- published: 21 May 2010
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- author: t bro
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- A. Victor Donahey
- Abolitionism
- Abraham Lincoln
- Alabama
- Alexander Long
- Alexander Ramsey
- Alf Landon
- Alfred G. Allen
- Allen G. Thurman
- Allen Trimble
- Alma mater
- Alonzo B. Cornell
- Alphonso Hart
- American Civil War
- Ancient Greek
- Andrew Hickenlooper
- Andrew Jackson
- Andrew Johnson
- Andrew L. Harris
- Andrew McBurney
- Appropriation bill
- Argentina
- Army of the Potomac
- Army of Virginia
- Arthur Summerfield
- Asa W. Jones
- Atlee Pomerene
- Authority control
- B. Carroll Reece
- Bachelor of Laws
- Bailey Walsh
- Baltimore
- Bandit
- Bannock people
- Bannock War
- Bar (law)
- Barack Obama
- Barry Goldwater
- Battle of Antietam
- Battle of Bear Paw
- Battle of Berryville
- Battle of Opequon
- Benjamin Bristow
- Benjamin Harrison
- Benjamin Stanton
- Bill Brock
- Bill Clinton
- Bill Gradison
- Blaine Amendment
- Bland–Allison Act
- Bob Dole
- Bob Taft
- Brevet (military)
- Burlingame Treaty
- C-SPAN
- C. Vann Woodward
- C. Wesley Roberts
- C. William O'Neill
- Calvin Coolidge
- Canada
- Carl L. Nippert
- Carl Schurz
- Carpetbagger
- Charles Curtis
- Charles D. Hilles
- Charles Devens
- Charles Elwood Brown
- Charles Evans Hughes
- Charles G. Dawes
- Charles H. Lewis
- Charles K. Graham
- Charles L. McNary
- Charles W. Fairbanks
- Charles W. Sawyer
- Chester A. Arthur
- Chicago
- Chief Joseph
- Chillicothe, Ohio
- China
- Cincinnati
- Circuit court
- City attorney
- Clarence J. Brown
- Claudius H. Huston
- Coinage Act of 1873
- College Republicans
- Colombia
- Columbus, Ohio
- Common school
- Compromise of 1877
- Connecticut
- Currency
- Dan Quayle
- David Hunter
- David M. Key
- David Tod
- Dawes Act
- Dean Burch
- Deflation
- Delaware, Ohio
- Dick Celeste
- Dick Cheney
- Donald D. Clancy
- Duluth, Minnesota
- Duncan McArthur
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Dwight M. Sabin
- Earl D. Bloom
- Earl T. Wagner
- Earl Warren
- Ed Gillespie
- Edward Tiffin
- Edwin Atkins Merritt
- Edwin D. Morgan
- Elbert L. Lampson
- Eric Foner
- Erie Railroad
- Ethan Allen Brown
- Everett Sanders
- Ferdinand de Lesseps
- Fiat money
- Filibuster
- Florida
- Force Acts
- Fort McHenry
- Francis W. Treadway
- Frank B. Willis
- Frank Knox
- Frank Lausche
- Franklin Pierce
- Frederick W. Seward
- Free Silver
- Fremont, Ohio
- Gallows
- Gambier, Ohio
- Garret Hobart
- George B. Cortelyou
- George C. Braden
- George Crook
- George D. Nye
- George H. Pendleton
- George H. Sharpe
- George H. W. Bush
- George Hoadly
- George K. Nash
- George Voinovich
- George W. Bush
- George W. McCrary
- George Washington
- Gerald Ford
- Gold standard
- Governor of Ohio
- Gran Chaco
- Greenback (money)
- Grover Cleveland
- Guy Gabrielson
- Guy M. Bryan
- H. W. Curtiss
- Haley Barbour
- Hannibal Hamlin
- Hans L. Trefousse
- Hard money (policy)
- Harold G. Mosier
- Harrison E. Spangler
- Harry L. Davis
- Harry L. Gordon
- Harry S. Truman
- Harry Stewart New
- Harvard Law School
- Helen Herron Taft
- Henry B. Banning
- Henry Clay Payne
- Henry George
- Henry Jarvis Raymond
- Henry M. Mathews
- Henry W. Blair
- Henry Wilson
- Herbert Hoover
- Herbert S. Bigelow
- Herman P. Goebel
- Horace Maynard
- Hubert Work
- Hugh L. Nichols
- Hugh Scott
- Indian reservation
- Indian Territory
- Indiana
- Inflation
- Insanity defense
- Iowa
- Irwin Unger
- Isaac M. Jordan
- Isthmus of Panama
- J. Donald Cameron
- J. Martin Klotsche
- Jabez W. Fitch
- Jack Kemp
- Jacob Dolson Cox
- Jacob H. Bromwell
- Jacob Mueller
- James A. Garfield
- James Buchanan
- James Burrill Angell
- James E. Campbell
- James G. Blaine
- James K. Polk
- James M. Cox
- James Madison
- James Monroe
- James S. Clarkson
- James S. Sherman
- Jay Gould
- Jean Schmidt
- Jennette Bradley
- Jeremiah Morrow
- Jim Gilmore
- Jim Rhodes
- Jimmy Carter
- Job E. Stevenson
- John A. Caldwell
- John A. Gurley
- John A. Logan
- John Adams
- John B. Weller
- John Brough
- John C. Frémont
- John C. Lee
- John F. Kennedy
- John Fremont Hill
- John G. Warwick
- John H. Arnold
- John Humphrey Noyes
- John Hunt Morgan
- John J. Gilligan
- John Jay (lawyer)
- John Kasich
- John M. Pattison
- John Marshall Harlan
- John McCain
- John Noyes
- John Quincy Adams
- John Scott Harrison
- John Sherman
- John Sherman (Ohio)
- John T. Adams
- John T. Brown
- John Tyler
- John W. Bricker
- John W. Donahey
- John W. Watts
- John William Brown
- John Wilson Campbell
- Joseph B. Foraker
- Joseph P. Bradley
- Joseph Vance
- JSTOR
- Jubal Early
- Judson Harmon
- Kanawha Division
- Kansas
- Ken Mehlman
- Kentucky
- Kenyon College
- Know-Nothing
- L. Bradford Prince
- Latin
- Latin America
- Lawyer
- Lee Atwater
- Lee Fisher
- Leonard W. Hall
- Leopold Markbreit
- Levi P. Morton
- Lewis D. Campbell
- Lexington, Virginia
- Louisiana
- Lucy Webb Hayes
- Lynchburg, Virginia
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- Maine
- Major general
- Manning Force
- Marc Racicot
- Marcus Lawrence Ward
- Mark Hanna
- Marshall Jewell
- Martin L. Davey
- Martin Van Buren
- Martin Welker
- Maryland
- Matthew Quay
- Maureen O'Connor
- Meade Alcorn
- Mel Martinez
- Methodism
- Methodist
- Mexican–American War
- Michael DiSalle
- Michael Steele
- Mike DeWine
- Mike Duncan
- Millard Fillmore
- Missouri
- Mitt Romney
- Monroe Doctrine
- Montana
- Mordecai Bartley
- Mores
- Morrison R. Waite
- Myers Y. Cooper
- Myrl Shoemaker
- Myron T. Herrick
- Nancy Hollister
- Nathan Goff, Jr.
- Nathan Meeker
- Nebraska
- New England
- New Jersey
- New York
- Nez Perce people
- Nez Perce War
- Noah Haynes Swayne
- Norwalk Seminary
- Norwalk, Ohio
- Ohio
- Ohio River
- Oklahoma
- Oliver O. Howard
- Oneida Community
- Oregon
- Othniel Looker
- Panic of 1873
- Paraguay
- Paraguayan War
- Paul M. Herbert
- Paul P. Yoder
- Philip Sheridan
- Pittsburgh
- Ponca
- Porfirio Díaz
- Portal Conservatism
- Prison reform
- Private (rank)
- Quorum
- Radical Republicans
- Ray C. Bliss
- Reading law
- Recess appointment
- Reconstruction Acts
- Redeemers
- Rees G. Richards
- Reince Priebus
- Republicans Abroad
- Return J. Meigs, Jr.
- Reuben Wood
- Richard Bond
- Richard M. Bishop
- Richard Nixon
- Richard P. Bland
- Richard W. Thompson
- Rider (legislation)
- Riot
- Ripon Society
- Rob Portman
- Robert C. Kirk
- Robert E. Lee
- Robert P. Kennedy
- Rogers Morton
- Roman Catholic
- Ronald Reagan
- Roscoe Conkling
- Russell Conwell
- Rutherford B. Hayes
- Salmon P. Chase
- Samuel Fenton Cary
- Samuel H. Huntington
- Samuel J. Tilden
- San Francisco
- Sarah Palin
- Schuyler Colfax
- Scotland
- Seabury Ford
- Shenandoah Valley
- Silas A. Conrad
- Silas W. Burt
- Simeon D. Fess
- Sioux
- Slater Fund
- South Carolina
- Speculation
- Spiegel Grove
- Spiro Agnew
- Spoils system
- St. Louis, Missouri
- Stalwart (politics)
- Standing Bear
- Star route scandal
- Star routes
- Strike action
- Suez Canal
- Taylor Webster
- Ted Strickland
- Teenage Republicans
- Teetotalism
- Temperance movement
- Texas
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Thomas Corwin
- Thomas E. Dewey
- Thomas H. Carter
- Thomas H. Ford
- Thomas J. Brady
- Thomas J. Herbert
- Thomas Jefferson
- Thomas Kirker
- Thomas L. Young
- Thomas R. Ross
- Thomas W. Bartley
- Ticket (election)
- Tom Luken
- Tuberculosis
- U.S. state
- Ulysses S. Grant
- Union Army
- United States
- United States Army
- United States Notes
- United States Senate
- Ute people
- Valedictorian
- Vermont
- Veto
- Victor Heintz
- Victor Rosewater
- Villa Hayes
- Vocational school
- W. A. Greenlund
- W. E. B. Du Bois
- Warren G. Harding
- Washington, D.C.
- Webb Hayes
- Wendell Willkie
- West Virginia
- White House
- White River War
- Whitelaw Reid
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Will H. Hays
- William A. Wheeler
- William B. Allison
- William Bebb
- William C. Lyon
- William Claflin
- William E. Hess
- William E. Miller
- William G. Pickrel
- William Howard Taft
- William L. Dayton
- William M. Butler
- William M. Evarts
- William McKinley
- William Medill
- William R. Wilcox
- William S. Groesbeck
- William V. Marquis
- Wilson Shannon
- Wine
- Woodrow Wilson
- Workingman's Party
- Wormley's Hotel
- Yick Wo v. Hopkins
- Young Republicans
- Zachariah Chandler
- Zachary Taylor
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Alabama
Alabama (
i/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. Alabama ranks second in the area of its inland waterways.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology. In addition, the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, added to state jobs.
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Argentina
Argentinai/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Baltimore
Baltimore (
/ˈbɒltɨmɔr/, colloquially /ˈbɔl.mɔr/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is located in the central area of the state along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. The independent city is often referred to as Baltimore City to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County.
Founded in 1729, Baltimore is the largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic United States and is situated closer to Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy.
At 620,961 residents in 2010, Baltimore's population has decreased by one-third since its peak in 1950. The Baltimore Metropolitan Area has grown steadily to approximately 2.7 million residents in 2010; the 20th largest in the country. Baltimore is also a principal city in the larger Baltimore–Washington combined statistical area of approximately 8.4 million residents.
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Battle of Antietam
The Battle of Antietam ( /ænˈtiːtəm/) also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South, fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Union soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties on both sides.
After pursuing Confederate General Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Union Army Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan launched attacks against Lee's army, in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek. At dawn on September 17, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee's left flank. Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller's cornfield and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church. Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center, but the Federal advantage was not followed up. In the afternoon, Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside's corps entered the action, capturing a stone bridge over Antietam Creek and advancing against the Confederate right. At a crucial moment, Confederate Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill's division arrived from Harpers Ferry and launched a surprise counterattack, driving back Burnside and ending the battle. Although outnumbered two-to-one, Lee committed his entire force, while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army, enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill. During the night, both armies consolidated their lines. In spite of crippling casualties, Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout September 18, while removing his battered army south of the Potomac River.
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Battle of Opequon
The Battle of Opequon, more commonly known as the Third Battle of Winchester, was fought in Winchester, Virginia, on September 19, 1864, during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War.
As Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early raided the B&O Railroad at Martinsburg, Union Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan advanced toward Winchester along the Berryville Pike with the VI Corps and XIX Corps, crossing Opequon Creek. The Union advance was delayed long enough for Early to concentrate his forces to meet the main assault, which continued for several hours. Casualties were very heavy. The Confederate line was gradually driven back toward the town. Mid-afternoon, the VIII Corps and the cavalry turned the Confederate left flank. Early ordered a general retreat. Because of its size, intensity, serious casualties among the general officers on both sides, and its result, many historians consider this the most important conflict of the Shenandoah Valley.
Sheridan was given command of the Army of the Shenandoah and sent to the Shenandoah Valley to deal with Early's Confederate threat. For much of the early fall of 1864, Sheridan and Early had cautiously engaged in minor skirmishes while each side tested the other's strength. Early mistook this limited action to mean that Sheridan was afraid to fight and he left his army spread out from Martinsburg to Winchester. Sheridan learned of Early's dispersed forces and immediately struck out after Winchester, the location of two previous major engagements during the war, both Confederate victories.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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Chillicothe, Ohio
Chillicothe ( /ˌtʃɪlɨˈkɒθiː/ CHIL-ə-KOTH-ee) is a city in and the county seat of Ross County, Ohio, United States.
Chillicothe was the first and third capital of Ohio and is located in southern Ohio along the Scioto River. The name comes from the Shawnee name Chalahgawtha, meaning "principal town", as it was a major settlement of that people. They and their ancestors inhabited the territory for thousands of years prior to European contact. At the time of European-American settlement, the community was plotted by General Nathaniel Massie on his land grant.
The population was 21,797 at the 2000 census. According to the U.S. Census Bureau's annual estimates, Chillicothe had a population of 22,296 in 2008, while the Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe, OH Combined Statistical Area has 2,002,604 people. It is the only city in Ross County and the center of the Chillicothe Micropolitan Statistical Area (as defined by the United States Census Bureau in 2003).
Chillicothe is a designated Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Cincinnati
Cincinnati (pronounced /sɪnsɨˈnæti/) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Settled in 1788, the city is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits was 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's third-largest city. According to the 2011 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,138,038, the 27th most populous Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the United States, and the most populous in Ohio. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
In the early 19th century, Cincinnati was the first American boomtown in the heart of the country to rival the larger coastal cities in size and wealth. As the first major inland city in the country, it is sometimes thought of as the first purely American city. It developed initially without as much recent European immigration or influence as took place in eastern cities. However, by the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads, Cincinnati's growth had slowed considerably and the city became surpassed in population and prominence by another inland city, Chicago.
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Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
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Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital of and the largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio. The broader metropolitan area encompasses several counties and is the third largest in Ohio behind those of Cleveland and Cincinnati. Columbus is the sixteenth largest city in the United States of America. It is the county seat of Franklin County, yet the city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. Named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology. Modern Columbus has emerged as a technologically sophisticated city. It is home to the world's largest private research and development foundation, the Battelle Memorial Institute; CAS, or Chemical Abstracts Service, the world's largest clearinghouse of chemical information; NetJets, the world's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet; and The Ohio State University, the nation's largest campus.
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Connecticut
Connecticut (i/kəˈnɛtɨkət/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and the state of New York to the west and the south (with which it shares a water boundary in Long Island Sound).
Connecticut is named for the Connecticut River, the major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. Its capital city is Hartford. Much of southern and western Connecticut (along with the majority of the state's population) is part of the New York metropolitan area; three of Connecticut's eight counties are statistically included in the New York City combined statistical area, the same area is widely referred to as the Tri-State area. Connecticut's center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, which is also located within the Tri-State area.
Connecticut is the 3rd least extensive, the 29th most populous, and 4th most densely populated of the 50 United States. Called the Constitution State, Nutmeg State, and "The Land of Steady Habits", Connecticut was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.
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Delaware, Ohio
The City of Delaware is a city in and the county seat of Delaware County in the United States state of Ohio. Delaware was founded in 1808 and was incorporated in 1816. It is located near the center of Ohio, is about 20 miles (32 km) north of Columbus, and is part of the Columbus, Ohio Metropolitan Area. The population was 34,753 at the 2010 census, while the Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe, OH Combined Statistical Area has 2,002,604 people.
Delaware is located at 40°17′56″N 83°4′19″W / 40.29889°N 83.07194°W / 40.29889; -83.07194 (40.298898, -83.072007).
The city is located about 24 miles north of Ohio's capital city, Columbus, due north along U.S. Highway 23.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.1 square miles (39 km2), of which, 15.0 square miles (39 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (0.66%) is water.
Delaware is the location of Ohio Wesleyan University, one of the top liberal arts colleges in the United States and one of the Five Colleges of Ohio. The city is famous for The Little Brown Jug, an internationally famous harness race which is part of the Triple Crown of harness racing.
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Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth (i/dəˈluːθ/) is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Saint Louis County. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,265 in the 2010 census. Duluth is also the second largest city that is located on Lake Superior after Thunder Bay, Ontario, and has the largest metropolitan area on Lake Superior. The Duluth MSA had a population of 279,771 in 2010. Situated at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes on the north shore of Lake Superior, Duluth is accessible to ocean-going vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles (3,700 km) away via the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence Seaway.
Duluth forms a metropolitan area with Superior, Wisconsin called the Twin Ports. These two cities share the Duluth–Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes' largest port transporting coal, iron ore (taconite), and grain. As a tourist destination for the Midwest, Duluth features America's only all-freshwater aquarium, the Great Lakes Aquarium; the Aerial Lift Bridge, which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor; and Minnesota Point (known as Park Point locally), one of the world's longest freshwater baymouth bars, spanning 6 miles (9.7 km). The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota's famous North Shore.
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Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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Fremont, Ohio
Fremont is a city in and the county seat of Sandusky County, Ohio, United States. The population was 16,734 at the 2010 census. It was the home of Rutherford B. Hayes, who served as President of the United States from 1877 to 1881. The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center remains one of the focal points of Fremont, OH. The National Arbor Day Foundation designated Fremont as a Tree City USA.[citation needed]
Fremont is located at 41°20′56″N 83°7′2″W / 41.34889°N 83.11722°W / 41.34889; -83.11722 (41.348909, -83.117123), along the Sandusky River.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.7 square miles (20 km2), of which, 7.5 square miles (19 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) of it (2.85%) is water.
2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,375 people, 6,856 households, and 4,374 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,313.1 people per square mile (893.3/km²). There were 7,368 housing units at an average density of 980.9 per square mile (378.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 82.24% White, 8.29% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 5.85% from other races, and 3.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.32% of the population.
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Gambier, Ohio
Gambier is a village in Knox County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,871 at the 2000 census.
Gambier is the home of Kenyon College and was named after one of Kenyon College's early benefactors, Lord Gambier.
A major feature is a gravel path running the length of the village, fondly referred to as "Middle Path". This path has become a piece of Gambier's history, as it is used by college students and residents alike as a way through the community.
Gambier is located at 40°22′35″N 82°23′48″W / 40.37639°N 82.39667°W / 40.37639; -82.39667 (40.376400, -82.396570), along the Kokosing River.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,871 people, 278 households, and 142 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,998.5 people per square mile (768.5/km²). There were 305 housing units at an average density of 325.8 per square mile (125.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 94.07% White, 2.51% African American, 1.28% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.66% of the population.
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Gran Chaco
The Gran Chaco (Quechua chaku, "hunting land") is a sparsely populated, hot and semi-arid lowland natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, where it is connected with the Pantanal region. This land is sometimes called the Chaco Plain.
The Gran Chaco is about 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi) in size, though estimates differ. It is located west of the Paraguay River and east of the Andes, mostly an alluvial sedimentary plain shared among Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina. It stretches from about 17° to 33° South latitude and between 65° and 60° West longitude, though estimates differ in this case too.
Historically the Chaco has been divided in three main parts: the Chaco Austral or Southern Chaco, south of the Bermejo River and inside Argentinian territory, blending into the Pampa region in its southernmost end; the Chaco Central or Central Chaco between the Bermejo and the Pilcomayo River to the north, also now in Argentinian territory; and the Chaco Boreal or Northern Chaco, north of the Pilcomayo up to the Brazilian Pantanal, inside Paraguayan territory and sharing some area with Bolivia.
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Iowa
Iowa (i/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.
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Isthmus of Panama
The Isthmus of Panama, also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien, is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America. It contains the country of Panama and the Panama Canal. Like many isthmuses, it is a location of great strategic value.
The Isthmus was formed some three million years ago during the Pliocene epoch. This major geological event separated the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and caused the creation of the Gulf Stream.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa heard of the South Sea from the natives while sailing along the Caribbean coast. On 25 September 1513 he saw the Pacific. In 1519 the town of Panamá was founded near a small indigenous settlement on the Pacific coast. After the discovery of Peru it developed into an important port of trade and became an administrative centre. 1671 the Welsh pirate Henry Morgan crossed the Isthmus of Panamá coming from the Caribbean and destroyed the city. Afterwards the town was relocated some kilometers to the west at a small peninsula. The ruins of the old town Panamá la Vieja are preserved, and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.
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John Humphrey Noyes
John Humphrey Noyes (September 3, 1811 – April 13, 1886) was an American utopian socialist. He founded the Oneida Community in 1848. He coined the term "free love".
Noyes was born in Brattleboro, Vermont, and was below the age of 21 when he started voicing his "heretical" views. While studying at Dartmouth College, Andover Theological Seminary, and Yale Theological College he used his skills at theological argument. He combined this with his skill in religious science, and the common sense he had gained as a farmer, to “make the application of a revolutionary religious doctrine to everyday life, an application that produced a social revolution.”
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Kansas
Kansas (i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers. Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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Lexington, Virginia
Lexington is an independent city within the confines of Rockbridge County in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The population was 7,042 in 2010. Lexington is about 55 minutes east of the West Virginia border and is about 50 miles north of Roanoke, Virginia. It was first settled in 1777.
It is home to the Washington and Lee University (W&L) and Virginia Military Institute (VMI). It is the county seat of Rockbridge County. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Lexington (along with nearby Buena Vista) with Rockbridge County for statistical purposes.
Union General David Hunter led a raid on Virginia Military Institute during the American Civil War. Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson are buried here. It is also the site of the only house Jackson ever owned, now open to the public as a museum. At the Sam Houston Wayside is a 38,000 pound piece of Texas pink granite commemorating the birthplace of Sam Houston, governor of both Tennessee and Texas.
Today, Lexington's primary economic activity stems from higher education and tourism. Located at the intersection of historic U.S. Route 11 and U.S. Route 60 and more modern highways, Interstate 64 and Interstate 81, Lexington is host to Washington and Lee University and Virginia Military Institute. With its various connections to the Civil War, Lexington attracts visitors from around the country. Places of interest in Lexington include the Stonewall Jackson House, Lee Chapel, George C. Marshall Museum, Virginia Military Institute Museum, Museum of Military Memorabilia and the downtown historic district. There are also two non-profit theaters in Lexington that attract visitors to the area: Theater at Lime Kiln and Hull's Drive In.
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Louisiana
Louisiana (i/luːˌiːziˈænə/ or i/ˌluːziˈænə/; French: État de Louisiane, [lwizjan] (
listen); Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
Much of the state was formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species including many species of orchids and carnivorus plants.
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Lynchburg, Virginia
Lynchburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The population was 75,568 as of 2010. Located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River, Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" or "The Hill City." Lynchburg was the only major city in Virginia that did not fall to the Union in the American Civil War.
The Metropolitan Statistical Area of Lynchburg of 2,122 square miles (5,500 km2) is near the geographic center of Virginia and encompasses Amherst County, Appomattox County, Bedford County, Campbell County, City of Bedford, and the City of Lynchburg. It is the fifth largest MSA in Virginia with a population of 246,036. Other nearby cities include Roanoke, Charlottesville, and Danville. Lynchburg's sister cities are Rueil-Malmaison, France and Glauchau, Germany.
Lynchburg is the home of Central Virginia Community College, Liberty University, Lynchburg College, Randolph College, and Virginia University of Lynchburg. The Lynchburg MSA also includes Sweet Briar College.
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Maine
Maine (i/ˈmeɪn/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, its heavily forested interior and picturesque waterways—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European encounter, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in Maine was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements survived. Patriot and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the 50 United States.
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Maryland
Maryland (i/ˈmɛrɨlənd/) is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it (the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State) are occasionally used. Maryland is the 9th smallest state by area, but the 19th most populous and the 5th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's most populated city is Baltimore. Its capital is Annapolis. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.
Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with the European country of Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)). It is the 42nd largest/9th smallest state, and is closest in size to Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)), the next smallest state. The next largest state, Maryland's neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)).
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Missouri
Missouri (i/mɨˈzʊəri/) (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri generally mirrors the demographic, economic and political makeup of America and has long been considered a political bellwether state. With the exceptions of the Presidential elections of 1956 and 2008, Missouri's results have accurately predicted the next President of the United States in every election since 1904. It has both Midwestern and Southern cultural influences, reflecting its history as a border state. It is also a transition between the Eastern and Western United States, as St. Louis is often called the "western-most Eastern city" and Kansas City the "eastern-most Western city". Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains while the southern part lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the two. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of North America, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points of the Pony Express Trail and Oregon Trail were both in Missouri. The mean center of United States population as of the 2010 Census is at the town of Plato in Texas County, Missouri.
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Montana
Montana (i/mɒnˈtænə/) is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges that are part of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name, derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, none official, including: "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently, "The Last Best Place". Montana is the 4th-most extensive, but the 7th-least populous and the 3rd-least densely populated of the 50 United States. The economy is primarily based on services, with ranching, wheat farming, oil and coal mining in the east, and lumber, tourism, and hard rock mining in the west. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.
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Myrl Shoemaker
Myrl Howard Shoemaker (April 14, 1913 – July 30, 1985) was an American politician of the Democratic party who served as the 57th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1983 until his death in 1985.
Shoemaker served for 24 years in the Ohio House of Representatives. Celeste's choice of Shoemaker for Lieutenant Governor was pivotal for him to receive downstate support in the election to offset the political support of his opponent, U.S. Rep. Clarence J. "Bud" Brown Jr. Wags claimed that if elected, Celeste would be the Governor above Interstate 70 and Shoemaker would be the Governor below Interstate 70, the highway that bisects Ohio.
He was elected lieutenant governor in 1982 as running mate of Richard F. Celeste.
Shoemaker died of cancer in 1985 while serving as lieutenant governor.
His son Mike Shoemaker served for many years in the Ohio House of Representatives and the Ohio State Senate.
The Convocation center on the campus of the University of Cincinnati bears his name. The main arena is sponsored by Fifth Third Bank and is legally named "Fifth Third Arena at Shoemaker Center"
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Nebraska
Nebraska (i/nəˈbræskə/) is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. Its state capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River.
The state is crossed by many historic trails, but it was the California Gold Rush that first brought large numbers here, and it became a state in 1867. Certain landmarks still compete for the notional distinction 'Where the West Begins'.
There are wide variations between winter and summer temperatures, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes are common. The state is characterized by treeless prairie, ideal for cattle-grazing, and it is a major producer of beef, as well as pork, maize and soybeans. Nebraska is overwhelmingly rural, as the 8th least-densely populated state of the United States.
Ethnically, the largest group are German-Americans, and the state has the biggest Czech-American population per head. During the Great Migration, many African Americans came to Omaha, and they continue to campaign for improved conditions. More recently, Native American activism has increased, with a drive for self-determination in a climate of co-operation with state officials on regional issues. It is traditionally a Republican-voting state.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Norwalk, Ohio
Norwalk is a city in Huron County, Ohio, United States. The population was 17,012 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Huron County. The city is the center of the Norwalk Micropolitan Statistical Area. Norwalk is located approximately 10 miles (16 km) south of Lake Erie, 51 miles (82 km) west/southwest of Cleveland, 59 miles (95 km) southeast of Toledo, and 87 miles (140 km) north/northeast of Columbus.
Norwalk is at the center of the Firelands, a subregion of the Connecticut Western Reserve. The subregion's name recalls the founding of the area as one for settlers from cities in Connecticut that were burned during the Revolutionary War. Several locations in the Firelands were named in honor of those cities, including Danbury, Greenwich, Groton, New Haven, New London, Norwalk, Norwich, and Ridgefield. Other locations were named for the settlers, including Clarksfield, Perkins, and Sherman.
On July 11, 1779, Norwalk, Connecticut was burned by the British Tories under Governor Tryon. A committee of the General Assembly estimated the losses to the inhabitants at $116,238.66. Later, our federal government gave an area in the Western Reserve of Ohio as compensation for those established losses.
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Ohio
Ohio (i/oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.
The name "Ohio" originated from Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning "great river". The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (i/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/) (Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and it is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans or, informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly 60 percent of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan statistical areas.
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Oregon
Oregon (i/ˈɔrɨɡən/ ORR-ə-gən) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843. The Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859.
