarence Thomas who was then the Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights. When Thomas became Chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1982, Hill went along to serve as his assistant, leaving the job in 1983.
Hill then became an assistant professor at the Evangelical Christian O. W. Coburn School of Law at Oral Roberts University[8] where she taught from 1983 to 1986. In 1986, she joined the faculty at the University of Oklahoma College of Law where she taught commercial law and contracts.[9][10]
Clarence Thomas controversy[link]
Thomas was nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court by then-President George H. W. Bush, a position that required Senate hearings and confirmation. The hearings were initially completed,[11] with Thomas's good character being presented as a primary qualification for the high court because he had only been a judge for slightly more than one year.[12] There had been little organized opposition to Thomas's nomination and his confirmation seemed assured[12] until a report of a private interview of Hill by the FBI leaked out to the press.[11][13] The hearings were then reopened, and Hill was called to publicly testify.[11][13] Hill said in the October 1991 televised hearings that Thomas had sexually harassed her while he was her supervisor at the Department of Education and the EEOC. When questioned on why she followed Thomas to the second job after he had already allegedly harassed her, she said she had wanted to work in the civil rights field, she had no alternative job, "and at that time, it appeared that the sexual overtures ... had ended."[5]
According to Hill, during her two years of employment as Thomas's assistant, Thomas had asked her out socially many times,[7] and after she refused, he used work situations to discuss sexual subjects.[5][7] "He spoke about ... such matters as women having sex with animals and films showing group sex or rape scenes" she said, adding that on several occasions Thomas graphically described "his own sexual prowess" and the details of his anatomy.[5] Hill also recounted an instance in which Thomas examined a can of Coke on his desk and asked, "Who has put pubic hair on my Coke?"[5]
Four female witnesses waited in the wings to reportedly support Hill's credibility, but they were not called,[13][14] due to what the Los Angeles Times described as private, compromise deal between "aggressive, gloves-off" Republicans and the Senate Judiciary Committee Chair, Democrat Joe Biden.[15] According to Time magazine, one of the witnesses, Angela Wright, may not have been considered credible on the issue of sexual harassment because she had been fired from the EEOC by Thomas.[14]
Hill agreed to take a polygraph test which found that her statements were true;[16] Thomas declined the test. He made a vehement and complete denial, saying that he was being subjected to a "high-tech lynching for uppity blacks" by white liberals who were seeking to block a black conservative from taking a seat on the Supreme Court.[17][18] After extensive debate, the U.S. Senate confirmed Thomas to the Supreme Court by a vote of 52–48; the narrowest margin since the 19th century.[14][19]
Thomas's supporters questioned Hill's credibility claiming she was delusional or was a spurned woman, seeking revenge.[13] They cited the time delay of ten years between the alleged behavior by Thomas and Hill's accusations, and noted that Hill had followed Thomas to a second job and later had personal contacts with Thomas, including giving him a ride to an airport—behavior which they said would be inexplicable if Hill's allegations were true.[7][9][13][20] Hill countered that she came forward because she felt an obligation to share information on the character and actions of a person who was being considered for the Supreme Court.[13] She testified that after leaving the EEOC, she had had two "inconsequential" phone conversations with Thomas, and had seen him personally on two occasions; once to get a job reference and the second time when he made a public appearance in Oklahoma where she was teaching.[5]
Doubts about the veracity of Hill's 1991 testimony persisted long after Thomas took his seat on the Court. They were furthered by American Spectator writer David Brock in his 1993 book The Real Anita Hill,[14] though he later recanted the claims he had made, described his book as "character assassination", and apologized to Hill.[21][22] After interviewing a number of women who alleged that Thomas had frequently subjected them to sexually explicit remarks, Wall Street Journal reporters Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson wrote a book which concluded that Thomas had lied during his confirmation process.[19][23] Time magazine however, remarked in 1994 that "Their book doesn't quite nail that conclusion."[14] In 2007, Kevin Merida, a coauthor of another book on Thomas, remarked that what happened between Thomas and Hill was "ultimately unknowable" by others, but that it was clear that "one of them lied, period."[24][25] Writing in 2007, Neil Lewis of The New York Times remarked that, "To this day, each side in the epic he-said, she-said dispute has its unmovable believers".[26]
In 2007, Clarence Thomas published his autobiography, My Grandfather's Son, in which he revisited the controversy, calling Hill his "most traitorous adversary" and saying that pro-choice liberals who feared that he would vote to overturn Roe v. Wade if he were seated on the Supreme Court used the scandal against him.[26] He described Hill as touchy and apt to overreact, and her work at the EEOC as mediocre.[26][27] He acknowledged that three other former EEOC employees had backed Hill's story, but said they had all left the agency on bad terms.[27] He also wrote that Hill "was a left-winger who'd never expressed any religious sentiments whatsoever ... and the only reason why she'd held a job in the Reagan administration was because I'd given it to her."[28] Hill denied the accusations in an op-ed in the New York Times saying she would not "stand by silently and allow [Justice Thomas], in his anger, to reinvent me."[1][29]
In October 2010, Thomas's wife Virginia, a conservative activist, left a voicemail at Hill's office asking that Hill apologize for her 1991 testimony. Hill initially believed the call was a hoax and referred the matter to the Brandeis University campus police who alerted the FBI.[18][30] After being informed that the call was indeed from Virginia Thomas, Hill told the media that she did not believe the message was meant to be conciliatory and said, "I testified truthfully about my experience and I stand by that testimony."[18] Virginia Thomas responded that the call had been intended as an "olive branch".[18]
Effects[link]
Public interest in, and debate over, Hill's testimony is said to have launched modern-day public awareness and open discussion of the issue of workplace sexual harassment in the United States with the ultimate result that the behavior is less tolerated today.[3][31] Shortly after the Thomas confirmation hearings, President George H. W. Bush dropped his opposition to a bill giving harassment victims the right to seek federal damage awards, back pay and reinstatement, and the law was passed by Congress.[31][32] One year later, harassment complaints filed with the EEOC were up 50 percent and public opinion had shifted in Hill's favor.[32] Private companies also started training programs to deter sexual harassment.[31]
The manner in which the all male Senate Judiciary Committee challenged and dismissed Hill's accusations of sexual harassment angered women politicians and lawyers.[33] According to D.C. Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton, Hill's treatment by the panel also contributed to the large number of women elected to Congress in 1992, "women clearly went to the polls with the notion in mind that you had to have more women in Congress", she said.[1] In their anthology, All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave, editors Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott and Barbara Smith described black feminists mobilizing "a remarkable national response to the Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas controversy.[34]
In 1992 a feminist group began a nationwide fundraising campaign and then obtained matching state funds to endow a professorship at the University of Oklahoma Law School in honor of Hill.[10][35] Conservative Oklahoma state legislators reacted by demanding Hill's resignation from the university, then introducing a bill to prohibit the university from accepting donations from out-of-state residents, and finally attempting to pass legislation to close down the law school.[10] E. Z. Million, a local conservative activist and business consultant, organized protests and compared Hill to the assassin of President Kennedy.[10][35] Certain officials at the university attempted to revoke Hill's tenure.[36] After five years of pressure, Hill resigned.[10]
Later career[link]
Hill accepted a position as a visiting scholar at the Institute for the Study of Social Change at University of California, Berkeley in January 1997,[37] but soon joined the faculty of Brandeis University—first at the Women's Studies Program, later moving to the Heller School for Social Policy and Management. In 2011, she also took a counsel position with the Civil Rights & Employment Practice group of the plaintiffs' law firm Cohen Milstein Sellers & Toll.[8]
Over the years, Hill has provided commentary on gender and race issues on national television programs, including 60 Minutes, Face the Nation and Meet the Press[3][8] She has been a speaker on the topic commercial law of law as well as race and women's rights.[8] She is also the author of articles that have been published in The New York Times and Newsweek.[3][8] and has contributed to many scholarly and legal publications in the areas of international commercial law, bankruptcy, and civil rights.[8][38]
In 1995, Hill co-edited Race, Gender and Power in America: The Legacy of the Hill-Thomas Hearings with Emma Coleman Jordan.[3][39] In 1997, Hill published her autobiography, Speaking Truth To Power,[40] in which she chronicled her role in the Clarence Thomas confirmation controversy[3][6] and wrote that creating a better society had been a motivating force in her life.[4] In 2011, Hill’s second book, Reimagining Equality: Stories of Gender, Race, and Finding Home was published. [41] In it, she focuses on the sub-prime lending crisis that resulted in the foreclosure of many homes owned by African-Americans[13] and she calls for a new understanding about the importance of home and its place in the American Dream.[6]
Awards and honors[link]
In 2005, Hill was selected as a Fletcher Foundation Fellow. In 2008, she was awarded the Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award[42] by the Ford Hall Forum. She also serves on the Board of Trustees for Southern Vermont College which is located in Bennington, Vermont.[43]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c Krissah Thompson (October 6, 2011). "For Anita Hill, the Clarence Thomas hearings haven’t really ended". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/for-anita-hill-the-clarence-thomas-hearings-havent-really-ended/2011/10/05/gIQAy2b5QL_story.html. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
- ^ "Faculty and Researchers, Anita Hill". Brandeis University. http://www.heller.brandeis.edu/faculty/guide.php?emplid=e69d2f368b67d963832f9d1d8a5b8a07c6e976d5. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Hill, Anita F. (1956-)". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/H/HI005.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ a b "Then & Now: Anita Hill". CNN.com. June 19, 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/01/03/cnn25.tan.anita.hill/. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on The Nomination of Clarence Thomas to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Hill, Anita F. Testimony and prepared statement". U.S. Government Printing Office. October 11, 12, and 13, 1991. http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/senate/judiciary/sh102-1084pt4/41-124.pdf. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Anita Hill’s book on gender, race and home creating a stir", “BrandeisNOW”, 30 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d Roberto Suro (October 8, 1991). "The Thomas Nomination; A Law Professor Defends Integrity". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/08/us/the-thomas-nomination-a-law-professor-defends-integrity.html?ref=anitahill. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Attorneys: Anita F. Hill, Of Counsel". Cohen Milstein. http://www.cohenmilstein.com/attorneys.php?PeopleID=80. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ a b "The Thomas Nomination - Woman at Center of Furor Seeks Quiet of Law Classes". The New York Times. October 9, 1981. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/09/us/the-thomas-nomination-woman-at-center-of-furor-seeks-quiet-of-law-classes.html?ref=anitahill. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Jo Thomas (November 13, 1996). "Anita Hill Plans to Leave Teaching Post in Oklahoma". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/13/us/anita-hill-plans-to-leave-teaching-post-in-oklahoma.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ a b c Joel Siegel (October 24, 2011). "Clarence Thomas-Anita Hill Supreme Court Confirmation Hearing 'Empowered Women' and Panel Member Arlen Specter Still Amazed by Reactions". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/US/clarence-thomas-anita-hill-supreme-court-confirmation-hearing/story?id=14802217.
- ^ a b Jeffrey Toobin (September 18, 2007). The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. Doubleday. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-0-385-51640-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=alR-oZEbPFUC&q=clarence+thomas+qualified#v=snippet&q=clarence%20thomas%20qualified&f=false.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cynthia Gordy (October 18, 2011). "Anita Hill Defends Her Legacy". The Root. http://www.theroot.com/views/anita-hill-ponders-her-legacy?page=0%2C0. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Richard Lacayo (November 14, 1994). "Strange Justice: A Book on Clarence Thomas". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981809,00.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Douglas Frantz and Sam Fulwood III (October 17, 1991). "Senators' Private Deal Kept '2nd Woman' Off TV : Thomas: Democrats feared Republican attacks on Angela Wright's public testimony. Biden's handling of the hearing is criticized.". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1991-10-17/news/mn-911_1_angela-wright. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- ^ Martin Tolchin (October 14, 1991). "The Thomas Nomination; Hill Said To Pass A Polygraph". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/us/the-thomas-nomination-hill-said-to-pass-a-polygraph-test.html. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ "Hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, Testimony of Clarence Thomas, October 11, 1991". Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new-yitna?id=UsaThom&images=images/modeng&data=/lv6/workspace/yitna&tag=public&part=24. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Jess Bravin (October 20, 2010). "Justice's Wife Seeks Apology From His Accuser". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304510704575562993761893962.html. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ a b Margaret Carlson (July 9, 2001). "Smearing Anita Hill: A Writer Confesses". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,167355,00.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "The Thomas Nomination; Questions to Those Who Corroborated Hill Account". The New York Times. October 29, 1991. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/29/us/the-thomas-nomination-questions-to-those-who-corroborated-hill-account.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ Alex Kuczynski and William Glaberson (June 27, 2001). "Book Author Says He Lied in His Attacks on Anita Hill in Bid to Aid Justice Thomas". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/27/us/book-author-says-he-lied-his-attacks-anita-hill-bid-aid-justice-thomas.html. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
- ^ By 2004, Brock had made a political about face from conservative to liberal and he founded the progressive media watchdog organization Media Matters for America
- ^ Jill Abramson and Jane Mayer (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-63318-4.
- ^ Michael Scherer (October 20, 2010). "'Good Morning Anita Hill, It's Ginni Thomas'". Time. http://swampland.time.com/2010/10/20/good-morning-anita-hill-its-ginni-thomas/. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ Kevin Merida and Michael A. Fletcher (April 23, 2007). "Live Q & A - Books:Supreme Discomfort". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/04/22/DI2007042200950.html. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ a b c Neil A. Lewis (September 30, 2007). "In New Book, Justice Thomas Weighs In on Former Accuser". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/washington/30thomas.html. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ a b Associated Press staff (September 28, 2007). "16 years later, Thomas fires back at Anita Hill". MSNBC.com. Associated Press. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21038082/. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ Clarence Thomas (October 2007). My Grandfather's Son. Harper Perennial. p. 250. ISBN 0-06-056555-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=7hAEZz1Xx8wC&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=only+reason+why+she%27d+held+a+job+in+the+Reagan+administration+was+because+I%27d+given+it+to+her&source=bl&ots=_A7J14xAnB&sig=TzYODKbiJxvLoeIu3C3ki9hTsfE&hl=en&ei=gsKmTsyhCaSQsAKkxqDMDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=only%20reason%20why%20she%27d%20held%20a%20job%20in%20the%20Reagan%20administration%20was%20because%20I%27d%20given%20it%20to%20her&f=false. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ Anita F. Hill (October 2, 2007). "The Smear This Time". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/opinion/02hill.html. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- ^ Savage, Charlie (2010-10-19). "Clarence Thomas's Wife Asks Anita Hill for Apology". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/20/us/politics/20thomas.html?hp. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
- ^ a b c "Sexual Harassment 20 Years Later". The New York Times. October 21, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/opinion/sexual-harassment-20-years-later.html?scp=1&sq=anita%20hill&st=Search. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ a b Jill Smolowe (October 19, 1992). "Anita Hill's Legacy". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976770,00.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Maureen Dowd (October 8, 1991). "The Thomas Nomination: The Senate and Sexism; Panel's Handling of Harassment Allegation Renews Questions About an All-Male Club". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/08/us/thomas-nomination-senate-sexism-panel-s-handling-harassment-allegation-renews.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ Gloria T. Hull (Ed.), Patricia Bell Scott (Ed.), Barbara Smith (Ed.) (2000). But Some Of Us Are Brave: All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men: Black Women's Studies. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. xvi.
- ^ a b Jessica Seigel (May 3, 1993). "Fund, book Spark New Anita Hill Controversy". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-05-03/news/9305030068_1_real-anita-hill-professorship-sabbatical. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
- ^ Anita Hill (October 12, 2011). "The Stories I Carry With Me". Time. http://ideas.time.com/2011/10/12/anita-hill-the-stories-i-carry-with-me/. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ "Anita Hill to be visiting scholar at UC Berkeley during spring 1997 to work on book, give seminars". The Regents of the University of California. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/97legacy/hill.html. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- ^ "Biography of Anita Hill". All American Speakers. http://www.allamericanspeakers.com/speakers/Anita-Hill/722. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- ^ Anita F. Hill, (Ed), and Emma Coleman Jordan (Ed.) (October 1995). Race, Gender and Power in America: The Legacy of the Hill-Thomas Hearings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508774-7.
- ^ Anita Hill (September 17, 1997). Speaking Truth to Power. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-47625-6.
- ^ Anita Hill (October 4, 2011). Reimagining Equality: Stories of Gender, Race, and Finding Home. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1437-0.
- ^ "First Amendment Award History". Ford Hall Forum at Suffolk University. http://www.fordhallforum.org/about/firstamendment. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "Board of Trustees". Southern Vermont College. http://www.svc.edu/about/board.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
External links[link]
- Faculty profile at Brandeis University
- Booknotes interview with Hill on Speaking Truth to Power, January 23, 1997.
