Surya
A 19th century painting of Surya on his chariot
God of the sun
Devanagari	सूर्य
Sanskrit Transliteration	sūrya
Tamil Transliteration	ஞாயிறு
Affiliation	Graha, Deva
Consort	Saranyu, Ragyi, Prabha, and Chhaya
Mount	Chariot drawn by seven white horses / by seven-headed horse (Charioteer:Arjuna)[1]

Surya (Devanagari: सूर्य Sūrya, "the Supreme Light"^[2], Malayalam: സൂര്യൻ, Kannada: ಸೂರ್ಯ, Burmese: သူရိယ, [θùɹḭja̰]; Malay: Suria; Tamil: சூரியன்; Telugu: సూర్యుడు; Thai: พระอาทิตย์) Suraya or Phra Athit is the chief solar deity in Hinduism, one of the Adityas, son of Kasyapa and one of his wives, Aditi^[3] of Indra; or of Dyaus Pitar (depending by the version). The term Surya also refers to the Sun, in general. Surya has hair and arms of gold. He is said to drive through the heaven in his triumphal chariot harnessed by seven horses or one horse with seven heads,^[1] which represent the seven colours of the rainbow or the seven chakras. He presides over Sunday.

Depictions[link]

Surya sculpture

Sometimes, Surya is depicted with two hands holding a lotus in both; sometimes he has four hands holding a lotus, chakra, a conch, and a mace.

Arka form[link]

Surya is worshiped in various forms throughout India. One of the most important epithet (form) of 'Surya' is 'Arka'. The "Arka" form is worshiped mostly in North India and Eastern parts of India. The temples dedicated to 'Arka' form of Surya are Konarka Temple in Orissa, Uttararka and Lolarka in Uttar Pradesh, Balarka in Rajasthan. There was an old sun-temple in (Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh) named Balarka Surya Mandir, built by King Tilokchand Arkawanshi in early 10th Century AD. The temple was destroyed in the 14th Century AD during Turkish invasions. The Sun Temple, Modhera, at Modhera in Gujarat, is a temple dedicated to the Hindu Sun-God, Surya. It was built in 1026 AD by King Bhimdev of the Solanki dynasty.

'Mitra' form of Surya[link]

'Surya' is also known as 'Mitra' (meaning friend) for his life nourishing properties. Mitra form of 'Surya' had been worshiped mostly in Gujarat, where a clan of Suryawanshi kings was known as Mitrawanshi kshatriyas, also known by its distorted name Maitrakas (मैत्रक)

Surya namaskara, or the "Sun salutation"[link]

A well-known Hindu mode of worship of the devotional movements of Surya is done at the rising of the Sun, known as Sūrya namaskāra (sun salutation). Ten yogic postures are assumed in successive flowing movements to complete one namaskar. Twelve sacred Hindu mantras uttered and for each mantra one complete namaskar is done. Ancient practice is to do 108 namaskaras a day. It is considered most auspicious by Hindus to do this.

The 12 mantras for surya namaskara:

1. ॐ मित्राय नमः aum mitrāya namah
2. ॐ रवये नमः aum ravayé namah
3. ॐ सूर्याय नमः aum sūryāya namah
4. ॐ भानवे नमः aum bhānavé namah
5. ॐ खगाय नमः aum khagāya namah
6. ॐ पुष्णे नमः aum pushné namah
7. ॐ हिरण्यगर्भाय नमः aum hiranyagarbhāya namah
8. ॐ मारिचाये नमः aum mārichāyé namah
9. ॐ आदित्याय नमः aum ādityāya namah
10. ॐ सावित्रे नमः aum sāvitré namah
11. ॐ अर्काय नमः aum ārkāya namah
12. ॐ भास्कराय नमः aum bhāskarāya namah

The mantra frequently recited to praise the Surya comes from the Rig Veda, Book 1 Hymn 35:

आ कृष्णेन् रजसा वर्तमानो निवेशयन्न अमृतं मर्त्यं च ।

हिरण्ययेन सविता रथेना देवो याति भुवनानि पश्यन ॥

Throughout the dusky firmament advancing, laying to rest the immortal and the mortal,

Borne in his golden chariot he cometh, Savitar, God who looks on every creature.^{[citation needed]}

The Gayatri Mantra is also associated with Surya.^[4] Another hymn associated with Surya is the Aditya Hridayam, recited by the great sage Agastya to Rama on the warfield before the fight with Ravana.