Oregon is the 9th most extensive and the 27th most populous of the 50 United States. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 29th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 583,776 (2010 US Census) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area. The valley of the Willamette River in western Oregon is the state's most densely populated area and is home to eight of the ten most populous cities.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (i/ˈpɛərəɡwaɪ/, PAIR-ə-gwy), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: República del Paraguay [reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwai], Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái [teˈtã paɾaˈɣwaj]), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
The Guaraní have been living in Paraguay since before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, when Paraguay became part of the Spanish colonial empire. Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who followed isolationist and protectionist policies. This development was truncated by the disastrous Paraguayan War (1864–1870) in which the country lost 60% to 70% of its population and large amounts of territory. During a large part of the 20th century, Paraguay was ruled by Alfredo Stroessner, who led one of South America's longest lived military dictatorships. In 1989 Stroessner was toppled and free elections were celebrated in 1993. In 1994 Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur.
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Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbərɡ/, PITS-burg) is the second largest city in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of both Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley. Nationally, it is the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The population of the city in 2010 was 305,704, while that of the seven-county metropolitan area stood at 2,356,285.Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, which form the Ohio River. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "the City of Bridges" and "the Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
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San Francisco
San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of about 46.9 square miles (121 km2) on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of about 17,179 people per square mile (6,632 people per km2). It is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 13th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 805,235 as of the 2010 Census. The San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan area has a population of 4,335,391.
In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, increasing the population in one year from 1,000 to 25,000, and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
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St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ (French: Saint-Louis or St-Louis, [sɛ̃ lwi] ( listen)) is an independent city on the eastern border of Missouri, United States, and is the second-largest city in the state. With a population of 318,069 in July 2011, it was the 58th-largest U.S. city at the 2010 U.S. Census. The Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) population of 2,812,896 is the 18th-largest in the country. The Greater St. Louis combined statistical area's (CSA) population of 2,878,255 is the 16th-largest CSA in the country, the fourth-largest in the Midwest. The Greater St. Louis area is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri.
The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, and after the Louisiana Purchase, it became a major port on the Mississippi River. Its population expanded after the American Civil War, and it became the fourth-largest city in the United States in the late 19th century. It seceded from St. Louis County in March 1877, allowing it to become an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Olympic Games. The city's population peaked in 1950, then began a long decline that reversed only at the beginning of the 21st century.
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Suez Canal
The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس Qanāt al-Sūwais), also known by the nickname "The Highway to India", is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows transportation by water between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the half-way point.
When first built, the canal was 164 km (102 mi) long and 8 m (26 ft) deep. After multiple enlargements, the canal is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km/14 mi, the canal itself of 162.25 km/100.82 mi and the southern access channel of 9 km/5.6 mi.
The canal is single lane with passing places in Ballah By-Pass and in the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vermont
Vermonti/vɜrˈmɒnt/ is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Vermont is the 6th least extensive and the 2nd least populous of the 50 United States. It is the only New England state not bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermont's western border, which it shares with the state of New York. The Green Mountains are within the state. Vermont is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.
Originally inhabited by two major Native American tribes (the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and the Iroquois), much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by France during its early colonial period. France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War). For many years, the nearby colonies, especially New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area (then called the New Hampshire Grants). Settlers who held land titles granted by these colonies were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, which eventually prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for fourteen years. Vermont is one of seventeen U.S. states (along with Texas, Hawaii, the brief California Republic, and each of the original Thirteen Colonies) to have had a sovereign government in the past. In 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the 14th state, the first outside the original 13 Colonies. It abolished slavery while still independent, and upon joining the Union became the first state to have done so.
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Villa Hayes
Villa Hayes is a city in Paraguay, and is the capital of the department of Presidente Hayes.
Known as “the City of the Five Names”, it was eventually named in honor of Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States.
The city temperature in summer reaches 44 °C (111 °F) and drops to 0 °C (32 °F) in the winter. The average temperature is 26 °C (79 °F).
Villa Hayes is situated on the north bank of the Paraguay River, 31 kilometres (19 mi) north of Asunción City.
At the time of the 2002 census, Villa Hayes had a population of 19,001, (10,071 men and 9,930 women). Of these 2,049 lived in the city and 16,592 in the rural area.
There a number of different ethnicities among the city's inhabitants: Native American, European, menonita and Paraguayan.
The Native Americans living in the city include members of the Nivaclé, Toba Mascoy, Angaiteçé, Guaná, Maká, Chamacoco, and Toba Qom tribes.
ACEPAR (Aceros del Paraguay), Paraguay's principal steel manufacturer, is based in Villa Hayes, however most of the city's inhabitants work in the cattle trade, and to a lesser extent in agriculture.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a federal district to become the national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution. The District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. It was formed from land along the Potomac River donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned by Congress in 1846.
A new capital city named after George Washington was founded in 1791 to the east of the preexisting port of Georgetown. Congress consolidated the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the remaining unincorporated area within the District under a single municipal government in 1871. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, located on the country's Pacific coast.
Washington, D.C., had an estimated population of 617,996 in 2011. The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's population to over one million during the workweek. The Washington Metropolitan Area, of which the District is a part, has a population of nearly 5.6 million, the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
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A. Victor Donahey
Alvin Victor Donahey (also known as A. Victor Donahey, A. Vic Donahey, Vic Donahey, A. V. Donahey, or Honest Vic Donahey) (July 7, 1873 – April 8, 1946) was a Democratic Party politician from Ohio. Donahey was the 50th Governor of Ohio and a United States Senator from Ohio.
Donahey was born in Cadwallader, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. His parents were John C. Donahey and Catherine (Chaney) Donahey. After high school he attended the Cleveland Institute of Art and graduated from there. Donahey married Mary Edith Harvey on January 5, 1897. They had ten children.
Donahey served as County Auditor from 1905 to 1909. After serving as a delegate to the 1912 Constitutional Convention, Donahey served as State Auditor from 19121921. He did not seek re-election in 1920, running instead for Governor. Donahey lost that election but won the position two years later, serving three terms from 1923 to 1929. He did not run for re-election in 1928. He won election to the United States Senate in 1934, unseating Republican Simeon Fess by a wide margin (1,276,208 to 839,068) and served one term in the Senate from 1935 until 1941, before retiring.
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Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincolni/ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator in the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives in the 1840s. After a series of debates in 1858 that gave national visibility to his opposition to the expansion of slavery, Lincoln lost a Senate race to his arch-rival Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing state, secured the Republican Party nomination. With almost no support in the South he swept the North and was elected president in 1860. His election was the signal for seven southern slave states to declare their secession from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The departure of the Southerners gave Lincoln's party firm control of Congress, but no formula for compromise or reconciliation was found. And the war came.
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Alexander Long
Alexander Long (December 24, 1816 – November 28, 1886) was a Democratic United States Congressman who was born in Greenville, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1816. Before entering politics he studied and practiced law in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1848-49 he was a member of the Ohio State House of Representatives and was in the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat from Ohio (38th Congress) on March 4, 1863 until March 3, 1865.
He is best known for his opposition to the Civil War and being in favor of the independence of the Confederacy. A speech he made in Congress on April 8, 1864 expressed these views which was denounced by several Congressmen including Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax. On April 9, 1864 he was censured by Congress for "treasonable utterances". Long was prominent in the Copperhead or peace movement of the Democratic party, being one of the most extreme opponents of the war.
He made an unsuccessful bid for reelection to the 39th Congress and left politics to resume his law practice in Cincinnati. He died on November 28, 1886 and is interred in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati.
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Alexander Ramsey
Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815 – April 22, 1903) was an American politician. He was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Alexander Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 28th and 29th congresses from March 4, 1843 to March 4, 1847. He served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota from June 1, 1849 to May 15, 1853 as a member of the Whig Party.
Ramsey was of Scottish and German ancestry. In 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota. Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2, 1860 to July 10, 1863. Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War (he happened to be in Washington, D.C. when fighting broke out). He resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator, having been elected to that post in 1863 as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3, 1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses.
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Alf Landon
Alfred Mossman Landon, known as Alf Landon (September 9, 1887 – October 12, 1987), was an American Republican politician, who served as the 26th Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937. He was best known for having been the Republican Party's (GOP) nominee for President of the United States, defeated in a landslide by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election.
Born in 1887 in West Middlesex, Pennsylvania, Landon grew up in Marietta, Ohio. He moved with his family to Kansas at age 17 and graduated from the University of Kansas in 1908. He first pursued a career in banking, but in 1912 he became an independent petroleum producer in Independence, Kansas. During World War I, Landon served in the Army as a first lieutenant in chemical warfare. By 1929 the oil industry had made him a millionaire.
Landon supported Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party in 1912, and, in 1922, was private secretary to the governor of Kansas. He later became known as the leader of the liberal Republicans in the state. He was elected chairman of the Republican state central committee in 1928 and directed the Republican successful presidential and gubernatorial campaigns in Kansas in that year.
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Alfred G. Allen
Alfred Gaither Allen (July 23, 1867 – December 9, 1932) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born on a farm near Wilmington, Ohio, Allen attended the public schools. He was graduated from Wilmington High School in 1886 and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1890, where he was Phi Delta Phi. He was admitted to the bar in 1890 and commenced practice in Cincinnati, Ohio. He served as United States commissioner 1896-1900, as delegate to the Democratic State conventions at Columbus in 1901 and 1908. He was a member of the city council 1906-1908, and a member of the board of the sinking-fund trustees of Cincinnati 1908-1910.
Allen was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-second, Sixty-third, and Sixty-fourth Congresses (March 4, 1911-March 3, 1917). He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1916, and resumed the practice of his profession in Cincinnati. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention at San Francisco in 1920. He served as president of the Cincinnati Bar Association in 1925 and 1926. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, December 9, 1932. He was interred in Sugar Grove Cemetery, Wilmington, Ohio.
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Allen G. Thurman
Allen Granberry Thurman (November 13, 1813 – December 12, 1895) was a Democratic Representative, Ohio Supreme Court justice, and Senator from Ohio, as well as the nominee of the Democratic Party for Vice President of the United States in 1888.
He was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, to Pleasant Thurman and Mary Granberry Allen Thurman. Both his parents were teachers; his father also a Methodist minister. In 1815, his parents emancipated their slaves and moved to Chillicothe, Ohio. He attended the academy run by his mother, and then studied law as an apprentice to his uncle, William Allen (who later became a Senator from Ohio). At the age of eighteen, Thurman worked on a land survey, and at twenty-one became private secretary to the Governor of Ohio, Robert Lucas. In 1835 he was admitted to the Ohio bar and became his uncle's law partner. In 1837 his uncle entered the Senate. On November 14, 1844, Thurman married Mary Dun Thomplins (or Tompkins), and they were the parents of three children.
The same year he was elected to the House of Representatives as its youngest member. He generally supported the majority of the Democrats on all issues except internal improvements, on which he tended to vote with the Whigs. He supported the Polk Administration's conduct of the Mexican-American War, spoke in favor of the 54°40' northern limit to the Oregon territory, and voted for the Wilmot Proviso, which would have banned slavery from the territory gained from Mexico. Ironically, his support for the latter was due to anti-African-American prejudice, as he wanted to reserve this territory for white settlement. After a single two-year term, he left the House voluntarily to resume private law practice.
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Allen Trimble
Allen Trimble (November 24, 1783 – February 3, 1870) was a Federalist politician from Ohio. He served as the eighth and tenth Governor of Ohio.
Trimble was born in Augusta County, Virginia to James Trimble, Revolutionary War veteran, and Jane Allen Trimble. He was of Ulster Scots ancestry. In October 1784 his father moved his family to a veterans land grant in then Fayette County, Kentucky. In October 1804 James Trimble died leaving Allen head of the family. Allen Trimble moved them to a homestead he and his father had established outside of Hillsboro, Ohio. After briefly serving during the War of 1812, Trimble served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1816 to 1817 and then in the Ohio State Senate from 1818 to 1826. Trimble became Speaker of the Senate, and it was in this capacity that he became governor from January to December 1822 when Governor Ethan Allen Brown resigned to take a seat in the United States Senate. Trimble ran for re-election in 1822, but narrowly lost. He won election four years later, and then won a second full term in 1828. Trimble did not seek re-election in 1830. He then retired to farming, but did consent to accepting the nomination of the Know-Nothings for governor in 1855. In 1860 he was a delegate to the Constitutional Union Party convention in Baltimore. A street in Hillsboro, Ohio, Governor Trimble Place, is named in his honor. His daughter, Eliza, helped to initiate the temperance movement in the United States.
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Alonzo B. Cornell
Alonzo Barton Cornell (January 22, 1832 – October 15, 1904) was a New York politician and businessman who served as 27th Governor of New York from 1880 to 1882.
Born in Ithaca, New York, he was the eldest son of Ezra Cornell, the founder of Cornell University and Mary Ann (Wood) Cornell. He was educated at the Ithaca Academy.
He was married to Esther Elizabeth Covert, a native of Auburn, New York on 9 November 1852. They had four boys together between 1855 and 1874.[citation needed]
At the age of fifteen, he began a career in the field of telegraphy, later serving as a manager in telegraph office in Cleveland, Ohio. Afterwards, he owned steamboats on Cayuga Lake from 1862 to 1863. From 1864 to 1869 he was a cashier and vice president with the First National Bank of Ithaca. He was a director of the Western Union Telegraph Company, which had been co-founded by his father, from 1868 to 1876 and was its vice president from 1870 to 1876.
He was a supervisor of the town of Ithaca in 1864/5. From 1858 until 1866, he served as chairman of the Tompkins County Republican committee, and in 1866/7 was a member of the Republican state committee. He was one of the first commissioners for the erection of the new state capitol at Albany from 1868 until 1871. He was the Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1868, but was defeated by Democrat Allen C. Beach. He was appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant as Surveyor of the Port of New York.
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Alphonso Hart
Alphonso Hart (July 4, 1830 – December 23, 1910) was a Republican politician from the U.S. State of Ohio who was a U.S. Representative, in the Ohio State Senate, and the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.
Hart was born in Vienna, Ohio. His father died when he was age twelve, and he was bound out to a farmer for three years. After seven months he started out alone. Hart attended the common schools and Grand River Institute, Austinburg, Ohio, and studied law in Warren, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar August 12, 1851. He moved to New Lisbon, Ohio, remained two years, and was then elected Assistant Clerk of the Ohio House of Representatives. He purchased the Democratic newspaper "Portage Sentinel" in Ravenna, Ohio, which he edited until he sold it in 1857. He also practiced in Ravenna. He served as prosecuting attorney for Portage County from 1861 to 1864, when he resigned. He served as member of the Ohio Senate 1865, 1872, and 1873, and was the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1873-1875. Presidential elector for Grant/Wilson in 1872. In 1874 he moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1878 to Hillsboro, Ohio. In 1880 he was nominated for the Forty-seventh Congress in the seventh district but lost to John P. Leedom.
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Andrew Hickenlooper
Andrew Hickenlooper (August 10, 1837 – May 12, 1904) was an Ohio civil engineer, politician, industrialist, and most famously, an officer who served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Hickenlooper was born in the village of Hudson, Ohio. He attended Woodward College and Xavier College. When he was nineteen, he entered the office of A. W. Gilbert, then the city surveyor of Cincinnati, and thoroughly mastered the duties of the position. Three years later, he became the city surveyor himself. After spending two years in this position, the Civil War broke out.
Although he was only twenty-four, he recruited what was known as Hickenlooper's Battery or the 5th Ohio Independent Battery, and joined Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont at Jefferson City, Missouri. In 1862, his battery was made a part of the Army of the Tennessee and took a distinguished part in the Battle of Shiloh. Hickenlooper managed to save four of his six guns after the initial Confederate attack. He later defended the famous Hornet's Nest in support of Benjamin M. Prentiss's division. For gallantry at Shiloh, he became commandant of artillery in Thomas J. McKean's division and later chief of staff of the XVII Corps.
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Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). Based in frontier Tennessee, Jackson was a politician and army general who defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814), and the British at the Battle of New Orleans (1815). A polarizing figure who dominated the Second Party System in the 1820s and 1830s, as president he destroyed the national bank and relocated most Indian tribes from the Southeast to west of the Mississippi River. His enthusiastic followers created the modern Democratic Party. The 1830–1850 period later became known as the era of Jacksonian democracy.
Jackson was nicknamed "Old Hickory" because of his toughness and aggressive personality; he fought in duels, some fatal to his opponents. He was a rich slaveholder, who appealed to the common men of the United States, and fought politically against what he denounced as a closed, undemocratic aristocracy. He expanded the spoils system during his presidency to strengthen his political base.
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Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States (1865–1869). As Vice President of the United States in 1865, he succeeded Abraham Lincoln following the latter's assassination. Johnson then presided over the initial and contentious Reconstruction era of the United States following the American Civil War. Johnson's reconstruction policies failed to promote the rights of the Freedmen, and he came under vigorous political attack from Republicans, ending in his impeachment by the U.S. House of Representatives; he was acquitted by the U.S. Senate.
Johnson, born in poverty and of Scots-Irish descent, became a master tailor and was self-educated, married and had five children. He served as an alderman and as Mayor of Greeneville, Tennessee and then sat in both houses of the Tennessee legislature. He went on to spend five consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives and two terms as Governor of Tennessee, all as a Democrat. His signature legislative endeavor in the state and federal arenas was passage of the Homestead Act.
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Andrew L. Harris
Andrew Lintner Harris (also known as The Farmer-Statesman) (November 17, 1835 – September 13, 1915) was one of the heroes of the Battle of Gettysburg and the last Civil War general to serve as a governor in the U.S., serving as the 44th Governor of Ohio.
Harris was born in Milford Township, Butler County, Ohio, and was educated in the local schools. After graduating from Miami University in 1860, Harris enlisted as a private in the Union Army, and quickly rose to the rank of Colonel of the 75th Ohio Infantry, seeing action in many of the Army of the Potomac's engagements. At Gettysburg on July 1, 1863, he led his men in a successful withdrawal through the hotly contested streets to Cemetery Hill, where they entrenched on the northeastern slope. Assuming command of a brigade, Harris played a key role in delaying repeated attacks the next day by Harry T. Hays's famed Louisiana Tigers, helping secure the critical hill for George G. Meade. Harris continued to lead troops through the war, although he suffered an embarrassing defeat in August 1864 at the Battle of Gainesville in Florida.
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Andrew McBurney
Andrew Graham McBurney (November 13, 1817 – April 23, 1894) was an American Republican politician who served as the eighth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1866 to 1868.
McBurney, eldest son of James and Magdalen Falen McBurney was born 1815 near Montgomery, Ohio. The family soon moved to Lebanon, Ohio, where finished his apprenticeship as a cabinet-maker in 1836. He read law starting 1840, and was admitted to the bar 1843. He was a Democrat until the start of the Civil War, when he became a Republican. In 1861, and again in 1863 he was elected to the Ohio Senate, representing the Second District (Butler and Warren counties) in the Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth General Assembly. In 1865 he was elected Lieutenant Governor, serving one term. He was an elector on the Grant/Colfax ticket in 1868, but did not again participate in Politics. He died 1894 in Lebanon.
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Arthur Summerfield
Arthur Ellsworth Summerfield (Pinconning, Michigan, 17 March 1899 – 26 April 1972 in West Palm Beach, Florida) was a U.S. political figure and the 54th Postmaster General of the United States.
Before embarking on his political career, Summerfield had become well known in Michigan as the owner of one of the largest General Motors automobile dealerships in the state; and one of the largest in the Midwest.
Summerfield ran unsuccessfully for the governorship of his home state of Michigan in 1946. He served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee between 1952 and 1953. At the 1952 Republican National Convention he played a key role in winning the GOP presidential nomination for General Dwight Eisenhower. As Michigan's delegate chairman Summerfield convinced the large, uncommitted Michigan delegation to support Eisenhower, thus providing "Ike" with a major boost before the voting.
In December 1952, President-Elect Eisenhower chose Summerfield as the federal Postmaster General; he served in that post from 1953 to 1961.
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Asa W. Jones
Asahel Wellington Jones (September 18, 1838 – October 9, 1918) was an American Republican politician who served as the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1896 to 1900.
Jones was born September 18, 1838 at Johnstonsville, Trumbull County, Ohio, son of William P. Jones, born in Trumbull County, and Mary J. Bond, born in New York. He was raised on a farm and educated in the public schools. He attended Western Reserve Academy. He read law in Warren, and was admitted to the bar 1859. In 1861, he opened an office in Mecca, Ohio, during the oil boom there. In 1864, he moved to Youngstown. His practice there concentrated on personal injury lawsuits involving railroads. In 1869, he was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Mahoning County, and re-elected in 1871. He later was general council for the Pittsburg and Western Railroad, and attorney for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He was director and a large stockholder of the Second National Bank of Youngstown, and the Dollar Savings and Trust Company.
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Atlee Pomerene
Atlee Pomerene (December 6, 1863 – November 12, 1937) was a Democratic Party politician from Ohio. He represented Ohio in the United States Senate from 1911 until 1923.
Pomerene studied at Princeton University and the University of Cincinnati Law School. He began practicing law in Canton, Ohio in 1886. After serving in a variety of city, county, and state positions as solicitor and prosecutor, Pomerene was elected the 31st Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1910. He briefly served in the post in early 1911 before being elected by the State Legislature to the U.S. Senate. Pomerene was re-elected in 1916, but lost a bid for a third term six years later. Pomerene was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to serve as a special prosecutor to deal with the Teapot Dome scandal. He ran unsuccessfully for the other U.S. Senate seat from Ohio in 1926 and for the Democratic nomination to the U.S. presidency in 1928. In 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Pomerene to succeed Charles G. Dawes as head of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation after Dawes' sudden resignation on June 7.
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B. Carroll Reece
Brazilla Carroll Reece (December 22, 1889–March 19, 1961) was a U.S. Representative from Tennessee.
Reece was born on a farm near Butler, Tennessee, one of thirteen children of John Isaac and Sarah Maples Reece. He was named for Brazilla Carroll McBride, an ancestor who served in the War of 1812, but never used his first name.
He attended Watauga Academy in Butler, and Carson-Newman College in Jefferson City, Tennessee. At Carson-Newman he played basketball and football. After graduating from Carson-Newman in 1914 as class valedictorian, he worked as a high school principal for one year, then enrolled in New York University, where he earned a master's degree in economics and finance in 1916. He also studied at the University of London.
He was an assistant secretary and instructor at New York University in 1916 and 1917. During the First World War, he enlisted in May 1917 and served with the American Expeditionary Forces from October 1917 to July 1919. He was decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Service Medal, Purple Heart, and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm; as a First Lieutenant[citation needed] in the 102nd Infantry Regt., 26th Division. He was director of the School of Business Administration of New York University in 1919 and 1920.
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Bannock War
The Bannock War was a series of conflicts in 1878 between various Bannock, Northern Shoshone and Paiute tribes against the United States.
Camas (Camassia quamash) is a plant with a blue or purple flower which has a nutritious bulb about the size and shape of a tulip bulb. For many of the tribes in Idaho, Eastern Washington, Eastern Oregon, and Western Montana, camas was a major source of food. It was gathered in late spring or early fall. It was either eaten raw or steamed in a pit for immediate consumption. To preserve the camas, the bulbs were pounded in a mortar to make a kind of dough which was then shaped into loaves, wrapped in grass, and steamed again. After cooking it for a second time, the loaves were made into smaller cakes and dried in the sun. Without adequate stock of camas, people would be ill prepared for the cold winter months. In Idaho, one of the most important camas areas was known as Great Camas Prairie.
The Bannock tribe was restricted to the Fort Hall Reservation in Idaho by the Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868. The tribe was experiencing a famine as they competed with local settlers for game, and the rations provided by the U.S government were too few to support the people on the reservation. In the spring of 1871, the Bannocks and Shoshone traveled to nearby Great Camas Prairie to harvest camas roots. They discovered that settlers had grazed their hogs and livestock on the land, and many of the camas tubers had been eaten. This increased the starvation pressure on the tribes and lead to increased hostility.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Barry Goldwater
Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party's nominee for President in the 1964 election. An articulate and charismatic figure during the first half of the 1960s, he was known as "Mr. Conservative".
Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.
Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition to defeat the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican primaries. Goldwater's right-wing campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the largest landslides in history, bringing down many Republican candidates as well. The Johnson campaign and other critics painted him as a reactionary, while supporters praised his crusades against the Soviet Union, labor unions, and the welfare state. His defeat allowed Johnson and the Democrats in Congress to pass the Great Society programs, but the defeat of so many older Republicans in 1964 also cleared the way for a younger generation of American conservatives to mobilize. Goldwater was much less active as a national leader of conservatives after 1964; his supporters mostly rallied behind Ronald Reagan, who became governor of California in 1967 and the 40th President of the United States in 1981.
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Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States (1889–1893). Harrison, a grandson of President William Henry Harrison, was born in North Bend, Ohio, and moved to Indianapolis, Indiana at age 21, eventually becoming a prominent politician there. During the American Civil War, he served the Union as a Brigadier General in the XX Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. After the war he unsuccessfully ran for the governorship of Indiana, and was later appointed to the U.S. Senate from that state.
Harrison, a Republican, was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating Democratic incumbent Grover Cleveland. His administration is most remembered for economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Antitrust Act, and for annual federal spending that reached one billion dollars for the first time. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress", and used the issue, along with the growing unpopularity of the high tariff, to defeat the Republicans, both in the 1890 mid-term elections and in Harrison's bid for re-election in 1892. Harrison advocated, although unsuccessfully, for federal education funding and legislation to protect voting rights for African Americans. He also saw the admittance of six states into the Union.
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Benjamin Stanton
Benjamin Stanton (June 4, 1809 – June 2, 1872) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Mount Pleasant, Ohio, Stanton pursued academic studies, and thereafter learned the tailor's trade. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1834 and commenced practice in Bellefontaine, Ohio. He served as member of the Ohio Senate in 1841 and 1843. He served as delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1850.
Stanton was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851-March 3, 1853).
Stanton was elected as an Opposition Party candidate to the Thirty-fourth Congress and reelected as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1855-March 3, 1861). He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs (Thirty-sixth Congress).
Stanton served as lieutenant governor of Ohio in 1862, during the American Civil War. After the battle of Shiloh, in April 1862, at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, Stanton visited the Union Army and soon published a statement critical of the Union generals. He opined that Ulysses S. Grant and Benjamin M. Prentiss, both appointed from Illinois, should be court-martialed and shot. General William Tecumseh Sherman, appointed from Ohio, published a sharp rebuttal. This led to Stanton's criticizing Sherman as well.
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Bill Brock
William Emerson "Bill" Brock III (born November 23, 1930) is a former Republican United States senator from Tennessee, having served from 1971 to 1977. He is the grandson of William Emerson Brock I, who was a Democratic U.S. senator from Tennessee from 1929 to 1931.
Brock was a native of Chattanooga, where his family owned a well-known candy company. He is a 1949 graduate of McCallie School and a 1953 graduate of Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, in 1953 and subsequently served in the U.S. Navy until 1956. He then worked in his family's candy business. Brock had been reared as a Democrat, but became a Republican in the 1950s. In 1962, he was elected to Congress from Tennessee's 3rd congressional district, based in Chattanooga. The 3rd had long been the only Democratic outpost in traditionally heavily Republican East Tennessee; indeed, Brock's victory ended 40 years of Democratic control in the district.
Brock served four terms in the House and then won the Republican nomination to face three-term incumbent U.S. Sen. Albert A. Gore Sr. in 1970, defeating country singer Tex Ritter in the primary. Brock's campaign was able successfully to make an issue of Gore's friendship with the Kennedy family and Gore's voting record, which was somewhat liberal by Southern standards, and defeated him.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
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Bill Gradison
Willis David "Bill" Gradison Jr. (born December 28, 1928) is an American politician, who served for almost two decades in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Gradison, a Republican, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio and received a bachelor of arts degree from Yale University in 1949, a master's degree in business administration from Harvard University's Graduate School of Business Administration in 1951, and a doctor of commercial science degree from Harvard in 1954.
Gradison worked as an investment broker and then served as assistant to the undersecretary of the treasury (1953–1955), and assistant to the secretary of health, education, and welfare (1955–1957).
He was then elected to the Cincinnati city council, on which he served from 1961 to 1974. This service included a term as mayor of Cincinnati in 1971 (a position that at the time rotated among council members). Gradison was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1974 and began serving in 1975 (94th Congress). He began representing Ohio's District 1, but after the 1980 census, he and Tom Luken effectively switched districts, with Gradison's district renumbered as District 2. He served until 1993, when he resigned to accept the lobbying position of president of the Health Insurance Association of America.
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Bob Dole
Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22, 1923) is an American attorney and politician. Dole represented Kansas in the United States Senate from 1969 to 1996, was Gerald Ford's Vice Presidential running mate in the 1976 presidential election, and was Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and in 1995 and 1996. Dole was the Republican party nominee in the presidential election of 1996, but he lost to incumbent Democrat Bill Clinton. Dole is currently special counsel at the Washington, D.C. office of law firm Alston & Bird.
In 2007, President George W. Bush appointed Dole as a co-chair of the commission to investigate problems at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, along with Donna Shalala, a former member of the Clinton cabinet. Dole is married to former U.S. cabinet member and former U.S. Senator Elizabeth Hanford Dole of North Carolina. Bob Dole is currently a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.