- Audio lecture: Anita Hill discusses Reimagining Equality: Stories of Gender, Race, and Finding Home on October 4, 2011, on Forum Network.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hill, Anita |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Law professor; witness in Clarence Thomas controversy |
| Date of birth | July 30, 1956 |
| Place of birth | Morris, Oklahoma |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Anita_Hill
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Anita Hill
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Hill
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Robert Bork | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Judge of Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit | |
| In office February 9, 1982 – February 5, 1988 |
|
| Nominated by | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Carl McGowan |
| Succeeded by | Clarence Thomas |
| United States Attorney General Acting |
|
| In office October 20, 1973 – December 17, 1973 |
|
| President | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Elliot Richardson |
| Succeeded by | William Saxbe |
| United States Solicitor General | |
| In office June 1973 – January 1977 |
|
| President | Richard Nixon Gerald Ford |
| Preceded by | Erwin Griswold |
| Succeeded by | Wade McCree |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Heron Bork (1927-03-01) March 1, 1927 (age 85) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Claire Davidson (1952–1980) Mary Ellen Pohl (1982–present) |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Robert Heron Bork (born March 1, 1927) is an American legal scholar who has advocated the judicial philosophy of originalism. Bork formerly served as a Yale Law School professor, Solicitor General, Acting Attorney General, and judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. In 1987, he was nominated to the Supreme Court by President Ronald Reagan, but the Senate rejected his nomination. Bork had more success as an antitrust scholar, where his once-idiosyncratic view that antitrust law should focus on maximizing consumer welfare has come to dominate American legal thinking on the subject.[1] Currently, Bork is a lawyer, law professor, and bestselling author.
Contents |
Early career and family[link]
Bork was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father was Harry Philip Bork (1897–1974), a steel company purchasing agent, and his mother was Elisabeth (née Kunkle; 1898–2004), a schoolteacher. He was married to Claire Davidson from 1952 until 1980, when she died of cancer. They had a daughter, Ellen, and two sons, Robert and Charles. In 1982 he married Mary Ellen Pohl,[2] a Roman Catholic religious sister turned activist.[3]
Bork attended the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut[4] and earned bachelor's and law degrees from the University of Chicago. While pursuing his bachelor's degree he became a brother of the international social fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta. While pursuing his law degree he served on Law Review. At UChicago he was awarded a Phi Beta Kappa key with his law degree in 1953 and passed the bar in Illinois that same year. After a period of service in the United States Marine Corps, Bork began as a lawyer in private practice in 1954 and then was a professor at Yale Law School from 1962 to 1975 and 1977 to 1981. Among his students during this time were Bill Clinton, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Anita Hill, Robert Reich, Jerry Brown, John R. Bolton, Samuel Issacharoff, and Cynthia Estlund.[5][6][7]
Advocacy of originalism[link]
Bork is best known for his theory that the only way to reconcile the role of the judiciary in the U.S. government against what he terms the "Madisonian" or "counter-majoritarian" dilemma of the judiciary making law without popular approval is for constitutional adjudication to be guided by the framers' original understanding of the United States Constitution. Reiterating that it is a court's task to adjudicate and not to "legislate from the bench," he has advocated that judges exercise restraint in deciding cases, emphasizing that the role of the courts is to frame "neutral principles" (a term borrowed from Herbert Wechsler) and not simply ad hoc pronouncements or subjective value judgments. Bork once said, "The truth is that the judge who looks outside the Constitution always looks inside himself and nowhere else."[8]
Bork built on the influential critiques of the Warren Court authored by Alexander Bickel, who criticized the Supreme Court under Warren for shoddy and inconsistent reasoning, undue activism, and misuse of historical materials. Bork's critique was harder-edged than Bickel's, however, and he has written, "We are increasingly governed not by law or elected representatives but by an unelected, unrepresentative, unaccountable committee of lawyers applying no will but their own." Bork's writings have influenced the opinions of conservative judges such as Associate Justice Antonin Scalia and former Chief Justice William Rehnquist of the U.S. Supreme Court, and sparked a vigorous debate within legal academia about how the Constitution is to be interpreted.
Some conservatives have criticized Bork's approach. Conservative scholar Harry Jaffa has criticized Bork (along with Rehnquist and Scalia) for failing to adhere to natural law principles.[9] Noted jurisprudential scholar Robert P. George explained Jaffa's critique this way: "He attacks Rehnquist and Scalia and Bork for their embrace of legal positivism that is inconsistent with the doctrine of natural rights that is embedded in the Constitution they are supposed to be interpreting."[9]
Antitrust scholar[link]
At Yale, he was best known for writing The Antitrust Paradox, a book in which he argued that consumers were often beneficiaries of corporate mergers, and that many then-current readings of the antitrust laws were economically irrational and hurt consumers. Bork's writings on antitrust law, along with those of Richard Posner and other law and economics and Chicago School thinkers, were heavily influential in causing a shift in the U.S. Supreme Court's approach to antitrust laws since the 1970s.[10][11]
Solicitor General[link]
Bork served as Solicitor General in the U.S. Department of Justice from June 1973 to 1977. As Solicitor General, Bork argued several high profile cases before the Supreme Court in the 1970s, including 1974's Milliken v. Bradley, where Bork's brief in support of the State of Michigan was influential among the justices. Chief Justice Warren Burger called Bork the most effective counsel to appear before the Court during his tenure. Bork hired many young attorneys as Assistants who went on to have remarkable careers, including Judges Danny Boggs and Frank H. Easterbrook as well as Robert Reich, later Secretary of Labor in the Clinton Administration.
On October 20, 1973, Solicitor General Bork was instrumental in the "Saturday Night Massacre", U.S. President Richard Nixon's firing of Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox, following Cox's request for tapes of his Oval Office conversations. Nixon initially ordered U.S. Attorney General, Elliot Richardson, to fire Cox. Richardson resigned rather than carry out the order. Richardson's top deputy, Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus, also considered the order "fundamentally wrong"[12] and also resigned, making Bork the Acting Attorney General. Bork was also planning on resigning, but Richardson and Ruckelshaus persuaded him to stay on in order to ensure continuity of leadership at the top of the Justice Department. When Nixon reiterated his order, Bork complied and fired Cox.[12] Bork remained Acting Attorney General for approximately eight weeks, until the appointment of William B. Saxbe on December 17, 1973.
Circuit Judge[link]
Bork was a circuit judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit between 1982 and 1988. He was nominated by President Reagan on December 7, 1981, was confirmed by the Senate on February 8, 1982, and received his commission on February 9, 1982.
One of his opinions while on the D.C. Circuit was Dronenburg v. Zech, 741 F.2d 1388, decided in 1984. This case involved James L. Dronenburg, a sailor who had been administratively discharged from the Navy for engaging in homosexual conduct. Dronenburg argued that his discharge violated his right to privacy. This argument was rejected in an opinion written by Bork and joined by (now U.S. Supreme Court Justice) Antonin Scalia, in which Bork critiqued the line of Supreme Court cases upholding a right to privacy. In rejecting Dronenburg's suggestion for a rehearing en banc, the D.C. Circuit issued four separate opinions, including one by Bork (again joined by Justice Scalia), who wrote: "no principle had been articulated [by the Supreme Court] that enabled us to determine whether appellant's case fell within or without that principle."[13]
Supreme Court nomination[link]
Main article: Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination
President Reagan nominated Bork for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on July 1, 1987. A hotly contested United States Senate debate over Bork's nomination ensued. Opposition was partly fueled by strong opposition by civil and women's rights groups concerned with Bork's opposition to the authority claimed by the federal government to impose standards of voting fairness upon the states (at his confirmation hearings for the position of Solicitor General, he supported the rights of Southern states to impose a poll tax),[14] and his stated desire to roll back civil rights decisions of the Warren and Burger courts. Bork is one of only three Supreme Court nominees, along with William Rehnquist and Samuel Alito, to ever be opposed by the American Civil Liberties Union.[15] Bork was also criticized for being an "advocate of disproportionate powers for the executive branch of Government, almost executive supremacy",[12] most notably, according to critics, for his role in the Saturday Night Massacre, albeit not in a completely willing role.
Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell was a moderate, and even before his expected retirement on June 27, 1987, some Senate Democrats had asked liberal leaders to form "a solid phalanx" to oppose whomever President Ronald Reagan nominated to replace him, assuming it would tilt the court rightward[citation needed]. Democrats also warned Reagan there would be a fight if Bork were nominated.[16] Nevertheless, Reagan nominated Bork for the seat on July 1, 1987.
Following Bork's nomination to the Court, Sen. Ted Kennedy took to the Senate floor with a strong condemnation of Bork declaring:
Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the whim of the Government, and the doors of the Federal courts would be shut on the fingers of millions of citizens for whom the judiciary is—and is often the only—protector of the individual rights that are the heart of our democracy ... President Reagan is still our president. But he should not be able to reach out from the muck of Irangate, reach into the muck of Watergate and impose his reactionary vision of the Constitution on the Supreme Court and the next generation of Americans. No justice would be better than this injustice.[17][18]
Bork responded, "There was not a line in that speech that was accurate."[19] In an obituary of Kennedy, The Economist remarked that Bork may well have been correct, "but it worked."[19] Bork also contended in his best-selling[20] book, The Tempting of America, that the brief prepared for Sen. Joe Biden, head of the Senate Judiciary Committee, "so thoroughly misrepresented a plain record that it easily qualifies as world class in the category of scurrility."[21]
Television advertisements narrated by Gregory Peck attacked Bork as an extremist. Kennedy's speech successfully fueled widespread public skepticism of Bork's nomination. The rapid response to Kennedy's "Robert Bork's America" speech stunned the Reagan White House, and the accusations went unanswered for two and a half months.[22]
During debate over his nomination, Bork's video rental history was leaked to the press. His video rental history was unremarkable, and included such harmless titles as A Day at the Races, Ruthless People, and The Man Who Knew Too Much. Writer Michael Dolan, who obtained a copy of the hand-written list of rentals, wrote about it for the Washington City Paper.[23] Dolan justified accessing the list on the ground that Bork himself had stated that Americans only had such privacy rights as afforded them by direct legislation. The incident led to the enactment of the 1988 Video Privacy Protection Act.
To pro-choice legal groups, Bork's originalist views and his belief that the Constitution does not contain a general "right to privacy" were viewed as a clear signal that, should he become a Justice on the Supreme Court, he would vote to reverse the Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade. Accordingly, a large number of groups mobilized to press for Bork's rejection, and the resulting 1987 Senate confirmation hearings became an intensely partisan battle. Bork was faulted for his bluntness before the committee, including his criticism of the reasoning underlying Roe v. Wade.
On October 23, 1987, the Senate rejected Bork's confirmation, with 42 Senators voting in favor and 58 voting against. Two Democratic Senators, David Boren (D-OK) and Ernest Hollings (D-SC), voted in his favor, with 6 Republican Senators (John Chafee (R-RI), Bob Packwood (R-OR), Arlen Specter (then R-PA), Robert Stafford (R-VT), John Warner (R-VA), and Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. (R-CT)) all voting against him.
The vacant seat on the court to which Bork was nominated eventually went to Judge Anthony Kennedy who was unanimously approved by the Senate, 97-0.
Bork, unhappy with his treatment in the nomination process, resigned his appellate-court judgeship in 1988.
[edit] Bork as verb
According to columnist William Safire, the first published use of bork as a verb was "possibly" The Atlanta Journal-Constitution of August 20, 1987. Safire defines to bork by reference "to the way Democrats savaged Ronald Reagan's nominee, the Appeals Court judge Robert H. Bork, the year before."[24] Perhaps the best known use of the verb to bork occurred in July 1991 at a conference of the National Organization for Women in New York City. Feminist Florynce Kennedy addressed the conference on the importance of defeating the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court. She said, "We're going to bork him. We're going to kill him politically ... This little creep, where did he come from?"[25] Thomas was subsequently confirmed after one of the most divisive confirmation hearings in Supreme Court history.
In March 2002, the Oxford English Dictionary added an entry for the verb Bork as U.S. political slang, with this definition: "To defame or vilify (a person) systematically, esp. in the mass media, usually with the aim of preventing his or her appointment to public office; to obstruct or thwart (a person) in this way."[26]
Recent work[link]
Following his failure to be confirmed, Bork resigned his seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and was for several years a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, a conservative think tank. Bork also consulted for Netscape in the Microsoft litigation. Bork is currently a fellow at the Hudson Institute. He served as a visiting professor at the University of Richmond School of Law and is a professor at Ave Maria School of Law in Naples, FL. In 2011, Bork began working as a legal adviser for the presidential campaign of Republican Mitt Romney.[27]
Works and views[link]
Bork has written several books, including the two best-sellers The Tempting of America, about his judicial philosophy and his nomination battle, and Slouching Towards Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline, in which he argues that the rise of the New Left in the 1960s in the U.S. has undermined the moral standards necessary for civil society, and spawned a generation of intellectuals who oppose Western civilization.
In The Tempting of America (page 82), Bork explained his support for the Supreme Court's desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education:
By 1954, when Brown came up for decision, it had been apparent for some time that segregation rarely if ever produced equality. Quite aside from any question of psychology, the physical facilities provided for blacks were not as good as those provided for whites. That had been demonstrated in a long series of cases . . . The Court's realistic choice, therefore, was either to abandon the quest for equality by allowing segregation or to forbid segregation in order to achieve equality. There was no third choice. Either choice would violate one aspect of the original understanding, but there was no possibility of avoiding that. Since equality and segregation were mutually inconsistent, though the ratifiers did not understand that, both could not be honored. When that is seen, it is obvious the Court must choose equality and prohibit state-imposed segregation. The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law, and equality, not separation, was written into the law.
In 1999, Bork wrote an essay about Thomas More and attacked jury nullification as a "pernicious practice".[28]
In 2003, he published Coercing Virtue: The Worldwide Rule Of Judges, an American Enterprise Institute book which includes Bork's philosophical objections to the phenomenon of incorporating international ethical and legal guidelines into the fabric of domestic law. In particular, he focuses on the problems he sees as inherent in the federal judiciary of three nations, Israel, Canada, and the United States, countries where he believes the courts have grossly exceeded their discretionary powers, and which have discarded precedent and common law, and in their place substituted their own liberal judgment.
Bork also advocates a modification to the Constitution that would allow Congressional super-majorities to override Supreme Court decisions, similar to the Canadian notwithstanding clause. Though Bork has many liberal critics, some of his arguments have earned criticism from conservatives as well. Although an opponent of gun control,[29] Bork has denounced what he calls the "NRA view" of the Second Amendment, something he describes as the "belief that the constitution guarantees a right to Teflon-coated bullets." Instead, he has argued that the Second Amendment merely guarantees a right to participate in a government militia.[30]
Bork converted to Catholicism in 2003.[31]
In October 2005, Bork publicly criticized the nomination of Harriet Miers to the Supreme Court.[32][33]
On June 6, 2007, Bork filed suit in federal court in New York City against the Yale Club over an incident that had occurred a year earlier. Bork alleged that, while trying to reach the dais to speak at an event, he fell, because of the Yale Club's failure to provide any steps or handrail between the floor and the dais.[34] According to the complaint, Bork's injuries required surgery, immobilized him for months, forced him to use a cane, and left him with a limp.[35] In May, 2008, Bork and the Yale Club reached a confidential, out-of-court settlement.[36]
On June 7, 2007, Bork with several others authored an amicus brief on behalf of Scooter Libby arguing that there was a substantial constitutional question regarding the appointment of the prosecutor in the case, reviving the debate that had previously resulted in the Morrison v. Olson decision.[37]
On December 15, 2007, Bork endorsed Mitt Romney for President. He repeated this endorsement on August 2, 2011.
A 2008 issue of the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy collected essays in tribute to Bork. Authors included Frank H. Easterbrook, George Priest, and Douglas Ginsburg.
In popular culture[link]
The look of the character Judge Roy Snyder on The Simpsons is modeled on Robert Bork. The character judge is known for his lenient punishments.[38]
Selected writings[link]
- Bork, Robert H. (1971). "Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems", 47 Ind. L.J. 1 (1971).
- Bork, Robert H. (1978). The Antitrust Paradox. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-465-00369-9.
- Bork, Robert H. (1990). The Tempting of America. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-84337-4.
- Bork, Robert H. (1993). The Antitrust Paradox (second edition). New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-904456-1.
- Bork, Robert H. (1996). Slouching Towards Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline. New York: ReganBooks. ISBN 0-06-039163-4.
- Bork, Robert H. (2003). Coercing Virtue: The Worldwide Rule of Judges. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute Press. ISBN 0-8447-4162-0.
- Bork, Robert H. (Ed.) (2005). A Country I Do Not Recognize: The Legal Assault On American Values. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-8179-4602-0.
- Bork, Robert H. (2008) A Time to Speak: Selected Writings and Arguments. Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books. ISBN10/13: 1933859687 / 9781933859682
See also[link]
- Aaron Director
- List of failed nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States
- Swiftboating
- Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates
- Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates
References[link]
- Bronner, Ethan (2007). Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America. New York, New York, United States: Sterling. ISBN 1-4027-5227-X. http://books.google.com/?id=VpFLtmfnRaMC
- Vile, John R. (2003). Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California, United States: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-989-9. http://books.google.com/?id=U6uJ-oWsZFYC
Notes[link]
- ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 327. ISBN 0-465-04195-7
- ^ Vile 2003, p. 111
- ^ Beckwith, David (1987-09-21). "A Long and Winding Odyssey". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,965540,00.html. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ^ Bronner 2007, p. 43
- ^ Redirecting
- ^ http://www.newsmax.com/kessler/john_bolton/2007/11/05/46738.html
- ^ http://blogs.law.nyu.edu/magazine/uncategorized/samuel-issacharoff
- ^ Dennis J. Goldford (2005). The American Constitution and the Debate Over Originalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-521-84558-8. http://books.google.com/?id=w9lFMxRsI7AC. Retrieved 2008-10-26
- ^ a b Linstrum, Erik (2003-09-30). "Political scholar Jaffa defends moral foundation of government". The Daily Princetonian. http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2003/09/30/8663/. Retrieved 2010-12-11
- ^ Gerhart, Peter M. (1982). "The Supreme Court and Antitrust Analysis: The (Near) Triumph of the Chicago School". The Supreme Court Review 1982: 319–349. JSTOR 3109560 .