Religious role and relationships[link]

Surya with consorts Saranyu and Chhaya

Vivasvat (Surya) had three queens; Saranyu (also called Saraniya, Saranya, Sanjna, or Sangya), Ragyi, and Prabha. Saranyu was the mother of Vaivasvata Manu or Sraddhadeva Manu (the seventh, i.e. present Manu) and the twins Yama (the Lord of Death) and his sister Yami. She also bore him the twins known as the Ashvins, divine horsemen and physicians to the Devas. Saranyu, being unable to bear the extreme radiance of Surya, created a superficial entity from her shadow called Chhaya and instructed her to act as Surya's wife in her absence. Chhaya mothered two sons - Savarni Manu (the eighth, i.e. next Manu) and Shani (the planet Saturn), and two daughters - Tapti and Vishti.^[5] He also has a son, Revanta, or Raivata, by Ragyi.

Interestingly, Surya's two sons Shani and Yama are responsible for the judgment of human life. Shani gives us the results of one's deeds through one's life through appropriate punishments and rewards while Yama grants the results of one's deeds after death.^[6]

In Ramayana, Surya is described as father of the King Sugriva, who helped Rama and Lakshmana in defeating the demon king Ravana. He also trains Hanuman as his guru. The Suryavanshi / Suryavansha dynasty of kings, Rama being one of them, also claims descent from Surya.

In the Mahabharata, Princess Kunti receives instruction for a mantra from the sage Durvasa; by reciting which, she would be able to summon any god and bear a child by him. Incredulous of the power of this mantra, Kunti unwittingly tests it on Surya, but when Surya appears, she gets scared and requests him to go back. However, Surya has an obligation to fulfil the mantra before returning. Surya miraculously causes Kunti to bear the child immediately whilst retaining her virginity so that she, as an unmarried princess, need not face any embarrassment or be subjected to questions from society. Kunti feels compelled to abandon the child, Karna, who grows up to become one of the central characters in the great battle of Kurukshetra.

In Zoroastrianism[link]

In the Vedas, Surya is frequently referred to as "the eye of Mitra, Varuna, and Agni" (RV 1.115.1, RV 6.51.1, RV 7.63.1, WYV 4.35, WYV 7.42, WYV 13.46, AV 13.2.35). This bears striking similarities to Zoroastrian scriptures, where the Sun is described as "the eye of Ahura Mazda".

In astrology[link]

In Vedic astrology Surya is considered a mild malefic on account of his hot, dry nature. Surya represents soul, will-power, fame, the eyes, general vitality, courage, kingship, father, highly placed persons and authority. He is exalted in the sign Mesha(Aries) and is in decline in the sign Tula (Libra). The strongest placement for Surya is directly overhead in the 10th house, and on the angles (the 1st, 5th and 9th houses). Surya is lord of three nakshatras or lunar mansions: Krittika, Uttara Phalguni and Uttara Ashadha. Surya has the following associations: the colors - copper or red, the metals - gold or brass, the gemstone - ruby, the direction - east and the season of summer. The food grain associated with him (one of Nava Dhanyas) is wheat.

Temples[link]

Konark Sun Temple, Konark, Orissa

Sun Temple, Modhera

There are Surya temples all across India. The most famous is the World Heritage Site of the Sun Temple, Konark, Orissa. Besides Konark, there are another two sun temples in Orissa called Biranchi Narayan Sun Temple^[7] in Buguda, Ganjam District and Biranchinarayan Temple, Palia, Bhadrak.

There are sun temples in Modhera, Gujarat, created by King Bhimdev of the Solanki dynasty, in Arasavalli, Andhra Pradesh, Kanakaditya Temple in Kasheli (Dist. Sindhudurg) - Maharashtra, near the famous Galtaji's temple in Jaipur, Rajasthan and in clusters of Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu and Assam. The Sun Temple at Martand in Jammu and Kashmir and Sun Temple of Multan are temples which were destroyed. The only and the famous Surya temple in northern India is Kattarmal surya mandir in Almora District,Uttarakhand created by King kattarmal in 12 century.

The Gurjars were essentially sun worshipers and some of the sun temples were erected by them during medieval period.^[8]The sun temple known as Jayaditya was constructed by Gurjar king of Nandipuri, Jayabhatta II.This temple is situated at Kotipura near Kapika in the Bharukachha district.^[9]The Surya temple of Bhinmal known as Jagaswami Surya temple was also erected during this period.^[10]

Festivals[link]

There are Various Festivals dedicated to Sun God Surya in India.

Makara Sankaranti is most Widely celebrated Hindu festival dedicated to the Sun God. It is celebrated as Makara Sankranti throughout India and as Pongal by Tamils all over the world. People thank the Sun God for ensuring a good harvest and dedicate the first grain to him.

Chhath is another Hindu Festival dedicated to Surya. It is believed to started by Karna, the son of Surya, who became a great warrior and fought against the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War. Chhath is unique to Bihar, Jharkhand and the some Parts of Uttar Pradesh, Nepal & Mauritius.