Bob Dole was born in Russell, Kansas, the son of Bina M. (née Talbott; 1904–1983) and Doran Ray Dole (1901–1975). His father, who had moved the family to Russell while Dole was still a toddler, made a living by running a small creamery. Among his father's customers was the father of Arlen Specter who ran a junkyard in the town and used Dole's scales to weigh junk. Specter, who was six years younger than Dole and graduated Russell High School in 1947, was not a Dole contemporary although Specter's brother Morton Specter and Dole's brother Kenny Dole were friends. During the Great Depression, which hit Kansas very hard, the Dole family moved into the basement of their home and rented out the rest of the house. As a boy, he took many odd jobs around Russell, and he would later work as a soda jerk in the local drug store.
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Bob Taft
Robert Alphonso "Bob" Taft II (born January 8, 1942) is an Ohio Republican Party politician. He was elected to two terms of office as the 67th Governor of the U.S. state of Ohio between 1999-2007. After leaving office, Taft started working for the University of Dayton beginning August 15, 2007.
Taft was born in 1942 in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of U.S. Senator Robert Taft, Jr. and Blanca Duncan Noel. His grandfather was U.S. Senate Majority Leader Robert A. Taft, his great-grandfather was U.S. President and U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William Howard Taft, and his great-great-grandfather was Attorney General and Secretary of War Alphonso Taft.
He was raised in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he attended the Cincinnati Country Day School through the ninth grade and graduated from The Taft School. He attended Yale University, where he was a member of the Yale Political Union, and graduated with a B.A. in government in 1963. From 1963 to 1965, he served as a Peace Corps volunteer, teaching in the African nation of Tanzania. He later attended the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, receiving an M.A., again in government, in 1967. In 1976, he received his Juris Doctor from the University of Cincinnati College of Law.
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C. Vann Woodward
Comer Vann Woodward (November 13, 1908 – December 17, 1999) was a preeminent American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations. He was considered, along with Richard Hofstadter and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., to be one of the most influential historians of the postwar era, 1940s-1970s, both by scholars and by the general public. He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A. Beard, stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics. Stylistically, he was a master of irony and counterpoint.
C. Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale, a town named after his mother's family and the county seat from 1886-1903. It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas. Woodward attended high school in Morrilton, Arkansas. He attended Henderson-Brown College a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia, for two years. In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology. After graduating, he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta. There he met Will W. Alexander, head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, and J. Saunders Redding, an historian at Atlanta University.
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C. Wesley Roberts
Charles Wesley Roberts (December 14, 1902 – 1976) was a Kansas businessman who was Chairman of the Republican National Committee for four months in 1953 under Dwight D. Eisenhower.
C. Wesley Roberts (or Wes Roberts) was born in Oskaloosa, Kansas, where he died, to Daisy Marian (née Needham) and Francis Henry "Frank" Roberts. The Roberts family has published the smalltown weekly Oskaloosa Independent for more than a century.
He was the father of U.S. Senator Pat Roberts.
Alvin Scott McCoy of The Kansas City Star won a Pulitzer Prize in 1954 for local reporting for a series of articles that drove Roberts to resign his RNC chairmanship. Roberts was accused of collecting a $10,000 commission on the sale of a hospital to the State of Kansas which the state already owned.
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C. William O'Neill
C. William O'Neill (The C stands for nothing) (February 14, 1916 - August 20, 1978) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He was born in Marietta, Ohio. He was the 59th Governor of Ohio. He graduated from both Marietta College (1938) and The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law (1942). While at Marietta he joined The Delta Upsilon University.
O'Neill served as a state representative and as Speaker of the House. He was then elected the State Attorney General in 1950, being the youngest person elected to the office at age 34. He served from 1951–1957, when he was elected to the governorship. O'Neill served until 1959. He was defeated for reelection due to his support of the controversial proposed "right to work" amendment to the Ohio Constitution. He served on the Ohio Supreme Court from 1960 until his death serving as an associate justice, then Chief Justice. O'Neill was the only Ohioan to serve in top leadership positions in the legislative, executive and judicial branches of Ohio.
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Calvin Coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His conduct during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little.
Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office with considerable popularity. As a Coolidge biographer put it, "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength." Coolidge praised the achievement of widespread prosperity in 1928, saying: "The requirements of existence have passed beyond the standard of necessity into the region of luxury." Some later criticized Coolidge as part of a general criticism of laissez-faire government. His reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan Administration, but the ultimate assessment of his presidency is still divided between those who approve of his reduction of the size of government programs and those who believe the federal government should be more involved in regulating and controlling the economy.
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Carl L. Nippert
Carl Louis Nippert (October 11, 1852 - September 5, 1904) was a German engineer and politician, who served as the 26th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1902.
Nippert was born in Frankfurt to American parents, Louis and Meta Nippert. His father was from Cincinnati, Ohio, and was sent to Frankfurt to run a Methodist Episcopal Church seminary. The father returned to Walnut Hills, Cincinnati in the 1870s.
Nippert studied engineering at the universities of Karlsruhe, Germany, and Zürich, Switzerland. After finishing his studies in 1874, he started working as an engineer in Frankfurt, Germany. In 1876 he migrated to the United States to work on the construction of the world fair in Philadelphia.
Nippert worked as a school teacher (1877–1889) and principal (after 1891) in Cincinnati. During this time he advocated the German language. He graduated from Cincinnati Law School, In 1891 he became a lawyer. Eight years later he became a member of the Ohio State Senate for the Republican party.
In 1901, Nippert was elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio. He began his term January, 1902. A vacancy opened for the Hamilton County Probate Judge, and Governor Nash appointed Nippert to the seat on May 1, 1902. He was elected to a three year term on the court in 1903.
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Carl Schurz
Carl Christian Schurz (German: [ˈkaʁl ˈʃʊʁts]; March 2, 1829 – May 14, 1906) was a German revolutionary, American statesman and reformer, and Union Army General in the American Civil War. He was also an accomplished journalist, newspaper editor and orator, who in 1869 became the first German-born American elected to the United States Senate.
His wife, Margarethe Schurz, was instrumental in establishing the kindergarten system in the United States. During his later years, Schurz was perhaps the most prominent independent in American politics, noted for his high principles, his avoidance of political partisanship, and his moral conscience.
He is famous for saying: "My country, right or wrong; if right, to be kept right; and if wrong, to be set right." Many streets, schools, and parks are named in honor of him, including New York City's Carl Schurz Park.
Schurz was born in Liblar (now part of Erftstadt), Germany on March 2, 1829, the son of a schoolteacher. He studied at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne, and learned piano under private instructors. Financial problems in his family obligated him to leave school a year early, without graduating, to help manage his family's financial affairs. Later he graduated from the gymnasium by passing a special examination, and he entered the University of Bonn.
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Carpetbagger
In United States history, carpetbagger was a pejorative term Southerners gave to Northerners (also referred to as Yankees) who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877.
The term referred to the observation that these newcomers tended to carry "carpet bags," a common form of luggage at the time (sturdy and made from used carpet). It was used as a derogatory term, suggesting opportunism and exploitation by the outsiders. Together with Republicans they are said to have politically manipulated and controlled former Confederate states for varying periods for their own financial and power gains. In sum, carpetbaggers were seen as insidious Northern outsiders with questionable objectives meddling in local politics, buying up plantations at fire-sale prices and taking advantage of Southerners. Carpetbagger is not to be confused with copperhead, which is a term given to a person from the North who sympathized with the Southern claim of right to Secession.
The term carpetbaggers was also used to describe the Republican political appointees who came South, arriving with their travel carpet bags. Southerners considered them ready to loot and plunder the defeated South.
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Charles Curtis
Charles Curtis (January 25, 1860 – February 8, 1936) was a United States Representative, a longtime United States Senator from Kansas later chosen as Senate Majority Leader by his Republican colleagues, and the 31st Vice President of the United States (1929–1933). He was the first person with significant acknowledged Native American ancestry and the first person with significant acknowledged non-European ancestry to reach either of the two highest offices in the United States government's executive branch. His maternal ancestry was three-quarters' Native American, of ethnic Kaw, Osage and Pottawatomie ancestry. Curtis spent years of childhood living with his maternal grandparents on their Kaw reservation.
As an attorney, Curtis entered political life early, winning multiple terms from his district in Topeka, Kansas, starting in 1892 as a Republican to the US House of Representatives. He was elected to the US Senate first by the Kansas Legislature (in 1906), and then by popular vote (in 1914, 1920 and 1926), serving one six-year term from 1907 to 1913, and then most of three terms from 1915 to 1929 (when he became Vice President). His long popularity and connections in Kansas and national politics helped make Curtis a strong leader in the Senate; he marshaled support to be elected as Senate Minority Whip from 1915–1925 and then as Senate Majority Leader from 1925–1929. In these positions he was instrumental in managing legislation and accomplishing Republican national goals.
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Charles Elwood Brown
Charles Elwood Brown (July 4, 1834 – May 22, 1904) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Brown attended the common schools and Greenfield Academy, He was graduated from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1854. He went south and, while serving as tutor at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1859 and commenced practice in Chillicothe, Ohio. He served as prosecuting attorney of Ross County in 1859 and 1860. In the first year of the American Civil War, Brown enlisted as a private in Company B, Sixty-third Regiment, Ohio Volunteers, September 2, 1861. He was promptly commissioned as a captain on October 23, 1861. Brown lost his left leg on July 22, 1864 in the Atlanta Campaign. He was promoted through the ranks to colonel June 6, 1865. Brown was mustered out of the volunteers on July 8, 1865. In recognition of Brown's service and sacrifice in the Atlanta Campaign, on January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Brinkerhoff for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.
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Charles Evans Hughes
Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican politician from New York. He served as the 36th Governor of New York (1907–1910), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1910–1916), United States Secretary of State (1921–1925), a judge on the Court of International Justice (1928–1930), and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States (1930–1941). He was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to Woodrow Wilson.
Hughes was a professor in the 1890s, a staunch supporter of Britain's New Liberalism, an important leader of the progressive movement of the 20th century, a leading diplomat and New York lawyer in the days of Harding and Coolidge, and was known for being swing voter when dealing with cases related to the New Deal in the 1930s. Historian Clinton Rossiter has hailed him as a leading American conservative.
Charles Evans Hughes was born in Glens Falls, New York. He was active in the Northern Baptist church, a Mainline Protestant denomination.
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Charles G. Dawes
Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was an American banker and politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States (1925–1929). For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served in the First World War, was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and, in later life, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
Dawes was married to Caro Blymyer on January 24, 1889, and they had four children: Rufus Fearing Dawes, Carolyn Dawes, Dana McCutcheon, and Virginia Dawes (Waller 1998: 273).
Dawes was born in Marietta, Washington County, Ohio to Civil War soldier Rufus R. Dawes and Mary Beman Gates. He graduated from Marietta College in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886. While attending Marietta College he joined The Delta Upsilon Fraternity. He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Lincoln, Nebraska, between 1887 and 1894. When Lt. John Pershing, the future Army general, was appointed military instructor at the University of Nebraska while attending the law school, he and Dawes became acquainted, forming a lifelong friendship.
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Charles H. Lewis
Charles Hendrickson Lewis (April 25,1871 – 1965) was an American politician who served as the 38th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1925 to 1927.
Charles Hendrickson Lewis was born April 25, 1871 at Egypt, Pitt Township, Wyandot County, Ohio. His father organized and was manager of the Harpster Bank in Harpster, Ohio. Charles' mother died when he was three years old, and he grew up in Harpster, attending the public schools. He graduated from the music department of Ohio Northern University in 1889. He was a trustee of the university, and was awarded an honorary degree in 1927. He taught school for two years, and entered Ohio Wesleyan University. He graduated Bachelor of Science in 1895, and worked in his father's bank for thirty years until 1925.
Lewis was elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1924. At that time, Governor and Lieutenant were elected separately, and Lewis (a Republican) served with Democrat Governor A. Victor Donahey. They got along amicably, and Lewis represented the state at the inauguration of Calvin Coolidge in 1925. He was also dispatched to lead an official inspection of the locks and dams of the Ohio River.
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Charles K. Graham
Charles Kinnaird Graham (June 3, 1824 – April 15, 1889) was a sailor in the antebellum United States Navy, attorney, and later a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. As a civil engineer, he helped plan and lay out Central Park in New York City.
Graham was born in New York City. He entered the Navy when he was 17 and later served as a midshipman in the Gulf of Mexico during the Mexican-American War in the late 1840s. Later he studied engineering and was for several years after 1857 constructing engineer of the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
At the outbreak of the American Civil War he entered the Union Army as colonel of the 74th New York Volunteer Infantry, of one of the regiments of the "Excelsior Brigade". He resigned in 1862 but was restored to the colonelcy of the regiment during the Peninsula Campaign. On November 29, 1862 he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers and assumed command of the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps. At the Battle of Chancellorsville he commanded the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps. Upon the mortal wounding of Amiel W. Whipple, Graham assumed command of the 3rd Division, III Corps on the last day of the battle. He returned to command the 1st Brigade, 1st Division in June during the Gettysburg Campaign. During the Battle of Gettysburg, Graham's brigade defended the Union position along the Emmitsburg Road, particularly the area of the Sherfy peach orchard. He was wounded in the hip and shoulders on July 2 and taken prisoner. He was sent to a prison camp in Richmond until he was exchanged (for James L. Kemper) on September 19, 1863.
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Charles L. McNary
Charles Linza McNary (June 12, 1874 – February 25, 1944) was a United States Republican politician from Oregon. He served in the Senate from 1917 to 1944, and was Senate Minority Leader from 1933 to 1944. In the Senate, McNary helped to pass legislation that led to the construction of Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River, and worked on agricultural and forestry issues. He also supported many of the New Deal programs at the beginning of the Great Depression. Until Mark O. Hatfield surpassed his mark in 1993, he was Oregon’s longest serving senator.
McNary was the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1940, on the ticket with presidential candidate Wendell Willkie. They lost to the Democratic ticket, composed of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was running for his third term as president, paired with Henry A. Wallace. McNary was a justice of the Oregon Supreme Court from 1913 to 1915 and was dean of Willamette University College of Law, in his hometown of Salem, from 1908 to 1913. Before that, he was a deputy district attorney under his brother John Hugh McNary, who later became a federal judge for the District of Oregon.
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Charles W. Fairbanks
Charles Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was an American politician who served as a Senator from Indiana from 1897 to 1905 and the 26th Vice President of the United States from 1905 to 1909.
Born in a log cabin near Delaware, Ohio, Fairbanks's ancestry traced back to Puritan followers of Oliver Cromwell, with Jonathan Fayerbankes the first family member to reach America in 1632. The son of a wagon-maker, Fairbanks in his youth saw his family's home used as a hiding place for runaway slaves. After attending country schools and working on a farm, Fairbanks attended Ohio Wesleyan University, where he graduated in 1872. While there, Fairbanks was co-editor of the school newspaper with Cornelia Cole, whom he married after both graduated from the school.
Fairbanks, Alaska is named after Charles W. Fairbanks.
Fairbanks' first position was as an agent of the Associated Press in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, reporting on political rallies for Horace Greeley during the 1872 presidential election. Fairbanks then moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he briefly attended law school before his admittance to the Ohio bar in 1874. He then moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, the same year. Although not generally known his uncle was Ohio Governor and United States President Rutherford B. Hayes who treated his nephew as a political advisor.
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Charles W. Sawyer
Charles W. Sawyer (February 10, 1887 – April 7, 1979) was United States Secretary of Commerce from May 6, 1948 to January 20, 1953 in the administration of Harry Truman.
Sawyer was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He served as a member of Cincinnati City Council from 1912–1916. Prior to his political career, he worked at the Cincinnati law firm of Dinsmore & Shohl. Between the world wars, he was a prominent Democratic politician in Ohio. In the 1930s, a faction led by Sawyer vied with a faction led by Martin L. Davey for control of the state Democratic party. He was the 44th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1933–1935. In 1938, Sawyer was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Ohio governor.
Charles Sawyer authored the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment.Sawyer, Concerns of a Conservative Democrat,Southern Illinois University Press, Pgs 48-51.
He was also appointed as United States Ambassador to Belgium by Franklin Delano Roosevelt and was Minister to Luxembourg during the difficult period 1944–1946 in this country, the beginning of the Belgian royal question concerning King Leopold III of Belgium.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Clarence J. Brown
Clarence J. Brown, Sr. (July 14, 1893 - August 23, 1965) was an American newspaper publisher who represented Ohio as a Republican in the United States House of Representatives from 1939 to 1965.
Brown was born in Blanchester, Clinton County, Ohio or West Union, Clermont County, Ohio, the son of Owen and Ellen Barerre (McCoppin) Brown. His middle name is "J" and does not stand for anything. He attended the Blanchester public schools, and then attended law school at Washington and Lee University, in Lexington, Virginia, from 1913 to 1915.
On his twenty-first birthday Brown married Ethel McKinney. He was state statistician in 1915 and 1916 in the Ohio Secretary of State's office. Brown was engaged in newspaper work in Blanchester in 1917 and was publisher of several country newspapers. He then was president of the Brown Publishing Company in Blanchester and also owned and operated several large farms. In 1918, at age 25, he was elected the 36th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, serving from 1919 to 1923, the youngest man ever to hold the office. In 1926, he was elected Ohio Secretary of State and served from 1927 to 1933. He ran for governor twice: in 1932, he lost the primary; in 1934, he won the Republican nomination but lost the general election. Brown was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1936, 1940, 1944 and 1948, and a member of the Republican National Committee beginning in 1944.
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Dan Quayle
James Danforth "Dan" Quayle ( /ˈkweɪl/; born February 4, 1947) served as the 44th Vice President of the United States, serving with President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993). He served as a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from the state of Indiana.
Quayle was born in Indianapolis but spent most of his childhood living in Arizona. He married Marilyn Tucker in 1972 and obtained his J.D. from Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in 1974. He practiced law in Huntington, Indiana with his wife before being elected to the United States Congress in 1976, aged 29. In 1980, Quayle was elected to the Senate.
In 1988, Vice President George H. W. Bush was nominated for the presidency by the Republican Party and asked his party to nominate Quayle as his vice presidential running mate. Although this choice was met with some dismay, the Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen. As vice president, Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council. He secured re-nomination for vice-president in 1992 but the Bush/Quayle ticket was defeated by Democrat Bill Clinton and his vice-presidential running mate, Al Gore.
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David Hunter
David Hunter (July 21, 1802 – February 2, 1886) was a Union general in the American Civil War. He achieved fame by his unauthorized 1862 order (immediately rescinded) emancipating slaves in three Southern states and as the president of the military commission trying the conspirators involved with the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.
Hunter was born in Troy, New York, or Princeton, New Jersey. He was the cousin of writer-illustrator David Hunter Strother (who would also serve as a Union Army general) and his maternal grandfather was Richard Stockton, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. He graduated from the United States Military Academy, in 1822, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 5th U.S. Infantry Regiment. Records of his military service prior to the Civil War contain significant gaps. From 1828 to 1831, he was stationed on the northwest frontier, at Fort Dearborn (Chicago, Illinois), where he met and married Maria Kinzie, the daughter of the city's first permanent white resident, John Kinzie. He served in the infantry for 11 years, and was appointed captain of the 1st U.S. Dragoons in 1833. He resigned from the Army in July 1836 and moved to Illinois, where he worked as a real estate agent or speculator. He rejoined the Army in November 1841 as a paymaster and was promoted to major in March 1842. One source claims that he saw action in the Second Seminole War (1838–42) and the Mexican-American War (1846–48).
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David M. Key
David McKendree Key (January 27, 1824 – February 3, 1900) was a Democratic U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1875 to 1877 as well as the U.S. Postmaster General under President Hayes.
Key was born in Greene County, Tennessee, the son of Reverend John and Margaret (Armitage) Key. In 1826 the family moved to Monroe County where Key was reared, graduating from Hiwassee College in 1850. He selected the legal profession as his vocation through life, and the same year of his graduation was admitted to the bar. He practiced law for two years at Madisonville, then worked for a short time in Kingston. He moved to Chattanooga in February 1853. He married Elizabeth Lenoir in 1857, and fathered nine children.
When the Civil War broke out, Key enlisted in the Forty-third Confederate Tennessee Regiment of Infantry, served until the close of the war, and was mustered out as a lieutenant colonel. He then resumed the practice of law until 1868.
Key was a member of the Tennessee state constitutional convention of 1870, which composed the basic instrument of government of the state still in effect, and in August of the same year was elected chancellor of the Chattanooga (3rd) division. He maintained his chancellorship during an unsuccessful campaign for the U.S. House in 1872, but resigned in 1875 to accept the appointment by Tennessee Governor James D. Porter to the vacant Senate seat created by the death of Andrew Johnson.
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David Tod
David Tod (February 21, 1805 – November 13, 1868) was a politician and industrialist from the U.S. state of Ohio. As the 25th Governor of Ohio, Tod gained recognition for his forceful and energetic leadership during the American Civil War.
A Democrat who supported the war effort, Tod helped to maintain a fragile alliance between the state's Republicans and War Democrats and took steps to secure Ohio's borders. In 1864, the state's pro-Union party failed to nominate Tod for a second term because of his tepid support for the abolition of slavery and his unpopularity among the state's myriad political factions.
After completing his two-year term as Ohio governor, Tod turned down an invitation to serve in the government of President Abraham Lincoln, citing poor health. Tod died of a stroke in 1868, four years after the end of the war.
Tod was born in Youngstown, Ohio, to a family actively involved in local and state politics. His father, George Tod, born to a Scottish immigrant in Suffield, Connecticut, had relocated to the Connecticut Western Reserve in 1800. There, George Tod pursued a career in public life, serving as an Ohio lawmaker between 1804 and 1806, and winning a seat as a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court in 1807.
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Dean Burch
Dean Burch (December 20, 1927 – August 4, 1991) served as Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from October 31, 1969 to March 8, 1974, and as chairman of the Republican National Convention.
Burch was born in Enid, Oklahoma. He earned a bachelor of laws degree from the University of Arizona. Burch worked on Senator Barry Goldwater's staff and then served as the Republican National Chairman in 1964-1965.
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Dick Celeste
Richard Frank "Dick" Celeste (born November 11, 1937) is an American politician from Ohio, and a member of the Democratic Party. He served as the 64th Governor of Ohio from 1983-1991.
In 1959, Celeste was graduated magna cum laude from Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut). He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Celeste then received a Rhodes Scholarship to attend Oxford University (Oxford, England). There he met Dagmar Ingrid Braun, whom he married in Austria in 1962. After returning to the United States, Celeste served as staff liaison office in the Peace Corps and as special assistant to Chester Bowles, then United States Ambassador to India.
Celeste was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives from Cuyahoga County in 1970. His Ohio House District included western Cleveland and Lakewood, where his father Frank, had once served as mayor. He was subsequently elected the 55th Lieutenant Governor in 1974 (defeating Republican John W. Brown, serving under the Republican James A. Rhodes—at the time, Ohio's lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor, so the victors could be of different parties). In 1978, Celeste ran for governor, but lost to incumbent Rhodes. President Carter appointed Celeste Director of the Peace Corps from 1979 to 1981, where he was responsible for programs in 53 countries.
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Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), under George W. Bush.
Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Cheney was primarily raised in Sumner, Nebraska, and Casper, Wyoming. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger, eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations, where he served the latter as White House Chief of Staff. In 1978, Cheney was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming; he was reelected five times, eventually becoming House Minority Whip. Cheney was selected to be the Secretary of Defense during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, holding the position for the majority of Bush's term. During this time, Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm, among other actions.
Out of office during the Clinton presidency, Cheney was chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000.
Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine (née Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as Welsh, Irish, and French Huguenot, ancestry; Cheney's 8th great-grandfather, William Cheney, immigrated from England to Massachusetts in the 17th century. Although not a direct descendant, he is collaterally related to Benjamin Pierce Cheney (1815–1895), the early American expressman. Cheney is a very distant cousin of both Harry S. Truman and Barack Obama; the three share a common ancestor in Mareen Duvall, a Huguenot who fled from France to England in the 17th century and later settled in Maryland. His father was a soil conservation agent for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s; Cheney was one of three children.
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Donald D. Clancy
Donald D. Clancy (July 24, 1921 – June 12, 2007) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented the 2nd District of Ohio from 1961 until 1977.
Clancy was born in Cincinnati, in Ohio's Hamilton County. He graduated from Elder High School, attended Xavier University, and completed his studies at Cincinnati Law School in 1948.
In 1948, Clancy was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law in Cincinnati. He served on the city council from 1952 until 1960; from 1958 until 1960 he was the mayor as well as the chairman of the Cincinnati Planning Commission.
Clancy defeated current television talk show host Jerry Springer in his 1970 re-election campaign. Clancy received approximately 56% of the vote to Springer's 44%.
Beginning with the Eighty-seventh Congress, Clancy was elected to congressional office for eight consecutive terms. When he lost his bid for reelection in 1976, he resumed the practice of law in Cincinnati.
Patty Clancy, his daughter, was an Ohio State Senator, representing Ohio's 8th Senate District.
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Duncan McArthur
Duncan McArthur (June 14, 1772 – April 29, 1839) was a Federalist and National Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 11th Governor of Ohio.
Born to Scottish immigrants in Dutchess County, New York, McArthur grew up in western Pennsylvania and later moved to Kentucky, where he was employed as an Indian ranger. McArthur moved across the Ohio River in 1797 to the new town of Chillicothe, Ohio, which was to become the state capital in 1803. McArthur grew wealthy investing in land in the surrounding area.
He was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Ohio's 3rd congressional district while serving in the militia during the War of 1812, but never qualified for office, preferring to continue serving in the military. He was appointed colonel of Ohio volunteers and was second-in-command to General William Hull at Fort Detroit. He and Colonel Lewis Cass were not present at Detroit when Hull surrendered and were greatly angered to hear that Hull had included both of them in the capitulation. When a British officer notified him of the surrender, McArthur is said to have torn off his epalettes and broke his sword in a fit of rage, although historians note similar stories were told about other officers as well. He was paroled and returned to Ohio. He was appointed a Brigadier General in the U.S. Army and commanded a brigade under William H. Harrison during the battle of the Thames. Shortly thereafter he was placed in charge of the Army of the Northwest following Harrison's resignation. He did not face much action but was instead engaged in negotiating treaties with the Indians. In 1817, he was one of two commissioners (along with Lewis Cass) who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs, which was signed September 29 of that year with several Native American tribes.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (pronounced /ˈaɪzənhaʊər/, EYE-zən-how-ər; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He had previously been a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.
Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, and was reared in a large family in Kansas, by parents with a robust work ethic and religious background. As one of five sons, he was conditioned by a competitive atmosphere which instilled self-reliance. He attended and graduated from West Point, and later was married with two sons. After World War II Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman, then assumed the post of President at Columbia University.
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Dwight M. Sabin
Dwight May Sabin (April 25, 1843 – December 22, 1902) was an American politician. He lived in Stillwater, Minnesota, where he had lumber and manufacturing interests. He served as a Republican in the United States Senate from Minnesota from March 4, 1883, to March 4, 1889 in the 48th, 49th, and 50th congresses. He was not renominated by his party. He served in both houses of the Minnesota State Legislature.
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Earl D. Bloom
Earl D. Bloom (May 29, 1871 – June 8, 1930) was an American politician who served as the 35th, 37th and 39th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1917 to 1919, 1923 to 1925, and 1927 to 1928.
Bloom ran in for governor in 1928 but lost in the Democratic primary. He was a lawyer and a banker.
Earl Bloom was born in Wood County, Ohio May 29, 1871 to James L. and Lydia A. (Ackerman) Bloom. He attended public schools of Wood County, and from 1889 to 1895 Ohio Northern University College of Law, where he received an LL.B.
In 1895, Bloom was admitted to the bar and was married to Eleanor G. Lathrop July 24. They had one child, Alice G. Bloom. Bloom practiced law in Bloomdale, Ohio, before moving to Bowling Green, Ohio in 1905.
During World War I, Bloom was director of the Red Cross in Wood County. He was a member of F. & A.M., R. A. M., Knights Templar, Scottish Rite, 32nd Degree, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, B.P.O.E., and the Wood County Bar Association.
Bloom died in Toledo, and is buried in Old Maplewood Cemetery, North Baltimore, Ohio.
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Earl T. Wagner
Earl Thomas Wagner (April 27, 1908 - March 6, 1990) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Wagner attended parochial and public schools. He was graduated from the Salmon P. Chase College of Law, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1930. He was admitted to the bar in September 1930 and commenced the practice of law in Cincinnati, Ohio. He served as district counsel of Home Owners Loan Corporation in 1933 and 1934. He served as special counsel to the Ohio Attorney General in 1937 and 1938. City solicitor of Sharonville, Ohio, in 1938 and 1939. He served as member of the board of education of the Cincinnati School district 1944-1947.
Wagner was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first Congress (January 3, 1949-January 3, 1951). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1950 and for election to the United States House of Representatives in 1952 and 1954. He resumed the practice of law. City solicitor of Addyston, Ohio, in 1952 and 1953. He served as general counsel for a savings and loan bank in Cincinnati. He was a resident of Cincinnati, until his death there on March 6, 1990.