- ^ Fox, Eleanor M. (1987). "The Battle for the Soul of Antitrust". California Law Review 75 (3): 917–923. DOI:10.2307/3480656. JSTOR 3480656 .
- ^ a b c Noble, Kenneth B. (July 26, 1987). "New Views Emerge of Bork's Role in Watergate Dismissals". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DE163FF935A15754C0A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Dronenburg v. Zech, 746 F.2d 1579, 1582 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
- ^ New York Times 1987 October 23
- ^ "ACLU Opposes Nomination of Judge Alito". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on 2007-04-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20070406173742/http://www.aclu.org/scotus/alito/. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ Manuel Miranda (2005-08-24). "The Original Borking". Wall Street Journal. http://www.opinionjournal.com/nextjustice/?id=110007149. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
- ^ "34. The Bork Nomination". Eightiesclub.tripod.com. http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id320.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ Broder, John M. (August 27, 2009). "Edward M. Kennedy, Senate Stalwart, Is Dead at 77". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/us/politics/27kennedy.html. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
- ^ a b A hell of a senator, Lexington, The Economist, August 29, 2009.
- ^ "Robert H. Bork". Harper Collins. http://www.harpercollins.com/authors/1005/Robert_H_Bork/index.aspx. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ Damon W. Root (2008-09-09). "Straight Talk Slowdown". Reason. http://www.reason.com/news/show/128686.html. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ Gail Russell Chaddock (2005-07-07). "Court nominees will trigger rapid response". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0707/p02s01-uspo.html. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
- ^ "The Bork Tapes Saga". The American Porch. http://www.theamericanporch.com/bork2.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ Safire, William (May 27, 2001). "On Language: The End of Minority". New York Times Magazine: p. 12. Document ID 383739671, ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2004) database. "judge fights 'borking' needed to stop court packing?"
- ^ John Fund (January 8, 2001). "The Borking Begins". The Wall Street Journal. http://opinionjournal.com/diary/?id=85000412. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
- ^ "Bork, v". Oxford English Dictionary Online. March 2002. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00308951?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=bork&first=1&max_to_show=10. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
- ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/10/16/robert-bork-on-romney-obama-and-biden.html
- ^ "Thomas More for Our Season". Leadership U. http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9906/articles/bork.html. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ "Slouching Towards Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline". The Mises Review. http://www.mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=22&sortorder=issue. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
- ^ Life Magazine, Vol 14, No. 13.
- ^ "Judge Bork Converts to the Catholic Faith". National Catholic Register. http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/catholic_stories/cs0048.html. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ "Bush says Miers has experience, leadership". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on 2005-10-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20051028094759/http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/politics/12853325.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ Robert H. Bork, "Slouching Towards Miers", Wall Street Journal, October 19, 2005, p. A12.
- ^ "Robert Bork Cites 'Wanton' Negligence in Suing Yale Club for $1-Million". The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/news/article/2456/robert-bork-cites-wanton-negligence-in-suing-yale-club-for-1-million. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ "Robert H. Bork v. The Yale Club of New York City" (PDF). United States Court Southern District of New York. http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/borksuit-060607.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ Zambito, Thomas (2008-05-09). ""Supreme nominee Bork settles Yale suit", ''New York Daily News'', May 10, 2008". Nydailynews.com. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2008/05/10/2008-05-10_supreme_nominee_bork_settles_yale_suit.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ "United States of America v. Lewis Libby" (PDF). United States District Court for the District of Columbia. http://www.pegc.us/archive/US_v_Libby/amar_amicus_20070608.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ Has the judge in 'The Simpsons' ever been named?
External links[link]
 |
Look up bork in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Robert Bork at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- A Conversation with Judge Robert H. Bork - Event Video, Federalist Society, 2007-06-26
- Congressional Record: Floor Vote on Bork Nomination
- Think Tank Biography: Robert Bork
- Bork, Robert H. (1996) Our Judicial Oligarchy . 1996 First Things November .
- Robert Bork at the Internet Movie Database
- Booknotes interview with Bork on Slouching Toward Gomorrah, December 4, 1996.
| Legal offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Erwin Griswold |
United States Solicitor General 1973–1977 |
Succeeded by Wade McCree |
| Preceded by Elliot Richardson |
United States Attorney General Acting 1973 |
Succeeded by William Saxbe |
| Preceded by Carl McGowan |
Judge of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 1982–1988 |
Succeeded by Clarence Thomas |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bork, Robert Heron |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | United States federal judge |
| Date of birth | March 1, 1927 |
| Place of birth | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Clarence Thomas | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office October 23, 1991 |
|
| Nominated by | George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Thurgood Marshall |
| Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit | |
| In office March 12, 1990 – October 23, 1991 |
|
| Nominated by | George H.W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Robert Bork |
| Succeeded by | Judith Rogers |
| Chairperson of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | |
| In office May 6, 1982 – March 12, 1990 |
|
| President | Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Eleanor Holmes Norton |
| Succeeded by | Evan Kemp |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 64) Pin Point, Georgia, U.S. |
| Spouse(s) | Kathy Ambush (1971–1984) Virginia Lamp (1987–present) |
| Children | Jamal Adeen Thomas |
| Alma mater | Conception Seminary College College of the Holy Cross Yale Law School |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism[1] |
Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Succeeding Thurgood Marshall, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the Court.
Thomas grew up in Savannah, Georgia and was educated at the College of the Holy Cross and at Yale Law School. In 1974, he was appointed an Assistant Attorney General in Missouri and subsequently practiced law there in the private sector. In 1979, he became a legislative assistant to Missouri United States Senator John Danforth and in 1981 was appointed Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Thomas Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC); he served in that position until 1990, when President George H. W. Bush nominated him for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
On July 1, 1991, after 16 months of service as a judge, Thomas was nominated by Bush to fill Marshall's seat on the United States Supreme Court. Thomas's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought, centering on an accusation that he had made unwelcome sexual comments to attorney Anita Hill, a subordinate at the Department of Education and subsequently at the EEOC. The U.S. Senate ultimately confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52–48.
Since joining the Court, Thomas has taken a textualist approach, seeking to uphold what he sees as the original meaning of the United States Constitution and statutes. He is generally viewed as among the most conservative members of the Court. Thomas has often approached federalism issues in a way that limits the power of the federal government and expands power of state and local governments. At the same time, Thomas's opinions have generally supported a strong executive branch within the federal government.
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Early life and education[link]
Clarence Thomas was born in 1948 in Pin Point, Georgia, a small, predominantly black community founded by freedmen after the American Civil War. When he was a child, the town lacked a sewage system and paved roads. He was the second of three children born to M.C. Thomas, a farm worker, and Leola Williams, a domestic worker.[2][3] They were descendants of American slaves, and the family spoke Gullah as a first language.[4] Thomas's first-known ancestors were slaves named Sandy and Peggy who were born around the end of the 18th century and owned by wealthy Liberty County, Georgia planter Josiah Wilson.[5] M.C. Thomas left his family when Thomas was two years old. Thomas's mother worked hard[citation needed] but was sometimes paid only pennies per day. She had difficulty putting food on the table and was forced to rely on charity.[6] After a house fire left them homeless, Thomas and his younger brother Myers were taken to live with his mother's parents in Savannah, Georgia. Thomas was seven when the family moved in with his maternal grandfather, Myers Anderson, and Anderson's wife, Christine (née Hargrove), in Savannah.[7]
Living with his grandparents, Thomas enjoyed amenities such as indoor plumbing and regular meals for the first time in his life.[2] His grandfather Myers Anderson had little formal education, but had built a thriving fuel oil business that also sold ice. Thomas calls his grandfather "the greatest man I have ever known."[7] When Thomas was 10, Anderson started taking the family to help at a farm every day from sunrise to sunset.[7] His grandfather believed in hard work and self-reliance; he would counsel Thomas to "never let the sun catch you in bed." Thomas's grandfather also impressed upon his grandsons the importance of getting a good education.[2]
Thomas was the only black person at his high school in Savannah, where he was an honor student.[8] He was raised Roman Catholic. (He later attended an Episcopal church with his first wife but returned to the Catholic Church in the late 1990s.) He considered entering the priesthood at the age of 16, and became the first black student to attend St. John Vianney's Minor Seminary (Savannah) on the Isle of Hope.[7] He also briefly attended Conception Seminary College, a Roman Catholic seminary in Missouri. No one in Thomas's family had attended college. Thomas has said that during his first year in seminary, he was one of only "three or four" blacks attending the school.[8] Thomas told interviewers that he left the seminary in the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. He had overheard another student say after the shooting, "Good, I hope the son of a bitch died."[3][9] He did not think the church did enough to combat racism.[7]
At a nun's suggestion, Thomas attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. While there, Thomas helped found the Black Student Union. Once he walked out after an incident in which black students were punished while white students went undisciplined for committing the same violation, and some of the priests negotiated with the protesting black students to re-enter the school.[8]
Having spoken the Gullah language as a child, Thomas realized in college that he still sounded unpolished despite having been drilled in grammar at school, and he chose to major in English literature "to conquer the language".[10] At Holy Cross, he was also a member of Alpha Sigma Nu and the Purple Key Society.[11] Among Thomas's classmates at Holy Cross were future defense attorney Ted Wells and author Edward P. Jones, who won the Pulitzer Prize for his novel, The Known World.[12] Thomas graduated from Holy Cross in 1971 with an A.B. cum laude in English literature.[10][11]
Thomas had a series of deferments from the military draft while in college at Holy Cross. Upon graduation, he was classified as 1-A and received a low lottery number, indicating he might be drafted to serve in Vietnam. Thomas failed his medical exam, due to curvature of the spine, and was not drafted.[13] Thomas entered Yale Law School, from which he received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1974, graduating towards the middle of his class.[14]
Thomas has recollected that his Yale law degree was not taken seriously by law firms to which he applied after graduating. He said that potential employers assumed he obtained it because of affirmative action policies.[15] According to Thomas, he was "asked pointed questions, unsubtly suggesting that they doubted I was as smart as my grades indicated."[16]
I peeled a fifteen-cent sticker off a package of cigars and stuck it on the frame of my law degree to remind myself of the mistake I’d made by going to Yale. I never did change my mind about its value.[17]
Influences[link]
In 1975, when Thomas read Race and Economics by economist Thomas Sowell, he found an intellectual foundation for his philosophy.[6][18][19] The book criticized social reforms by government and instead argued for individual action to overcome circumstances and adversity. He was also influenced by Ayn Rand,[20] particularly The Fountainhead, and would later require his staffers to watch the 1949 film version.[6] Thomas later said that novelist Richard Wright had been the most influential writer in his life; Wright's books Native Son and Black Boy "capture[d] a lot of the feelings that I had inside that you learn how to repress."[21] Thomas acknowledges having "some very strong libertarian leanings".[22]
Career[link]
Early career[link]
Thomas was admitted to the Missouri bar on September 13, 1974.[23] From 1974 to 1977, Thomas was an Assistant Attorney General of Missouri under then State Attorney General John Danforth, who met Thomas at Yale Law School. Thomas was the only black member of Danforth's staff.[24] As Assistant Attorney General, Thomas first worked at the criminal appeals division of Danforth's office and moved on to the revenue and taxation division.[25] Retrospectively, Thomas considers Assistant Attorney General the best job he has ever had.[26] When Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1976, Thomas left to become an attorney with the Monsanto Company in St. Louis, Missouri.[27] He moved to Washington, D.C. and returned to work for Danforth from 1979 to 1981 as a Legislative Assistant handling energy issues for the Senate Commerce Committee.[28] The two men shared a common bond in that they had studied to be ordained (although in different denominations). Danforth was to be instrumental in championing Thomas for the Supreme Court.
In 1981, he joined the Reagan administration. From 1981 to 1982, he served as Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights in the U.S. Department of Education. From 1982 to 1990, he was Chairman of the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"). Journalist Evan Thomas characterized Thomas as "openly ambitious for higher office" during his tenure at the EEOC. As Chairman, he promoted a doctrine of self-reliance, and halted the usual EEOC approach of filing class-action discrimination lawsuits, instead pursuing acts of individual discrimination.[29] He also asserted in 1984 that black leaders were "watching the destruction of our race" as they "bitch, bitch, bitch" about President Reagan instead of working with the Reagan administration to alleviate teenage pregnancy, unemployment and illiteracy.[30]
Federal judge[link]
On October 30, 1989, Thomas was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated by Robert Bork,[31] despite Thomas's initial protestations that he would not like to be a judge.[32] Thomas gained the support of other African Americans such as former Transportation Secretary William Coleman, but said that when meeting white Democratic staffers in the United States Senate, he was "struck by how easy it had become for sanctimonious whites to accuse a black man of not caring about civil rights."[32]
Thomas's confirmation hearing was uneventful.[33] He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 6, 1990, and received his commission the same day. He developed warm relationships during his 19 months on the federal court, including with fellow federal judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg.[32][34]
Supreme Court nomination and confirmation[link]
Main article: Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination
Justice William Brennan stepped down from the Supreme Court in July 1990. Thomas was one of five candidates on Bush's shortlist, and Bush's favorite of the five. Ultimately, after consulting with his advisors, Bush decided to hold off on nominating Thomas, and nominated Judge David Souter of the First Circuit instead.[32] Souter would disappoint conservatives, who had expected him to be more favorable towards them.