Samba Dashami is another festival celebrated in the eastern coastal state of Orissa, India in the honour of Samba, the son of Krishna who got cured from leprosy by praying to Surya.

Ratha Saptami is a Hindu festival that falls on the Seventh day (Saptami) of the bright half of the Hindu month Maagha.^[11] This day is also known as Surya Jayanti because it celebrates the power of the Sun God who is believed to be an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Lord Vishnu in his form as Surya is usually worshiped on this day. Usually, Rathasapthami begins in households with a purification bath by holding a few calotropis leaves on one's head and shoulders while bathing and chanting a verse which is supposed to invoke the benevolence of the Lord in all that one takes up the rest of the year. It also involves doing a puja with the ritual 'Naivedyam', flowers and fruits. On this day at Tirumala (Andhra Pradesh), Lord Venkateshwara (Balaji) is mounted on Seven Vahanas (Celestial Vehicles) one after the other starting from Suryaprabha Vahana and ending with Chandraprabha Vahana. Other Vahanas are Hanumad vahana, Garuda Vahana, Peddashesha Vahana, Kalpavruksha vahana and Sarvabhupala vahana. Also chakrasnanam is performed on the same day. A devotee enjoys watching the Lord mounted on different vahanas in one day which is popularly known as Okka roju Brahmotsavam (Single day celebrations).

In Mahabharata[link]

Surya is not mentioned as one of the Adityas in the first book of the epic Mahabarata, but may be regarded as the compound of the twelve solar deities mentioned there, to be understood in connection to the Jyotisha vedic astrology: Dhatri, Mitra, Aryaman, Sakra, Varuna, Amsa, Vaga, Vivaswat, Usha, Savitri, Tvashtri, Vishnu.

In Mahabharata, Surya is referred to as father of Karna, as he begot the latter on Kunti when she was virgin. With his grace and in order that Kunti is not spoken of badly in the world, Kunti could retain virginhood even after delivering a child.

Saurashtra Surymandir[link]

The Kathi Darbar, Shri Amra Patgir developed the temple of Shri Surynarayan in Thangadh village of Surendranagar district in Gujarat. The kathis were come in Saurashtra in the 12th and 13th centuries. Inscription from the temple:

સંવત તેર બોતેર આપ સુરજગઢ આયા,પાવર પડતું ,મેલ્ય પડ પંચાળ રચાયા , જાડેજા લાગે જોર ,પીવા ન દીએ પાણી ,સુરજ આલી સાંગ,હેમ હાથોહાથ આણી, ઘર પંચાળ કાઠી ઘણી ,કોણ બીઓ સમાવડ કરે,જાડેજા કઢ્યો જદુરાણ પથ ઈ વાળે વેળાવળે.

See also[link]

• Hindu deities
• Navagraha

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Surya

• An ancient hymn to Surya - from the Rig Veda
• Weekly podcast on Vedic Chanting and Vedic Mythology with stories from the Puranas
• Surya Upanishad (Wikisource)

v t e Navagraha Surya · Chandra · Mangala · Budha · Brihaspati · Shukra · Shani · Rahu · Ketu Navagraha temples Astrology · Hinduism · Hindu astrology

v t e Hindu deities and texts Gods Deva Ganesha Brahma Vishnu Shiva Rama Krishna Murugan Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Adi parashakti Devi Saraswati Lakshmi Sati Parvati Durga Shakti Kali Sita Radha Mahavidya Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita more Hinduism Hindu mythology

Kajal Agarwal
Born	Kajal Aggarwal (1985-06-19) June 19, 1985 (age 27) Mumbai, Maharashtra
Residence	Mumbai
Occupation	Model, Actress
Years active	2005-present

Kajal Aggarwal (born 19 June 1985) is an Indian film actress, who predominantly appears in Telugu films. Kajal made her film debut in the 2004 Hindi film Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na and entered the Telugu film industry through the film Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007). She had her first commercial success with Chandamama (2007) and rose to prominence after her performance in Magadheera (2009), which remains her biggest commercial success,^[1] and fetched her a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Actress. Following further consecutive successes with Darling (2010), Brindavanam (2010), Mr. Perfect (2011) and Business Man (2012), she established herself as one of the leading actresses in Telugu cinema.^[2]

Early life[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

She was born in Mumbai, India to Suman Agarwal and Vinay Agarwal. She has a sister named Nisha Aggarwal, who is appearing in Telugu films as well. She finished her studies in Mumbai and started her modeling career while she was in college.