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Earl Warren
Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American jurist and politician who served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and the 30th Governor of California.
He is known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring "one-man-one vote" rules of apportionment. He made the Court a power center on a more even base with Congress and the presidency especially through four landmark decisions: Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Reynolds v. Sims (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966).
Warren is one of only two people to be elected Governor of California three times, the other being Jerry Brown. Before holding these positions, he was a district attorney for Alameda County, California, and Attorney General of California.
Warren was also the vice-presidential nominee of the Republican Party in 1948, and chaired the Warren Commission, which was formed to investigate the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
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Ed Gillespie
Edward W. Gillespie is an American Republican political strategist, senior advisor to Mitt Romney 2012 and former Counselor to the President in the George W. Bush White House. Gillespie, along with Jack Quinn, former Chief of Staff to Vice President Al Gore, founded Quinn Gillespie & Associates, a bipartisan lobbying firm. Gillespie is also the founder of Ed Gillespie Strategies, a strategic consulting firm that provides high-level advice to companies and CEOs, coalitions, and trade associations.
Gillespie was born August 1, 1962 in Browns Mills, New Jersey. He is a graduate of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. While at CUA he began his career on Capitol Hill as a Senate parking lot attendant. He is married to Cathy Gillespie and has three children.
He began his political career as a telephone solicitor for the Republican National Committee in 1985. He later worked for a decade as a top aide to former House Majority Leader Dick Armey (R-TX), and was a principal drafter of the GOP's 1994 "Contract With America." In 1996, he became Director of Communications and Congressional Affairs for the Republican National Committee under Haley Barbour. In 1997, Gillespie formed Policy Impact Communications, a public affairs communications firm, with Barbour.[citation needed]
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Edward Tiffin
Edward Tiffin (June 19, 1766 – August 9, 1829) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio, and first Governor of the state.
Sources indicate that he was born in Carlisle; however he may have been born in or near Workington — also in the then county of Cumberland, England. His family emigrated to Virginia, where, in 1789, he married Mary Worthington of Berkeley County, sister of future Governor of Ohio Thomas Worthington. She died, childless, in 1808. A year after their marriage, the Tiffins joined the Methodist church after hearing the preaching of Thomas Scott, who would be their neighbor and friend for many years. Bishop Asbury ordained Tiffin a deacon of the Methodist church November 19, 1792, authorizing him to preach. Tiffin and Worthington inherited sixteen slaves when Worthington's father died. The each decided to manumit their slaves and move to the Northwest Territory, where slavery was outlawed. Tiffin headed westward, along with Thomas Worthington, in 1798, settling in Chillicothe, Ohio.
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Edwin Atkins Merritt
Edwin Atkins Merritt (February 26, 1828 Sudbury, Rutland County, Vermont - December 26, 1916 Potsdam, St. Lawrence County, New York) was an American politician, civil service reformer and diplomat.
He was the son of Nodiah Merritt and Relief (Parker) Merritt. He was a member from St. Lawrence County of the New York State Assembly in 1860 and 1861. He served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Merritt was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1867-68. in 1875, he ran on the Republican ticket for New York State Treasurer, but was defeated by Democrat Charles N. Ross.
Merritt was Collector of the Port of New York from 1878 to 1881, appointed as a part of President Rutherford B. Hayes's attempt to reform the civil service there. Merritt served as U.S. Consul General in London from 1882 to 1885. Returning to New York, he served as President of the Board of trustees of St. Lawrence University for several years.
His son Edwin Albert Merritt was a Congressman from New York.
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Edwin D. Morgan
Edwin Denison Morgan (February 8, 1811 – February 14, 1883) was the 21st Governor of New York from 1859 to 1862 and served in the United States Senate from 1863 to 1869. He was the first and longest-serving chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was also a Union Army general during the American Civil War.
Morgan was born in Washington, Massachusetts on February 8, 1811. He began his business career as a grocer in Hartford, Connecticut. He became a partner with his uncle and served on the city council. In 1836, he removed to New York City and became a successful wholesaler, broker and banker.
He was an alderman, member of the New York State Senate from 1850 to 1853, and State Commissioner of Immigration.
Morgan became highly influential in Republican politics of his time and twice served as chairman of the Republican National Committee, 1856 to 1864 and 1872 to 1876.
He was Governor of New York from 1859 through 1862, elected in 1858 and 1860. He was appointed major general of volunteers in September 1861 and commanded the Department of New York until he resigned on January 3, 1863, serving simultaneously as governor and head of the military department.
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Elbert L. Lampson
Elbert L. Lampson (July 30, 1852 – November 18, 1930) was an interesting figure and striking personality in Ohio politics and public affairs during the second half of the nineteenth century. Hailing from Jefferson, Lampson was the 21st Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and former State Senator. A lawyer by profession, his time had been taken up with a diversity of interests. He was a banker, and for many years was a newspaper publisher.
Lampson was born at Windsor, in Ashtabula County, July 30, 1852. He was of old New England ancestry, the Lampsons settling in Connecticut when they came from England in Colonial times. His grandfather, Ebenezer Lampson, was born in Connecticut in 1754. He served three enlistments as a soldier in the Revolutionary war. In the cemetery at Windsor, Ohio, is a monument erected to the memory of the soldiers of the American Revolution, and one of the names on that monument is Ebenezer Lampson. He came West and settled in the Western Reserve, at Windsor, in 1809. He served as a member of the first grand jury of Ashtabula County in 1811. He was a farmer, and developed a good home, though he lost part of his property through a defective title. He died at Windsor March 12, 1835. His second wife and the grandmother of Elbert L. Lampson bore the maiden name of Martha Griggs. She was born in Connecticut in 1777, and died at Windsor in 1862.
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Eric Foner
Eric Foner (born February 7, 1943) is an American historian. On the faculty of the Department of History at Columbia University since 1982, he writes extensively on political history, the history of freedom, the early history of the Republican Party, African American biography, Reconstruction, and historiography. Foner is the leading contemporary historian of the post-Civil War Reconstruction period, having written Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, winner of many prizes for history writing, and more than ten other books on the topic. In 2011, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, Foner's most recent book, was selected as the recipient of the Pulitzer Prize, Lincoln Prize and the Bancroft Prize. Foner also won the Bancroft in 1989 for his book Reconstruction.
In 2000, he was elected president of the American Historical Association.
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Ethan Allen Brown
Ethan Allen Brown (July 4, 1776 – February 24, 1852) was a Democratic-Republican politician. He served as the seventh Governor of Ohio.
Brown was born in Darien, Connecticut to a Revolutionary War veteran. He moved near Cincinnati, Ohio in 1803. He was appointed to the Ohio Supreme Court in 1810 and was re-elected in 1817. Brown was elected to the governorship a year later and was re-elected in 1820. He resigned on January 3, 1822 to take office in the U.S. Senate after the death of William A. Trimble. He was defeated for re-election in 1824 by William Henry Harrison.
Ohio Presidential elector in 1828 for Andrew Jackson.
An active supporter of Andrew Jackson, Brown was appointed Chargé d'Affaires to Brazil in 1830 and served for four years. In 1836, he retired to a family farm in Indiana most likely staying at the David Brown House in Ohio County. Brown later served a single term in the Indiana House of Representatives from 1841-1843. Brown died in Marion County, Indiana and is buried in the Cedar Hedge Cemetery located in Rising Sun the county seat of Ohio County, Indiana.
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Ferdinand de Lesseps
Ferdinand Marie, Vicomte de Lesseps, GCSI (19 November 1805 – 7 December 1894) was the French developer of the Suez Canal, which joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas in 1869, and substantially reduced sailing distances and times between the West and the East.
He attempted to repeat this success with an effort to build a Panama Canal at sea-level during the 1880s, but the project was devastated by epidemics of malaria and yellow fever in the area, and the projected de Lesseps Panama Canal was left uncompleted. It was eventually partially superseded by a non-sea-level canal with locks, built by the United States and completed in 1914.
Ferdinand de Lesseps was born at Versailles, Yvelines, in 1805. He had a sister, Adélaïde de Lesseps (1803–1879), married to Jules Tallien de Cabarrus (19 April 1801–1870), and two brothers, Théodore de Lesseps (Cádiz, 25 September 1802 – Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 20 May 1874), married in 1828 to Antonia Denois (Paris, 27 September 1802 – Paris, 29 December 1878), and Jules de Lesseps (Pisa, 16 February 1809 – Paris, 10 October 1887), married on 11 March 1874 to Hyacinthe Delarue.
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Francis W. Treadway
Francis Wilcox Treadway (January 7, 1869 – December 24, 1925) was an American politician who served as the 30th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1909 to 1911.
Francis W. Treadway was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1869, and was moved to Cleveland, Ohio when ten years of age. He was educated at Cleveland grammar and high schools. He graduated with BS from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1890, and Yale Law School in 1892. He wrote Ohio Mechanics Lien Law, 1901. He was United States Commissioner for Northern District of Ohio, 1902-1903.
Treadway was elected to represent Cuyahoga County in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1903 for the 76th General Assembly, (1904–1905), as a Republican.
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Frank B. Willis
Frank Bartlett Willis (December 28, 1871 – March 30, 1928) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 47th Governor of Ohio.
Born on a farm near the hamlet of Lewis Center, Ohio, Willis was the son of a Civil War veteran, Vermont-born J.B. Willis and his wife Lavinia A. (Buell). Willis graduated from Ohio Northern University in 1894. After teaching at Ohio Northern for twelve years, Willis was admitted to the bar and began practicing law. He served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1900 to 1904 while teaching at Ohio Northern school of law, and was subsequently elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1910, serving from 1911 to 1915. Elected to the governorship in 1914, he served one two-year term from 1915 to 1917, but was not re-elected, being defeated by James M. Cox, whom he had defeated in 1914. Cox also defeated Willis in 1918.
After placing Warren Harding's name in nomination at the 1920 Republican National Convention, Willis was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1920, replacing Harding, who then resigned his seat to take the presidency, allowing Willis to take his seat early. During his Senate tenure, Willis served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions, which had jurisdiction over territories including Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, from 1923 to 1928.
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Frank Knox
William Franklin "Frank" Knox (January 1, 1874 – April 28, 1944) was an American newspaper editor and publisher. He was also the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1936, and Secretary of the Navy under Franklin D. Roosevelt during most of World War II.
William Franklin Knox was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His parents were both Canadian: his father was from New Brunswick and his mother Sarah Barnard, was from Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. When he was nine, his family moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where his father ran a grocery store. He attended Alma College in Michigan, where he was a member of the Zeta Sigma Fraternity.
During the Spanish-American War, he joined the Army, and served in Cuba with the Rough Riders .
After the war, Knox became a newspaper reporter in Grand Rapids. This was the beginning of a career that included ownership of several papers.
He changed his first name to Frank around 1900. In 1912 as founding editor of New Hampshire's Manchester Leader, forerunner to the New Hampshire Union Leader, he supported Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive ticket. However, with that exception, he adhered to the Republican Party.
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Frank Lausche
Frank John Lausche (November 14, 1895 – April 21, 1990) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as the 47th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, as the 55th and 57th Governor of Ohio, and as a United States Senator from Ohio for two terms (1957–1969).
His family originates from Slovenia. After serving in the U.S. Army during World War I, he returned to law school, graduating from the John Marshall School of Law in 1920. Lausche served as Municipal Court judge from 1932 to 1937 and Common Pleas Court judge from 1937 to 1941, before winning election as Mayor of Cleveland in 1941. He served until 1944, when he first won election as Governor of Ohio, becoming the state's first Catholic governor. Lausche served as governor from 1945 to 1947, when he narrowly lost to Thomas J. Herbert. Lausche defeated Herbert in a 1948 rematch, however, serving from 1949 to 1957. He was reelected as Governor in 1952, defeating Cincinnati Mayor Charles Phelps Taft II, and 1954, defeating state Auditor Jim Rhodes, who later became Governor himself. Lausche resigned in early 1957, having won election to the United States Senate in 1956, unseating incumbent Republican George Bender.
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Franklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th President of the United States (1853–1857) and is the only President from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general in the Army. His private law practice in his home state, New Hampshire, was so successful that he was offered several important positions, which he turned down. Later, he was nominated as the party's candidate for president on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. In the presidential election, Pierce and his running mate William R. King won by a landslide in the Electoral College. They defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham by a 50 percent to 44 percent margin in the popular vote and 254 to 42 in the electoral vote.
He made many friends, but he suffered tragedy in his personal life; all of his children died when young. As president, he made many divisive decisions which were widely criticized and earned him a reputation as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history. Pierce's popularity in the Northern states declined sharply after he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which replaced the Missouri Compromise and renewed debate over the expansion of slavery in the American West. Pierce's credibility was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto. The historian David Potter concludes that the Ostend Manifesto and the Kansas-Nebraska Act were "the two great calamities of the Franklin Pierce administration.... Both brought down an avalanche of public criticism."[citation needed] More importantly, says Potter, they permanently discredited Manifest Destiny and "popular sovereignty" as political doctrines.
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Frederick W. Seward
Frederick William Seward (July 8, 1830 – April 25, 1915) was the Assistant Secretary of State during the American Civil War, serving in Abraham Lincoln's administration as well as under Andrew Johnson during Reconstruction and for over two years under Rutherford B. Hayes.
Seward was born in Auburn, New York, the son of United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward, Sr. and Frances Adeline Seward and elder brother of General William Henry Seward, Jr..
He attended Union College and graduated in 1849 and was admitted to the bar in Rochester, New York in 1851. He served as a secretary to his father from 1849 to 1857 along with working as the associate editor of the Albany Evening Journal from 1851 to 1861.
On February 21, 1861, Seward arrived at the Continental Hotel in Philadelphia carrying valuable information in the form of a letter from his father William Seward for President-elect Abraham Lincoln. The letter contained information gathered by Colonel Charles P. Stone and General Winfield Scott.
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Garret Hobart
Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3, 1844 – November 21, 1899) was the 24th Vice President of the United States (1897–1899), serving under President William McKinley. He was the sixth American vice president to die in office.
Hobart was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, on the Jersey Shore, and grew up in nearby Marlboro. After attending Rutgers College, Hobart read law with prominent Paterson attorney Socrates Tuttle. Hobart both studied with Tuttle, and married his daughter. Although he rarely set foot in a courtroom, Hobart became wealthy as a corporate lawyer.
Hobart served in local governmental positions, and then successfully ran for office as a Republican, serving in both the New Jersey General Assembly and the New Jersey Senate. He became Speaker of the first, and president of the latter. Hobart was a longtime party official, and New Jersey delegates went to the 1896 Republican National Convention determined to nominate the popular lawyer for vice president. Hobart's political views were similar to those of McKinley, who was the presumptive Republican presidential candidate. With New Jersey a key state in the upcoming election, McKinley and his close adviser, future senator Mark Hanna, decided to have the convention select Hobart. The vice-presidential candidate emulated his running mate with a front porch campaign, though spending much time at the campaign's New York City office. McKinley and Hobart were elected.
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George B. Cortelyou
George Bruce Cortelyou (July 26, 1862 – October 23, 1940) was an American Presidential Cabinet secretary of the early 20th century.
Born to Rose Seery and Peter Crolius Cortelyou, and part of an old New Netherlands family whose immigrant ancestor arrived in 1652, he was educated at public schools in Brooklyn, the Nazareth Military Academy in Pennsylvania, and the Hempstead Institute on Long Island. At the age of 20, he received a BA degree from Massachusetts State Normal School, a teacher's college in Westfield, Massachusetts. He then studied at and graduated from law schools of Georgetown University and Columbian University (the latter now being George Washington University). Courtelyou then began teaching, later taking a stenography course and mastering shorthand.
In 1891, he obtained a position as secretary to the chief postal inspector of New York. The following year a promotion led to a job as the secretary to the Fourth Assistant Postmaster General in Washington, D.C. In 1895 President Grover Cleveland hired Cortelyou as his chief clerk on the recommendation of Postmaster General Wilson S. Bissell. President Cleveland recommended him as a personal secretary to his successor, William McKinley. Cortelyou was working on improvements in office efficiency in 1901 when President McKinley was assassinated.
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George C. Braden
George C. Braden was an American politician who served as the 41st Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1928 to 1929.
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George Crook
George R. Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. During the 1880s, the Apache nicknamed Crook Nantan Lupan, which means "Grey Wolf."
Crook was born to Thomas and Elizabeth Matthews Crook on a farm near Taylorsville, Ohio (near Dayton). Nominated to the United States Military Academy by Congressman Robert Schenck, he graduated in 1852, ranking near the bottom of his class.
He was assigned to the 4th U.S. infantry as brevet second lieutenant, serving in California, 1852–61. He served in Oregon and northern California, fighting against several Native American tribes. He commanded the Pitt River Expedition of 1857 and, in one of the several engagements, was severely wounded by an Indian arrow. He established Fort Ter-Waw in what is now Klamath, California.
Crook was promoted to first lieutenant in 1856, and to captain in 1860. He was ordered east and in 1861, with the beginning of the American Civil War, was made colonel of the 36th Ohio Volunteer Infantry.
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George D. Nye
George D. Nye (6 August 1898 – January 1969), born and died in Waverly, Ohio, was an American politician of the Democratic party.
During the World War I, Nye served in the United States Navy. In 1928, Nye ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives, losing to incumbent Republican Charles C. Kearns. In 1929, he was elected to a common please court judgeship, in which he served from 1930-1937. In 1938, Nye was a member of the Ohio Democratic State Central Committee. In 1940, he served as an alternate delegate to the Democratic National Convention.
In 1942 and the six succeeding elections, Nye was nominated by the Democratic party for the office of Lieutenant Governor of Ohio. He won three two-year terms to the office in two separate tenures, serving as the 48th and 50th Lieutenant Governor, from 1945 to 1947 and from 1949 to 1953.
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George H. Sharpe
George Henry Sharpe (February 26, 1828 – January 13, 1900) was an American lawyer, soldier, secret service officer, diplomat and politician.
Sharpe was born in Kingston, Ulster County, New York. He graduated from Rutgers in 1847, then studied law at Yale College, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. Then he traveled to Europe and served 1851-52 as Secretary of Legation at Vienna. After his return in 1854, he practiced law until he joined the Union Army in 1861 as a captain in the First Regiment of New York Volunteers.
Sharpe was appointed colonel of volunteers of the 120th New York Infantry in 1862, and took part in all the battles of the Army of the Potomac. He served on the staffs of Generals Joseph Hooker, George G. Meade, and Ulysses S. Grant, and was appointed brevet brigadier general of volunteers in 1864 and brevet major general of volunteers in 1865.
In April 1865, as head of the Bureau of Military Information and assistant provost marshal, he paroled 28,000 Confederate Army soldiers, among them General Robert E. Lee, after the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House.
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93). He had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89), a congressman, an ambassador, a Director of Central Intelligence, and is currently the oldest surviving president.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Senator Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed going to college, enlisted in the US Navy on his 18th birthday, and became the youngest aviator in the Navy at the time. He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40.
He became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives, among other positions. He ran unsuccessfully for president of the United States in 1980, but was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be the vice presidential nominee, and the two were subsequently elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting drug abuse.
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George Hoadly
George Hoadly (July 31, 1826 - August 26, 1902) was a Democratic politician. He served as the 36th Governor of Ohio.
Hoadly was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on July 31, 1826. As the son of George Hoadley and Mary Ann Woolsey Hoadley, his birth name was George Hoadley, but he later dropped the "e" from his surname.
Hoadly served as Governor from 1884 to 1886. During his term in office, the Cincinnati Riots of 1884 broke out over a case in which a jury gave a verdict of manslaughter rather than murder in a case that many suspected was rigged. Hoadly was slow to react as the violence escalated, and 45 people died during three days of rioting before troops reestablished calm.
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George K. Nash
George Kilbon Nash (August 14, 1842 – October 28, 1904) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 41st Governor of Ohio.
Nash was born in York Township, Medina County, Ohio. He attended the preparatory school at Western Reserve College. At 20 years of age he entered Oberlin College and stayed until his sophomore year, when he enlisted as a private in the One hundred fiftieth regiment of the Ohio National Guard of the Union Army during the Civil War. After the war he studied law in the offices of Robert B. Warden, who had been a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court. He was admitted to the bar in 1867 in Columbus, Ohio. He was elected prosecuting attorney of Franklin County, Ohio in 1870, and re-elected in 1872. He re-entered private practice, and in 1876 lost a bid for Congress, and lost for Ohio Attorney General in 1877. In October, 1879, he was elected Ohio Attorney General. In 1881 he was re-elected. In 1883, he was appointed a member of the supreme court commission of Ohio for two years. He then devoted time to lucrative private practice, including significant railroad litigation, and party politics. Nash served as Governor of Ohio from January 8, 1900 to January 11, 1904.
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George Voinovich
George Victor Voinovich (born July 15, 1936) is a former United States Senator from the state of Ohio, and a member of the Republican Party. Previously, he served as the 65th Governor of Ohio from 1991 to 1998, and as the 54th mayor of Cleveland from 1980 to 1989.
George Voinovich has served more than 46 years in public service – first as assistant attorney general of Ohio in 1963, and finally as the senior United States Senator representing Ohio. He is the 15th person to serve as both governor of Ohio and U.S. senator and one of only two people to be mayor of Cleveland, governor of Ohio and United States Senator; the other was Frank J. Lausche, who like Voinovich was Slovenian. George Voinovich has been elected to more public offices than any other Ohioan. He is the only person to have served as both chairman of the National Governors Association and president of the National League of Cities.
In his 2004 re-election to the U.S. Senate, Voinovich garnered more than 3.4 million votes, nearly 64 percent. No other candidate in Ohio’s recorded history has received as many votes as Senator Voinovich did in 2004. Also in 2004, Senator Voinovich won all 88 of Ohio’s counties, a feat accomplished only once before – more than 100 years ago.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara Bush and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, defeating Vice President Al Gore in the Electoral College. Bush is the second American president to have been the son of a former president. He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
Terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush's first term as president on September 11, 2001. In response, Bush announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques. His administration also withdrew the U.S. from a some international treaty processes, including the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.
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George W. McCrary
George Washington McCrary (August 29, 1835 – June 23, 1890) was a four-term Republican Congressman from Iowa's 1st congressional district, a United States Secretary of War in the cabinet of President Rutherford B. Hayes, and a federal circuit judge.
McCrary was born near Evansville, Indiana in 1835. Two years later, he moved with his parents to Wisconsin Territory, to what is now Van Buren County, Iowa. He attended the public schools (then, at age eighteen, taught in a country school). He studied law in Keokuk, Iowa at the law firm of future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel F. Miller, then was admitted to the bar in 1856, and, at the age of twenty, commenced practice in Keokuk.
He was elected to the Iowa House of Representatives in 1857, serving until 1860. Then he was a member of Iowa Senate between 1861 and 1865.
In 1868 he was elected as a Republican to the first of four consecutive terms representing Iowa's 1st congressional district in the U.S. House. In his first month in Congress he received national attention for refusing to support an appropriation for a federal courthouse in Keokuk because the nation was in debt and he could not support such a courthouse in every district. In the House, he chaired the Committee on Elections (in the Forty-second Congress), and the Committee on Railways and Canals (in the Forty-third Congress). He published A Treatise on the American Law of Elections, in 1875. In the Forty-fourth Congress, as a member of the House Judiciary Committee, he was the author of a farsighted (but unsuccessful) bill to reorganize the federal courts to enable reasonable and prompt judicial review. He helped create the Electoral Commission to resolve the outcome of the 1876 Presidential Election, and served on the committee that investigated the Credit Mobilier scandal.
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George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731] – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States of America, serving from 1789 to 1797, and the dominant military and political leader of the United States from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of the Constitution in 1787. Washington became the first president, by unanimous choice, and oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types. His leadership style established many forms and rituals of government that have been used since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. Washington is universally regarded as the "Father of his country."
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Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after Spiro Agnew had resigned), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President nor Vice-President by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.
As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over arguably the weakest economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.
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Governor of Ohio
The Governor of the state of Ohio is the head of the executive branch of Ohio's government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws; the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Ohio Legislature; the power to convene the legislature; and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.
There have been 63 governors of Ohio, serving 69 distinct terms. The longest term was held by Jim Rhodes, who was elected four times and served just under sixteen years in two non-consecutive periods of two terms each (1963–1971 and 1975–1983). The shortest terms were held by John William Brown and Nancy Hollister, who each served for only 11 days after the governors preceding them resigned in order to begin the terms to which they had been elected in the United States Senate; the shortest-serving elected governor was John M. Pattison, who died in office five months into his term. The current governor is John Kasich, who took office on January 10, 2011.
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Grover Cleveland
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three times—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was the only Democrat elected to the presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1861 to 1913.
Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and subsidies to business, farmers or veterans. His battles for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, independence, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism. Cleveland relentlessly fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. Indeed, as a reformer his prestige was so strong that the reform wing of the Republican Party, called "Mugwumps", largely bolted the GOP ticket and swung to his support in 1884.
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Guy M. Bryan
Guy Morrison Bryan (January 12, 1821 – June 4, 1901) was a U.S. Representative from Texas.
Born in Herculaneum, Missouri, Bryan moved to the Mexican State of Texas in 1831 with his parents, who settled near San Felipe. He attended private schools. He joined the Texas Army at San Jacinto in 1836.
He graduated from Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, in 1842. He studied law, but never practiced. He engaged in planting. He served as a private in the Brazoria company, under the command of Captain Ballowe, during the Mexican War with the Texas Volunteers on the eastern bank of the Rio Grande. He served as member of the State house of representatives 1847-1853. He served in the State senate 1853-1857. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1856. He served as chairman of the Texas delegation in the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore in 1860.
Bryan was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1857-March 3, 1859). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1858. During the Civil War served as volunteer aide-de-camp on the staff of General Herbert and afterwards as assistant adjutant general, with the rank of major, of the trans-Mississippi Department. He established a cotton bureau in Houston, Texas, in order to escape the blockade along the Gulf. He moved to Galveston, Texas, in 1872. He was again a member of the State house of representatives in 1873, 1879, and 1887–1891, and served as speaker in 1873. He moved to Quintana, Texas, in 1890 and to Austin, Texas, in 1898.
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H. W. Curtiss
Dr. Harvey Willard Curtiss (February 22, 1824 – April 30, 1902) was a Republican legislator from the U. S. State of Ohio who, as President of the Ohio Senate, became Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1877-1878 when the Governor resigned, and the Lieutenant Governor was promoted.
Harvey Willard Curtiss was born at Charlestown Township, Portage County, Ohio February 22, 1824, or perhaps 1823. He graduated from the Grand River Institute, and began study of medicine in 1849. He graduated from the Cleveland Medical College, or Western College of Homeopathy in 1851, and located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to practice medicine for a short time before locating in Chagrin Falls, Ohio, where lived the rest of his life.
Curtiss was an abolitionist, and his home was a stop on the Underground Railroad. He was among the first in Cuyahoga County, Ohio to join the newly formed Republican Party. He was on the City Council of Chagrin Falls, and was Mayor from 1861 to 1865. Curtiss was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1869 and 1871, and to the Ohio State Senate in 1873, 1875 and 1877. In the spring of 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes resigned as Governor of Ohio to become President of the United States. Lieutenant Governor of Ohio Thomas L. Young became Governor, and Curtiss, as President pro tem of the Senate, became acting Lieutenant Governor.
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Haley Barbour
Haley Reeves Barbour (born October 22, 1947) is an American Republican politician who served as the 63rd Governor of Mississippi, from 2004 to 2012. He gained a national spotlight in August 2005 after Mississippi was hit by Hurricane Katrina. Barbour won re-election as Governor in 2007. Under Mississippi's term limits, Barbour could not seek reelection in 2011. Before being elected Governor, Barbour "had a long career on the national stage and has been well-known as a Republican operative since the Reagan years." He worked as a lawyer and lobbyist, was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate and also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1993 to 1997, during which time the Republicans captured both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives for the first time since 1954. On June 24, 2009, Barbour was elected the new chairman of the Republican Governors Association, following the resignation of South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford as its leader.
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Hannibal Hamlin
Hannibal Hamlin (August 27, 1809 – July 4, 1891) was the 15th Vice President of the United States (1861-1865), serving under President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. He was the first Vice President from the Republican Party.
Prior to his election in 1860, Hamlin served in the United States Senate, the House of Representatives, and, briefly, as the 26th Governor of Maine.
Hamlin was born to Anna (née Livermore) and Cyrus Hamlin in Paris, Maine. He was a descendant in the sixth generation of James Hamlin who had settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1639. Hamlin was a great nephew of U.S. Senator Samuel Livermore II of New Hampshire,[citation needed] and a grandson of Stephen Emery, Maine's Attorney General in 1839–1840.
Hamlin attended the district schools and Hebron Academy and later managed his father's farm. For the next few years he worked at several jobs: schoolmaster, cook, woodcutter, surveyor, manager of a weekly newspaper in Paris, and a compositor at a printer's office. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1833. He began practicing in Hampden, a suburb of Bangor, where he lived until 1848.