Less than a year later, on July 1, 1991 President Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to replace Thurgood Marshall, who had just announced his retirement and had been the only African-American justice on the Court.[35] Legal author Jeffrey Toobin says Bush and others saw Thomas as the only "plausible" black candidate who would provide a reliably conservative vote.[36] In announcing his selection, President Bush called Thomas the "best qualified [nominee] at this time."[32]
In those days, U.S. presidents submitted lists of potential federal court nominees to the American Bar Association (ABA) for a confidential rating of their judicial temperament, competence and integrity on a three-level scale of well qualified, qualified or unqualified.[37] Anticipating that the ABA would rate Thomas more poorly than they thought he deserved, the White House and Republican Senators pressured the ABA for at least the mid-level qualified rating, and simultaneously attempted to discredit the ABA as partisan.[38] The ABA did rate Thomas as qualified, although with one of the lowest levels of support for a Supreme Court nominee.[39][40][41][42][43][44] Ultimately, the ABA rating ended up having little impact on Thomas' nomination.[37][38]
Some of the public statements of Thomas's opponents foreshadowed the confirmation fight that would occur. Both liberal interest groups and Republicans in the White House and Senate approached the nomination as a political campaign.[45][46]
Attorney General Richard Thornburgh had previously warned Bush that replacing Thurgood Marshall, who was widely revered as a civil rights icon, with any candidate who was not perceived to share Marshall's views would make the confirmation process difficult.[47] Civil rights and feminist organizations opposed the appointment based partially on Thomas's criticism of affirmative action and suspicions that Thomas might not be a supporter of Roe v. Wade.[citation needed]
Thomas's formal confirmation hearings began on September 10, 1991.[48] Thomas was reticent when answering Senators' questions during the appointment process, recalling what had happened to Robert Bork when Bork expounded on his judicial philosophy during his confirmation hearings four years prior.[49] Thomas's earlier writings had frequently referenced the legal theory of natural law; during his confirmation hearings Thomas limited himself to the statement that he regards natural law as a "philosophical background" to the Constitution.[50][51][52] Thomas himself later asserted in his autobiography that in the course of his professional career, he had not developed a judicial philosophy.[citation needed]
Anita Hill allegations[link]
Toward the end of the confirmation hearings, an FBI interview with Anita Hill was leaked. Hill, an attorney, had worked for Thomas at the Department of Education and had subsequently moved with Thomas to the EEOC.[53] After the leak, Hill was called to testify at Thomas's confirmation hearings. She testified that Thomas had subjected her to comments of a sexual nature, which she felt constituted sexual harassment or at least "behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court."[54][55][56][57] Hill's testimony included lurid details, and some Senators aggressively questioned her.[58]
Thomas denied the allegations, saying:[59]
This is not an opportunity to talk about difficult matters privately or in a closed environment. This is a circus. It's a national disgrace. And from my standpoint, as a black American, it is a high-tech lynching for uppity blacks who in any way deign to think for themselves, to do for themselves, to have different ideas, and it is a message that unless you kowtow to an old order, this is what will happen to you. You will be lynched, destroyed, caricatured by a committee of the U.S. Senate rather than hung from a tree.[60]
Hill was the only person to testify at the Senate hearings that there had been unsolicited sexual advances.[61] Angela Wright, who worked under Thomas at the EEOC before he fired her,[62] decided not to testify,[63] but submitted a written statement alleging that Thomas had pressured her for a date and had made comments about the anatomy of women. However, she said she did not feel his behavior was intimidating nor did she feel sexually harassed, though she allowed that "Some other women might have".[64][65][66] Also, Sukari Hardnett, a former Thomas assistant, wrote to the Senate committee saying that although Thomas had not harassed her, she did feel that he had inspected her as a female.[67][68]
Other former colleagues testified on Thomas's behalf. Nancy Altman, who shared an office with Thomas at the Department of Education, testified that she heard virtually everything Thomas said over the course of two years, and never heard any sexist or offensive comment. Altman did not find it credible that Thomas could have engaged in the conduct alleged by Hill, without any of the dozens of women he worked with noticing it.[69] Senator Alan K. Simpson was puzzled about why Hill and Thomas met, dined, and spoke by phone on various occasions after they no longer worked together.[70]
According to the Oyez Project, there was a lack of convincing proof produced at the Senate hearings.[2] After extensive debate, the Judiciary Committee split 7–7 on September 27, sending the nomination to the full Senate without a recommendation. Thomas was confirmed by a 52–48 vote on October 15, 1991, the narrowest margin for approval in more than a century.[71] The final floor vote was mostly along party lines: 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats voted to confirm while 46 Democrats and two Republicans voted to reject the nomination. Newspaper coverage of Thomas's private life was limited after he was confirmed.[72]
Thomas received his commission and took the two required oaths several days after the Senate vote; this process was delayed by the death of Chief Justice Rehnquist's wife, but the delay was reduced at the request of Thomas.[73][74] He indicated that he was eager to get to work,[74] and an additional reason for reducing the delay was to end further media inquiry into Thomas's private life.[46][75] Reporters largely stopped such inquiries after Thomas joined the Court, despite new information potentially corroborating some of Hill's testimony including her description of Thomas's alleged entertainment preferences.[46][72] Throughout this episode, Thomas defended his right to privacy, refused to describe discussions that he may have had outside the workplace regarding his personal life, and promised that he would not allow anyone to probe his private life.[76]
The debate over who was telling the truth continues. Clarence Thomas wrote an autobiography addressing Anita Hill's allegations, and she also wrote an autobiography addressing her experience in the hearings.[77]
Early years on the Court[link]
Upon his appointment, Thomas was generally perceived as joining the conservative wing of the Court, voting most frequently with Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Scalia.[78] Though most Justices, including Marshall, whom he was replacing, immediately welcomed Thomas, law clerks of some liberal justices viewed him with contempt, questioning his qualifications and intellectual heft.[79] Legal reporter Jan Crawford Greenburg says that pundits' portrayal of Thomas as Antonin Scalia's understudy was grossly inaccurate – she says that from early on, it was more often Scalia changing his mind to agree with Thomas, rather than the other way around.[80][81] On the other hand, Greenburg suggests that the forcefulness of Thomas's views pushed Justices Souter, Sandra Day O'Connor, and Anthony Kennedy away.[80]
Public perception[link]
Thomas has rarely given media interviews during his time on the Court. He said in 2007: "One of the reasons I don't do media interviews is, in the past, the media often has its own script."[8] In 2007, Thomas received a $1.5 million advance for writing his memoir, My Grandfather's Son; it became a bestseller.[82][83]
Thomas biographer Scott Douglas Gerber has opined that attacks against Thomas from critics such as Jeffrey Toobin have been unusually vitriolic, which Gerber attributes in part to liberals’ disappointment that Thomas has departed so much from the jurisprudence of the African American whom he succeeded, Thurgood Marshall.[84] Additional possible causes for the harsh criticism of Thomas may be the inherently explosive nature of sexual misconduct accusations, the suspicion among some people that Thomas was less than forthcoming during his confirmation hearings, and the belief in some circles that Thomas has benefited from affirmative action programs like ones he has criticized as a judge.[84]
In 2006, Thomas had a 48% favorable, 36% unfavorable rating, according to Rasmussen Reports.[85][86]
Judicial philosophy[link]
Conservatism and originalism[link]
Thomas is often described as an originalist and a member of the conservative wing of the Supreme Court.[2][87][88] He is also often described as the most conservative member of the Supreme Court,[14][89][90] although others give Justice Scalia that designation.[91][92][93] Scalia and Thomas have similar but not identical judicial philosophies, and pundits speculate about the degree to which Scalia thinks some of Thomas's views are implausible.[94][95]
Thomas has also been described as a textualist whose jurisprudence is similar to that of Justice Hugo Black, who "resisted the tendency to create social policy out of 'whole cloth.'"[96] According to the same commentator, Thomas generally declines to engage in what he sees as judicial lawmaking, and instead views the constitutional role of the Court as being the interpretation of law, rather than the making of law.[96]
Voting alignment[link]
On average, from 1994 to 2004, Scalia and Thomas had an 86.7% voting alignment, the highest on the Court, followed by Ginsburg and Souter (85.6%).[97] Scalia and Thomas's agreement rate peaked in 1996, at 97.7%.[97] By 2004, however, other pairs of justices were observed to be more closely aligned than Scalia and Thomas.[98]
The conventional wisdom that Thomas's votes follow Antonin Scalia's is reflected by Linda Greenhouse's observation that Thomas voted with Scalia 91 percent of the time during October Term 2006, and with Justice John Paul Stevens the least, 36% of the time.[99] Statistics compiled annually by Tom Goldstein of SCOTUSblog demonstrate that Greenhouse's count is methodology-specific, counting non-unanimous cases where Scalia and Thomas voted for the same litigant, regardless of whether they got there by the same reasoning.[100] Goldstein's statistics show that the two agreed in full only 74% of the time, and that the frequency of agreement between Scalia and Thomas is not as outstanding as is often implied by pieces aimed at lay audiences. For example, in that same term, Souter and Ginsburg voted together 81% of the time by the method of counting that yields a 74% agreement between Thomas and Scalia. By the metric that produces the 91% Scalia/Thomas figure, Ginsburg and Breyer agreed 90% of the time. Roberts and Alito agreed 94% of the time.[101]
Legal correspondent Jan Crawford Greenburg wrote in her book on the Supreme Court that Thomas's forceful views moved moderates like Sandra Day O'Connor further to the left, but frequently attracted votes from Rehnquist and Scalia.[102] Mark Tushnet and Jeffrey Toobin both observe that Rehnquist rarely assigned important majority opinions to Thomas, because the latter's views made it difficult for him to persuade a majority of justices to join him.[103]
Number of dissenting opinions[link]
From 1994 to 2004, on average, Thomas was the third most frequent dissenter on the Court, behind Stevens and Scalia.[97] Four other justices dissented as frequently in 2007.[104] Three other justices dissented as frequently in 2006.[105] One other justice dissented as frequently in 2005.[106]
Stare decisis[link]
See also: Stare decisis in the U.S. legal system
According to law professor Michael J. Gerhardt, Thomas has supported leaving a broad spectrum of constitutional decisions intact.[107] Thomas supports statutory stare decisis.[108] During his confirmation hearings Thomas said: "[S]tare decisis provides continuity to our system, it provides predictability, and in our process of case-by-case decision making, I think it is a very important and critical concept."[109] Among the thirteen justices who served on the Rehnquist Court, Thomas ranked eleventh for the number of votes he cast overturning precedent (without accounting for length of Court service).[110] However, on a frequency basis, he urged overruling and joined in overruling precedents more frequently than any other justice.[110]
According to Scalia, Thomas is more willing to overrule constitutional cases: "If a constitutional line of authority is wrong, he would say let's get it right. I wouldn't do that."[111] Thomas's belief in originalism is strong; he has said, "When faced with a clash of constitutional principle and a line of unreasoned cases wholly divorced from the text, history, and structure of our founding document, we should not hesitate to resolve the tension in favor of the Constitution's original meaning."[112] Thomas believes that an erroneous decision can and should be overturned, no matter how old it is.[112]
Commerce Clause[link]
Thomas has consistently supported narrowing the Court's interpretation of the Constitution's Interstate Commerce Clause (which is often simply called the "Commerce Clause") to limit federal power. At the same time, Thomas has broadly interpreted states' sovereign immunity from lawsuits under the Commerce Clause.[113]
In United States v. Lopez and United States v. Morrison, the Court held that Congress lacked power under the Commerce Clause to regulate non-commercial activities. In these cases, Thomas wrote a separate concurring opinion arguing for the original meaning of the Commerce Clause. Subsequently, in Gonzales v. Raich, the Court interpreted the Interstate Commerce Clause combined with the Necessary and Proper Clause to empower the federal government to arrest, prosecute, and imprison patients who used marijuana grown at home for medicinal purposes, even where the activity is legal in that particular state. Thomas dissented in Raich, again arguing for the original meaning of the Commerce Clause.
Thomas and Scalia have rejected the notion of a Dormant Commerce Clause, also known as the "Negative Commerce Clause". That doctrine bars state commercial regulation even if Congress has not yet acted on the matter.[114]
In Lopez, Thomas expressed his view that federal regulation of either manufacturing or agriculture is unconstitutional; he sees both as outside the scope of the Commerce Clause.[115][116] He believes federal legislators have overextended the Commerce Clause, while some of his critics argue that Thomas's position on Congressional authority would invalidate much of the contemporary work of the federal government.[116] According to Thomas, it is not the Court's job to update the Constitution. Proponents of broad national power such as Professor Michael Dorf deny that they are trying to update the Constitution. Instead, they argue that they are merely addressing a set of economic facts that did not exist when the Constitution was framed.[117]
Federalism[link]
Federalism was a central part of the Rehnquist Court's constitutional agenda.[118] Thomas consistently voted for outcomes that promoted state-governmental authority, in cases involving federalism-based limits on Congress's enumerated powers.[118] According to law professor Ann Althouse, the Court has yet to move toward "the broader, more principled version of federalism propounded by Justice Thomas."[119]
In Foucha v. Louisiana, Thomas dissented from the majority opinion that required the removal from a mental institution of a prisoner who had become sane.[120] The Court held that a Louisiana statute violated the Due Process Clause "because it allows an insanity acquittee to be committed to a mental institution until he is able to demonstrate that he is not dangerous to himself and others, even though he does not suffer from any mental illness."[121] Dissenting, Thomas cast the issue as a matter of federalism.[120] "Removing sane insanity acquittees from mental institutions may make eminent sense as a policy matter," he concluded, "but the Due Process Clause does not require the States to conform to the policy preferences of federal judges."[121] In United States v. Comstock, Thomas' dissent argued for the release of a former federal prisoner from civil commitment, again on the basis of federalism.[122]
Privileges, immunities, and firearms[link]
Thomas agreed with the judgment in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) that the right to keep and bear arms is applicable to state and local governments, but Thomas wrote a separate concurrence finding that an individual's right to bear arms is fundamental as a privilege of American citizenship under the Privileges or Immunities Clause rather than as a fundamental right under the due process clause. The four justices in the plurality opinion specifically rejected incorporation under the privileges or immunities clause, "declin[ing] to disturb" the holding in the Slaughter-House Cases, which, according to the plurality, had held that the clause applied only to federal matters.[123][124]
Executive power[link]
Thomas has argued that the executive branch has broad authority under the Constitution and federal statutes. In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, he was the only justice who agreed with the Fourth Circuit that Congress had power to authorize the President's detention of US citizens who are enemy combatants. Thomas granted the federal government the "strongest presumptions" and said "due process requires nothing more than a good-faith executive determination" to justify the imprisonment of Hamdi, a US citizen.[125]
Thomas also was one of three justices who dissented in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, which held that the military commissions set up by the Bush administration to try detainees at Guantanamo Bay required explicit congressional authorization, and held that the commissions conflicted with both the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and "at least" Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention.[126] Thomas argued that Hamdan was an illegal combatant and therefore not protected by the Geneva Convention, and he agreed with Justice Scalia that the Court was "patently erroneous" in its declaration of jurisdiction in this case.
Free speech[link]
Among the nine justices, Thomas was the second most likely to uphold free speech claims (tied with David Souter), as of 2002.[127] He has voted in favor of First Amendment claims in cases involving a wide variety of issues, including pornography, campaign contributions, political leafleting, religious speech, and commercial speech.
On occasion, however, he has disagreed with free speech claimants. For example, he dissented in Virginia v. Black, a case that struck down part of a Virginia statute that banned cross burning. Concurring in Morse v. Frederick, he argued that students' free speech rights in public schools are limited.[128]
Thomas authored the decision in ACLU v. Ashcroft, which held that the Child Online Protection Act might (or might not) be constitutional. The government was enjoined from enforcing it, pending further proceedings in the lower courts.[129]
Thomas wrote a concurrence in McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, 514 U.S. 334 (1995).[130]
Fourth Amendment[link]
In cases regarding the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures, Thomas often favors police over defendants. For example, his opinion for the Court in Board of Education v. Earls upheld drug testing for students involved in extracurricular activities, and he wrote again for the Court in Samson v. California, permitting random searches on parolees. He dissented in the case Georgia v. Randolph, which prohibited warrantless searches that one resident approves and the other opposes, arguing that the case was controlled by the Court's decision in Coolidge v. New Hampshire. In Indianapolis v. Edmond, Thomas described the Court's extant case law as having held that "suspicionless roadblock seizures are constitutionally permissible if conducted according to a plan that limits the discretion of the officers conducting the stops." Although he expressed doubt that those cases were correctly decided, he concluded that since the litigants in the case at bar had not briefed or argued that the earlier cases be overruled, he believed that the Court should assume their validity and rule accordingly.[131] There are counterexamples, however: he was in the majority in Kyllo v. United States, which held that the use of thermal imaging technology to probe a suspect's home, without a warrant, violated the Fourth Amendment.
In cases involving schools, Thomas has advocated greater respect for the doctrine of in loco parentis, which he defines as "parents delegat[ing] to teachers their authority to discipline and maintain order."[132] His dissent in Safford Unified School District v. Redding illustrates his application of this postulate in the Fourth Amendment context. School officials in the Safford case had a reasonable suspicion that 13-year-old Savana Redding was illegally distributing prescription-only drugs. All the justices concurred that it was therefore reasonable for the school officials to search Redding, and the main issue before the Court was only whether the search went too far by becoming a strip search or the like.[132] All justices but Thomas concluded that this search violated the Fourth Amendment. The majority required a finding of danger or reason to believe drugs were hidden in a student's underwear in order to justify a strip search. In contrast, Thomas said, "It is a mistake for judges to assume the responsibility for deciding which school rules are important enough to allow for invasive searches and which rules are not"[133] and that "reasonable suspicion that Redding was in possession of drugs in violation of these policies, therefore, justified a search extending to any area where small pills could be concealed." Thomas said, "There can be no doubt that a parent would have had the authority to conduct the search."[132]
Sixth Amendment[link]
In Doggett v. United States, the defendant had technically been a fugitive from the time he was indicted in 1980 until his arrest in 1988. The Court held that the delay between indictment and arrest violated Doggett's Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial, finding that the government had been negligent in pursuing him and that he was unaware of the indictment.[134] Thomas dissented, arguing that the purpose of the Speedy Trial Clause was to prevent "'undue and oppressive incarceration' and the 'anxiety and concern accompanying public accusation'" and that the case implicated neither.[134] He cast the case as instead "present[ing] the question [of] whether, independent of these core concerns, the Speedy Trial Clause protects an accused from two additional harms: (1) prejudice to his ability to defend himself caused by the passage of time; and (2) disruption of his life years after the alleged commission of his crime." Thomas dissented from the Court's decision to, as he saw it, answer the former in the affirmative.[134] Thomas wrote that dismissing the conviction "invites the Nation's judges to indulge in ad hoc and result-driven second guessing of the government's investigatory efforts. Our Constitution neither contemplates nor tolerates such a role."[135]
Eighth Amendment and capital punishment[link]
Thomas was among the dissenters in Atkins v. Virginia and Roper v. Simmons, which held that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the application of the death penalty to certain classes of persons. In Kansas v. Marsh, his opinion for the Court indicated a belief that the Constitution affords states broad procedural latitude in imposing the death penalty, provided they remain within the limits of Furman v. Georgia and Gregg v. Georgia, the 1976 case in which the Court had reversed its 1972 ban on death sentences if states followed procedural guidelines.
In Hudson v. McMillian, a prisoner had been beaten, garnering a cracked lip, broken dental plate, loosened teeth, and cuts and bruises. Although these were not "serious injuries", the Court believed, it held that "the use of excessive physical force against a prisoner may constitute cruel and unusual punishment even though the inmate does not suffer serious injury."[136] Dissenting, Thomas wrote that, in his view, "a use of force that causes only insignificant harm to a prisoner may be immoral, it may be tortious, it may be criminal, and it may even be remediable under other provisions of the Federal Constitution, but it is not 'cruel and unusual punishment'. In concluding to the contrary, the Court today goes far beyond our precedents."[136] Thomas's vote – in one of his first cases after joining the Court – was an early example of his willingness to be the sole dissenter (Scalia later joined the opinion).[137] Thomas's opinion was criticized by the 7-member majority of the Court, which wrote that by comparing physical assault to other prison conditions such as poor prison food, Thomas's opinion ignored "the concepts of dignity, civilized standards, humanity, and decency that animate the Eighth Amendment".[136] According to historian David Garrow, Thomas's dissent in Hudson was a "classic call for federal judicial restraint, reminiscent of views that were held by Felix Frankfurter and John M. Harlan II a generation earlier, but editorial criticism rained down on him".[138] Thomas would later respond to the accusation "that I supported the beating of prisoners in that case. Well, one must either be illiterate or fraught with malice to reach that conclusion ... no honest reading can reach such a conclusion."[138]
In United States v. Bajakajian, Thomas joined with the Court's more liberal bloc to write the majority opinion declaring a fine unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. The fine was for failing to declare over $300,000 in a suitcase on an international flight. Under a federal statute, 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(1), the passenger would have had to forfeit the entire amount. Thomas noted that the case required a distinction to be made between civil forfeiture and a fine exacted with the intention of punishing the respondent. He found that the forfeiture in this case was clearly intended as a punishment at least in part, was "grossly disproportional", and a violation of the Excessive Fines Clause.[139]
Church and state[link]
Law professor and former Thomas clerk John Yoo says Thomas supports allowing religious groups more participation in public life.[140] Thomas says the Establishment Clause ("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion") "is best understood as a federalism provision –- it protects state establishments from federal interference but does not protect any individual right."[141]
In Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow[141] and Cutter v. Wilkinson,[142] Thomas wrote that he supported incorporation of the Free Exercise Clause, which he says "clearly protects an individual right." He said that any law that would violate the Establishment Clause might also violate the Free Exercise Clause.