Film career[link]

Career beginnings (2004–08)[link]

Kajal made her acting debut in the 2004 Hindi film Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na, in which she enacted minor supporting role as the friend of Diya, the film’s lead, played by Aishwarya Rai,^[3][4] following which she signed veteran Tamil director Bharathiraja's Bommalattam. The film, however, got delayed and released in late 2008.

She made her debut in the Telugu film industry and played her first leading role in 2007 in Teja's Lakshmi Kalyanam alongside Kalyan Ram, which did not fare well at the box office. Later that year, she appeared in the Krishna Vamsi-directed film Chandamama, which opened to positive reviews and became her first major successful film.^[5] In 2008, she had her first Tamil film release, Perarasu's action entertainer Pazhani, co-starring Bharath. Following this film, she had two more Tamil releases that year with Venkat Prabhu’s comedy-thriller Saroja, in which she did a guest appearance, and Bharathiraja’s investigative thriller Bommalattam. Although the former went on to become a commercial as well as a critical success,^[6] both films failed to boost her career as her roles were too insignificant.^[7] Both her Telugu releases, Pourudu and Aatadista opposite Sumanth and Nitin, respectively, neither received positive reviews nor were successul at the box office.

Success (2009–present)[link]

She had four releases in 2009; she first starred in another Tamil film Modhi Vilayadu, which garnered mixed reviews and was a financial failure, following which she appeared in the high-budget Telugu historical drama Magadheera, which saw her essaying double roles for the first time. The film, directed by S. S. Rajamouli, received universal critical acclaim, while Kajal, particularly, was praised for her portrayal of a princess in the film. Rediff wrote that she "was quite a surprise package, [...] sweet and charming and looked like an 'ethereal' princess. She carries off both the roles fairly well",^[8] while NDTV cited that "Kajal Agarwal is also an asset to the film. She is very apt for the character of the princess. Besides filling the glamour slot, she has proven that given a chance, she too can give an excellent performance".^[9] The film was also highly commercially successful and broke several records,^[10] emerging as the highest-grossing Telugu film of all time.^[11][12][13] Magadheera's enormous success turned Kajal into one of the most sought-after actresses in the Telugu film industry and catapulted her into the main foray of lead Telugu actresses.^[14] Her subsequent releases Ganesh Just Ganesh and Arya 2 received mixed reviews from critics, while her performance garnered positive feedback.^[15][16]

Kajal's first 2010 release was A. Karunakaran's Darling which featured her alongside Prabhas and received favorable response, becoming a commercial success at the box office,^[17] with Kajal receiving her second Filmfare nomination for Best Actress for her performance. In August, she appeared in the Tamil thriller film Naan Mahaan Alla opposite Karthi, which was based on a real life incident and opened to unanimously positive reviews.^[18] The film performed well at the box office and was declared a blockbuster. Kajal's final release in 2010 was Brindavanam opposite NTR Jr. and Samantha, which received critical acclaim and went on to become an economical success as well,^[19] while fetching Kajal the CineMAA Award for Best Actress.

In 2011, she was paired with Prabhas for the second time in Mr. Perfect, directed by Dasaradh. The film became a critical and commercial success. Kajal won appraisal by critics with Times Of India writing, "What is applause-worthy in the movie is Kajal Agarwal's performance. She looks great, expresses well and fits into the role perfectly".^[20] In May, she appeared in Veera opposite Ravi Teja that received negative reviews.^[21] and the box office collections was Break-even.^[22] She subsequently made her Bollywood debut in a leading role with Singham, a remake of the same-titled 2010 Tamil film, opposite Ajay Devgn. The film received mixed reviews from critics,^[23] as did her portrayal of a Goan girl Kavya Bhosle. Film critic Taran Adarsh dismissed Kajal's role saying "Kaajal doesn't really get much of an opportunity to prove her talent and the film cannot be regarded as an ideal Bollywood debut for her", but further stated that "she makes her presence felt nonetheless". While Komal Nahta wrote that, "she acts with effortless ease and her performance is good".^[24] The film became a blockbuster at the box office, collecting 85 crore (US$16.96 million) within three weeks.^[25]

In early 2012, kajal appeared in Puri Jagannadh's directed Telugu film Business Man alongside Mahesh Babu. Upon release, the film broke the highest opening day collections record and became a critical and commercial success.^[26][27]

She will be the heroine of Suriya's Maatraan, which will be directed by K. V. Anand.^[28][29] She has also signed A. R. Murugadoss's Thuppakki opposite Vijay.^[30][31] She will also lead in Sukumar's Untitled Project opposite Mahesh Babu.^[32]

Filmography[link]

Sunil

References[link]

External links[link]

• Kajal Aggarwal at the Internet Movie Database
• Kajal Aggarwal Fan Website

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kajal Aggarwal