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Hans L. Trefousse
Hans L. Trefousse (December 18, 1921 – January 8, 2010) was an American author, historian, and professor emeritus at Brooklyn College from 1950 to 1998. He also taught as a distinguished professor of history at City University of New York.
Trefousse was born in Germany and emigrated to the United States in the 1930s. He graduated from New York City College in 1942. He then enlisted in the Army where he served as an intelligence officer in WW II, using his fluent German to interrogate German soldiers.
Trefousse focused his work on the history of the Reconstruction, and wrote books on Andrew Johnson and Rutherford B. Hayes. In the 1960s, he confronted the dominant historical narrative of the time regarding Reconstruction, arguing instead that Reconstruction was a failed attempt "to bring racial justice to the South." In total he authored over twenty books.
He gained media attention during Bill Clinton's impeachment for drawing comparisons to Johnson's impeachment.
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Harold G. Mosier
Harold Gerard Mosier (July 24, 1889 - August 7, 1971) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Mosier was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He attended East High School in Cleveland, Ohio. He was graduated from Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1912 and from the law department of Harvard University in 1915. He was admitted to the bar in 1916 and commenced practice in Cleveland. He served as a member of the Ohio Senate 1933-1935 and was the 45th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1935-1937.
Mosier was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fifth Congress (January 3, 1937-January 3, 1939). He sat on the Dies Committee. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1938. He resumed the practice of law in Cleveland, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.. He was Counsel to Glenn L. Martin Co. and the Aircraft Industries Association. He retired in 1961.
He resided in Washington, D.C., until his death there on August 7, 1971. He was interred in Fort Lincoln Cemetery.
Mosier married Grace Hoyt Jones of Columbus, Ohio, April 20, 1918.
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Harry L. Davis
Harry Lyman Davis (January 25, 1878 – May 21, 1950) was an American politician of the Republican Party. He served as the 38th and 44th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio and as the 49th Governor of Ohio.
Davis was born in Cleveland, Ohio in the Newburgh area to Evan and Barbara Jones Davis. At age thirteen, he left school to work in the steel mills, studying at home and night school. He became a solicitor for the Cleveland Telephone Co. at age twenty-one and later founded the Davis Rate Adjustment Co., selling telephone securities and the Harry L. Davis Co., selling insurance.
In 1909, Davis was elected Republican city treasurer. David defeated his opponent Peter Witt in the 1915 Cleveland mayoral election. As the city's new mayor, Davis established the Mayor's Advisory War Committee in 1917 to aid the American effort in World War I. His work gained national recognition. Mayor Davis also had to deal with the communist May Day Riots of 1919 and the bombing of his home by communist agitators; the Red Scare presented a new set of dilemmas. Davis responded to the outrages by campaigning for the expulsion of all "Bolsheviks" from America. [1] Since 1919 was an election year, Davis resigned from the mayorship and went on to successfully campaign for governor of Ohio.
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Harry L. Gordon
Harry Lincoln Gordon (August 27, 1860 – November 1, 1921) was an American politician who served as the 27th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1902 to 1904.
Harry Lincoln Gordon was born August 27, 1860 at Metamora, Indiana, and attended schools there. His parents were M.B. and Sophia (Tracy) Gordon. He graduated from DePauw University in 1882 with high honors in mathematics. He studied law at the office of McDonald, Butler, & Mason in Indianapolis, Indiana, was admitted to the bar and moved to Wichita, Kansas. Gordon was chosen city solicitor of Wichita, and was elected to represent Sedgwick County in the Kansas State Senate 1895-1896.
In December, 1896, Gordon moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he practiced law. Mayor Tafel appointed him a member of the Board of Supervisors, and he became president of the body in 1900. He was appointed to a second term in 1902 by Mayor Fleischmann.
In 1902, Carl L. Nippert resigned as Ohio Lieutenant Governor, and Governor Nash appointed Gordon to the position June 26, 1902. In 1905, Gordon was the Republican candidate for Mayor, but lost to Edward J. Dempsey. This was his last campaign.
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Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his unprecedented fourth term.
During World War I, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war, he joined the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Missouri. He was elected a county official and in 1934 United States senator. After he had gained national prominence as head of the wartime Truman Committee, Truman replaced vice president Henry A. Wallace as Roosevelt's running mate in 1944.
Truman faced many challenges in domestic affairs. The disorderly postwar reconversion of the economy of the United States was marked by severe shortages, numerous strikes, and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act over his veto. He confounded all predictions to win election in 1948, helped by his famous Whistle Stop Tour of rural America. After his election, he passed only one of the proposals in his liberal Fair Deal program. He used executive orders to end racial discrimination in the armed forces and created loyalty checks that dismissed thousands of communist supporters from office.
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Harry Stewart New
Harry Stewart New (December 31, 1858 – May 9, 1937) was a U.S. politician, journalist, and Spanish-American War veteran.
Harry Stewart New was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on December 31, 1858, the son of John C. New and his wife, Melissa (Beeler) New. He attended Butler University before going to work with the Indianapolis Journal where he was a reporter, editor, part owner, and publisher from 1878 to 1903. He served in the Indiana State Senate from 1896 to 1900 and served in the Spanish-American War as captain and assistant adjutant general of the 7th Army Corps. He was a member of the Republican National Committee from 1900 to 1912, serving as chairman from 1907 to 1908, and later engaged in the stone quarrying and construction business.
New got back into politics when he was elected to the United States Senate in 1916, defeating incumbent John W. Kern. In the Senate, he served as chairman of the Committee on Territories and the Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions. He was also a "wet" or an anti-prohibitionist, and in August 1919 introduced early legislation proposing an independent United States Air Force.
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Helen Herron Taft
Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the fourth child of Judge John Williamson Herron (1827–1912), a law partner of Rutherford B. Hayes, and Harriet Collins (1833–1902), Nellie graduated from the Cincinnati College of Music and taught school briefly before her marriage. With her parents, she attended the twenty-fifth wedding anniversary celebration of President and Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes at the White House in 1877. Her grandfather, Ela Collins and uncle William Collins were both members of Congress.
Two years later, she met William Howard Taft at a bobsledding party in Cincinnati; he was 22 years old, she was 18. He asked her out for the first time in February 1880, but they did not date regularly until 1882. He proposed in April 1885, and she accepted in May.
Taft married Nellie on June 19, 1886, at the home of the bride's parents in Cincinnati. The wedding was performed by the Reverend D.N.A. Hoge of Zanesville, Ohio. Taft's younger brother Horace Taft was best man. The couple honeymooned one day in New York City and four days at Sea Bright, New Jersey, before setting off on a three-month tour of Europe.
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Henry B. Banning
Henry Blackstone Banning (November 10, 1836 – December 10, 1881) was a lawyer and three-term U.S. Representative from Ohio, as well as an infantry officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Born in Bannings Mills, Ohio, Banning attended the Clinton district school, Mount Vernon Academy, and Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, where he stayed a short time before returning to Mount Vernon to study law in the office of Hosmer, Curtis & Devin. He was admitted to the bar in 1857 and commenced practice in Mount Vernon, Ohio.
With the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted in April 1861 in the Union Army as a private. He was commissioned as a captain in Company B of the 4th Ohio Infantry, on June 5, 1861. He served as colonel of the 87th Ohio Infantry (a three-month regiment), June 10-September 20, 1862.
Banning was honorably mustered out October 4, 1862. He reenlisted and was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the 125th Ohio Infantry on January 1, 1863. He transferred to the 121st Ohio Infantry on April 5, 1863, being promoted to colonel of that regiment on November 10, 1863. He took part in the battles of Rich Mountain, Romney, Blue Gap, Winchester, Cross Keys, Chickamauga, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kennesaw Mountain, Dallas, Peachtree Creek, Jonesboro, and Nashville.
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Henry George
Henry George (September 2, 1839 – October 29, 1897) was an American writer, politician and political economist, who was the most influential proponent of the land value tax, also known as the "single tax" on land. He inspired the economic philosophy known as Georgism, whose main tenet is that people should own what they create, but that everything found in nature, most importantly the value of land, belongs equally to all humanity. His most famous work, Progress and Poverty (1879), is a treatise on inequality, the cyclic nature of industrial economies, and the use of the land value tax as a remedy.
George was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a lower-middle class family, the second of ten children of Richard S. H. George and Catharine Pratt (Vallance) George. His father was a publisher of religious texts and a devout Episcopalian, and sent George to the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia. George chafed at his religious upbringing and left the academy without graduating. His formal education ended at age 14 and he went to sea as a foremast boy at age 15 in April 1855 on the Hindoo, bound for Melbourne and Calcutta. He returned to Philadelphia after 14 months at sea to become an apprentice typesetter before settling in California. After a failed attempt at gold mining in British Columbia he began work with the newspaper industry during 1865, starting as a printer, continuing as a journalist, and ending as an editor and proprietor. He worked for several papers, including four years (1871–1875) as editor of his own newspaper San Francisco Daily Evening Post.
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Henry Jarvis Raymond
Henry Jarvis Raymond (January 24, 1820 – June 18, 1869) was an American journalist and politician and founder of The New York Times.
He was born on January 24, 1820, on the family farm near Lima, New York, a son and the eldest child of Lavinia Brockway, the daughter of Clark Brockway and Sally Wade and Jarvis Raymond, the son of Jonathan P. Raymond and Hannah Jarvis.
He was an 8th generation direct lineal descendant of Captain Richard Raymond, (1602–1692), and his wife, Judith. There is no evidence to suggest that he was born in Essex, England, although Samuel Raymond's family history makes that claim, and he arrived in Salem, Massachusetts about 1629/30, possibly with a contingent led by the Rev. Francis Higginson. The first actual date given for Richard is on August 6, 1629, when he is on the list of the 30 founding members of the First Church (Congregational) of Salem. He was about 27 years old. He was made a Freeman of Salem in 1634 and was later a founder of Norwalk, Connecticut, and an "honored forefather of Saybrook".
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Henry M. Mathews
Henry Mason Mathews (March 29, 1834 – April 28, 1884) was the fifth Governor of West Virginia from 1877 to 1881. Matthews was a Democrat from Greenbrier County.
Henry Mason Mathews was born in Frankford, Greenbrier County. He studied at the Lewisburg Academy, University of Virginia, and a law school in Lexington, Virginia. Following school, he maintained a law practice in Lewisburg and taught at Allegheny College in Blue Sulphur Springs. In 1857, he married Lucy Fry.
During the Civil War, Mathews served as a major in the Confederate Army. He was elected to the legislature in 1865, but was not allowed to serve due to the law prohibiting former Confederates from holding public office. Mathews was a member of the 1872 constitutional convention and served as attorney general under Governor John J. Jacob.
As governor, Mathews dealt with economic problems associated with the national depression. In July 1877, four months into his term, Mathews sent the state militia to Martinsburg, Berkeley County, where Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers had been stopping trains to protest wage cuts. This was the beginning of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
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Henry W. Blair
Henry William Blair (December 6, 1834 – March 14, 1920) was a United States Representative and Senator from New Hampshire. Born in Campton, he attended the common schools and private academies, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1859 and commenced practice in Plymouth. He was appointed prosecuting attorney for Grafton County in 1860, and during the Civil War he served in the Union Army as lieutenant colonel of the Fifteenth Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry.
Blair was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1866 and a member of the New Hampshire Senate in 1867-1868. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1875-March 4, 1879). In 1876, he offered the first prohibition amendment to be offered in congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1878 but was elected to the U.S. Senate on June 17, 1879, for the vacancy in the term ending March 4, 1885, and served from June 20, 1879, to March 4, 1885. The State legislature not being in session, he was appointed on March 5, 1885, and elected on June 17, 1885, to fill the vacancy in the term beginning March 4, 1885, and served from March 10, 1885, to March 4, 1891. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1891. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor (Forty-seventh through Fifty-first Congresses).
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Henry Wilson
Henry Wilson (16 February 1812 – 22 November 1875) was the 18th Vice President of the United States (1873–1875) and a Senator from Massachusetts (1855–1873). Before and during the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican, and a strong opponent of slavery. He devoted his energies to the destruction of the "Slave Power" - the faction of slave owners and their political allies which anti-slavery Americans saw as dominating the country.
He was considered a "Radical Republican". After the Civil War, he supported the Radical program for Reconstruction. in 1872, he was elected Vice President as running mate with President Ulysses S. Grant, and served from 4 March 1873 until his death on 22 November 1875.
Wilson was born Jeremiah Jones Colbath in Farmington, New Hampshire. In 1833 he had his name legally changed by the legislature to Henry Wilson. Henry Wilson moved to Natick, Massachusetts in 1833 and became a shoemaker. He attended several local academies, and also taught school in Natick, where he later engaged in the manufacture of shoes. He was a member of the state legislature between 1841 and 1852, and was owner and editor of the Boston Republican from 1848 to 1851.
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Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization". In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no previous elected-office experience. Hoover is the most recent cabinet secretary to be elected President of the United States, as well as one of only two Presidents (along with William Howard Taft) to have been elected without previous electoral experience or high military rank. America was prosperous and optimistic at the time, leading to a landslide victory for Hoover over Democrat Al Smith.
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Herbert S. Bigelow
Herbert Seely Bigelow (January 4, 1870 – November 11, 1951) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Elkhart, Indiana, Bigelow attended the public schools, and Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio. He was graduated from Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1894. He moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and studied in Lane Theological Seminary. Ordained as a Congregational minister in 1895 and became pastor of the Vine Street Congregational Church in Cincinnati, Ohio. Lost election for Ohio Secretary of State in 1902. He served as delegate to the fourth constitutional convention of Ohio in 1912, serving as president. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1913 and 1914. He served in the Cincinnati City Council 1936.
Bigelow was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fifth Congress (January 3, 1937-January 3, 1939). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1938 to the Seventy-sixth Congress. He served as member of the city council in 1940 and 1941. He resumed his duties as pastor of the Vine Street Congregational Church (Peoples Church), Cincinnati, Ohio, where he died November 11, 1951. He remains were cremated and the ashes scattered over his farm near Forestville, Ohio.
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Herman P. Goebel
Herman Philip Goebel (April 5, 1853 - May 4, 1930) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Goebel attended the public schools. He was employed as a messenger boy for a law firm. He was graduated from the Cincinnati Law School in 1872. He was admitted to the bar in 1874 and commenced practice in Cincinnati. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1875 and 1876. He served as judge of the probate court of Hamilton County 1884-1890.
Goebel was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-eighth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1903-March 3, 1911). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1910 to the Sixty-second Congress. He engaged in the practice of his profession until his death in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 4, 1930. He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
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Horace Maynard
Horace Maynard (August 30, 1814 – May 3, 1882) was an American educator, attorney, politician and diplomat active primarily in the second half of the 19th century. Initially elected to the House of Representatives from Tennessee's 2nd Congressional District in 1857, Maynard, an ardent Union supporter, became one of the few Southern congressmen to maintain his seat in the House during the Civil War. Toward the end of the war, Maynard served as Tennessee's attorney general under Governor Andrew Johnson, and later served as ambassador to Turkey under President Ulysses S. Grant and Postmaster General under President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Maynard left his teaching position at East Tennessee College in the early 1840s to pursue a career in law, and quickly developed a reputation among his peers for his reasoning ability and biting sarcastic style. He spent much of his first two terms in Congress fighting to preserve the Union, and during the Civil War he consistently urged President Abraham Lincoln to send Union forces to free East Tennessee from its Confederate occupiers. Maynard returned to Congress after the war, but being a Republican in a Democrat-controlled state, he struggled in statewide elections.
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Hubert Work
Hubert Work (July 3, 1860 – December 14, 1942) was a U.S. administrator and physician. He served as the Postmaster General between 1922 and 1923 in the presidency of Warren G. Harding. He then served as the Secretary of the Interior from 1923-1928 during the administration of Calvin Coolidge.
Work was born in Marion Center, Pennsylvania. Attended medical school at the University of Michigan from 1882-1883, but ultimately received an M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. He settled in Colorado and founded Woodcroft Hospital in Pueblo in 1896. In 1920, Work served as president of the advocacy group, the American Medical Association.
Work was active in the Republican Party, having served as the Colorado state chairman in 1912. In 1914, Work ran unsuccessfully in a special election for the United States Senate having been defeated by the Democrat Charles Spalding Thomas, later the governor of Colorado. Work polled 98,728 votes (39 percent) in a multi-candidate to field to Thomas' 102,037 ballots (40.3 percent). This was Colorado's first Senate election by popular vote under the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
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Hugh L. Nichols
Hugh Llewellyn Nichols (March 25, 1865 – December 29, 1942) was an American politician who served as the 32nd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1911 to 1913 and Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Ohio 1913 to 1920.
Hugh L. Nichols was born March 25, 1865 at New Richmond, Clermont County, Ohio from parents of Scotch-Irish descent. He was educated in the public schools of Batavia, Ohio, and at the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity and the Cincinnati Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1886.
In 1887 Nichols married to Miss Dean Stirling of Batavia, Ohio.
In the Autumn of 1897, Nichols was elected to the Ohio State Senate to represent the 2nd and 4th Districts, (Butler, Warren, Clermont, and Brown County, Ohio), for the 73rd General Assembly, 1898-1899. In the 1898 election, he was nominated by the Democrats for a seat on the Ohio Supreme Court, but lost to Republican William T. Spear. He was a delegate to the 1900 Democratic National Convention, and was Chairman of the Democratic State Executive Committee, where he managed the successful campaign of Governor Harmon.
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Hugh Scott
Hugh Doggett Scott, Jr. (November 11, 1900 – July 21, 1994) was an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he represented Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives (1941–1945, 1947–1959) and the U.S. Senate (1959–1977). As a Senator, he served as Senate Minority Leader from 1969 to 1977. He was also chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1948 to 1949.
The son of Hugh Doggett and Jane Lee (née Lewis) Scott, Hugh Doggett Scott, Jr. was born on an estate in Fredericksburg, Virginia, that was once owned by George Washington. His grandfather served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War under General John Hunt Morgan, and his great-grandmother was the niece of President Zachary Taylor. After attending public schools in Fredericksburg, he studied at Randolph–Macon College in Ashland, from where he graduated in 1919. He enrolled in the Student Reserve Officers Training Corps and the Students' Army Training Corps during World War I.
In 1922, Scott earned his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law at Charlottesville, where he was a member of the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society and the Alpha Chi Rho fraternity. His interest in politics was established after frequently attending committee hearings in the Virginia House of Delegates.
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Irwin Unger
Irwin Unger (b. 1927, Brooklyn, New York) is an American historian and academic specializing in economic history, the history of the 1960s, and the history of the Gilded Age. He earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1958 and is currently Professor Emeritus of History at New York University.
Unger won the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1965 for his book, The Greenback Era.
Among Unger's published books are:
In addition, Unger has written a number of textbooks on modern American history.
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Isaac M. Jordan
Isaac M. Jordan (May 5, 1835 – December 3, 1890) was a United States Congressman born in Mifflinburg, Union County, Pennsylvania as Isaac Alfred Jordan. He served one term, elected as a Democrat to the 48th congress, (March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885) in Ohio's 2nd congressional district, a strong Republican district. He was also one of the founding members of the Sigma Chi fraternity.
Jordan was 20 years old when he became one of the founding members of the Sigma Chi Fraternity in 1855 at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.
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J. Martin Klotsche
J. Martin Klotsche (November 28, 1907-4 February 1995), was an American professor of history and the first chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.
A native of Scribner, Nebraska, Johannes Martin Klotsche ("Joe") was a high school graduate at age 13 and a college graduate at 17; he earned his M.A. at the University of Nebraska in 1928. He got his Ph.D. in history from the University of Wisconsin in 1931 and came to Milwaukee, Wisconsin to teach at what was then Wisconsin State Teachers College, a small Wisconsin teachers college with an enrollment of 1700. He became President of the college in the fall of 1946, when he was 38. It was renamed Wisconsin State College-Milwaukee in 1951 (his title was changed to Provost). In 1956, the college became part of the then University of Wisconsin, with Klotsche remaining as provost. In 1965, his title was changed to Chancellor. After his retirement as chancellor in 1973, he remained on the faculty of the History Department until 1978.
Klotsche's administration oversaw the growth of the tiny Wisconsin State Teachers College into the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee: enrollment increase from 1,700 to almost 25,000; construction or purchase of more than 20 major buildings (not counting off-campus buildings); and the establishment of ten schools and colleges. The J. Martin Klotsche Center for Physical Education on the UWM campus is named for him.
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Jabez W. Fitch
Jabez Warner Fitch (May 1823 – April 5, 1884) was an American politician who served as the 14th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1878 to 1880. He was a Democrat from Cuyahoga County.
Jabez Fitch was born in 1823, and moved to Cuyahoga County, Ohio in 1826. His father was Guerdon Fitch, a well known citizen. He attended common schools, and entered the Cleveland law offices of Bolton & Kelly, where he worked and studied law. In 1846, he was admitted to the bar, and was appointed city solicitor.
When Franklin Pierce was elected, Fitch was appointed United States Marshall for the Northern District of Ohio. He was city councilman in 1851 He was a longtime member of the volunteer fire department, and was elected chief in 1852.
During the United States Civil War, Fitch was general of volunteers, in charge of Camp Taylor in Cleveland. Regiments were sent out under other commanders, so Fitch volunteered as private in the 19th Ohio Infantry under General Beatty, who appointed him quartermaster.
After the war, he returned to real estate interests in Cleveland, and, in 1877 he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio on a Democratic Party ticket with Richard M. Bishop. He held no later offices, except trustee of the Northern Ohio Insane Asylum and United States jury commissioner.
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Jack Kemp
Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935 – May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a collegiate and professional football player. A Republican, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993, having previously served nine terms as a congressman for Western New York's 31st congressional district from 1971 to 1989. He was the Republican Party's nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election, where he was the running mate of presidential nominee Bob Dole. Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries.
Before entering politics, Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL), but became a star in the American Football League (AFL). He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, and set many of the league's career passing records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his football career, he served in the United States Army Reserve.
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Jacob Dolson Cox
Jacob Dolson Cox, (Jr.) (October 27, 1828 – August 4, 1900) was a lawyer, a Union Army general during the American Civil War, and later a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 28th Governor of Ohio and as United States Secretary of the Interior.
Cox was born in Montreal, Canada, to American parents, Jacob Dolson Cox and Thedia Redelia Kenyon Cox. The elder Cox was a well-known contractor in New York City, living temporarily in Montreal while he superintended the roof construction of the Church of Notre Dame. He returned with his parents to New York City a year later. His early education included private readings with a Columbia College student. His practical education began at the age of 14 as he worked in a law office as a clerk, and at 16 learned bookkeeping at a brokerage firm. Although as a youth he considered a career at sea, his parents joined the Congregational Church and he decided to study for the ministry. He was influenced by the Reverends Samuel D. Cochran and Charles Grandison Finney, leaders of Oberlin College, which he attended and with which he maintained a lifelong association, including service as a trustee from 1876 to 1900.
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Jacob H. Bromwell
Jacob Henry Bromwell (May 11, 1848 – June 4, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Bromwell resided during his boyhood in Newport, Kentucky. He attended the public schools of Cincinnati and was graduated from Hughes High School in 1864. He taught in the public schools of southern Indiana and of Cincinnati for twenty-three years. He was graduated from Cincinnati Law School in 1870. He was admitted to the bar of Hamilton County in 1888 and commenced practice in Cincinnati. He served as mayor of Wyoming, Ohio from 1880 to 1886. He served as assistant county solicitor of Hamilton County 1888-1892.
Bromwell was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-third Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John A. Caldwell. He was reelected to the Fifty-fourth and to the three succeeding Congresses and served from December 3, 1894, to March 3, 1903. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1902. He resumed the practice of law in Cincinnati. He served as judge of the court of common pleas of Hamilton County 1907-1913. He declined to be a candidate for renomination. He again engaged in the practice of law. He died in Wyoming, Ohio, June 4, 1924. He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Jacob Mueller
Jacob Mueller (March 10, 1822 – August 31, 1905) was an American politician who served as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1872 to 1874.
Jacob Mueller was born at Rhenish, Bavaria in 1822. In 1848 he participated in the revolution in that country, and served for a short time as Chief Commissary, or Governor of his home district. He was compelled to leave the country, and emigrated to Cleveland, Ohio. He was naturalized, and affiliated with the Republican Party. He was elected to City Council. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1871, and served one term. He afterward became a member of the Democratic Party.
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James A. Garfield
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) served as the 20th President of the United States, after completing nine consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. Garfield's accomplishments as President included a controversial resurgence of Presidential authority above Senatorial courtesy in executive appointments; energizing U.S. naval power; and purging corruption in the Post Office Department. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judiciary appointments, including a U.S. Supreme Court justice. Garfield appointed several African-Americans to prominent federal positions.
Garfield was a self-made man who came from a modest background, having been raised in obscurity on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother and endearing brother Thomas, who was nine years his senior. Next door were his uncle Amos and aunt Alpha Boynton. The families were very close as Amos was James' father's half brother, and Alpha was his mother's sister. James and his Boynton cousins cherished their memories of childhood together. Upon entering higher education James worked as a school janitor, bellringer, carpenter, teacher, and preacher to help finance his education. He completed his studies and graduated from Williams College, Massachusetts in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican, after campaigning for the party's antislavery platform in Ohio. He married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and in 1860 was admitted to practice law while serving as an Ohio State Senator (1859–1861). Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a Major General in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh and Chickamauga. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 as Representative of the 19th District of Ohio.
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James Buchanan
James Buchanan, Jr. (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868, English pronunciation: /bjuːˈkænən/) was the 15th President of the United States (1857–1861). He is the only president from Pennsylvania and the only president who remained a lifelong bachelor. His niece Harriet Lane played the role as lady of the house.
Buchanan (often called Buck-anan by his contemporaries) was a popular and experienced state politician and a successful attorney before his presidency. He represented Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the Senate, and served as Minister to Russia under President Andrew Jackson. He was also Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. After he turned down an offer for an appointment to the Supreme Court, President Franklin Pierce appointed him Minister to the United Kingdom, in which capacity he helped draft the controversial Ostend Manifesto.
Buchanan was nominated in the 1856 election. Throughout most of Franklin Pierce's term he was stationed in London as a Minister to the Court of St. James's and therefore was not caught up in the crossfire of sectional politics that dominated the country. Buchanan was viewed by many as a compromise between the two sides of the slavery question. His subsequent election victory took place in a three-man race with John C. Frémont and Millard Fillmore. As President, he was often called a "doughface", a Northerner with Southern sympathies, who battled with Stephen A. Douglas for the control of the Democratic Party. Buchanan's efforts to maintain peace between the North and the South alienated both sides, and the Southern states declared their secession in the prologue to the American Civil War. Buchanan's view of record was that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal. Buchanan, first and foremost an attorney, was noted for his mantra, "I acknowledge no master but the law."
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James E. Campbell
James Edwin Campbell (July 7, 1843 – December 18, 1924) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as the 38th Governor of Ohio.
Campbell was born in Middletown, Ohio where he attended the public schools and then Miami University. He served in the Union Army as a member of the Mississippi River Squadron during the Civil War. He was a master's mate on the gunboats Elk and Naiad until his health gave out and he returned home emaciated.
James Campbell was admitted to the bar in 1865 and began practicing law in Hamilton, Ohio two years later. Campbell was married to Maud Elizabeth Owens of Hamilton, Ohio on January 4, 1870. They had four children. He was a Republican who voted for Lincoln and Grant for President, and after 1872 became a Democrat. After serving as a prosecutor in Butler County, Ohio from 1876–1880, Campbell was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives twice from Ohio's 7th congressional district (Forty-eighth and Fiftieth Congresses) and once from the third district (Forty-ninth Congress), a seat once held by his uncle Lewis D. Campbell, serving from 1884-1889. In the 49th Congress, he was chairman of the House Committee on Alcoholic Liquor Traffic.
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James G. Blaine
James Gillespie Blaine (January 31, 1830 – January 27, 1893) was an American Republican politician who served as United States Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, and twice as Secretary of State. He was nominated for President in 1884, but was narrowly defeated by Democrat Grover Cleveland. Blaine was one of the late 19th century's leading Republicans and champion of the moderate reformist faction of the party known as the "Half-Breeds".
Blaine was born in western Pennsylvania and moved to Maine where he became a newspaper editor. Nicknamed "the Magnetic Man," he was a charismatic speaker in an era that prized oratory. He began his political career as an early supporter of Abraham Lincoln and the Union war effort in the American Civil War. In Reconstruction, Blaine was a supporter of black suffrage, but opposed some of the more coercive measures of the Radical Republicans. Initially a protectionist, he later worked for a reduction in the tariff and an expansion of American trade with foreign countries. Railroad promotion and construction were important issues in his time, and as a result of his interest and support Blaine was widely suspected of corruption in the awarding of railroad charters; these allegations plagued his 1884 presidential candidacy.
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James K. Polk
James Knox Polk ( /ˈpoʊk/ "poke"; November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th President of the United States (1845–1849). Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He later lived in and represented Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as the 17th Speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841). Polk was the surprise (dark horse) candidate for president in 1844, defeating Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party by promising to annex Texas. Polk was a leader of Jacksonian Democracy during the Second Party System.