Thomas says "it makes little sense to incorporate the Establishment Clause" vis-à-vis the states by the Fourteenth Amendment.[141] And in Cutter, he wrote: "The text and history of the Clause may well support the view that the Clause is not incorporated against the States precisely because the Clause shielded state establishments from congressional interference."
Equal protection and affirmative action[link]
Thomas believes that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment forbids consideration of race, such as race-based affirmative action or preferential treatment. In Adarand Constructors v. Peña, for example, he wrote "there is a 'moral [and] constitutional equivalence' between laws designed to subjugate a race and those that distribute benefits on the basis of race in order to foster some current notion of equality. Government cannot make us equal; it can only recognize, respect, and protect us as equal before the law. That [affirmative action] programs may have been motivated, in part, by good intentions cannot provide refuge from the principle that under our Constitution, the government may not make distinctions on the basis of race."[143]
In Gratz v. Bollinger, Thomas said that, in his view, "a State's use of racial discrimination in higher education admissions is categorically prohibited by the Equal Protection Clause."[144] In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, Thomas joined the opinion of Chief Justice Roberts, who concluded that "[t]he way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race."[145] Concurring, Thomas wrote that "if our history has taught us anything, it has taught us to beware of elites bearing racial theories," and charged that the dissent carried "similarities" to the arguments of the segregationist litigants in Brown v. Board of Education.[145] In Grutter v. Bollinger, he approvingly quoted Justice Harlan's Plessy v. Ferguson dissent: "Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens."[146] In a concurrence in Missouri v. Jenkins (1995), he wrote that the Missouri District Court "has read our cases to support the theory that black students suffer an unspecified psychological harm from segregation that retards their mental and educational development. This approach not only relies upon questionable social science research rather than constitutional principle, but it also rests on an assumption of black inferiority."[147]
Abortion[link]
Thomas has contended that the constitution does not address the issue of abortion.[140] In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the Court reaffirmed Roe v. Wade. Thomas along with Justice Byron White joined the dissenting opinions of Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justice Antonin Scalia. Rehnquist wrote that "[w]e believe Roe was wrongly decided, and that it can and should be overruled consistently with our traditional approach to stare decisis in constitutional cases."[148] Scalia's opinion concluded that the right to obtain an abortion is not "a liberty protected by the Constitution of the United States."[148] "[T]he Constitution says absolutely nothing about it," Scalia wrote, "and [ ] the longstanding traditions of American society have permitted it to be legally proscribed."[148]
In Stenberg v. Carhart (2000), the Court struck down a state ban on partial-birth abortion, concluding that it failed the "undue burden" test established in Casey. Thomas dissented, writing: "Although a State may permit abortion, nothing in the Constitution dictates that a State must do so."[149] He went on to criticize the reasoning of the Casey and Stenberg majorities: "The majority's insistence on a health exception is a fig leaf barely covering its hostility to any abortion regulation by the States – a hostility that Casey purported to reject."
In Gonzales v. Carhart (2007), the Court rejected a facial challenge to a federal ban on partial-birth abortion.[150] Concurring, Thomas asserted that the Court's abortion jurisprudence had no basis in the Constitution, but that the Court had accurately applied that jurisprudence in rejecting the challenge.[150] Thomas added that the Court was not deciding the question of whether Congress had the power to outlaw partial birth abortions: [W]hether the Act constitutes a permissible exercise of Congress' power under the Commerce Clause is not before the Court [in this case] ... the parties did not raise or brief that issue; it is outside the question presented; and the lower courts did not address it."[150]
Gay rights[link]
In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), Thomas issued a one-page dissent where he called the Texas anti-gay sodomy statute "uncommonly silly." He then said that if he were a member of the Texas legislature he would vote to repeal the law. Since he was not a member of the state legislature, but instead a federal judge, and the Due Process Clause did not (in his view) touch on the subject, he could not vote to strike it down. Accordingly, Thomas saw the issue as a matter for the states to decide for themselves.[151]
In Romer v. Evans (1996), Thomas joined Scalia's dissenting opinion arguing that Amendment 2 to the Colorado State Constitution did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. The Colorado amendment forbade any judicial, legislative, or executive action designed to protect persons from discrimination based on "homosexual, lesbian, or bisexual orientation, conduct, practices or relationships."[152]
Judicial review of federal laws[link]
Thomas is the justice most willing to exercise judicial review of federal laws. According to a New York Times editorial, "from 1994 to 2005 ... Justice Thomas voted to overturn federal laws in 34 cases and Justice Scalia in 31, compared with just 15 for Justice Stephen Breyer."[153]
In 2009's Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder, Thomas was the sole dissenter, voting in favor of throwing out Section 5 of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Section 5 requires states with a history of racial voter discrimination—mostly states from the old South—to get Justice Department clearance when revising election procedures. Though Congress had reauthorized Section 5 in 2006 for another 25 years, Thomas said the law was no longer necessary, pointing out that the rate of black voting in seven Section 5 states was higher than the national average. Thomas said "the violence, intimidation and subterfuge that led Congress to pass Section 5 and this court to uphold it no longer remains."[154]
Approach to oral arguments[link]
Thomas is well known for his reticence during oral argument. As of March 20, 2012 (2012 -03-20)[update], he had not asked a question from the bench in 6 years.[155] He has given many reasons for his silence, including self-consciousness about how he speaks, a preference for listening to those arguing the case, and difficulty getting in a word.[155] In 2000, he told a group of high school students that "if you wait long enough, someone will ask your question."[156] In November 2007, he told an audience at Hillsdale College: "My colleagues should shut up!" He later explained, "I don't think that for judging, and for what we are doing, all those questions are necessary."[157] Thomas's speaking and listening habits may have also been influenced by his Gullah upbringing, during which time his English was relatively unpolished.[4][10][158]
According to Amber Porter of ABC News, one of the most notable examples of a rare instance in which Thomas asked a question was in 2002, during oral arguments for Virginia v. Black, when he expressed concern to Michael Dreeben, who had been speaking on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice, that he was "actually understating the symbolism...and the effect of...the burning cross" and its use as a symbol of the "reign of terror" of "100 years of lynching and activity in the South by the Knights of Camellia...and the Ku Klux Klan". [159]
Thomas is not the first quiet justice. In the 1970s and 1980s, William J. Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, and Harry Blackmun were likewise generally quiet.[160][161] However, Thomas's silence stood out in the 1990s as the other eight justices engaged in active questioning.[161]
Personal life[link]
In 1971, Thomas married college sweetheart Kathy Grace Ambush. They had one child, Jamal Adeen. In 1981 they separated and in 1984 divorced.[21][162] In 1987, Thomas married Virginia Lamp, a lobbyist and aide to Republican Congressman Dick Armey.[163] In 1997, they took in Thomas's then six-year-old great nephew, Mark Martin, Jr.,[164] who had lived with his mother in Savannah public housing.[165]
Thomas's wife remained active in conservative politics, serving as a consultant to the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, and as founder and president of Liberty Central, an advocacy group associated with the Tea Party movement.[166] As of 2011, Thomas's wife stepped down from Liberty Central to open a conservative lobbying firm touting her "experience and connections", meeting with newly elected Republican congressmen, and describing herself as an "ambassador to the tea party".[167][168]
Thomas was reconciled to the Catholic Church in the mid-1990s. He remains a practicing Catholic.[169] In his 2007 autobiography, he criticized the Church for its failure to grapple with racism in the 1960s during the Civil Rights Movement, saying it was not as "adamant about ending racism then as it is about ending abortion now".[82] Thomas is one of thirteen Catholic justices—out of 110 justices total—in the history of the Supreme Court, and one of six currently on the Court.[170]
Thomas has a reputation as an affable, good-humored man who is extremely personally popular with his friends and colleagues. According to writer Jeffrey Toobin, "Fellow justices, law clerks, police officers, cafeteria workers, janitors – all basked in Thomas's effusive good nature. His rolling basso laughter frequently pierced the silence of the Court's hushed corridors."[171] He is particularly close to fellow justice (and ideological opponent) Stephen Breyer, and the two are frequently seen at the Court's oral arguments whispering, laughing, and passing notes.[172][173]
In January 2011, the liberal advocacy group Common Cause reported that between 2003 and 2007 Thomas failed to disclose $686,589 in income earned by his wife from the Heritage Foundation, instead reporting "none" where "spousal noninvestment income" would be reported on his Supreme Court financial disclosure forms.[174] The following week, Thomas stated that the disclosure of his wife's income had been "inadvertently omitted due to a misunderstanding of the filing instructions".[175] Thomas amended reports going back to 1989.[176]
Writings[link]
- Thomas, Clarence (2007). My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir. Harper. ISBN 0-06-056555-1.
- Thomas, Clarence. "Why Federalism Matters," Drake Law Review, Volume 48, Issue 2, page 234 (2000).
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Clarence Thomas bio from Notable Names Database
- ^ a b c d e Oyez, The Oyez Project Supreme Court media, Clarence Thomas biography (2003).
- ^ a b Brady, Diane (March 12, 2007). "The Holy Cross Fraternity". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_11/b4025079.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ a b "In His Own Words: Justice Clarence Thomas", New York Times, Dec 14, 2000, accessed Mar 25, 2010
- ^ Foskett 2004, pp. 22–23.
- ^ a b c Merida, Kevin; Fletcher, Michael A. (August 4, 2002). "Supreme Discomfort". Washington Post Magazine: pp. W08.
- ^ a b c d e Dolin, Monica (October 3, 2007). "Anger Still Fresh in Clarence Thomas's Memoir". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Story?id=3682886&page=1. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Brady, Diane. "Clarence Thomas Speaks Out", BusinessWeek (March 12, 2007).
- ^ Margolick, David (July 3, 1991). "Judge Portrayed as a Product Of Ideals Clashing With Life". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4DE143FF930A35754C0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ a b c Kantor, Jody; Gonzalez, David (June 6, 2009). "For Sotomayor and Thomas, Paths Diverge at Race". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/us/politics/07affirm.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
- ^ a b "Clarence Thomas". FindLaw. http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/justices/thomas.html. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
- ^ Weeks, Linton (February 21, 2007). "Ted Wells, Center Of the Defense". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/20/AR2007022001858_pf.html. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ Simon, Martin (September 15, 1991). "Supreme Mystery". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/126939/. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ a b Kroft, Steve, (Sept. 30, 2007) Clarence Thomas: The Justice Nobody Knows – Supreme Court Justice Gives First Television Interview To 60 Minutes.
- ^ "Talk Radio Online::Radio Show". Townhall.com. http://www.townhall.com/TalkRadio/Show.aspx?RadioShowID=3&ContentGuid=8b54ead4-9c5c-4dff-acba-aedc11a408db. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Lithwick, Dahlia. "From Clarence Thomas to Palin" (Opinion Column), Newsweek (September 27, 2008).
- ^ Thomas 2007, pp. 143-144.
- ^ Tumulty, Karen (July 7, 1991). "Court Path Started in the Ashes: A fire launched Clarence Thomas on a path toward fierce personal drive-but not before the Supreme Court nominee journeyed through anger, self-hatred, confusion and doubt.". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/print/1991-07-07/news/mn-3055_1_supreme-court. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- ^ Foskett, pp. 142–143
- ^ Bidinotto, Robert James, Celebrity "Rand Fans" – Clarence Thomas,, The Atlas Society.
- ^ a b Greenburg, Jan Crawford (September 30, 2007). "Clarence Thomas: A Silent Justice Speaks Out: Part VII: 'Traitorous' Adversaries: Anita Hill and the Senate Democrats". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3665221&page=1. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
- ^ Kauffman, Bill (November 1987), "Clarence Thomas", Reason, p. 3. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
- ^ Foskett 2004, p. 139.
- ^ Foskett 2004, p. 138.
- ^ Foskett 2004, pp. 139–140.
- ^ Foskett 2004, p. 147.
- ^ Foskett 2004, pp. 147, 149.
- ^ Foskett 2004, p. 149.
- ^ Thomas, Evan (July 15, 1991). "Where Does He Stand?". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/1991/07/14/where-does-he-stand.html. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
- ^ Williams, Juan (October 25, 1984). "EEOC Chairman Blasts Black Leaders". The Washington Post. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/125860002.html?dids=125860002:125860002&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Oct+25%2C+1984&author=By+Juan+Williams+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A7&desc=EEOC+Chairman+Blasts+Black+Leaders. Retrieved April 20, 2009. "The chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission says that black leaders are 'watching the destruction of our race' as they 'bitch, bitch, bitch' about President Reagan but fail to work with the administration to solve problems. Clarence Thomas said in an interview that, in his 3½ years on the job, no major black leader has sought his help in influencing the Reagan administration. Black spokesmen should be working with the administration to solve such problems as teen-age pregnancy, unemployment or illiteracy instead of working against Reagan, Thomas said."
- ^ "Clarence Thomas". The New York Times. March 28, 2012. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/t/clarence_thomas/index.html. Retrieved May 16,2012.
- ^ a b c d e Greenburg, Jan Crawford (September 30, 2007). "Clarence Thomas: A Silent Justice Speaks Out". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3664944&page=1. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
- ^ The Library of Congress Presidential Nominations, Look up of Nomination: PN838-101. February 6, 1990 – Committee on Judiciary, hearings held. February 22, 1990 – Committee on Judiciary, ordered to be reported favorably, placed on Senate Executive Calendar. March 6, 1990 – floor action, confirmed by the Senate by voice vote.
- ^ Profile at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a Public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Accessed November 1, 2011.
- ^ Dowd, Maureen. "The Supreme Court; Conservative Black Judge, Clarence Thomas, Is Named to Marshall's Court Seat", New York Times (July 2, 1991).
- ^ Toobin 2007, p. 26.
- ^ a b Hall, Kermit and McGuire, Kevin. The Judicial Branch, p. 155 (Oxford University Press 2006).
- ^ a b Viera, Norman; Gross, Leonard (1998). Supreme Court appointments: Judge Bork and the politicization of Senate Confirmations. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-8093-2204-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=g5eoFhCmFIEC&pg=PA137.
- ^ Foskett, Ken. Judging Thomas, p. 224 (William Morrow 2004).
- ^ Abraham, Henry. Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments From Washington to Bush II, pp. 27-30, 299 (Rowman and Littlefield 2007).
- ^ Yalof, David. Pursuit of Justices: Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees, page 214 (University of Chicago Press, 2001).
- ^ Segal, Jeffrey and Spaeth, Harold. The Supreme Court and the attitudinal model revisited, page 187 (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
- ^ Hall, Kermit and McGuire, Kevin. Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch, page 155 (Oxford University Press, 2006).
- ^ Toobin 2007, pp. 172, 398.
- ^ Tushnet, Mark. A Court Divided, p. 335 (Norton & Company 2005).
- ^ a b c Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-395-63318-2. [page needed]
- ^ Merida, Kevin; Michael Fletcher (2008). Supreme Discomfort: The Divided Soul of Clarence Thomas. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7679-1636-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=-Sx-mz-fNGMC.
- ^ Toobin 2007, p. 30.
- ^ Toobin 2007, pp. 25, 31.
- ^ Toobin 2007, p. 31.
- ^ Woodward, Kenneth (September 23, 1991). "Natural Law, An Elusive Tradition". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/1991/09/22/natural-law-an-elusive-tradition.html. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
- ^ Epstein, Aaron (August 30, 1991). "The Natural Law According To Clarence Thomas". The Seattle Times. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19910830&slug=1302739. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
- ^ Campbell, Linda and Drew, Christopher. "Truth proves elusive in nomination drama", Chicago Tribune (October 15, 1991): "She said she followed Thomas to EEOC in 1982 as an assistant...."
- ^ "The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Senate's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination", The New York Times (1991-10-12):
"Q: Professor Hill, there's a big difference between your articulating your version of events, contrasted with your statement that Judge Thomas sexually harassed you. And in the transcript of your October 7 interview, you responded to a question saying that it was sexual harassment.
"A: In my opinion, based on my reading of the law, yes, it was. But later on, immediately following that response, I noted to the press that I did not raise a claim of sexual harassment in this complaint. It seems to me that the behavior has to be evaluated on its own with regard to the fitness of this individual to act as an Associate Justice. It seems to me that even if it does not rise to the level of sexual harassment, it is behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court." - ^ Braver, Rita. "Inappropriate Conduct", CBS News (1999): “Hill herself did not accuse Thomas of outright harassment, but did say that he had made unwelcome advances toward her and used language that embarrassed her."
- ^ Pollitt, Katha. Subject to Debate: Sense and Dissents on Women, Politics, and Culture, page 161 (2001): "The question Hill's testimony placed before us was not whether Thomas was guilty of a legally actionable offense (she herself was unsure if his behavior added up to sexual harassment) but whether he belonged on the Supreme Court."