Polk was the last strong pre–Civil War president, and he is the earliest of whom there are surviving photographs taken during a term in office. He is noted for his foreign policy successes. He threatened war with Britain over the issue of which nation owned the Oregon Country, then backed away and split the ownership of the region with Britain. When Mexico rejected American annexation of Texas, Polk led the nation to a sweeping victory in the Mexican-American War, which gave the United States most of its present Southwest. He secured passage of the Walker tariff of 1846, which had low rates that pleased his native South, and he established a treasury system that lasted until 1913.
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James M. Cox
James Middleton Cox (March 31, 1870 – July 15, 1957) was the 46th and 48th Governor of Ohio, U.S. Representative from Ohio and Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920.
Cox was born in the tiny Butler County, Ohio, village of Jacksonburg. Cox practiced a variety of trades throughout his life: high school teacher, reporter, owner and editor of several newspapers, and secretary to Congressman Paul J. Sorg.
Cox represented Ohio in the United States House of Representatives (1909–1913), resigning after winning election as Governor of Ohio (1913–1915, and 1917–1921). A capable and well-liked reformer, he was nominated for the presidency by the Democratic party while serving as Governor. Cox supported the internationalist policies of Woodrow Wilson and favored U.S. entry into the League of Nations. However, Cox was defeated in the 1920 presidential election by a fellow Ohioan and newspaperman, U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Marion. The public had grown weary of the turmoil of the Wilson years, and eagerly accepted Harding's call for a "return to normalcy." Cox's running mate was future president, then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. One of the better known analyses of the 1920 election is in author Irving Stone's book about defeated Presidential candidates, They Also Ran. Stone rated Cox as superior in every way over Warren Harding, claiming the former would have made a much better president; the author argued that there was never a stronger case in the history of American presidential elections for the proposition that the better man lost.
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James Madison
James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 (O.S. March 5) – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman and political theorist, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817). He is hailed as the “Father of the Constitution” for being instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights. He served as a politician much of his adult life. Like other Virginia statesmen in the slave society, he was a slaveholder and part of the élite; he inherited his plantation known as Montpelier, and owned hundreds of slaves during his lifetime to cultivate tobacco and other crops.
After the constitution had been drafted, Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify it. His collaboration with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay produced the Federalist Papers (1788). Circulated only in New York at the time, they would later be considered among the most important polemics in support of the Constitution. He was also a delegate to the Virginia constitutional ratifying convention, and was instrumental to the successful ratification effort in Virginia. Like most of his contemporaries, Madison changed his political views during his life. During the drafting and ratification of the constitution, he favored a strong national government, though later he grew to favor stronger state governments, before settling between the two extremes late in his life.
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James Monroe
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation. His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" – a period of relatively little partisan strife – and later by the Panic of 1819 and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory. Monroe is most noted for his proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further European intervention in the Americas.
Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was injured in the Battle of Trenton with a musket ball to his shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. As an anti-federalist delegate to the Virginia convention that considered ratification of the United States Constitution, Monroe opposed ratification, claiming it gave too much power to the central government. Nonetheless, Monroe took an active part in the new government and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate of the first United States Congress, where he joined the Jeffersonians. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to national prominence when as a diplomat in France he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Monroe was of French and Scottish descent.
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James S. Clarkson
James S. Clarkson (May 17, 1842 – May 30, 1918) was born in Brookville, Indiana, but raised a native of Polk County, Iowa. Clarkson was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1876 to 1896; a member of the Republican National Committee from 1880 to 1896; chairman of the Committee from 1891 to 1892, and President of the Republican League of the United States from 1891 to 1893. He died at the home of his son in Newark, New Jersey with his wife by his side. Clarkson was buried in the family mausoleum in Des Moines, Iowa.
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James S. Sherman
James Schoolcraft Sherman (October 24, 1855 – October 30, 1912) was a United States Representative from New York and the 27th Vice President of the United States, 1909-1912 under William Howard Taft. He was a member of the inter-related Baldwin, Hoar, and Sherman families, prominent lawyers and politicians of New England (no relation to General William T. Sherman).
Although not a high-powered administrator, he made a natural committee chairman, and his genial personality eased the workings of the House, so that he was known all his life as 'Sunny Jim'. He was the first Vice President to fly in a plane (New York, 1911), and also the first to throw out the ceremonial first pitch at a baseball game.
Sherman was born in Utica, New York, son of Richard Updike Sherman and his distant cousin Mary Frances (Sherman). His paternal grandfather was a successful local farmer and glass manufacturer, under whose influence Sherman developed his strong pro-business convictions, according to neighbour and future colleague Elihu Root.
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Jennette Bradley
Jennette Bradley (born October 2, 1952), her family would settle in a neighborhood on Columbus' east side, after her father retired from the United States Army. Bradley graduated from East High School in 1970. Upon graduation, Bradley attended Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio, and would earn a degree in psychology. Bradley would take a job with the Columbus Metropolitan Housing Authority, which she would later be promoted to head of the authority when she was twenty-eight years old. In 1986, Bradley moved to Washington, D.C. Bradley would move back to Columbus in 1989 and work for Huntington National Bank.
Bradley entered the 1991 City Council race, with her newly wed husband as her campaign manager. Bradley ran as a Republican, and won, becoming the first African American woman to serve on the council. She would be reelected in 1995 and 1999. During her tenure she was in charge of the parks and recreation and public utilities commissions.
In 2002 Governor Taft announced he had chosen Bradley to replace Maureen O'Connor as his running mate. Many conservatives did not support Bradley because she was pro-choice. Critics of the Taft-Bradley ticket were also concerned about her City Council vote to extend city worker's health care benefits to include domestic partners and same-sex couples. Bradley was then criticized for having later voted against this extension.
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Jeremiah Morrow
Jeremiah Morrow (October 6, 1771 – March 22, 1852) was a Democratic-Republican Party politician from Ohio. He served as the ninth Governor of Ohio, and the last Democratic-Republican to do so.
Morrow was born near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to the descendants of Scots-Irish immigrants. He moved to the Northwest Territory in 1795. He lived at the mouth of the Little Miami River for a short time before moving to what is now Warren County.
After serving in the Territorial House of Representatives and Territorial Senate, and as a Hamilton county delegate to the 1802 Constitutional Convention, he was elected to the first State Senate a year later and served six months before becoming Ohio's first member of the United States House of Representatives. Morrow won four additional full terms. He ran for the U.S. Senate in 1812 and served a single term from 1813 to 1819, and did not seek re-election. Ohio Presidential elector in 1816 for James Monroe. He won election to the governorship in 1822 and served for two two-year terms. He declined to serve a third term, instead returning to the Ohio House of Representatives and State Senate. Morrow was sent back to Washington again in 1841, and served two more years in the House, but refused to be renominated in 1842, believing himself too old.
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Jim Gilmore
James Stuart "Jim" Gilmore III (born October 6, 1949) is an American politician from the Commonwealth of Virginia, former 68th Governor of Virginia, and a member of the Republican Party. A native Virginian, Gilmore studied at the University of Virginia, and then served in the U.S. Army as a counterintelligence agent. He later was elected to public office as a county prosecutor, as the Attorney General of Virginia from 1994 to 1998, and as the 68th Governor of Virginia from 1998 to 2002.
Gilmore campaigned for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination until July 2007, when he became the first major Republican candidate to leave the race. Gilmore was nominated as the Republican candidate for Virginia's United States Senate seat being vacated by John Warner. In the November 2008 election, Gilmore lost to his Democratic opponent Mark Warner.
Gilmore was born in Richmond, Virginia to Margaret Evelyn (née Kandle), a church secretary, and James Stuart Gilmore, Jr., a grocery store butcher. He graduated from John Randolph Tucker High School and received an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia in 1971. Gilmore associated himself with the University's College Republicans chapter, and the Jefferson Literary & Debating Society.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).
During Carter's term as President, two new cabinet-level departments were created: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. Throughout his career, Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation, which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979), 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States of the Moscow Olympics and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
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Job E. Stevenson
Job Evans Stevenson (February 10, 1832 – July 24, 1922) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Yellow Bud, Ohio, Stevenson completed preparatory studies. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of his profession in Chillicothe, Ohio. He also engaged in agricultural pursuits. He served as member of the Ohio Senate 1863-1865. He served as solicitor of Chillicothe 1859-1862. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1864 to the Thirty-ninth Congress. He moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1865. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses (March 4, 1869-March 3, 1873). He resumed the practice of law in Cincinnati, Ohio. Resided in Lexington and Corinth, Kentucky. He died in Corinth, Kentucky, July 24, 1922. He was interred in Yellow Bud Cemetery, Yellow Bud, Ohio.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
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John A. Caldwell
John Alexander Caldwell (April 21, 1852 – May 24, 1927) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Fairhaven, Ohio, Caldwell was educated in the common schools of his native county and also by private teachers. He taught school for several years. He was graduated from the Cincinnati Law School in 1876. He was admitted to the bar the same year. He again engaged in teaching. He commenced the practice of law in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1878. He served as prosecuting attorney of the Cincinnati police court 1881-1885.
Caldwell was elected judge of the city police court in 1887.
Caldwell was elected president of the Ohio League of Republican Clubs in 1887.
Caldwell was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-first, Fifty-second, and Fifty-third Congresses and served from March 4, 1889, until May 4, 1894, when he resigned. He served as mayor of Cincinnati 1894-1897. The 25th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1900-1902.
Caldwell was elected judge of the court of common pleas in 1902, and served until his death in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 24, 1927. He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery.
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John A. Gurley
John Addison Gurley (December 9, 1813 - August 19, 1863) was a U.S. Congressman from Ohio during the early part of the American Civil War. He was appointed as the first Governor of the Arizona Territory, but died before taking office.
Gurley was born in East Hartford, Connecticut. He attended the district schools and received academic instruction before becoming an apprentice in the hatter’s trade. He studied theology and became a minister, serving as pastor of the Universalist Church in Methuen, Massachusetts, from 1835–1838. He moved west to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1838 and became owner and editor of the Star and Sentinel, later called the Star in the West, and also served as a pastor in that city. Gurley retired from the ministry in 1850, sold his newspaper in 1854 and retired to his farm near Cincinnati.
He was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for election in 1856 to the Thirty-fifth United States Congress. However, he was elected to the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1859–March 3, 1863). Gurley was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1862 to the Thirty-eighth Congress.
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John B. Weller
John B. Weller (February 22, 1812 – August 17, 1875) was the fifth governor of California from January 8, 1858 to January 9, 1860 and a congressman from Ohio, U.S. senator from California, and minister to Mexico.
Weller was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, and attended the public schools and Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced in Butler County, Ohio. He was prosecuting attorney of Butler County from 1833 until 1836.
He 1838 he was elected as a Democrat from Ohio to the 26th-, 27th- and 28th Congresses, serving from 1839 until 1845.
He served in the 1st Regiment of Ohio Volunteers as a Lieutenant Colonel during Mexican-American War from 1846 until 1847, and then was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Ohio in 1848, a bitterly fought campaign, and the only disputed election for Ohio Governor of the 19th century. A select joint committee of the Ohio General Assembly finally established January 22, 1849 that Weller lost by 311 votes to Whig Seabury Ford.
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John Brough
John Brough (rhymes with "huff") (September 17, 1811– August 29, 1865) was a War Democrat politician from Ohio. He served as the 26th Governor of Ohio during the final years of the American Civil War, dying in office of gangrene shortly after the war concluded.
Born in Marietta, Ohio, to an English immigrant and a Pennsylvania-born mother, Brough was orphaned at the age of 11. To support himself, he became a printer's apprentice, and later received three years of part-time education at Ohio University, where he worked part-time as a reporter for the Athens Mirror. He rose to become a newspaper publisher in Marietta and then in Lancaster, where he and his brother Charles purchased the Ohio Eagle, a paper that espoused the views of the Democratic Party.
Brough served two years as Clerk of the Ohio Senate (where he also served as the capital correspondent for his newspaper, as well as the Ohio Statesman). He was elected as a Democrat to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1837, representing the Fairfield-Hocking district, and served from 1838–39, chairing the Committee on Banks and Currency. He then took office as State Auditor, serving until 1845, when the Whigs swept most of the state's Democrats out of office in the Election of 1844.
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John C. Frémont
John Charles Frémont (January 21, 1813 – July 13, 1890), was an American military officer, explorer, and the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. During the 1840s, that era's penny press accorded Frémont the sobriquet The Pathfinder. He is sometimes called The Great Pathfinder. He retired from the military and moved to the new territory California, after leading a fourth expedition which cost ten lives seeking a rail route over the mountains around the 38th parallel in the winter of 1849.
He became one of the first two U.S. Senators elected from the new state in 1850. He was soon bogged down with lawsuits over land claims between the dispossessions of various land owners during the Mexican-American War, and the explosion of Forty-Niners immigrating during the California Gold Rush. He lost the 1856 presidential election to Democrats James Buchanan and John C. Breckenridge when Democrats warned his election would lead to civil war.
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John C. Lee
John Calvin Lee (January 7, 1828 – March 24, 1891) was an American Republican politician who served as the ninth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1868 to 1872.
Lee was born January 7, 1828 at Brown Township, Delaware County, Ohio. He received a public education and attended Central College Franklin County for one year, went to Western Reserve College in 1845 and graduated in 1848. He taught school for two years, then began study of law at Atwater, Ohio, where he was admitted to the bar July 6, 1852. He ran for Common Pleas Judge in 1857, but lost.
Whitelaw Reid wrote this of Lee's service:
In 1867, General Lee was nominated for Lieutenant Governor after Samuel Galloway declined the nomination. He won that year, and again in 1869.
In 1868, Lee was Delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention, and in 1872 Presidential Elector-at-large. In 1877 he was appointed United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio, for the term ending 1881. He died at Toledo on March 24, 1891, and is buried at Greenlawn Cemetery in Tiffin.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy pronunciation (help·info) (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War.
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John Fremont Hill
John Fremont Hill (October 29, 1855, Eliot, Maine – March 16, 1912) was an American capitalist and politician. He served in a number of positions in Maine government, including as Governor of Maine from 1901-1905.
He graduated from the Medical School of Maine (Bowdoin College) in 1877 and studied at the Long Island College Hospital Medical School, but practiced medicine only a year. In 1879 he became a member of the law firm (later a publishing house) of J.F. Hill & Co. in Augusta, Maine. He was active in many railroad, steamship, telephone, and banking enterprises.
He was best known as a Republican politician, serving as a member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1888-92, of the Maine Senate from 1892–96, and of the Executive Council in 1898-99; and he was the 45th Governor of Maine from 1901 to 1905. He was acting chairman in 1908-11, and chairman in 1911-12, of the Republican National Committee.
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John G. Warwick
John George Warwick (December 23, 1830 - August 14, 1892) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in County Tyrone, Province of Ulster, Ireland, Warwick attended the common schools of his native land. Warwick immigrated with his brother to the United States about 1850 and resided in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for a short time. He moved to Navarre, Ohio, and became a bookkeeper in a dry-goods establishment, and later moved to Massillon, Ohio, and clerked in a dry-goods store, subsequently becoming interested in flour milling, coal mining, and agricultural pursuits. He also was a promoter of railroad construction.
Warwick was elected as the 17th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and served from 1884 to 1886. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1886.
Warwick was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-second Congress and served from March 4, 1891, until his death in Washington, D.C., August 14, 1892.
He defeated William McKinley by 302 votes in an intensely fought race that gained national attention. McKinley was in favor of an import tariff on tinware. Warwick sent fake peddlers out into the rural 16th district who charged 50 cents for 25 cent tinware goods. When asked why the prices were so high, the peddlers replied: "This is the result of McKinley's tariff!". He died from food-poisoning at a meeting in New York City of the board of directors of a railroad on whose board he served. He was interred in Protestant Cemetery, Massillon, Ohio.
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John H. Arnold
John Holmes Arnold (December 11, 1862 – March 29, 1944) was an American politician who served as the 34th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1915 to 1917.
A 1917 publication of the Ohio General Assembly had this to say about Arnold:
Arnold died March 29, 1944, and is interred at Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio.
John H. Arnold at Find a Grave
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John Humphrey Noyes
John Humphrey Noyes (September 3, 1811 – April 13, 1886) was an American utopian socialist. He founded the Oneida Community in 1848. He coined the term "free love".
Noyes was born in Brattleboro, Vermont, and was below the age of 21 when he started voicing his "heretical" views. While studying at Dartmouth College, Andover Theological Seminary, and Yale Theological College he used his skills at theological argument. He combined this with his skill in religious science, and the common sense he had gained as a farmer, to “make the application of a revolutionary religious doctrine to everyday life, an application that produced a social revolution.”
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John Hunt Morgan
John Hunt Morgan (June 1, 1825 – September 4, 1864) was a Confederate general and cavalry officer in the American Civil War.
Morgan is best known for Morgan's Raid when, in 1863, he and his men rode over 1,000 miles covering a region from Tennessee, up through Kentucky, into Indiana and on to southern Ohio. This would be the farthest north any uniformed Confederate troops penetrated during the war.
John Hunt Morgan was born in Huntsville, Alabama, the eldest of ten children of Calvin and Henrietta (Hunt) Morgan. He was an uncle of geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan and a maternal grandson of John Wesley Hunt, an early founder of Lexington, Kentucky, and one of the first millionaires west of the Allegheny Mountains. He was also the brother-in-law of A.P. Hill and of Basil W. Duke.
Morgan's paternal grandfather Luther Morgan had settled in Huntsville, but a downturn in the cotton economy forced him to mortgage his holdings. His father, Calvin Morgan, lost his Huntsville home in 1831 when he was unable to pay the property taxes following the failure of his pharmacy. The family then moved to Lexington, where he would manage one of his father-in-law's sprawling farms.
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John J. Gilligan
John Joyce ("Jack") Gilligan (born March 22, 1921) is a American Democratic politician from the state of Ohio who served as a U.S. Representative and the 62nd Governor of Ohio. He is the father of Kathleen Sebelius. Gilligan and Sebelius are the only father and daughter ever have been elected state governors.
Gilligan was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Harry and Blanche Gilligan. He graduated from St. Xavier High School in 1939, the University of Notre Dame in 1943 and the University of Cincinnati College of Law in 1947, serving in between in the United States Navy during World War II in the Atlantic, Pacific and Mediterranean as a destroyer gunnery officer. He was awarded a Silver Star for gallantry in action at Okinawa.
After the war, Gilligan returned to Cincinnati to teach literature at Xavier University from 1948 to 1953. He also served as member of the Cincinnati city council from 1953 to 1963, and was a candidate for Ohio Congressman-at-Large in 1962. In 1964 he was elected to the Eighty-ninth Congress as a representative for Ohio's 1st district, serving from January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967. Gilligan narrowly lost his re-election bid to the Ninetieth Congress in 1966 to Republican Robert Taft Jr. after the Republican-controlled Ohio General Assembly redrew his district to favor the Republican Party. In 1968, Gilligan defeated sitting U.S. Senator Frank J. Lausche in the Democratic primary; however, he narrowly lost in the general election to Republican William B. Saxbe after Lausche refused to support him in the general election.
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John M. Pattison
John M. Pattison (June 13, 1847–June 18, 1906) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. Pattison was the 43rd Governor of Ohio, serving for a shorter period than any other person elected to the office before his untimely death.
Pattison was born near Owensville, Ohio. He joined the Union Army during the American Civil War in 1864. After the war ended, Pattison attended Ohio Wesleyan University, graduating in 1869. He graduated from Cincinnati Law School in 1872, and was admitted to the bar in 1872. Pattison briefly served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1873 before working as an executive at an insurance company. Pattison was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1890 after briefly serving in the Ohio State Senate. He served one term from 1891 to 1893, but lost an 1892 bid for re-election. Pattison was elected governor in 1905. He entered office in January 1906 and served until his death in June.
Pattison attended his inauguration, but returned home ill that day. He never again returned to the executive office. Pattison directed the government from his bed until he died at his home Promont, near Milford, Ohio. His cause of death was Bright's disease.
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John Marshall Harlan
John Marshall Harlan (June 1, 1833 – October 14, 1911) was a Kentucky lawyer and politician who served as an associate justice on the Supreme Court. He is most notable as the lone dissenter in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which, respectively, struck down as unconstitutional federal anti-discrimination legislation and upheld Southern segregation statutes. In Pace v. Alabama (1883) he supported opinion that anti-miscegenation laws are constitutional.
Harlan was born into a prominent Kentucky slaveholding family whose presence in the region dated back to 1779. Harlan's father was James Harlan, a lawyer and politician; his mother, Elizabeth, née Davenport, was the daughter of a pioneer from Virginia. After attending school in Frankfort, Harlan enrolled at Centre College, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi and graduated with honors. Though his mother wanted Harlan to become a merchant, James insisted that his son follow him into the legal profession, and Harlan joined his father's law practice in 1852. Yet while James Harlan could have trained his son in the office as was the norm in that era, he sent John to attend law school at Transylvania University in 1853, where George Robertson and Thomas Alexander Marshall were among his instructors.
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John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States election.
McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became a naval aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. In October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973. McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds left him with lifelong physical limitations.
He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, where he entered politics. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, he served two terms, and was then elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily four times, most recently in 2010. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a "maverick" for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. After being investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as a member of the Keating Five, he made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns, which eventually led to the passage of the McCain-Feingold Act in 2002. He is also known for his work towards restoring diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s, and for his belief that the war in Iraq should be fought to a successful conclusion. McCain has chaired the Senate Commerce Committee, opposed spending that he considered to be pork barrel, and played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations.
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John Noyes
John Noyes (April 2, 1764 – October 26, 1841) was a Vermont politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives.
He was born in Atkinson, New Hampshire and attended private schools. Noyes graduated from Dartmouth College in 1795. After graduation, he worked as a tutor at Chesterfield Academy from 1795–1797 and at Dartmouth College from 1797–1799, teaching Daniel Webster at Dartmouth.
Noyes was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1808-1810. He was elected as a Federalist to the Fourteenth Congress and served from March 4, 1815 to March 3, 1817.
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John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adamsi/ˈkwɪnzi/ (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829). He served as an American diplomat, Senator, and Congressional representative. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of former President John Adams and Abigail Adams. As a diplomat, Adams played an important role in negotiating many international treaties, most notably the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. As Secretary of State, he negotiated with the United Kingdom over America's northern border with Canada, negotiated with Spain the annexation of Florida, and authored the Monroe Doctrine. Historians agree he was one of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state in American history.
As president, he sought to modernize the American economy and promoted education. Adams enacted a part of his agenda and paid off much of the national debt. He was stymied by a Congress controlled by his enemies, and his lack of patronage networks helped politicians eager to undercut him. He lost his 1828 bid for re-election to Andrew Jackson. In doing so, he became the first President since his father to serve a single term.
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John Scott Harrison
John Scott Harrison (October 4, 1804 – May 25, 1878) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio and the only man to be both the son and the father of U.S. Presidents. His father, William Henry Harrison was the ninth President in 1841; and, his son, Benjamin Harrison, was the 23rd President from 1889 to 1893. Harrison did not live to see his son become President, and his father did not live to see Harrison become a member of Congress.
Born in Vincennes, Indiana, the son of future President William Henry Harrison and Anna Tuthill Symmes and the grandson of Declaration of Independence signer Benjamin Harrison V, Harrison completed preparatory studies and studied medicine. He later abandoned this to become a farmer.
In 1824 he married Lucretia Knapp Johnson (16 September 1804-6 February 1830). They had three children; Elizabeth Short Harrison (1825–1904), William Henry Harrison (1827–1829) and Sarah Lucretia Harrison (born 1829).
On 12 August 1831 in Cincinnati, Ohio, he married Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin (18 July 1810-15 August 1850). He and Elizabeth had 10 children;
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John Sherman (Ohio)
John Sherman, nicknamed "The Ohio Icicle" (May 10, 1823 – October 22, 1900), was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Ohio during the Civil War and into the late nineteenth century. He served as both Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of State and was the principal author of the Sherman Antitrust Act. His older brothers were Charles Taylor Sherman, a federal judge in Ohio, and General William Tecumseh Sherman of Civil War fame. His younger brother was banker Hoyt Sherman.
Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, to Mary Hoyt Sherman and Charles Robert Sherman, a justice in the Ohio Supreme Court. When he died in 1829, John's mother was left with eleven children to take care of. His brother, William, went to live with Maria and Thomas Ewing who were friends of the Shermans.
Sherman was educated at common schools as well as an academy in Ohio, but left early to work as an engineer on canal projects. He later began studying law and was admitted to the bar in 1844. He became partners with his brother the same year and practiced out of Mansfield, Ohio. He married Cecilia Margaret Stewart in 1848, the daughter of an Ohio judge.
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John T. Adams
John Taylor Adams (December 22, 1862 – October 28, 1939) was a noted businessman in the Dubuque, Iowa area and also a former Chairman of the Republican National Committee (1921–1924)
Adams was born in Dubuque to Shubael Pratt and Diancy Taylor Adams. He was educated in the public schools of Dubuque.
As a youth, he began his career in 1881 as an office boy for the firm of Carr, Ryder, and Wheeler Company, which was the predecessor of Carr, Adams, and Collier Company of which he later became President. In 1883 he left Dubuque for a business venture in Bismarck, North Dakota. He remained in Bismarck for about a year and then he returned to Dubuque. After his return he became again associated with Carr, Ryder, and Wheeler Company. He rose very rapidly within the company and in 1895 he became president of Carr, Ryder, and Adams.
During the last few years of the 19th century, Mr. Adams was one of few in the woodworking industry who realized that forests in northern Wisconsin were about depleted and that new sources of raw materials needed to be found. He developed a relationship with a California company (West Side Lumber and Flume Company, of which he would become general manager) and also established one of the first cutting mills on the West Coast.
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John T. Brown
John T. Brown (1876–1951) was an American politician who served as the 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1929 to 1931.
Brown was born in Plain City, Madison County, Ohio. He was a Republican and a Methodist.
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John Tyler
John Tyler (29 March 1790 – 18 January 1862) was the tenth President of the United States (1841–1845), after being the tenth Vice President of the United States (1841). A native of Virginia, Tyler served as a state legislator, governor, U.S. representative, and U.S. senator before being elected Vice President in 1840. He was the first to succeed to the office of President on the death of the incumbent. Tyler's opposition to nationalism and emphatic support of states' rights endeared him to his fellow Virginians but alienated him from most of the political allies that brought him to power in Washington. His presidency was crippled by opposition from both parties. Near the end of his life, he supported the secession movement in the southern states, and was elected to the Congress of the Confederate States of America.
Tyler was born to an aristocratic Virginia family of English descent and he came to national prominence at a time of political upheaval. In the 1820s, the nation's only political party, the Democratic-Republicans, split into factions, most of which did not share Tyler's strict constructionist ideals. Though initially a Democrat, his opposition to Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren led him to alliance with the Whig Party; he was elected Vice President In 1840 on the Whig ticket. Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison on 4 April 1841, only a month after his inauguration, a short Constitutional crisis arose over the succession process. Tyler immediately moved into the White House, took the oath of office, and assumed full presidential powers, a precedent that would govern future successions and eventually be codified in the Twenty-fifth Amendment.
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John W. Bricker
John William Bricker (September 6, 1893 – March 22, 1986) was a United States Senator and the 54th Governor of Ohio. A member of the Republican Party, he was the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1944.
Bricker was born on a farm near Mount Sterling, Ohio. He attended The Ohio State University at Columbus, where he divided his time between the debating team and the varsity baseball team. After graduating with a B.A. from Ohio State in 1916 and from its law department in 1920, he was admitted to the bar in 1917 and commenced practice in Columbus in 1920.
He was married to the former Harriet Day.
During World War I, Bricker served as first lieutenant and chaplain in the United States Army in 1917 and 1918. He subsequently served as solicitor for Grandview Heights, Ohio from 1920 to 1928, Assistant Attorney General of Ohio from 1923 to 1927, a member of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio from 1929 to 1932 and Attorney General of Ohio from 1933 to 1937.
He was elected Governor of Ohio for three two-year terms, serving from 1939 to 1945, each time winning with a greater margin of victory. Bricker espoused a stance against centralized government, preferring to increase involvement in state and local governments, and made this known in his inaugural address as Governor:
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John William Brown
John William Brown (December 28, 1913 – October 29, 1993) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He briefly served as the 58th Governor of Ohio from January 3, 1957 to January 14, 1957 and served as the 51st and 54th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.
Brown also served as mayor of Medina, in the Ohio House, and in the Ohio Senate.
John W. Brown is Ohio's longest serving Lieutenant Governor, having served under three different governors from 1953–1957 and 1963–1975. In 1952, he unseated the incumbent lieutenant governor, Democrat George D. Nye and took office as lieutenant governor in 1953. (At the time, the office of lieutenant governor was elected separately from the office of Governor of Ohio). Brown defeated Nye again in 1954 to win a second two-year term.
In January 1957, during Brown's second term as lieutenant governor, Frank J. Lausche, the Democratic governor of Ohio, resigned in order to take a seat in the United States Senate, which he had won in the 1956 election. Brown, thus, was elevated to the office of governor. Lausche's successor, C. William O'Neill, had already been elected; however, at the time, the U.S. Senate term began on January 3, but the Ohio gubernatorial term did not end until the 14th.
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John Wilson Campbell
John Wilson Campbell (February 23, 1782 – September 24, 1833) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio, and a United States federal judge.
Born near Miller's Iron Works, Augusta County, Virginia, Campbell attended the common schools. He taught school. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1808 and commenced practice in West Union, Ohio. He was in the Justice of the Peace of Tiffin Township, Adams County from 1809 to 1815. He served as prosecuting attorney of Adams County in 1809. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1810, 1813, and 1815.
Campbell was elected as a Republican to the Fifteenth through the Seventeenth Congresses. He was reelected as a Jackson Republican to the Eighteenth Congress. And as an Adams to the Nineteenth Congress (March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1827). He served as chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims (Sixteenth through Nineteenth Congresses). He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1826. Campbell was nominated by President Andrew Jackson as judge of the United States District Court for the District of Ohio on March 6, 1829, to a seat vacated by William Creighton, Jr.. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 7, 1829, and received commission the same day. He served until his death in Delaware, Ohio, September 24, 1833. He was interred in the Old North Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio.
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Joseph B. Foraker
Joseph Benson Foraker (July 5, 1846 – May 10, 1917) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 37th Governor of Ohio from 1886 to 1890.
Joseph B. Foraker was born on a farm near the town of Rainsboro, Highland County, Ohio on July 5, 1846 to Henry Stacey Foraker and Margaret Reece Foraker. The family emigrated to the Middle West from the Bombay Hook area on the Delaware Bay. Foraker spent his childhood working on the family farm and obtained only limited schooling during those years. When Foraker was only sixteen years old, he decided to join the Union Army during the American Civil War. He enlisted in Company A, 89th Ohio Infantry. During the war, Foraker participated in military actions in West Virginia and Tennessee, under the overall command first of Don Carlos Buell and later William Rosecrans, and over whose campaigns Senator Charles Sumner was a Congressional observer. Foraker also served with General William T. Sherman, Major General Carl Schurz and Brigadier General Adolph von Steinwehr, during the March to the Sea and the Tennessee and North Carolina campaigns respectively. His actions at Missionary Ridge, Bentonville and the capture of Savannah were notable. By the time that Foraker left the military in June 1865, he had participated in 13 principal battles and obtained the rank of brevet captain. After serving in the Union Army during the Civil War, Foraker prepared for legal studies at the Salem Academy and Ohio Wesleyan University before matriculating at Cornell University. He received his B.A. in 1869 along with the seven other members of Cornell's first graduating class, including his roommate Morris Lyon Buchwalter and their friend, John Andrew Rea. There, he was a tri-founder of the New York Alpha chapter of Phi Kappa Psi, its first chapter north of the Susquehanna River and east of the Ohio river. He was also a member of the Irving Literary Society.
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Joseph P. Bradley
Joseph Philo Bradley (March 14, 1813 – January 22, 1892) was an American jurist best known for his service on the United States Supreme Court, and on the Electoral Commission that decided the disputed 1876 presidential election.
The son of Philo Bradley and his wife Mercy Gardner Bradley, Bradley was born to humble beginnings in Berne, New York, and attended local schools. He began teaching at the age of 16. In 1833, the Dutch Reformed Church of Berne advanced young Joseph Bradley $250 to study for the ministry at Rutgers University. While there, he decided to study law instead, graduating in 1836. After graduation he was made Principal of the Millstone Academy.
Not long afterward, he was persuaded by his Rutgers classmate Frederick T. Frelinghuysen to join him in Newark and pursue legal studies at the Office of the Collector of the Port of Newark. He was admitted to the bar in 1839.
Bradley began in private practice in New Jersey, specializing in patent and railroad law, and he became very prominent in these fields and quite wealthy. Bradley remained dedicated to self-study throughout his life and collected an extensive library. He married Mary Hornblower in Newark in 1844. (His ancestors and descendants are posted on the Berne Historical Project web site.)
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Joseph Vance
Joseph Vance (March 21, 1786 – August 24, 1852) was a Whig politician from Ohio. He was the 13th Governor of Ohio and the first Whig to hold the position.
Vance was born in Catfish (now Washington), Pennsylvania. He moved with his father, a Revolutionary War veteran, to Vanceburg, Kentucky and then to Urbana, Ohio.
A farmer, Vance gained a commission during the War of 1812 and rose quickly from Major to Major General. He served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1812-1813, 1815–1816 and 1818-1819. Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1820, Vance served seven terms before losing a bid for an eighth term in 1834. Vance ran for governor in 1836 and served a single two-year term, losing a bid for re-election in 1838.
He intended to retire but was elected to the Ohio State Senate, and served there from 1840 to 1841. Vance then ran again for the House of Representatives in 1842, and served two more terms there before refusing to run for re-election in 1846.
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Jubal Early
Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil War. He served under Stonewall Jackson and then Robert E. Lee for almost the entire war, rising from regimental command to lieutenant general and the command of an infantry corps in the Army of Northern Virginia. He was the Confederate commander in key battles of the Valley Campaigns of 1864, including a daring raid to the outskirts of Washington, D.C. The articles written by him for the Southern Historical Society in the 1870s established the Lost Cause point of view as a long-lasting literary and cultural phenomenon.
Early was born in Franklin County, Virginia, third of ten children of Ruth Hairston and Joab Early. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837, ranked 18th of 50. During his tenure at the Academy he was engaged in a dispute with a fellow cadet named Lewis Addison Armistead. Armistead broke a mess plate over Early's head, an incident that prompted Armistead's resignation from the Academy. After graduating from the Academy, Early fought against the Seminole in Florida as a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery regiment before resigning from the Army for the first time in 1838. He practiced law in the 1840s as a prosecutor for both Franklin and Floyd Counties in Virginia. He was noted for a case in Mississippi, where he beat the top lawyers in the state. His law practice was interrupted by the Mexican-American War, serving as a Major with the 1st Virginia Volunteers from 1847–1848. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1841–1843.
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Judson Harmon
Judson Harmon (February 3, 1846 – February 22, 1927) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as United States Attorney General under President Grover Cleveland and later served as the 45th Governor of Ohio.
Harmon was born in Newtown, Ohio. He graduated from Denison University in 1866. He graduated from the Cincinnati Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1869. Harmon was elected judge of the Common Pleas Court in 1876, but left months later to run unsuccessfully for the State Senate. He was elected judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati in 1878 and served until he resigned in 1887 to resume the practice of law.
He was appointed Attorney General by President Cleveland on June 8, 1895 upon the elevation of Richard Olney to become United States Secretary of State, serving out the remainder of Cleveland's term. As Attorney General, he issued the most explicit statement of what became known as the American doctrine of absolute sovereignty, that "the rules, principles and precedents of international law impose no liability or obligation upon the United States," in a case involving a claim by Mexico for damages from diverting the waters of the Rio Grande.
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Ken Mehlman
Kenneth Brian Mehlman (born August 21, 1966, Baltimore, Maryland) is an American businessman, attorney, and political figure who served as the campaign manager for the 2004 re-election campaign of George W. Bush and Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2005 to 2007. In 2007, President Bush appointed Mehlman to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council.
On August 26, 2010, Mehlman came out as gay, making him one of the most prominent openly gay figures in the Republican Party.
Mehlman is currently a member and Head of Global Public Affairs for Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.. Ken Mehlman is responsible for overseeing the firm's global external affairs activities, including corporate marketing, regulatory affairs and public policy, communications, and engagement with the firm and portfolio companies' key stakeholders. He previously served as a partner at the law firm of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld.
Mehlman is the son of Judith A. Mehlman and Arthur S. Mehlman, a director of MuniMae and formerly a partner at KPMG, for which he was the head of the firm's auditing department in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. Mehlman's brother Bruce Mehlman works as a lobbyist at Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti.
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L. Bradford Prince
LeBaron Bradford Prince (July 3, 1840 – December 22, 1922) was the 14th Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1889 to 1893.
Prince was born on July 3, 1840 in Flushing, Queens, New York. He was a delegate to Republican National Convention from New York in 1868. From 1870 to 1874, he was a member of New York State Assembly. From 1876 to 1877, he was a member of New York State Senate 1st District. He became Justice of New Mexico Territorial Supreme Court in 1878. He held that position till 1882. He was candidate for Delegate to U.S. Congress from New Mexico Territory in 1884. He was Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1889 to 1893. He was member of New Mexico Territorial Council in 1909 and delegate to New Mexico state constitutional convention in 1911. He died on December 22, 1922 in Queens, New York.
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Lee Atwater
Harvey LeRoy "Lee" Atwater ((1951-02-27)February 27, 1951 – March 29, 1991(1991-03-29)) was an American political consultant and strategist to the Republican Party. He was an advisor of U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush and Chairman of the Republican National Committee.
Atwater was born in Atlanta, Georgia to Harvey Dillard, an insurance adjustor, and Alma "Toddy" Page Atwater. He had two siblings, Ann, and Joe. He grew up in Aiken, South Carolina where his childhood was marred with tragedy when his three-year-old brother, Joe, was scalded to death when he pulled a deep fryer full of hot oil on himself.
In 1970, Atwater graduated from Newberry College, a small private Lutheran institution in Newberry, South Carolina where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. While attending Newberry, Atwater served as Governor of the South Carolina Student Legislature. Atwater earned a Master of Arts in communications from the University of South Carolina in 1977. Atwater married his wife, Sally Dunbar, in 1978 and together they had three children, Sara Lee, Ashley Page, and Sally Theodosia.
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Lee Fisher
Lee Fisher (born August 7, 1951) was the 64th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, who served with Governor Ted Strickland from 2007 until 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
In addition to serving as Lt. Governor, he also served as the Director of the Ohio Department of Development and Chair of both the Ohio Third Frontier Commission and the Clean Ohio Council.
Before his election as Lieutenant Governor, Fisher served as a member of the Ohio General Assembly, first in the State House of Representatives (1981–1982) and then in the State Senate (1982–1990). He was Attorney General of Ohio from 1991 to 1995. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Ohio in 1998.
From 1999 to 2006, he served as President and CEO of the Center for Families and Children (CFC) in Cleveland. CFC is a $20 million human services nonprofit with over 300 staff. In 2001 he graduated from the Center for Creative Leadership's "Leadership at the Peak" program. In January 2006 then-Congressman Ted Strickland asked Fisher to be his running mate in the 2006 gubernatorial election. Fisher left CFC on March 1, 2006 to run with Strickland.
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Leonard W. Hall
Leonard Wood Hall (October 2, 1900 – June 2, 1979) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Oyster Bay, Nassau County, he attended the public schools and graduated from the law department of Georgetown University in 1920. He was admitted to the bar in 1922 and commenced practice in New York City; he was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1927 and 1928 and from 1934 to 1938, and from 1929 to 1931 was sheriff of Nassau County. He was a delegate to the Republican State conventions from 1930 to 1958 and to the Republican National Conventions in 1948, 1952, 1956, and 1968.
Hall was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-sixth Congress, was reelected to the six succeeding Congresses and held office from January 3, 1939 until December 31, 1952. He did not seek reelection in 1952 to the Eighty-third Congress and in November 1952 he was elected surrogate of Nassau County. He resigned that office to become chairman of the Republican National Committee, serving from 1953 to 1957. He was President Dwight D. Eisenhower's personal representative at opening of the Brussels World's Fair in April 1958, and resumed the practice of law in Garden City and New York City. He resided in Locust Valley and in 1979 died in Glen Cove. Interment was in Memorial Cemetery of St. John's Church, Laurel Hollow.
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Leopold Markbreit
Leopold Markbreit (1842–1909) was a German-American Republican politician in Cincinnati, Ohio. The half-brother of Frederick Hassaurek, Markbreit was a lawyer who was briefly the law partner of Rutherford B. Hayes. President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him Minister to Bolivia in 1869. He later served as Mayor of Cincinnati from 1908-1909.
He served as a presidential elector in 1896 for McKinley and Hobart.
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Levi P. Morton
Levi Parsons Morton (May 16, 1824 – May 16, 1920) was a Representative from New York and the 22nd Vice President of the United States (1889–1893). He also later served as the 31st Governor of New York.
Morton was born in Shoreham, Addison County, Vermont. His parents were the Rev. Daniel Oliver Morton (1788–1852), a Congregationalist minister of old New England stock, and Lucretia Parsons (1789–1862). His older brother, David Oliver Morton (1815–1859), was Mayor of Toledo, Ohio from 1849 to 1850.
He left school early and worked as a clerk in a general store in Enfield, Massachusetts, taught school in Boscawen, New Hampshire, engaged in mercantile pursuits in Hanover, New Hampshire, moved to Boston, entered the dry-goods business in New York City, and engaged in banking there. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1876 to the 45th Congress, but he was appointed by President Rutherford B. Hayes to be an honorary commissioner to the Paris Exhibition of 1878.
Morton was elected, as a Republican, to the 46th and 47th Congresses. He served from March 4, 1879, until his resignation, effective March 21, 1881. The 1880 Republican presidential nominee, James A. Garfield, asked Morton to be his vice presidential running mate, but Morton declined the offer. If he had accepted and history continued on the same course, Morton would have become the 21st President, instead of Chester A. Arthur, after Garfield's assassination.
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Lewis D. Campbell
Lewis Davis Campbell (August 9, 1811 – November 26, 1882) was a U.S. Representative for Ohio. Over his successful political career he was elected as a Whig, Know-Nothing, Republican and Democrat.
Lewis Davis Campbell was born in Newport, South Wales, the son of Samuel Campbell (1781–1846) and Mary Small (1786 – after 1882).
His education was in the local public schools. He was apprenticed to learn the art of printing from 1828 to 1831, and was afterward assistant editor of the Cincinnati Gazette. He published a Clay Whig newspaper in Hamilton, Ohio from 1831 to 1835 (The Hamilton Intelligencer). During this time, he read the law and was admitted to the bar in 1835. He practiced law in Hamilton until 1850, after which time he engaged in agricultural pursuits. Lewis Campbell married Jane Reily on January 5, 1836 in Butler County, Ohio.
He was a director and secretary of the Hamilton and Rossville Hydraulic Company, formed in 1841 for the purpose of building a canal through Hamilton to provide water power to local companies. He was an incorporator and president of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad Company which was constructed between 1846 and 1852.
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Lucy Webb Hayes
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (28 August 1831 – 25 June 1889) was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Historians have christened her "Lemonade Lucy" due to her staunch support of the temperance movement; however, contrary to popular belief, she was never referred to by that nickname while living, and it was her husband who banned alcohol from the White House.
Born in Chillicothe, Ohio, the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb, Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution. Her father died when she was a child. With her mother, she moved to Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes. Later that year, she enrolled at Wesleyan Women’s College (now Ohio Wesleyan University) (class of 1850); she was the first first lady to have graduated from college and was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority. Hayes was by this time practicing law in Cincinnati, and the two began dating seriously. He proposed in June 1851.
Rutherford Hayes, aged 30, married Lucy Webb, aged 21, on December 30, 1852, at the home of the bride’s mother in Cincinnati, Ohio. After the wedding, performed by Dr. L.D. McCabe of Delaware, the couple honeymooned at the home of the groom’s sister and brother-in-law in Columbus, Ohio.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963–1969), a position he assumed after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963). He is one of only four people who served in all four elected federal offices of the United States: Representative, Senator, Vice President, and President. Johnson, a Texas Democrat, served as a United States Representative from 1937–1949 and as a Senator from 1949–1961, including six years as United States Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader and two as Senate Majority Whip. After campaigning unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination in 1960, Johnson was asked by John F. Kennedy to be his running mate for the 1960 presidential election.
Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, completed the rest of Kennedy's term and was elected President in his own right, winning by a large margin in the 1964 election. Johnson was greatly supported by the Democratic Party and as President, he was responsible for designing the "Great Society" legislation that included laws that upheld civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental protection, aid to education, and his "War on Poverty." He was renowned for his domineering personality and the "Johnson treatment," his coercion of powerful politicians in order to advance legislation.
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Manning Force
Manning Ferguson Force (December 17, 1824 – May 8, 1899) was a lawyer, judge and soldier from Ohio. He became known as the commander of the 20th Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and was a recipient of the Army Medal of Honor for gallantry in action.
Manning F. Force was born in Washington, D.C., where his father, Peter Force, was the mayor. He attended Harvard College until 1845, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1848. The following year, Force moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and began his law practice.
With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Force joined the Union forces as major of the 20th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving in the Western Theater as part of General James B. McPherson’s 17th Corps.
Colonel Force's 20th Ohio bore the brunt of the Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, in the Vicksburg Campaign. Osborn Oldroyd related the number of casualties from the 20th Ohio to his commander: "I took the roll-book from the pocket of our dead sergeant, and found that while we had gone in with thirty-two men, we came out with but sixteen - one-half of the brave little band, but a few hours before so full of hope and patriotism, either killed or wounded. Nearly all the survivors could show bullet marks in clothing or flesh, but no man left the field on account of wounds. When I told Colonel Force of our loss, I saw tears course down his cheeks, and so intent were his thoughts upon his fallen men that he failed to note the bursting of a shell above him, scattering the powder over his person, as he sat at the foot of a tree."
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Marc Racicot
Marc F. Racicot ( /ˈrɑːskoʊ/; born July 24, 1948) is a U.S. politician and lobbyist and member of the Republican Party. He was the governor of Montana from 1993 until 2001. After leaving office, Racicot worked as a lobbyist for the law firm Bracewell & Giuliani. His notable clients included Enron, Burlington Northern Santa Fe, and the Recording Industry Association of America. He also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2002 until 2003, when he was appointed as the chairman of the Bush re-election campaign. In 2000 as well as 2004 he was rumored to be Bush's choice for Attorney General. During the 2000 election some saw him as a possible running mate for Bush. The Washington Post described him as "one of Bush's closest friends and advisers".
Racicot was born in Thompson Falls, Montana and raised in Miles City and Libby.
Prior to being elected governor of Montana, he served as a prosecutor in the Army JAG Corps (1973–1976), as deputy county attorney for Missoula County (1976–1977), as assistant attorney general and special prosecutor for the state of Montana (1977–1988) and as Montana attorney general (1988–1993). Racicot received an undergraduate degree from Carroll College and a Juris Doctor from the University of Montana.
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Marcus Lawrence Ward
Marcus Lawrence Ward (November 9, 1812 – April 25, 1884) was an American Republican Party politician, who served as the 21st Governor of New Jersey from 1866–1869, and represented the state in Congress for one term, from 1873-1875.
Republicans nominated Ward for Governor in 1862, but he lost to Democrat Joel Parker. Ward was nominated again in 1865 and was elected Governor of New Jersey, serving from 1866 to 1869. After a Democratic-controlled legislature had not passed the Thirteenth Amendment, Ward worked with the new Republican-controlled New Jersey Legislature to secure state passage of both the Thirteenth and the Fourteenth Amendment, with its Due Process and Equal Protection clauses. Ward was chosen as a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention and was the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1866 to 1868.
Ward served a single term in the United States House of Representatives from the newly-created New Jersey's 6th congressional district, from 1873-1875.
He died in Newark, New Jersey, and was buried there in Mount Pleasant Cemetery.
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Marshall Jewell
Marshall Jewell (October 20, 1825 – February 10, 1883) was a political figure who served as 44th and 46th Governor of Connecticut, the U.S. Minister to Russia, and the 25th United States Postmaster General. Jewell, distinguished for his fine "china" skin, grey eyes, and white eyebrows, was popularly known as the "Porcelain Man". As Postmaster General, Jewell was intent on reforming the Postal Service from internal corruption and profiteering, however, President Grant became suspicious of Jewell's loyalty after Jewell fired a Boston postmaster over non payment of a surety bond. Postmaster Jewell aided Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin H. Bristow shut down and prosecute the Whiskey Ring.
A native of New Hampshire, Jewell was the son of a prominent tanner and currier; having apprenticed in his father's tannery business. Jewell moved to Boston where he learned the art of being a currier. In 1847, Jewell moved to Hartford where he worked for his father's business as a currier. Jewell stopped working as a currier and became a skilled telegrapher, where he worked in New York, Ohio, and Tennessee. Jewell was a Whig who supported the election of Zachary Taylor to the office of the Presidency. Having supported Taylor, Jewell moved to Mississippi where he was elected General Superintendent of Telegraphers. Jewell moved back to New York in 1849, and in 1850 he returned to his father's tannery business having entered into partnership with his father. Between 1859 and 1860, Jewell traveled to and visited Europe on business connected with the tannery firm, having returned to the United States during the onset of the American Civil War. In 1865 Jewell returned to Europe and traveled to Egypt and the Holy Land.
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Martin L. Davey
Martin Luther Davey (July 25, 1884 – March 31, 1946) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He was the 53rd Governor of Ohio.
Davey was born in Kent, Ohio in 1884. His father was John Davey, better known as the tree doctor and founder of the Davey Tree Expert Company. His mother was Bertha Reeves, the daughter of a minister. Martin was one of seven children. Two of his siblings died before reaching maturity. His siblings were Belle, Wellington, Martin, Jim, and Paul.
Their family struggled with money, leading the young Martin to start making and selling his own horseradish as a child. All of the profits from this went to help his family. He also helped with his fathers farm and greenhouse. He was an excellent salesman, developing friendships with his customers.
He attending a country fair where he heard the famous speech "Cross of Gold" given by William Jennings Bryan. This led to him wanting to be a politician.
Davey graduated from Kent High School in Kent, Ohio. After graduating high school, he worked for a time for the Oliver Typewriter Company in Cleveland, Ohio. He made $10.00 a week plus commission. He was an excellent salesman, and soon earned $200.00 a month. He decided to continue his education and attended Oberlin College, where he played football and was on the track team. He was third in his class, when he stopped his education to help found the family business. He returned to school for a time, until he met and married his wife. The marriage and birth of their first child ended his school career.
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Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren (Dutch: Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States (1837–1841). Before his presidency, he was the eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the tenth Secretary of State, under Andrew Jackson (1829–1831).
Van Buren was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president not of British or Irish descent—his family was Dutch. He was the first president to be born an American citizen, his predecessors having been born British subjects before the American Revolution. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, having grown up speaking Dutch, and the first president from New York.
As Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State and then Vice President, Van Buren was a key figure in building the organizational structure for Jacksonian democracy, particularly in New York State. As president, he did not want the United States to annex Texas, an act which John Tyler would achieve eight years after Van Buren's initial rejection. Between the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada also proved to be strained.
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Martin Welker
Martin Welker (April 25, 1819 – March 15, 1902) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Knox County, Ohio, Welker attended the common schools.
He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840, commencing practice at Millersburg, Ohio. He served as clerk of the Holmes County Court of Common Pleas from 1846 to 1851.
In 1848, Welker was the Whig nominee for the Congress, but lost in the largely Democratic district. In 1850, he again was offered the nomination, but declined it. In January, 1851, he re-entered private practice. He served as judge of the sixth district of the Ohio Courts of Appeal from 1852 to 1857. He moved to Wooster, Ohio, in 1857. He served as the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and President of the Ohio Senate in the Fifty-third General Assembly in 1858 and 1859 under Governor Salmon P. Chase. He declined to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1859.
With the outbreak of the American Civil War, on May 14, 1861, Welker was appointed judge-advocate of the second brigade of the Ohio Volunteer Militia at rank of major, and served with General Jacob Dolson Cox. Welker was appointed as an aide-de-camp, with rank of colonel to the Governor of Ohio on August 10, 1861. He then served as Judge Advocate General of the State of Ohio for the balance of 1861, and was the superintendent of drafting under Governor Tod, commencing August 15, 1862. He served as assistant adjutant general in 1862. As the war waned, Welker enlisted on February 16, 1865 in the Union Army as a private in Company I, 188th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He was mustered out September 21, 1865.
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Matthew Quay
Matthew Stanley Quay (September 30, 1833 – May 28, 1904) was an immensely powerful Pennsylvania political boss once dubbed a "kingmaker" by President Benjamin Harrison. "Boss" Quay's political principles and actions stood in contrast to an unusually attractive personality. He was a resident of Beaver, northwest of Pittsburgh; today, his house is a National Historic Landmark.
Quay was born in Dillsburg, York County, Pennsylvania, the son of a preacher, Anderson Quay. He graduated at Jefferson College (now Washington and Jefferson College) in 1850 and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He served in various capacities in the American Civil War and Congress awarded him the Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Fredericksburg.
From 1865–1867 he was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. From 1869, when he had served as secretary of the Republican State Committee, until his death, he was the most influential Republican politician in Pennsylvania. He served as Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1873–1878 and again from 1879–1882. He was the County Recorder of Philadelphia from 1878–1879, and state treasurer from 1886–1887. He became chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1888, and was a member of the United States Senate from March 4, 1887 until March 3, 1899.
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Maureen O'Connor
Maureen O'Connor (born August 7, 1951) is an American jurist and the Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court. Prior to this, O'Connor served as an Associate Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court and as the 61st Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, serving under Governor Bob Taft. She is a Republican.
O'Connor earned a bachelor's degree at Seton Hill University, Greensburg, Pennsylvania in 1973 and a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at Cleveland State University Cleveland-Marshall College of Law in 1980. In 1981, O'Connor began practicing law in Summit County, Ohio. In 1985 she was appointed a magistrate of the Summit County Probate Court. She was then elected as a judge of the Summit County Court of Common Pleas, serving on the bench from 1993 to 1995. In 1994 she was elected to the office of Summit County prosecutor and served in that office from 1995 to 1999.
In 1998, O'Connor was elected Ohio's 61st Lieutenant Governor and served in that office from 1999 to 2003 under Governor Bob Taft.
In 2002, O'Connor ran for and was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court, defeating Democrat Timothy Black. She began serving in 2003. She was reelected in 2008 with 67.14% of the vote against Democrat Joseph Russo. Her current term will expire in 2016. O'Connor defeated Chief Justice Eric Brown in the 2010 general election with 67.59% of the vote. Brown had been appointed Chief Justice by Gov. Ted Strickland in May 2010 after the death of Thomas J. Moyer. She is the sixth woman to have served as an Ohio Supreme Court justice and is the first woman to hold the post of Chief Justice.
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Meade Alcorn
Hugh Meade Alcorn, Jr. (October 20, 1907 – January 13, 1992) was a U.S. lawyer and political figure. He was a native of Suffield, Connecticut.
He attended Dartmouth College and Yale Law School. An attorney, he was a partner in the once-prominent Connecticut law firm Tyler, Cooper & Alcorn, originally founded by his father in 1897. The firm closed in 2008, and its practice was taken over by the Providence firm Hinckley, Allen & Snyder.
Alcorn was a key figure in Connecticut politics following World War II. He served as State Representative, Republican floor leader, and then Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives. He also served as Hartford State's Attorney. As the Republican leader in the Connecticut General Assembly, he was often paired against John Bailey, his legendary Democratic counterpart.
Alcorn joined the Republican National Committee in 1953, and was the chairman of the Republican National Committee between 1957 and 1959, during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower. He was also the great-great nephew of Senator and Governor of Mississippi James Lusk Alcorn.
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Mel Martinez
Melquíades Rafael Martínez Ruiz, usually known as Mel Martinez (born October 23, 1946), is a former United States Senator from Florida and served as Chairman of the Republican Party from November 2006 until October 19, 2007, the first Latino to serve as chairman of a major party. Previously, Martínez served as the 12th Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President George W. Bush. Martínez is a Cuban-American and Roman Catholic. He announced he was resigning as Chairman of the Republican National Committee on October 19, 2007. He is an honorary initiate of the Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity through the Eta Rho Chapter at the University of Central Florida in Orlando.
Martínez resigned his cabinet post on December 12, 2003, to run for the open U.S. Senate seat in Florida being vacated by retiring Democratic Senator Bob Graham. Martínez secured the Republican nomination and narrowly defeated the Democratic nominee, Betty Castor. His election made him the first Cuban-American to serve in the U.S. Senate. Furthermore, he and Ken Salazar (who is Mexican-American) were the first Hispanic U.S. Senators since 1977. They were joined by a third, Bob Menéndez (who is also Cuban-American) in January 2006, until Salazar resigned from the Senate on January 20, 2009, to become Secretary of the Interior. On December 2, 2008, Martinez announced he would not be running for re-election to the Senate in 2010.
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Michael DiSalle
Michael Vincent DiSalle (January 6, 1908 – September 14, 1981) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as the Mayor of Toledo, Ohio and the 60th Governor of Ohio.
He was born in New York City to Italian American immigrant parents, Anthony and Assunta DiSalle. His family moved to Toledo, Ohio, when he was three years old. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from Georgetown University and married the former Myrtle E. England. The couple had four daughters and one son.
DiSalle attended law school and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1932. He was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1937, then ran for and was elected to a series of positions in Toledo. In 1946, DiSalle ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives but lost to the incumbent, Republican Homer A. Ramey. DiSalle was elected as mayor of Toledo, and served from 1948 to 1950.
He ran (unsuccessfully) for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in 1950. In December 1950, President Harry S. Truman named DiSalle director of the Office of Price Stabilization, a Korean War-era agency which established and enforced wartime price controls. He resigned on January 23, 1952, to run for the Senate again, and lost in the general election to incumbent Republican Senator John W. Bricker.