- ^ Travis, Carol. "Casting Simple Louts as Lawbreakers", St. Petersburg Times (June 11, 1997): “Although Thomas was never accused of illegal behavior – merely of behavior thought unseemly in a Supreme Court nominee – in the public mind the case conflated obnoxious actions with illegal harassment."
- ^ In particular, the questioning by Senator Specter was intense. See Morrison, Toni. "Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power", p. 55 (Pantheon Books 1992). After the questioning, Specter said that, "the testimony of Professor Hill in the morning was flat out perjury", and that "she specifically changed it in the afternoon when confronted with the possibility of being contradicted." See transcript, p. 230.
- ^ Hudson, David. The Rehnquist Court: Understanding Its Impact and Legacy, p. 50 (2007).
- ^ Hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library, October 11, 1991.
- ^ THE THOMAS NOMINATION; Excerpts From an Interview With Another Thomas Accuser, The New York Times (October 15, 1991).
- ^ "The Thomas Nomination; On the Hearing Schedule: Eight Further Witnesses", The New York Times (October 13, 1991)
- ^ See hearing record from October 13, 1991. Senator Biden wrote to Wright: "I wish to make clear, however, that if you want to testify at the hearing in person, I will honor that request." Wright responded to Biden: "I agree the admission of the transcript of my interview and that of Miss Jourdain's in the record without rebuttal at the hearing represents my position and is completely satisfactory to me."
- ^ Vieira, Norman and Gross, Leonard (1998). Supreme Court appointments: Judge Bork and the politicization of Senate Confirmations, p. 219.
- ^ "United States Senate, Transcript of Proceedings". U.S. Government Printing Office. October 10, 1991. pp. 442–511. http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/senate/judiciary/sh102-1084pt4/442-511.pdf. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
- ^ "The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Judiciary Committee's Interview of Angela Wright". The New York Times. October 4, 1991. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/us/thomas-nomination-excerpts-judiciary-committee-s-interview-angela-wright.html. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ Marcus, Ruth (October 30, 2007). "One Angry Man, Clarence Thomas Is No Victim" Washington Post (opinion column). "If you were young, black, female and reasonably attractive, you knew full well you were being inspected and auditioned as a female."
- ^ Press Release, FAIR's Reply to Limbaugh's Non-Response (10/17/94) Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting.
- ^ "Nomination of Judge Clarence Thomas to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States," Senate Hearing 102–1084, pt. 4, p. 590. (See table of contents for hearing, here.[1] )
- ^ "The Thomas Nomination; Questions to Those Who Corroborated Hill Account", The New York Times (October 21, 1991).
- ^ Hall, Kermit (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, p. 871, Oxford Press, 1992 ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2.
- ^ a b Yorke, Jeffrey. "The Call-in People's Court", Washington Post (October 29, 1991).
- ^ "The Thomas Swearing-In; A Festive Mood at Thomas Swearing-In", The New York Times (October 19, 1991).
- ^ a b Greenhouse, Linda. Thomas Sworn in as 106th Justice", The New York Times (October 24, 1991).
- ^ Toobin 2007, p. 39.
- ^ Fiske, John. Media matters: race and gender in U.S. politics, p. 113 (1998).
- ^ Hill, Anita (1997). Speaking truth to power.
- ^ Vanzo, John (October 12, 2007). "Clarence Thomas". Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2840&pid=s-58. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
- ^ Greenburg 2007, pp. 112–113.
- ^ a b Greenburg 2007, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Greenburg, Jan Crawford (January 28, 2007). "The Truth About Clarence Thomas". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100103123904/http://opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110009590. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Barnes, Robert; Fletcher, Michael A.; Merida, Kevin (September 29, 2007). "Justice Thomas Lashes Out in Memoir". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/28/AR2007092801634.html. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
- ^ Garner, Dwight. "TBR; TBR: Inside the List", New York Times (October 21, 2007).
- ^ a b Gerber, Scott Douglas. First principles: the jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas, pages 30–33 (1999).
- ^ "Major Political Figures", Rasmussen Reports. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
- ^ "National Opinion Survey of 1,000 Likely Voters", Rasmussen Reports. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ Supreme Court Watch, Profile: Justice Clarence Thomas Public Broadcasting Service.
- ^ Cohen, Adam, Editorial Observer (June 3, 2007) New York Times.
- ^ Toobin 2007, p. 99.
- ^ Lazarus, Edward. "BOOK REVIEW – It seems Justice Thomas is still seeking confirmation – My Grandfather's Son A Memoir Clarence Thomas", Los Angeles Times (October 1, 2007).
- ^ Marshall, Thomas. Public Opinion and the Rehnquist Court, page 79 (SUNY Press, 2008).
- ^ Von Drehle, David. "Executive Branch Reined In", Washington Post (June 29, 2004).
- ^ West, Paul. A president under siege throws down the gauntlet", Hartford Courant (November 1, 2005).
- ^ "Jeffrey Toobin Profiles 'The Nine' Inside the Robes", NPR (September 19, 2007).
- ^ Mencimer, Stephanie. "Does Scalia Think Clarence Thomas is a Nutter?" Mother Jones (September 28, 2007).
- ^ a b Marzulla, Nancie. "The Textualism of Clarence Thomas: Anchoring the Supreme Court's Property Rights Jurisprudence to the Constitution", Journal of Gender, Social Policy & The Law (2002).
- ^ a b c "Nine Justices, Ten Years: A Statistical Retrospective", Harvard Law Review, volume 118, page 510, 519 (2004).
- ^ Baude, Will. Brothers in Law, The New Republic Online, (June 30, 2004): "Justices Souter and Ginsburg were in complete agreement in 85 percent of the Court's decisions. Chief Justice Rehnquist agreed with Justice O'Connor in 79 percent and Justice Kennedy in 77 percent. Justices Stevens and Souter agreed 77 percent of the time; so did Justices Ginsburg and Breyer. Thomas and Scalia agreed in only 73 percent of the cases. Thomas regularly breaks with Scalia, disagreeing on points of doctrine, finding a more measured and judicial tone, and calling for the elimination of bad law. Unless he is simply a very bad yes-man, Clarence Thomas is a more independent voice than most people give him credit for."
- ^ Greenhouse, Linda. "In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court, Moved Right", The New York Times, July 1, 2007.
- ^ "EAST-#7825019-v1-OT06_Non-Unan_Agreement.XLS". http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/NonUnanAgreementOT06.pdf. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
- ^ "EAST-#7824858-v1-OT06_Agreement_2.XLS". http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/AgreementFinalOT06.pdf. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
- ^ Greenburg 2007, p. 166.
- ^ Mark Tushnet, A Court Divided 85-6 (2006); Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine 119 (2008).
- ^ "The Statistics", Harvard Law Review, volume 121, page 439 (2007).
- ^ "The Statistics", Harvard Law Review, volume 120, page 372 (2006).
- ^ "The Statistics", Harvard Law Review, volume 119, page 415 (2005).
- ^ Gerhardt, Michael. The Power of Precedent, page 188 (Oxford University Press 2008): Thomas "does not, at least statistically, urge more than three overrulings per term, thus indicating his willingness to leave a fairly broad spectrum of constitutional decisions intact".
- ^ Barrett, Amy. "Statutory Stare Decisis in the Courts of Appeals", George Washington Law Review (2005).
- ^ "A Big Question About Clarence Thomas", The Washington Post, October 14, 2004. Accessed May 7, 2007.
- ^ a b Gerhardt, Michael. The Power of Precedent, pages 249 (ranked eleventh for overturning precedent) and 12 (most frequently urged overturning) (Oxford University Press 2008).
- ^ Ringel, Jonathan. "The Bombshell in the Clarence Thomas Biography", Daily Report bvia Law.com (August 5, 2004). Scalia also said that Thomas "doesn't believe in stare decisis, period."
- ^ a b Toobin 2007, p. 120.
- ^ E.g., Seminole Tribe v. Florida 517 U.S. 44 (1996). Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ United Haulers Assn. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth. 550 U.S. 330 (2007). Full text opinion courtesy of Cornell University
- ^ United States v. Lopez 514 U.S. 549 (1995). Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ a b Toobin 2007, p. 100.
- ^ Dorf, Michael. "What California's Trans Fat Ban Teaches Us About Federalism", Findlaw's Writ (July 29, 2008): "Proponents of broad national power like myself do not say that the Court should update the Constitution to keep it in tune with the times. Rather, we argue —- or at least some of us argue —- that the growth of a national, indeed, global, economy, means that activities that might have been carried out in relatively discrete local markets in 1789 are now undoubtedly part of interstate and international commerce."
- ^ a b Joondeph, Bradley "Federalism, the Rehnquist Court, and the Modern Republican Party", Oregon Law Review, Volume 87 (2008): "Most scholars agree that federalism was central to the Rehnquist Court's constitutional agenda."
- ^ Althouse, Ann. "Why Talking About States' Rights Cannot Avoid the Need for Normative Federalism Analysis: A Response to Professors Baker and Young", Duke Law Journal, Volume 51, page 363 (2001).
- ^ a b Greenburg 2007, p. 117.
- ^ a b Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71 (1992). Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ "08-1224 United States v. Comstock (05/17/2010)" (PDF). Supremecourt.gov. http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-1224.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Ost, Harriet. "U.S. Supreme Court: Chicago's gun ban struck down", United Press International (June 28, 2010).
- ^ McDonald v. Chicago slip opinion from the U.S. Supreme Court
- ^ Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004). Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006).
- ^ Volokh, Eugene. "How the Justices Voted in Free Speech Cases, 1994–2000" (Updated), 48 UCLA L. Rev. 1191 (2001).
- ^ Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393 (2007). Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ American Civil Liberties Union v. Ashcroft, 535 U.S. 564 (2002), full text courtesy of Findlaw.
- ^ 514 U.S. 334 Full text of the opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32 (2000). Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ a b c Safford Unified School District v. Redding, 557 U. S. __ (2009). Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ "Court Says Strip Search of Ariz. Teenager Illegal", Associated Press via NPR (June 25, 2009).
- ^ a b c Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647 (1992). Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ Greenburg 2007, p. 123.
- ^ a b c Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1 (1992).
- ^ Greenburg 2007, p. 119.
- ^ a b Garrow, David (October 25, 2004), "Saving Thomas", The New Republic
- ^ United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998).
- ^ a b Yoo, John, Opinion (October 9, 2007) The Real Clarence Thomas Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b c Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, 542 U.S. 1 (2004). Thomas wrote: "It may well be the case that anything that would violate the incorporated Establishment Clause would actually violate the Free Exercise Clause, further calling into doubt the utility of incorporating the Establishment Clause."
- ^ Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709 (2005). Thomas wrote: "I note, however, that a state law that would violate the incorporated Establishment Clause might also violate the Free Exercise Clause."
- ^ Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200 (1995).
- ^ Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003).
- ^ a b Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 551 U.S. 701 (2007).
- ^ Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).
- ^ Thomas concurring opinion, Missouri v Jenkins
- ^ a b c Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992).
- ^ Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000).
- ^ a b c Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007).
- ^ Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 605 (2003).
- ^ "Romer v. Evans". The Oyez Project. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1995/1995_94_1039. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
- ^ "Activism Is in the Eye of the Ideologist" (Editorial), New York Times (September 11, 2006).
- ^ Opinion of Thomas, J. NORTHWEST AUSTIN MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT NUMBER ONE v. ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., ATTORNEY GENERAL (June 22, 2009) Full text courtesy of Cornell University Law School.
- ^ a b Liptak, Adam "No Argument: Thomas Keeps 5-Year Silence", The New York Times, February 12, 2011, accessed February 13, 2011
- ^ "Justice Clarence Thomas". The New York Times. December 14, 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/14/politics/14TWOR.html?ex=1190952000&en=24434907b359c2fd&ei=5070. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
- ^ Bedard, Paul (November 29, 2007). "This Is Not Perry Mason". Washington Whispers. U.S. News & World Report.
- ^ Patterson, Orlando (June 17, 2007), "Thomas Agonistes", The New York Times, p. 2 retrieved April 28, 2010
- ^ Porter, Amber "Six Years of Silence for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas", ABC News, March 27, 2012, accessed April 2, 2012
- ^ Garrow, David (October 6, 1996). "The Rehnquist Reins". New York Times Magazine.
- ^ a b Toobin 2007, pp. 106–107.
- ^ Merida, Kevin; Fletcher, Michael A. (April 22, 2007). "Justice Thomas's Life A Tangle of Poverty, Privilege and Race". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/21/AR2007042101475.html. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
- ^ Toobin 2007, pp. 111–112.
- ^ "Justice Thomas marches to own tune", USA Today, Associated Press, September 3, 2001.
- ^ Foskett 2004, p. 303.
- ^ Hennessey, Kathleen (March 14, 2010). "Justice's wife launches 'tea party' group". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-na-thomas14-2010mar14,0,6505384.story. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
- ^ Vogel, Kenneth; Cogan, Marin; Bresnahan, John (February 4, 2011). "Justice Thomas's wife Virginia Thomas now a lobbyist". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0211/48812.html. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
- ^ Lichtblau, Eric (February 4, 2011). "Justice Thomas's Wife Sets Up a Conservative Lobbying Shop". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/05/us/politics/05thomas.html. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
- ^ Olson, Carl (October 1, 2007). "Did Clarence Thomas just say he's not Catholic?". Insight Scoop: The Ignatius Press Blog. http://insightscoop.typepad.com/2004/2007/10/did-clarence-th.html. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ "Religious affiliation of Supreme Court justices" Justice Sherman Minton converted to Catholicism after his retirement. James F. Byrnes was raised as a Catholic, but converted to Episcopalianism before his confirmation as a Supreme Court Justice.
- ^ Toobin 2007, p. 103.
- ^ Toobin 2007, p. 103–104.
- ^ Barone, Michael (July 12, 2009). "Clarence Thomas: The courage of his convictions". The Washington Examiner. http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/politics/Clarence-Thomas-Justice-for-All-50577732.html. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
- ^ Geiger, Kim (January 22, 2011). "Clarence Thomas failed to report wife's income, watchdog says". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-thomas-disclosure-20110122,0,2413407.story. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
- ^ Lichtblau, Eric (January 24, 2011). "Thomas Cites Failure to Disclose Wife’s Job". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/us/politics/25thomas.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ Camia, Catalina (January 24, 2011). "Clarence Thomas fixes reports to include wife's pay". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2011/01/clarence-thomas-supreme-court-financial-report-/1. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
References[link]
- Foskett, Ken (2004). Judging Thomas: The Life and Times of Clarence Thomas. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-052721-1.
- Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007). Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-59420-101-1.
- Toobin, Jeffrey (2007). The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-51640-2.
Further reading[link]
- Abraham, Henry J. (2007). Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II (5th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-5895-3.
- Brooks, Roy L. (2008). Structures of Judicial Decision Making from Legal Formalism to Critical Theory (2nd ed.). Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-59460-123-1.
- Carp, Dylan (September 1998). "Out of Scalia's Shadow". Liberty. Archived from the original on February 13, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060213182727/http://www.libertysoft.com/liberty/features/67carp.html.
- Cushman, Clare, ed. (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789–1995 (2nd ed.). Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 978-1-56802-126-3.
- Foskett, Ken (2004). Judging Thomas: The Life and Times of Clarence Thomas. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-052721-1.
- Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L.. eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-1377-9.
- Gerber, Scott D (1999). First Principles: The Jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3099-7.
- Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007). Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court. Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-1-59420-101-1.
- Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2.
- Holzer, Henry Mark (2006). Supreme Court Opinions of Clarence Thomas 1991–2006: A Conservative's Perspective. Madison Press. ISBN 978-1-59113-911-9.
- Lazarus, Edward (January 6, 2005). "Will Clarence Thomas Be the Court's Next Chief Justice?". FindLaw. http://writ.news.findlaw.com/lazarus/20050106.html. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-452-27499-0.
- Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 978-0-87187-554-9.
- Onwuachi-Willig, Angela (January 2005). "Just Another Brother on the SCT?: What Justice Clarence Thomas Teaches Us About the Influence of Racial Identity". Iowa Law Review (University of Iowa College of Law) 90: 931. . Available online at SSRN 638281
- Presser, Stephen B. (January, February 2005). "Touting Thomas: The Truth about America's Most Maligned Justice". Legal Affairs. http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/January-February-2005/review_presser_janfeb05.msp. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- Thomas, Andrew Peyton (2001). Clarence Thomas: A Biography. Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1-893554-36-8.
- Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153-1176-8.
- Woodward, Robert; Armstrong, Scott (1979). The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-24110-0.
External links[link]
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
| Find more about Clarence Thomas on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
- Supreme Court official site with biographies
- Profile at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
- Legal resources at the Law Library of Congress
- Biography and writings at the Legal Information Institute
- Profile at the Oyez Project
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Profile at the Internet Movie Database
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Clarence Thomas in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Profile at Notable Names Database
- C-SPAN Q&A interview with Thomas, October 7, 2007
- About.com Quinn, Justin, A Profile of Clarence Thomas at About.com U.S. Conservative Politics
- Clarence Thomas at the 2007 Annual National Lawyers Convention – November 2007.
- Cornell Law School Biography of Clarence Thomas.
- Michael Ariens, Clarence Thomas.
- Outline of the Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas Controversy
- Overview of Personal Memoir
- Oyez, Official Supreme Court media, Clarence Thomas biography.
- How to Read the Constitution Excerpt from Thomas's Walter B. Wriston Lecture to the Manhattan Institute in October 2008
- Transcripts of Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court
- Washington Post article about Thomas
- New Yorker Magazine: "Partners: Will Clarence and Virginia Thomas succeed in killing Obama’s health-care plan?" by Jeffrey Toobin - August 29, 2011
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Eleanor Holmes Norton |
Chairperson of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1982–1990 |
Succeeded by Evan Kemp |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by Robert Bork |
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 1990–1991 |
Succeeded by Judith Rogers |
| Preceded by Thurgood Marshall |
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1991–present |
Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Anthony Kennedy as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court |
Order of Precedence of the United States as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court |
Succeeded by Ruth Bader Ginsburg as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Thomas, Clarence |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American jurist and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |
| Date of birth | June 23, 1948 |
| Place of birth | Pin Point, Georgia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is about the radio personality. For the attorney, see Howard K. Stern.
| Howard Stern | |
|---|---|
 Stern at WXRK in New York City, 2000 |
|
| Born | Howard Allan Stern (1954-01-12) January 12, 1954 (age 58) Jackson Heights, New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Radio personality, television host, author, actor, photographer |
| Years active | 1975–present |
| Political party | Libertarian during 1994 Governor of New York campaign |
| Spouse | Alison Berns (1978–2001; div.) Beth Ostrosky Stern (2008–present) |
| Website | |
| www.howardstern.com | |
Howard Allan Stern (born January 12, 1954) is an American radio personality, television host, author, actor and photographer best known for his radio show which was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2005. He gained wide recognition in the 1990s where he was labeled a "shock jock" for his outspoken and sometimes controversial style. Stern has been exclusive to Sirius XM Radio, a subscription-based satellite radio service, since 2006. The son of a former recording and radio engineer, Stern wished to pursue a career in radio at the age of five. While at Boston University he worked at the campus station WTBU before a brief stint at WNTN in Newton, Massachusetts.
He developed his on-air personality when he landed positions at WRNW in Briarcliff Manor, WCCC in Hartford and WWWW in Detroit. In 1981, he was paired with his current newscaster and co-host Robin Quivers at WWDC in Washington, D.C. Stern then moved to WNBC in New York City in 1982 to host afternoons until his firing in 1985. He re-emerged on WXRK that year, and became one of the most popular radio personalities during his 20-year tenure at the station. Stern's show is the most-fined radio program, after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued fines to station licensees for allegedly indecent material that totaled $2.5 million. Stern has won Billboard's Nationally Syndicated Air Personality of the Year award eight times, and is one of the highest-paid figures in radio.[1]
Stern describes himself as the King of All Media for his ventures outside radio. Since 1987, he has hosted numerous late night television shows, pay-per-view events and home video releases. He embarked on a five-month political campaign for Governor of New York in 1994. His two books, Private Parts (1993) and Miss America (1995), spent 20 and 16 weeks respectively on The New York Times Best Seller list. The former was adapted into Private Parts (1997), a biographical comedy film that starred Stern and his radio show staff that earned $41.2 million in domestic revenue. Stern performs on its soundtrack which topped the Billboard 200 chart.
Contents
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Early life and education[link]
Stern was born on January 12, 1954 into a Jewish family who lived in Jackson Heights, Queens in New York City.[2][3] His parents Ben and Ray (née Schiffman) are children of Austro-Hungarian immigrants, and his sister Ellen is four years older than he.[2] The family moved to the hamlet of Roosevelt on Long Island in 1955,[4] where Stern developed an interest in radio at five years of age.[5] While Ray was a homemaker and later an inhalation therapist,[6][7] Ben was a co-owner of Aura Recording, Inc., a recording studio in Manhattan where cartoons and commercials were produced.[8] When he made occasional visits with his father, Stern witnessed actors Wally Cox, Don Adams and Larry Storch voice his favorite cartoon characters,[9][10] which influenced him to later talk on the air rather than play records.[11] Ben was also an engineer at WHOM, a radio station in Manhattan.[8] On completion of sixth grade, Stern left Washington-Rose Elementary School for Roosevelt Junior-Senior High School.[12] In June 1969, the family moved to nearby Rockville Centre and Stern transferred to South Side High School.[13]
Stern spent the first two of four years at Boston University in the College of Basic Studies.[14] In 1973, he started to work at WTBU, the campus radio station where he spun records, read the news, and hosted interviews.[14] He also hosted a comedy program with three fellow students called The King Schmaltz Bagel Hour.[15] Stern gained admission to the School of Public Communications in 1974[16] and earned a diploma in July 1975 at the Radio Engineering Institute of Electronics in Fredericksburg, Virginia which allowed him to apply for a first class FCC radio-telephone license.[17][18] With the license, Stern made his professional debut at WNTN in Newton, Massachusetts, performing airshift, newscasting and production duties between August and December 1975.[19] He graduated magna cum laude from Boston University in May 1976 with a degree in Communications[3][14] and now funds a scholarship at the university.[20]
Career[link]
See also: The Howard Stern Show, Howard Stern television shows, and Howard Stern videography and discography
Early professional radio career (1976–1981)[link]
After his graduation in 1976, Stern declined an offer to work evenings at WRNW, a progressive rock station in Briarcliff Manor, Westchester County, New York.[21] He was unsure of his talent, and questioned his future in the professional industry. Stern took creative and media planning roles at Benton & Bowles, a New York advertising agency, followed by a job in selling radio time to advertisers.[22] He realized the mistake of declining on-air work and contacted WRNW a second time where he agreed to work covering shifts over the Christmas holiday period.[19][23] Stern was hired full time in 1977 and worked a four-hour midday shift, six days per week a $96 weekly salary.[17] He subsequently worked as the station's production and program director for an increased salary of $250.[19][24]
In 1979, Stern spotted an advertisement for a "wild, fun morning guy" at rock station WCCC in Hartford, Connecticut.[25] He submitted a more outrageous audition tape with Robert Klein and Cheech and Chong records mixed with flatulence routines and one-liners.[26] Stern was hired with no change in salary with a more intense schedule. After four hours on the air he voiced and produced commercials for another four. On Saturdays, following a six-hour show, he did production work for the next three. As the station's public affairs director he also hosted a Sunday morning talk show which he favoured.[27] In the summer of the 1979 energy crisis, Stern held a two-day boycott of Shell Oil Company which attracted media attention.[28] Stern left WCCC a year later after he was declined a pay increase.[29] Fred Norris, the overnight disc jockey, has been Stern's producer and writer since 1981.[30]
Management at rock outlet WWWW in Detroit, Michigan praised Stern's audition tape in their search for a new morning man.[31] Stern was hired for the job which he started on April 21, 1980.[13] He learned to become more open on the air and "decided to cut down the barriers...strip down all the ego...and be totally honest", he later told Newsday.[32] His efforts earned him a Billboard award for "Album-Oriented Rock Personality of the Year For a Major Market" and the Drake-Chenault "Top Five Talent Search" title.[33][34] The station however, ran into problems after Stern's quarterly Arbitron ratings had decreased while it struggled to compete with its stronger rock competitors. In January 1981, WWWW switched to a country music format much to Stern's dislike, who left the station soon after.[35] He received offers to work at WXRT in Chicago and CHUM in Toronto, but did not take them.[34][36]
Washington and WNBC New York (1981–1985)[link]
Stern moved to Washington, D.C. to host mornings at rock station WWDC on March 2, 1981.[37][38] He wanted to develop his show further, and looked for a co-worker with a sense of humor to riff with on news and current events.[39] The station paired Stern with Robin Quivers, a newscaster and consumer affairs reporter from WFBR in Baltimore.[40] Though he felt restricted and controlled by management who enforced a strict format, Stern had the second highest rated morning radio program in January 1982.[41][42] Impressed with his ratings success, NBC approached Stern with an offer to work afternoons at WNBC in New York City. After Stern signed a five-year contract worth $1 million in March,[43] his relationship with WWDC management worsened,[44] and his contract with the station was terminated on June 25. He had more than tripled the station's morning ratings during his stay.[45] In its July issue The Washingtonian named Stern the area's best disc jockey.[46] Stern released 50 Ways to Rank Your Mother, a comedy album of his radio bits. The record was re-released as Unclean Beaver in November 1994.[47]
On April 2, 1982, a news report by Douglas Kiker on raunch radio featuring Stern aired on NBC Magazine.[48] The piece stimulated discussion among NBC management to withdraw Stern's contract. When he began his afternoon program in September,[49] management closely monitored Stern, telling him to avoid talk of a sexual and religious nature.[50] In his first month, Stern was suspended for several days for "Virgin Mary Kong", a segment featuring a video game where a group of men pursued the Virgin Mary around a singles bar in Jerusalem.[48] An attorney was hired to man a "dump button", and cut Stern off the microphone should potentially offensive areas be discussed. This became the task of program director Kevin Metheny, who Stern nicknamed "Pig Virus".[48] On May 21, 1984, Stern made his first appearance on Late Night with David Letterman, launching him into the national spotlight.[13] A year later he claimed the highest ratings at WNBC in four years with a 5.7% market share.[51]
On September 30, 1985, Stern and Quivers were fired for what management termed "conceptual differences" regarding the show.[52] "Over the course of time, we made a very conscious effort to make Stern aware that certain elements of the program should be changed...I don't think it's appropriate to say what those specifics were",[53] said program director John Hayes, who Stern nicknamed "The Incubus". In 1992, Stern believed Thornton Bradshaw, chairman of WNBC's owner RCA, heard his "Bestiality Dial-a-Date" segment and ordered his firing.[50] Stern and Quivers kept in touch with their audience throughout October and November where they toured club venues with a stage show.[52]
K-Rock, early television endeavors and Fartman (1985–1992)[link]
Stern signed a contract with Infinity Broadcasting worth around $500,000[54] and returned to afternoons on its New York rock station WXRK on November 18, 1985.[52] The show moved to mornings on February 18, 1986 and entered national syndication on August 18 when WYSP in Philadelphia first simulcast the program.[52] In October 1992, Stern became the first to have the number one morning radio show in New York and Los Angeles simultaneously.[55] In the New York market The Howard Stern Show was the highest-rated morning program for seven consecutive years between 1994 and 2001.[56] In 1994, Billboard magazine added the "Nationally Syndicated Air Personality of the Year" category to its annual radio awards based on entertainment value, creativity and ratings success.[57] Stern was awarded the title from 1994 to 2002.[58][59]
In May 1987, Stern recorded five television pilots for Fox when the network planned to replace The Late Show hosted by Joan Rivers.[60] The series was never picked up; one executive having described the show as "poorly produced", "in poor taste" and "boring".[61] Stern hosted his first pay-per-view event on February 27, 1988 named Howard Stern's Negligeé and Underpants Party.[52] Over 60,000 homes purchased the two-hour special that grossed $1.2 million.[62] On September 7, 1989, over 16,000 fans packed out Nassau Coliseum for Howard Stern's U.S. Open Sores, a live event that featured a tennis match between Stern and his radio show producer, Gary Dell'Abate.[52] Both events were released for home video. From 1990 to 1992, Stern was the host of The Howard Stern Show, a Saturday night program on WWOR-TV. The series ran for 69 episodes to 65 markets nationwide.[63] In February 1991, Stern released Crucified by the FCC, a collection of censored radio segments following the first fine issued to Infinity by the FCC over alleged indecency.[64] He released a third video tape, Butt Bongo Fiesta, in October 1992 that sold 260,000 copies for a gross of over $10 million.[64][65] He returned to Saturday night television that November with The Howard Stern "Interview", a one-on-one celebrity interview series on E!.[citation needed]
Stern appeared at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards as Fartman, a fictional superhero that first appeared in the National Lampoon humor magazine series. According to the trademark he filed for the character that October, he first used Fartman in July 1981.[66] Stern rejected multiple scripts for a proposed summer 1993 release of The Adventures of Fartman until a verbal agreement was reached with New Line Cinema.[67] Screenwriter J. F. Lawton had prepared a script before relations soured over the film's rating, content and merchandising rights and the project was abandoned.[68][69]
[edit] Private Parts, E! show and run for Governor (1993–1994)
In 1993, Stern signed a $1 million advance contract with Simon & Schuster to publish his first book.[70] Co-authored with Larry Sloman and edited by Judith Regan, the release of Private Parts on October 7 saw its first printing of 225,000 copies being sold within hours of going on sale. It became the fastest-selling title in the history of Schuster after five days.[71] In its eighth printing two weeks later, over one million copies had been distributed.[65][70] Stern embarked on a book signing tour that attracted an estimated 10,000 fans at a Barnes & Noble store on Fifth Avenue in New York.[70] In its first run, Private Parts spent 20 weeks on The New York Times Best-Seller list.[72] Stern has written forewords for Steal This Dream (1998), a biography of Abbie Hoffman, Disgustingly Dirty Joke Book (1998) by Jackie Martling, Too Fat to Fish (2008) by Artie Lange, and Dear Mrs. Fitzsimmons: Tales of Redemption from an Irish Mailbox (2010) by Greg Fitzsimmons.
Stern hosted his second pay-per-view event, The Miss Howard Stern New Year's Eve Pageant, on December 31, 1993. It broke the subscriber record for a non-sports event previously held by a New Kids on the Block concert in 1990.[65] Around 400,000 households purchased the event that grossed an estimated $16 million.[73] Stern released the program on VHS in early 1994 as Howard Stern's New Year's Rotten Eve 1994. Between his book royalties and pay-per-view profits, Stern's earnings in the latter months of 1993 totalled around $7.5 million.[74] In its 20th anniversary issue in 1993, Radio & Records named Stern the most influential air personality of the past two decades.[75]
On March 21, 1994, Stern announced his candidacy for Governor of New York under the Libertarian Party ticket, challenging Mario Cuomo for re-election.[76] He planned to reinstate the death penalty, stagger highway tolls to improve traffic flow, and limit road work to night hours.[77] At the party's nomination convention in Albany on April 23, Stern won the required two-thirds majority on the first ballot, receiving 287 of the 381 votes cast (75.33%). James Ostrowski finished second with 34 votes (8.92%).[78] To place his name on the November ballot, Stern was obliged to state his home address and to complete a financial disclosure form under the Ethics in Government Act of 1987. After declining to disclose his financial information, Stern was denied an injunction on August 2.[79] He withdrew his candidacy two days later. Cuomo was defeated in the gubernatorial election on November 8 by George Pataki, who Stern backed. Pataki signed "The Howard Stern Bill" that limited construction on state roads to night hours in New York and Long Island, in 1995.[80]
In June 1994, robotic cameras were installed at WXRK studios to film The Howard Stern Show for a condensed half-hour show on E!.[81] Howard Stern ran for 11 years until the last taped episode aired on July 8, 2005.[82] In conjunction with his move to satellite radio, Stern launched Howard Stern on Demand, a subscription video-on-demand service, on November 18.[83] The service was relaunched as Howard TV on March 16, 2006.[84]
[edit] Miss America and Private Parts film (1995–1997)
On April 3, 1995, three days after the shooting of singer Selena, Stern's comments regarding her death and Mexican Americans caused an uproar in the Hispanic community. He criticized her music and gunfire sound effects were played over her songs. "This music does absolutely nothing for me. Alvin and the Chipmunks have more soul...Spanish people have the worst taste in music. They have no depth".[85] On April 6, Stern responded with a statement in Spanish, stressing his comments were made in satire and not intended to hurt those who loved her.[86] A day later, Justice of the Peace Eloy Cano of Harlingen, Texas issued an arrest warrant on Stern for disorderly conduct.[87]
In 1995, Stern signed a deal with ReganBooks worth $3 million to write his second book, Miss America.[88] He wrote about his cybersex experiences on the Prodigy service, a private meeting with Michael Jackson, and his suffering with obsessive-compulsive disorder.[89] Released on November 7, the book sold 33,000 copies at Barnes & Noble stores on the same day which set a new one-day record.[90] Publishers Weekly reported over 1.39 million copies were sold by the year's end and ranked it the third best-selling book of 1995.[91] Miss America spent a total of 16 weeks on The New York Times best-seller list.[72]
Production for a film adaptation of Private Parts began in May 1996 with all shooting complete in four months.[92] Its premiere was held at The Theatre at Madison Square Garden on February 27, 1997, where Stern performed "The Great American Nightmare" with Rob Zombie.[93] Making its general release on March 7, Private Parts topped the box office sales in its opening weekend with a gross of $14.6 million, and went on to earn a total of $41.2 million in domestic gross revenue.[94] The film holds a "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a website that aggregates film reviews. 79% of critics gave Private Parts a positive review based on a sample of 48 reviews, with an average score of 6.6 out of 10.[95] For his performance, Stern won a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for "Favorite Male Newcomer" and was nominated for a Golden Satellite Award for "Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture (Comedy)" and a Golden Raspberry Award for "Worst New Star".[citation needed] The soundtrack to Private Parts sold 178,000 copies in its first week of release, topping the Billboard 200 chart.[96]
Stern filed a $1.5 million lawsuit against Ministry of Film Inc. in October 1997, claiming it recruited him for a film titled Jane starring Melanie Griffith while knowing it had insufficient funds. Stern, who was unpaid when production ceased, accused the studio of breach of contract, fraud and negligent representation.[97] A settlement was reached in 1999 with Stern receiving $50,000.[98]
Return to Saturday night television and productions (1998–2004)[link]
In August 1998, Stern returned to Saturday night television with The Howard Stern Radio Show.[99] Broadcast across the country on CBS affiliates, it featured radio show highlights along with material unseen in his nightly E! show. The show competed for ratings with comedy shows Saturday Night Live on NBC and MADtv on Fox. Concerned with its risqué content, affiliates began to leave the show after two episodes.[100] Making its launch on 79 stations on August 22, 1998, this number was reduced to 55 by June 1999.[101] A total of 84 episodes were broadcast.[citation needed] The final re-run aired on November 17, 2001, to around 30 markets.[102][103]
In 1994, Stern launched the Howard Stern Production Company for original and joint production and development ventures. He intended to make a film adaptation of Brother Sam, the biography of the late comedian Sam Kinison.[104] In September 1999, UPN announced the production of Doomsday, an animated science-fiction comedy series executively produced by Stern.[105] Originally set for a 2000 release, Stern starred as Orinthal, a family dog.[106] The project was eventually abandoned. From 2000 to 2002, Stern was the executive producer of Son of the Beach, a sitcom which ran for three seasons on FX. In late 2001, Howard Stern Productions was reportedly developing a new sitcom titled Kane.[107] The pilot episode was never filmed. In 2002, Stern acquired the rights to comedy films Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979) and Porky's (1982). He filed a $100 million lawsuit in March 2003 against ABC and the producers of Are You Hot?, claiming the series was based on his radio segment called "The Evaluators". A settlement was reached on August 7.[108]
Stern announced in early 2004 of talks with ABC to host a prime time interview special, which never materialized. In August 2004, cable channel Spike picked up 13 episodes of Howard Stern: The High School Years, a second animated series Stern was to executive produce.[109] On November 14, 2005, Stern announced the completion of episode scripts and 30 seconds of test animations.[110] Stern eventually gave the project up. In 2007, he explained the episodes could have been produced "on the cheap" at $300,000 each, though the quality he demanded would have cost over $1 million.[111] Actor Michael Cera was cast as the lead voice.[112]
[edit] Satellite radio and America's Got Talent (2004–present)
On October 6, 2004, Stern announced the signing of a five-year contract with Sirius Satellite Radio, a medium free from FCC regulations, that started in January 2006.[113] His decision to leave terrestrial radio occurred in the aftermath of the controversy surrounding the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show in February that caused a crackdown on perceived indecency in broadcasting. The incident prompted tighter control over content by station owners and managers to which Stern felt "dead inside" creatively.[114] Stern hosted his final broadcast on terrestrial airwaves on December 16, 2005.[115] During his 20 years at WXRK his show had syndicated in 60 markets[116][117] across the United States and Canada and gained a peak audience of 20 million listeners.[118][119][120]
With an annual budget of $100 million for all production, staff and programming costs, Stern launched two channels on Sirius in 2005 named Howard 100 and Howard 101. He assembled the Howard 100 News team that covered stories about his show and those associated with it, and a new dedicated studio was constructed at Sirius' headquarters in New York.[121] On January 9, 2006, the day of his first broadcast, Stern and his agent received 34.3 million shares of stock from the company worth $218 million for exceeding subscriber targets set in 2004.[122] A second stock incentive was paid in 2007, with Stern receiving 22 million shares worth $82.9 million.[123]
On February 28, 2006, CBS Radio (formerly Infinity Broadcasting) filed a lawsuit against Stern, his agent and Sirius. The suit claimed Stern had misused CBS broadcast time to promote Sirius for unjust enrichment during the last 14 months of his terrestrial radio contract.[124][125] In a press conference held hours before the suit was filed, Stern said it was nothing more than a "personal vendetta" against him by CBS president Leslie Moonves.[126] A settlement was reached on May 25, with Sirius paying $2 million to CBS for control of Stern's 20-year broadcast archives.[127] In the same month, Time magazine included Stern in its Time 100 list.[128] He also ranked seventh in Forbes' Celebrity 100 list in June 2006,[129] and reappeared in 2011 at number 26.[130]
Stern signed a new contract with Sirius to continue his show for five more years in December 2010.[131] Following the agreement, Stern and his agent filed a lawsuit against Sirius on March 22, 2011, for allegedly failing to pay stock bonuses promised to them from the past four years while helping the company exceed subscriber growth targets. Sirius said it was "surprised and disappointed" by the suit.[132] On April 17, 2012, New York Judge Barbara Kapnick "granted a SiriusXM motion for summary judgment, dismissing the lawsuit."[133]
In May, Stern announced that he would be broadcasting on a reduced schedule, alternating between three-day and four-day working weeks.[134] On December 15, 2011, Stern announced that he will replace Piers Morgan as a judge for the seventh season of America's Got Talent. Filming will take place in Newark, New Jersey at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center and began in February 2012.[135]
FCC fines[link]
Main article: FCC fines of The Howard Stern Show
From 1990 to 2004, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has fined owners of radio stations that carried The Howard Stern Show a total of $3.2 million for indecent programming.[136]
Personal life[link]
Stern married his first wife, Alison (née Berns),[137] on June 4, 1978 at Temple Ohabei Shalom in Brookline, Massachusetts.[138] They have three daughters: Emily Beth (b. 1983), Debra Jennifer (b. 1986) and Ashley Jade (b. 1993).[139] On October 22, 1999, Stern announced their decision to separate.[140] The marriage ended in 2001 with an amicable divorce and settlement.[137] In 2000, Stern began to date model Beth Ostrosky Stern, co-host of Casino Cinema from 2004 to 2007.[citation needed] She also frequently appeared in the American edition of FHM.[141] On February 14, 2007 Stern announced their engagement.[137] They married on October 3, 2008, at Le Cirque restaurant in New York City.[142]
While attending Boston University, Stern developed an interest in Transcendental Meditation, which he practices to this day.[143] He credits it with aiding him in quitting smoking and achieving his goals in radio.[144] Stern interviewed the late Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the technique, twice.[citation needed] Stern also plays on the Internet Chess Club, and has taken lessons from chess master Dan Heisman, although he has recently claimed to have quit playing. Howard's latest passion is photography, where he does private shoots for friends and secured his first paid 'gig' shooting a layout for Hamptons magazine in July 2011.[145][146] Stern has also shot photographs for WHIRL magazine and the North Shore Animal League.[147][148] Stern is frequently listed among the most influential contemporary Americans. In 2011, he was rated Forbes Magazines' 49th Most Powerful Celebrity.[149]
Filmography[link]
Main articles: Howard Stern videography and discography and Howard Stern television shows
Films[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | Ryder, P.I. | Ben Ben Wah - T.V. Commentator | |
| 1997 | Private Parts | Himself | Blockbuster Entertainment Award for "Favourite Male Newcomer" (1998)[citation needed]
|
Home video releases[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1988 | Howard Stern's Negligeé and Underpants Party | Himself/Host | |
| 1989 | Howard Stern's U.S. Open Sores | ||
| 1992 | Butt Bongo Fiesta | ||
| 1994 | Howard Stern's New Year's Rotten Eve 1994 |
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | Petey Greene's Washington | Himself | |
| 1987 | Nightlife | Himself | |
| 1984–1993 | Late Night with David Letterman | Himself | Multiple appearances |
| 1987 | The Howard Stern Show | Himself - Host | Series of 5 pilot episodes that never aired |
| 1988 | The New Hollywood Squares | Announcer - Guest | |
| 1990–1992 | The Howard Stern Show | Himself - Host | |
| 1992 | 1992 MTV Video Music Awards | Fartman | |
| 1992–1993 | The Howard Stern "Interview" | Himself - Host | |
| 1993 | The Larry Sanders Show | Himself | Season 2, episode 18 |
| 1993 | The Jon Stewart Show | Himself | Season 1, episode 1 |
| 1994–2005 | Howard Stern | Himself - Host | |
| 1997 | Saturday Night Live | Himself | Season 22, episode 14 |
| 1998 | The Magic Hour | Himself | |
| 1998 | The Roseanne Show | Himself | Season 1, episode 54 |
| 1998–2001 | The Howard Stern Radio Show | Himself - Host | |
| 2001 | The Concert for New York City | Himself | |
| 2004 | Extra | Himself | |
| 2005–present | Howard Stern On Demand | Himself - Host | Known as Howard TV since March 2006 |
| 2011 | Piers Morgan Tonight | Himself - Guest | Episode 2 |
| 2011 | The Daily Show with Jon Stewart | Himself - Guest | Season 16, episode 29 |
| 2011 | Late Show with David Letterman | Himself - Guest | Season 18, episode 3439 |
| 2012–present | America's Got Talent | Himself | Judge, replacing Piers Morgan |
Discography[link]
Main article: Howard Stern videography and discography
| Year | Album | Label | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1982 | 50 Ways to Rank Your Mother | Wren Records | Re-released as Unclean Beaver (1994) on Ichiban/Citizen X labels |
| 1991 | Crucified By the FCC | Infinity Broadcasting | |
| 1997 | Private Parts: The Album | Warner Bros. | Billboard 200 Number-one album from March 15–21, 1997 |
Bibliography[link]
- Stern, Howard (1993). Private Parts. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-88016-3.
- Stern, Howard (1995). Miss America. ReganBooks. ISBN 978-0-06-039167-6.
References[link]
- ^ "NewsMax Top 25 Radio Hosts". Newsmax. November 29, 2008. http://w3.newsmax.com/radio_hosts.cfm. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ a b Colford, p. 2.
- ^ a b Kaplan, Jason. "Howard Confronts FCC Chairman Michael Powell!". howardstern.com. http://www.howardstern.com/rundown.hs?d=1098849600. Retrieved August 2, 2010. "His Hebrew name is "Tzvi""
- ^ Colford, p. 3.
- ^ Stern, p. 111.
- ^ Stern, p. 44.
- ^ Stern, p. 92.
- ^ a b Colford, p. 7.
- ^ Stern, p. 113.
- ^ "CNN Larry King Live - Interview With Howard Stern". CNN Transcripts. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0601/05/lkl.01.html. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
- ^ Stern, p. 114.
- ^ Colford, p. 9.
- ^ a b c "The History of Howard Stern Act I Interactive Guide". Sirius Satellite Radio. December 2007. http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Sirius/Page&c=FlexContent&cid=1198688730431. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
- ^ a b c Stern, p. 115.
- ^ Stern, pp. 115–117.
- ^ Colford, p. 31.
- ^ a b Stern, p. 121.
- ^ Zitz, Michael (July 1, 1994). "Stern's Start". The Free Lance-Star. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VWQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tgcGAAAAIBAJ&pg=4720%2C66309. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
- ^ a b c Stern, p. 123.
- ^ "Boston University 2009-10 College of Communication Bulletin". Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/bulletins/com/item19.html. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
- ^ Stern, p. 118.
- ^ Stern, pp. 118–119.
- ^ Stern, p. 119.
- ^ Stern, p. 122.
- ^ Stern, p. 125.
- ^ Colford, p. 45.
- ^ Stern, pp. 126–127.
- ^ Colford, p. 48.
- ^ Stern, p. 128.
- ^ Colford, p. 74.
- ^ Colford, p. 52.
- ^ Colford, p. 57.
- ^ "Billboard's Radio Winners Named". Billboard. August 1, 1981. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASQEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PT2&dq=%22Radio%20Winners%20Named%22&rview=1&pg=PT2#v=onepage&q=%22Radio%20Winners%20Named%22&f=false. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ a b Stern, p. 134.
- ^ Colford, p. 61.
- ^ Craig, Jeff (September 4, 1997). "Stern warning". Jam!. http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/S/Stern_Howard/1997/09/04/761973.html. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ Colford, p. 62.
- ^ Colford, p. 67.
- ^ Stern, p. 135.
- ^ Colford, p. 63.
- ^ Stern, pp. 138–140.
- ^ Colford, p. 78.
- ^ Colford, p. 81.
- ^ Colford, p. 85.
- ^ Colford, pp. 87–89.
- ^ Colford, p. 89.
- ^ Colford, p. 82.
- ^ a b c Colford, pp. 91–93.
- ^ "WNBC's Stern Is Rendered Speechless". Billboard. September 11, 1982. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OiQEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PT15&dq=%22howard%20stern%22&rview=1&pg=PT15#v=onepage&q=%22howard%20stern%22&f=false. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
- ^ a b Kasindorf, Jeanie (November 23, 1992). "Bad Mouth. Howard Stern vs The FCC". New York Magazine. http://books.google.com/books?id=3-QCAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ Colford, p. 128.
- ^ a b c d e f "The History of Howard Stern Act II Interactive Guide". Sirius Satellite Radio. December 2008. http://www.sirius.com/wo/i/howard/history_II/part_a/hoh-120908_a.swf. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
- ^ Luerssen, p. 12.
- ^ Colford, pp. 147–148.
- ^ "Letterman gives NBC a good-faith reprieve". Chicago Tribune. October 31, 1992. "Stern, whose morning madhouse is simulcast in nine markets, is the first deejay to top the ratings simultaneously in New York and Los Angeles."
- ^ Hinkley, David (April 23, 2001). "Hot-97 Returns To The Top". Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/2001/04/23/2001-04-23_hot-97_returns_to_the_top.html. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
- ^ "Honoring Best In Broadcasting". Billboard. October 21, 2000. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QBIEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA89&dq=%22howard%20stern%22%20%22personality%20of%20the%20year%22&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q=%22howard%20stern%22%20%22personality%20of%20the%20year%22&f=false. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ Graybow, Steven (March 30, 2002). "WLTW, KKBT, KROQ, WQYK Lead Billboard Radio Awards". Billboard. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jRAEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA78&dq=%22howard%20stern%22%20%22personality%20of%20the%20year%22%20%222001%22&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q=%22howard%20stern%22%20%22personality%20of%20the%20year%22%20%222001%22&f=false. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ Graybow, Steven (February 22, 2003). "Radio Awards Dial Up First-Time Winners". Billboard. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CA8EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA47&dq=%22howard%20stern%22%20%22personality%20of%20the%20year%22&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q=%22howard%20stern%22%20%22personality%20of%20the%20year%22&f=false. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
- ^ Colford, p. 181.
- ^ Kubasik, Ben (August 12, 1987). "TV Spots". Newsday. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/104577134.html?dids=104577134:104577134&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+12%2C+1987&author=By+Ben+Kubasik&pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&desc=TV+SPOTS&pqatl=google. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ Colford, p. 186.
- ^ Colford, pp. 197–201.
- ^ a b "The History of Howard Stern Act III On-Air Schedule". Sirius Satellite Radio. December 2009. http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Sirius/Page&c=FlexContent&cid=1258752021436. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
- ^ a b c Mills, Joshua (October 24, 1993). "He Keeps Giving New Meaning To Gross Revenue". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/24/business/he-keeps-giving-new-meaning-to-gross-revenue.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ^ "Fartman Trademark". United States Patent and Trademark Office. October 16, 1992. http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=74323667. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- ^ Colford, p. 202.
- ^ Brennan, Judy (January 30, 1994). "Stern's New Year's Party Fallout `The Miss Howard Stern Pageant' was a pay-TV bonanza but may have cost him a movie career". The Los Angeles Time. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59301264.html?dids=59301264:59301264&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+30%2C+1994&author=JUDY+BRENNAN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Stern%27s+New+Year%27s+Party+Fallout+%60The+Miss+Howard+Stern+Pageant%27+was+a+pay-TV+bonanza+but+may+have+cost+him+a+movie+career&pqatl=google. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
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- ^ |title = Howard Stern Swaps Photography For Chess |date = July 13, 2011 | url = http://www.showbizspy.com/article/235399/howard-stern-swaps-chess-for-photography.html
- ^ Lee, Katie. "The Stunning Beth Ostrosky Stern". Hamptons. http://hamptons-magazine.com/features/articles/a-friend-indeed-1. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
- ^ Tumpson, Christine (2011-10-04). "Perfect Ten". WHIRL Magazine. http://www.whirlmagazine.com/2011/10/perfect-ten/. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
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Sources[link]
- Stern, Howard (1993). Private Parts (1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-88016-3.
- Colford, Paul (1997). Howard Stern: King of All Media (2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-96221-0.
- Lucaire, Luigi (1997). Howard Stern, A to Z: A Totally Unauthorized Guide. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-15144-7.
- Luerssen, John (2009). American Icon: The Howard Stern Reader. Lulu. ISBN 978-0-557-04204-3.
External links[link]
| Find more about Howard Stern on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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News stories from Wikinews |
|
Quotations from Wikiquote |
- Official Website
- The Howard Stern Show on Sirius XM Radio
- Howard Stern at the Internet Movie Database
- Howard Stern at AllRovi
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Stern, Howard Allan |
| Alternative names | King of All Media |
| Short description | Radio personality |
| Date of birth | January 12, 1954 |
| Place of birth | Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Wiki Summary
Arlen Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a former United States Senator from Pennsylvania. Specter is a Democrat, but was a Republican from 1965 until switching to the Democratic Party in 2009. First elected in 1980, he represented his state for thirty years in the Senate. Specter is a moderate who staked out a spot in the political center.
Specter was born in Wichita, Kansas to an American mother and a father who immigrated from Russia. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and served with the United States Air Force during the Korean War. Specter later graduated from Yale Law School and opened a law firm with Marvin Katz, who would later become a federal judge. Specter served as assistant counsel for the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy and helped devise the "single bullet theory." In 1965, Specter was elected District Attorney of Philadelphia, a position that he would hold until he lost his re-election bid in 1973.
On April 28, 2009, Specter announced that, after 44 years as an elected Republican, he was switching membership to the Democratic Party, On May 18, 2010, Specter was defeated in the Democratic primary by Joe Sestak, who then was defeated by current Senator Pat Toomey in the general election. Toomey replaced Specter on January 3, 2011.