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Michael Steele
Michael Stephen Steele (born October 19, 1958) is an American politician who served as the first African-American chairman of the Republican National Committee from January 2009 until January 2011. From 2003 to 2007, he was the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, the first African American elected to statewide office in Maryland. During his time as Lieutenant Governor, he chaired the Minority Business Enterprise taskforce, actively promoting an expansion of affirmative action in the corporate world.
In 2006, Steele made an unsuccessful run for the U.S. Senate, losing to Democrat Ben Cardin. He then served as chairman of GOPAC, the political training organization of the Republican party, was a political commentator for Fox News and a partner at the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae LLP before making his bid for RNC Chairman. He co-founded the Republican Leadership Council, a "fiscally conservative and socially inclusive" political action committee, in 1993. On December 13, 2010, he announced his intentions to seek a second term as Republican National Committee Chair. On January 14, 2011, after four rounds of voting, Steele dropped out of the race and endorsed Maria Cino. Reince Priebus went on to win the election to succeed Steele. He commenced as a columnist for online magazine The Root in May 2011.
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Mike DeWine
Richard Michael "Mike" DeWine (born January 5, 1947) is an American lawyer and politician who has been Ohio Attorney General since 2011. DeWine has held numerous offices on the state and federal level, including one term in the Ohio Senate, four terms in the United States House of Representatives, one term as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, and two terms in the United States Senate from 1995 to 2007.
Born in Springfield, Ohio, to Jean and Richard L. DeWine, DeWine lives in Cedarville, Ohio but grew up in neighboring Yellow Springs, Ohio. DeWine earned his Bachelor of Science degree in education from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio in 1969 and a Juris Doctor from Ohio Northern University College of Law in 1972.
He and his wife Frances have had eight children, one of whom died in an automobile accident in 1993. Current Hamilton County, Ohio Common Pleas Court Judge R. Patrick DeWine is Mike DeWine's son. Ohio Republican Party Chairman Kevin DeWine (R-Fairborn) is DeWine's second cousin.
At age 25, DeWine started working as an Assistant Prosecuting Attorney for Greene County, Ohio, and in 1976 was elected County Prosecutor. In 1980 he was elected to the Ohio State Senate and served one term.
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Mike Duncan
Robert M. "Mike" Duncan (born 1951 in Oneida, Tennessee) was the 60th Chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was elected in January 2007, replacing Ken Mehlman, and served until January 30, 2009, when he withdrew from renomination to the chairmanship. He became the chairman of the board of directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority effective May 18, 2009. Duncan stepped down as TVA Chairman in May of 2010 to become the founding Chairman of American Crossroads, a 527 Super PAC organization.
Duncan is active in numerous professional and nonprofit organizations. He served as chairman of a state university and currently serves as chairman of the Board of Trustees at Alice Lloyd College, a private four-year liberal arts college in Pippa Passes, Kentucky. He has served as Chairman for the Center for Rural Development in Somerset, Kentucky, a $30 million state-of-the-art regional center emphasizing telecommunications, training, and development. President George W. Bush appointed him to the President’s Commission on White House Fellows in 2001. Duncan is a former trustee of the Christian Appalachian Project, the fifteenth largest private social services agency in America. Duncan is also a former chairman and director of the Kentucky Governor’s Scholars Program. His student-mentoring program, which began in 1979, was featured on CBS News Sunday Morning and in the Los Angeles Times.
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Millard Fillmore
Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the 13th President of the United States (1850–1853) and the last member of the Whig Party to hold the office of president. As Zachary Taylor's Vice President, he assumed the presidency after Taylor's death.
Fillmore opposed the proposal to keep slavery out of the territories annexed during the Mexican–American War in order to appease the South and so supported the Compromise of 1850, which he signed, including the Fugitive Slave Act ("Bloodhound Law") which was part of the compromise. On the foreign policy front, he furthered the rising trade with Japan and clashed with the French over Napoleon III's attempt to annex Hawaii and with the French and the British over the attempt of Narciso López to invade Cuba. After his presidency, he joined the Know-Nothing movement; throughout the Civil War, he opposed President Abraham Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Andrew Johnson. He is consistently included in the bottom 10 of historical rankings of Presidents of the United States.
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Mitt Romney
Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–07).
The son of Lenore and George W. Romney (Governor of Michigan, 1963–69), he was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1966, after one year at Stanford University, he left the United States to spend thirty months in France as a Mormon missionary. In 1969, he married Ann Davies, and the couple had five children together. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University and, in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard University as a Baker Scholar. He entered the management consulting industry, which in 1977, led to a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Chief Executive Officer, he helped bring the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded the spin-off Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became highly profitable and one of the largest such firms in the nation. His net worth is estimated at $190–250 million, wealth that has helped fund his political campaigns. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served as Ward Bishop and later Stake President in his area near Boston. He ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, losing to long-time incumbent Ted Kennedy. In 1999, he was hired as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics; and he helped turn the fiscally troubled games into a success.
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Mordecai Bartley
Mordecai Bartley (December 16, 1783 – October 10, 1870) was a Whig politician from Ohio. He served as the 18th Governor of Ohio. Bartley succeeded his son, Thomas W. Bartley as governor, one of only a few instances of this happening in the United States in high offices.
Bartley was born in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. After attending school in Virginia, he moved to Jefferson County, Ohio. Following his service under General William Henry Harrison in the War of 1812, Bartley moved to Richland County, Ohio, near Mansfield. Engaged as a farmer, he served in the Ohio State Senate from 1816 to 1818. Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1822, Bartley served four terms before declining to be renominated in 1830.
Bartley was an Ohio Whig Party Presidential elector in 1836 for William Henry Harrison.
He ran for governor in 1844 as a Whig - his son was a Democrat - after the candidate whom the Whigs had originally nominated, David Spangler, declined the nomination. Bartley served a single term from 1844 to 1846 before retiring once again. While he was Governor, Ohio raised forty companies and 7000 men for the Mexican-American War.
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Morrison R. Waite
Morrison Remick Waite, nicknamed "Mott" (November 29, 1816 – March 23, 1888) was the seventh Chief Justice of the United States from 1874 to 1888.
He was born at Lyme, Connecticut, the son of Henry Matson Waite, who was a judge of the Superior Court and associate judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut in 1834–1854 and chief justice of the latter in 1854–1857.
Morrison was a classmate of Lyman Trumbull at Bacon Academy in Colchester, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale University in 1837 with the 1876 Democratic presidential nominee, Samuel J. Tilden.
At Yale, he became a member of the Skull and Bones Society and was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1837, and soon afterwards moved to Maumee, Ohio, where he studied law in the office of Samuel L. Young. He was admitted to the bar in 1839. He served one term as mayor of Maumee. He married Amelia Warner in 1840. He had three sons with her — Henry Seldon, Christopher Champlin, Edward T, and one daughter Mary F. In 1850, he moved to Toledo, and he soon came to be recognized as a leader of the state bar.
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Myers Y. Cooper
Myers Young Cooper (November 25, 1873 – December 6, 1958) was a Republican politician from Ohio. Cooper was the 51st Governor of Ohio.
Born In St. Louisville, Ohio, the youngest of eleven children, Cooper had a public school education, and attended the National Normal University in Lebanon, Ohio for three years. In 1893, at age 20, he joined his brothers in Cincinnati in a large real-estate and homebuilding business. On December 15, 1897, he married Martha Kinney of Newport, Kentucky. His business interests also included lumber, building supplies and banking. After losing in 1926, he won election to the governorship in 1928, serving from 1929-1931. He was again nominated in 1930, but lost to George White.
His former home is now the grounds for Clark Montessori High School.
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Myrl Shoemaker
Myrl Howard Shoemaker (April 14, 1913 – July 30, 1985) was an American politician of the Democratic party who served as the 57th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1983 until his death in 1985.
Shoemaker served for 24 years in the Ohio House of Representatives. Celeste's choice of Shoemaker for Lieutenant Governor was pivotal for him to receive downstate support in the election to offset the political support of his opponent, U.S. Rep. Clarence J. "Bud" Brown Jr. Wags claimed that if elected, Celeste would be the Governor above Interstate 70 and Shoemaker would be the Governor below Interstate 70, the highway that bisects Ohio.
He was elected lieutenant governor in 1982 as running mate of Richard F. Celeste.
Shoemaker died of cancer in 1985 while serving as lieutenant governor.
His son Mike Shoemaker served for many years in the Ohio House of Representatives and the Ohio State Senate.
The Convocation center on the campus of the University of Cincinnati bears his name. The main arena is sponsored by Fifth Third Bank and is legally named "Fifth Third Arena at Shoemaker Center"
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Myron T. Herrick
Myron Timothy Herrick (October 9, 1854 – March 31, 1929) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 42nd Governor of Ohio.
He was born in Huntington, Lorain County, Ohio, the son of Timothy Robinson Herrick a local farmer. He studied at Oberlin College and Ohio Wesleyan University, but graduated from neither. He married Carolyn M. Parmely of Dayton, Ohio on June 30, 1880. They had one son, Parmely Webb Herrick.
From 1885 to 1888 he was a member of Cleveland City Council. In 1886, he helped to finance the founding of The National Carbon Company, along with W. H. Lawrence, James Parmelee, and James Webb Cook Hayes (see Webb Hayes), son of U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, in Cleveland, Ohio. This company would come to figure prominently in the history of the consumer battery and the flashlight.
Herrick was a Presidential elector in 1892 for Harrison/Reid.
Herrick served as the Governor of Ohio from 1904 to 1906; (future United States President) Warren G. Harding served as his Lieutenant Governor. He had been a protege of political boss Mark Hanna, but in 1906 was defeated by the efforts of Wayne Wheeler and the Anti-Saloon League after he refused to support their plan for prohibition of alcohol in Ohio. He subsequently served as United States Ambassador to France from 1912 to 1914 and again from 1921 to 1929, when he died from a heart attack while in office. He is the only American ambassador to France with a street named after him in Paris, in the 8th arrondissement. Herrick was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1916 against Atlee Pomerene. He died on March 31, 1929. Myron T. Herrick was the ambassador who hosted Charles Lindbergh in Paris after his successful New York to Paris Atlantic crossing in 1927.
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Nancy Hollister
Nancy Putnam Hollister (born May 22, 1949) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. Hollister was the first, and to this date only, female Governor of Ohio. She attended Kent State University, and upon leaving college she became a housewife. She began her political career in the 1980s.
Nancy Hollister first entered public office when she was elected to the Marietta City Council in 1980. Hollister would serve on city council until being elected Mayor of Marietta in 1984. As Mayor, Hollister worked to attract new businesses to the area, promote tourism, and secured funding for a new bridge across the Ohio River.
Since Hollister was a mayor in Southeastern Ohio, Governor Voinovich appointed Nancy Hollister as director of the Governor's Office of Appalachia. In this position, Hollister would advise the Governor on how to improve the economy, and life, for twenty-nine counties.
Hollister was elected Ohio's 60th Lieutenant Governor in 1994 to replace incumbent lieutenant governor Mike DeWine, who was elected to the U.S. Senate. Hollister would oversee several State and Local Government Commissions. These included the Governor's Office of Appalachia, the Governor's Workforce Development Board,the Ohio Department of Agriculture, the Ohio Bureau of Employment Services, the Ohio School-to-Work Initiative, the Office of Housing and Community Partnership, the Ohio Coal Development Office, and the Ohio Farmland Preservation Task Force.
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Noah Haynes Swayne
Noah Haynes Swayne (December 7, 1804 – June 8, 1884) was an American jurist and politician. He was the first Republican appointed as a justice to the United States Supreme Court.
Swayne was born in Frederick County, Virginia in the uppermost reaches of the Shenandoah Valley, approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Washington D.C. He was the youngest of nine children of Joshua Swayne and Rebecca (Smith) Swayne. He was a descendant of Francis Swayne, who emigrated from England in 1710 and settled near Philadelphia. After his father died in 1809, Noah was educated locally until enrolling in Jacob Mendendhall's Academy in Waterford, Virginia, a respected Quaker school 1817-18. He began to study medicine in Alexandria, Virginia, but abandoned this pursuit after his teacher Dr. George Thornton died in 1819. Despite his family having no money to support his continued education, he read law under John Scott and Francis Brooks in Warrenton, Virginia, and was admitted to the Virginia Bar in 1823. A devout Quaker (and to date the only Quaker to serve on the Supreme Court), Swayne was deeply opposed to slavery, and in 1824 he left Virginia for the free state of Ohio. His abolitionist sentiments caused him to move to Ohio.
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Oliver O. Howard
Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. He was a corps commander noted for suffering two humiliating defeats, at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, but he recovered from the setbacks while posted in the Western Theater, and served there successfully as a corps and army commander.
Known as the "Christian general" because he tried to base his policy decisions on his deep religious piety, he was given charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in mid 1865, with the mission of integrating the freed slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era. Howard took charge of labor policy, setting up a system that required free slaves to work on former plantation land under pay scales fixed by the Bureau, on terms negotiated by the Bureau with white land owners. Howard's Bureau was primarily responsible for the legal affairs of the Freedmen. He attempted to protect the Negros from hostile conditions, but lacked adequate power, and was repeatedly frustrated by President Andrew Johnson. Howard's allies, the Radical Republicans, won control of Congress in the 1866 elections and imposed Radical Reconstruction in, with the result that Freedmen were given the vote. With the help and advice of the Bureau, they joined Republican coalitions along with Carpetbaggers and Scalawags to take political control of most of the southern states. Howard was also a leader in promoting higher education for Freedmen, most notably in the founding of Howard University in Washington and serving as its president 1867–73.
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Othniel Looker
Othniel Looker (October 4, 1757 – July 23, 1845) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served briefly as the fifth Governor of Ohio.
Looker was born on Long Island. He moved with his mother to Hanover Township, New Jersey after the death of his father. He enlisted with the New Jersey militia in 1776 and served out the remainder of the war as a Private. Looker moved to Vermont and then to New York, working as a school-teacher.
He served in the New York State Assembly from 1803 to 1804. After receiving a land grant for his war services, Looker moved to Harrison (Hamilton County), Ohio in 1804, and served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1807 to 1810. He served in the Ohio State Senate from 1810 to 1817. While serving as Speaker of the Senate from 1813 to 1814, Looker was concurrently elevated to the governorship after Governor Return J. Meigs, Jr. resigned to become Postmaster General. Looker sought re-election but was badly defeated by the far more well-known Thomas Worthington. He continued to live in Ohio until his wife's death, and later moved to Palestine, Illinois to be with his daughter Rachel Kitchell, and is buried there in Kitchell Cemetery.
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Paul M. Herbert
Paul Morgan Herbert (December 2, 1889, in Marseilles, Ohio – July 5, 1983, in Dublin, Ohio) was an American politician of the Republican party who served three separate tenures as the 47th, 49th and 52nd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.
During the First World War, Herbert served in the United States Army. From 1922 to 1926, he served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives and then was elected to the Ohio State Senate, where he served from 1926 to 1930.
In 1938, he was elected to the lieutenant governorship for the first time, beginning his service in 1939. In 1940, he won re-election by defeating challenger Robert S. Cox. He won a third term in 1942 against George D. Nye. His first stint as lieutenant governor ended in 1945.
In 1946, Herbert unseated Nye from the lieutenant governorship, which he had won in 1944. He took office again in 1947. However, this time he served only one term, being bested by Nye in 1948. Herbert ran again for the office in 1956, defeating John Taylor. However, he was again limited to one term, being unseated in 1958 by John W. Donahey.
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Paul P. Yoder
Paul P. Yoder was an American politician who served as the 46th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1937 to 1939.
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Philip Sheridan
Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6, 1831 – August 5, 1888) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. His career was noted for his rapid rise to major general and his close association with Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, who transferred Sheridan from command of an infantry division in the Western Theater to lead the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac in the East. In 1864, he defeated Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley and his destruction of the economic infrastructure of the Valley, called "The Burning" by residents, was one of the first uses of scorched earth tactics in the war. In 1865, his cavalry pursued Gen. Robert E. Lee and was instrumental in forcing his surrender at Appomattox.
Sheridan prosecuted the later years of the Indian Wars of the Great Plains. Both as a soldier and private citizen, he was instrumental in the development and protection of Yellowstone National Park. In 1883 Sheridan was appointed general-in-chief of the U.S. Army, and in 1888 he was promoted to the rank of General of the Army during the term of President Grover Cleveland.
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Porfirio Díaz
José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori (15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was a volunteer in the Reform War and then a leader of the successful rebellion against French intervention, an accomplished general and the President of Mexico continuously from 1876 to 1911, with the exception of a brief term in 1876 when he left Juan N. Méndez as interim president, and a four-year term served by his political ally Manuel González from 1880 to 1884. Commonly considered by historians to have been a dictator, he is a controversial figure in Mexican history. The period of his leadership was marked by significant internal stability (known as the "paz porfiriana"), modernization, and economic growth. However, Díaz's regime grew unpopular due to repression and political stagnation, and he fell from power during the Mexican Revolution, after he had imprisoned his electoral rival and declared himself the winner of an eighth term in office. The 35 years in which Díaz ruled Mexico are referred to as the Porfiriato.
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Ray C. Bliss
Ray Charles Bliss (December 16, 1907 – August 6, 1981) was one of the important national U.S. Republican Party leaders of the 1960s and served as Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1965 to 1969. He helped to pull the Republican party back together after Barry Goldwater's defeat in 1964 and his work culminated in the election of Richard M. Nixon as president in 1968. He had been Ohio Republican state chair (1954–1965) and was a delegate to Republican National Convention from Ohio in 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1972.
Bliss was an Akron, Ohio native and 1935 graduate of the University of Akron where he was initiated as a member of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. Bliss is the namesake of the Ray C. Bliss Institute of Applied Politics established in 1986 at the University of Akron to promote citizen knowledge and participation in the political process, values in which Bliss strongly believed. Bliss served over nine years on the University of Akron Board of Trustees and was chair of the board at the time of his death.
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Rees G. Richards
Rees Griffith Richards (July 22, 1842 – February 10, 1917) was an American Republican politician who served as the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1882 to 1884.
Rees G. Richards was born July 22, 1842 near Swansea, Wales, and lived there until age 10. His family then moved to Ontario, Canada before removing to Tioga County, Pennsylvania.
At the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War, he enlisted as a first sergeant in Company G of the 45th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry September 18, 1861. He was promoted to second lieutenant July 31, 1862, to captain September 14, 1862. He re-enlisted as a veteran January 1, 1864, and was captured at the Crater, July 30, 1864. He was held prisoner at Asylum Prison Camp near Charleston, South Carolina until his escape February 16, 1865. He and two colleagues made it to Union lines at Chattanooga, Tennessee March 16, 1865. He was appointed brigade inspector May 11, 1865, and mustered out July 17, 1865.
After the war, he moved to Youngstown, Ohio and engaged in mercantile business for two years, then six years in Irondale, Ohio. In 1873, and again in 1875, he was elected to represent Jefferson County, Ohio in the Ohio House of Representatives at the 61st and 62nd General Assemblies In 1876 he was admitted to the bar. He represented the 22nd district in the Ohio Senate in the 63rd and 64th General Assemblies (1878–1881). In 1881, he defeated Democrat Edgar M. Johnson for election as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, and could have had the nomination in 1883, had he wanted it.
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Reince Priebus
Reinhold Reince Priebus ( /raɪns ˈpriːbəs/; born March 18, 1972) is the chairman of the Republican National Committee. He is also a previous chair of the Republican Party of Wisconsin.
Priebus is of Greek and German descent, the son of Richard and Dimitra Priebus. His father is a former electrician and his mother deals in real estate.
Raised in Kenosha, Wisconsin by age 16 he was volunteering for political campaigns. He graduated from George Nelson Tremper High School in 1990. He graduated cum laude from University of Wisconsin–Whitewater in 1994, where he was elected student body president and earned his bachelor's degree in political science and English.
After college, he worked as a committee clerk in the Wisconsin Legislature and then went to law school at the University of Miami School of Law where he was president of the student bar association and where he received his Juris Doctorate cum laude in 1998. During law school, he interned for the NAACP legal defense fund in Los Angeles.
Priebus met his wife Sally in high school, where the two attended prom together. They married in 1999 and have two children.
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Return J. Meigs, Jr.
Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. ( /ˈmɛɡz/; November 17, 1764 – March 29, 1825) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the fourth Governor of Ohio, fifth United States Postmaster General, and as a U.S. Senator.
Meigs was born in Middletown, Connecticut, the son of Return J. Meigs, Sr. and the descendant of early Puritan settlers in Massachusetts. He graduated from Yale College in 1785 and studied law there. In 1788, after being admitted to the bar in Connecticut, he moved to Marietta, Ohio, where his father had been one of the first settlers, arriving earlier that year.
In Marietta, Meigs was a lawyer, storekeeper and farmer, as well as serving in public offices. He was appointed the first court clerk for the court established at Marietta in 1788. When a post office was established in Marietta in 1794 he became its first postmaster. In 1798 he was named to a judgeship on the Northwest Territory's territorial court, and in 1799 he won election to the territorial legislature.
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Reuben Wood
Reuben Wood (1792 or 1793 – October 1, 1864) was a Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. He served as the 21st Governor of Ohio.
Wood was born near Middletown, Rutland County, Vermont. While living with an uncle in Canada, he was conscripted into the Canadian Army at the outset of the War of 1812, but escaped across Lake Ontario and briefly served in the U.S. Army. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio – then a tiny village of 600 residents – in 1818 with his wife and infant daughter. He reputedly arrived with only $1.25 left to his name to work as a lawyer. He served in the Ohio State Senate from 1825to 1830. In 1830, he was elected president judge of the third judicial circuit. He was elected in 1833 to the Ohio Supreme Court, and served two seven-year terms from 1833 to 1847. He was defeated in a bid for a third term by a Whig candidate. He took office in late 1850 as Governor. His first term was cut short by the implementation of a new state constitution, and he was re-elected in late 1851, re-inaugurated in early 1852. He resigned on July 13, 1853 to take a position as the American consul in Valparaíso, Chile. He remained there until 1855, when he retired to Cleveland.
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Richard Bond
Richard N. Bond (Richard Norman Bond) is a former Chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) and currently a government relations consultant based in Washington, D.C.. His firm, Bond & Company, specializes in strategic consulting services at both the federal and state level.
Bond served in a variety of positions at the Republican National Committee under Presidents Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush prior to being elected Chairman in 1992. Despite the President’s tough defeat that year, the GOP held their ground in the U.S. Senate and gained 10 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives - the only time in history House seats have been gained during a presidential loss. The GOP also held their gubernatorial seats and net gained control of seven additional state legislative chambers.
In addition to his credentials at the RNC, Bond has served five presidential campaigns over the past twenty years, including the management of fifty state operations as national political director in Bush’s successful 1988 presidential campaign. Government posts include Deputy Chief of Staff to Vice President Bush, congressional press secretary, and member of the Board of Directors of the United States Peace Corps.
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Richard M. Bishop
Richard Bishop (November 4, 1812 – March 2, 1893), also known as Richard M. Bishop and Papa Richard, was an American politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. Bishop served as the 34th Governor of Ohio.
Richard Moore Bishop was born in Fleming County, Kentucky, and received business training in his home state. He came to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1848, and had a wholesale grocery business on the Public Landing as Bishop and Wells and later R. M. Bishop and Company. In 1857 he became councilman, and 1858, president of the Council. He was Mayor from 1859 to 1861, and declined re-nomination.
While Bishop was mayor, the Prince of Wales accepted his invitation to visit the city, and, despite being a Democrat, Bishop made the address of welcome to President Lincoln as he passed through on the way to his inauguration. He presided over the great Union meeting held the first year of the war.
From 1859 to 1869, Bishop was President of the Ohio Missionary State Society, and he also served as President of the General Christian Missionary Convention. He was also a member of the Ohio Constitutional Convention of 1873. He was a mover in promoting the Cincinnati Southern Railway.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
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Richard W. Thompson
Richard Wigginton Thompson (June 9, 1809 – February 9, 1900) was an American politician.
Thompson was born in Culpeper County, Virginia. He left Virginia in 1831 and lived briefly in Louisville, Kentucky before finally settling in Lawrence County, Indiana. There, he taught school, kept a store, and studied law at night. Admitted to the bar in 1834, he practiced law in Bedford, Indiana, and served four terms in the Indiana General Assembly from 1834 to 1838. He served as President pro tempore of the Indiana Senate for a short time and briefly held the office of acting Lieutenant Governor. In the presidential election of 1840, he zealously advocated the election of William Henry Harrison. Thompson then represented Indiana in the United States Congress, serving in the United States House of Representatives from 1841 to 1843 and again from 1847 to 1849.
During the 1850s Thompson and some of his fellow Whigs (such as his friend Schuyler Colfax) transferred allegiance to the American Party, better known as the Know Nothing Party. They did so due to their suspicion of the increased immigration from Ireland and Germany, but also because of the view of the northern portion of the American Party to be opposed to slavery. In time Thompson and his allies would allow an alliance of their portion of the Whig Party (which was collapsing with the American Party to prevent victories in elections by the Democratic Party.
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Rob Portman
Robert Jones "Rob" Portman (born December 19, 1955) is a lawyer and the junior United States Senator from Ohio. He is a member of the Republican Party. He succeeded retiring Senator George Voinovich.
From 1993 to 2005, Portman served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Ohio's 2nd congressional district, which stretches along the Ohio River from the Hamilton County suburbs of Cincinnati east to Scioto County and Pike County. Portman won seven consecutive congressional elections with over 70 percent of the vote.
Portman served in two federal cabinet positions under the administration of President George W. Bush. From May 2005 to May 2006, he was the U.S. Trade Representative. From May 2006 to June 2007, he was Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). He is considered a possible pick for Vice President on the Republican presidential ticket in 2012.
Portman was born in 1955 in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Joan (née Jones) and entrepreneur William C. "Bill" Portman II. His patrilineal great-grandfather, surnamed "Portmann", immigrated from Switzerland; Portman also has Scottish, Northern Irish, English, and German ancestry. When he was young, his father borrowed money to start the Portman Equipment Company, a forklift dealership where he and his siblings all worked growing up. The company grew from a small business with five employees and Joan Portman as bookkeeper to one that employed over 300 people. According to a 2010 Weekly Standard profile, Portman "developed a political philosophy grounded in entrepreneurship," having grown up "[hearing] talk about regulations, and taxes, and government getting in the way of small business" because of his early experiences with his family business.
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Robert C. Kirk
Robert C. Kirk was an American politician who served as the fifth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1860 to 1862.
Robert C. Kirk was born February 26, 1821 in Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio. He attended the schools in Mount Pleasant and entered Franklin College in New Athens, Ohio, but did not graduate. Other sources say he entered Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. He returned to his native town and studied medicine, and then took a course at University of Pennsylvania medical school in Philadelphia.
Kirk moved to Fulton County, Illinois and began a medical practice. Some years later, he returned to Ohio and was in the mercantile business in Mount Vernon. He moved to Winona, Minnesota for a year and then returned to Mount Vernon. In 1855, he was elected to the Ohio State Senate, and in 1859 he was elected Lieutenant Governor on the Republican ticket, serving one two year term. Three years later, President Lincoln appointed him Minister to the Argentine Republic. He resigned in 1866 and returned to Ohio.
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Robert E. Lee
Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War.
The son of Revolutionary War officer Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee III and a top graduate of the United States Military Academy, Robert E. Lee distinguished himself as an exceptional officer and combat engineer in the United States Army for 32 years. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican-American War, served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy, and married Mary Custis.
When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact and despite the fact that President Abraham Lincoln had offered Lee command of the Union Army. During the Civil War, Lee originally served as a senior military adviser to President Jefferson Davis. He soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning numerous battles against larger Union armies. His abilities as a tactician have been praised by many military historians. His strategic vision was more doubtful, and both of his invasions of the North ended in defeat. Union General Ulysses S. Grant's campaigns bore down on Lee in 1864 and 1865, and despite inflicting heavy casualties, Lee was unable to force back Grant. Lee would ultimately surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. By this time, Lee had been promoted to the commanding officer of all Confederate forces; the remaining armies soon capitulated after Lee's surrender. Lee rejected the starting of a guerrilla campaign against the North and called for reconciliation between the North and South.
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Robert P. Kennedy
Robert Patterson Kennedy (January 23, 1840 – May 6, 1918) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio, as well as an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Born in Bellefontaine, Ohio, Kennedy attended the public schools and Geneva College in Northwood, Ohio. He was studying at Yale University when the American Civil War broke out. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 23rd Ohio Infantry on June 11, 1861. He served as a captain and assistant adjutant general dating from October 7, 1862, and was promoted to major and assistant adjutant general on November 16, 1864. He resigned April 8, 1865.
Kennedy was commissioned as colonel of the 196th Ohio Infantry, on April 14, 1865. He was brevetted as lieutenant colonel of volunteers and brigadier general of volunteers, both dating from March 13, 1865.
Upon the end of the war and his resignation from the volunteer army, Kennedy returned to Bellefontaine. He studied law with judge William H. West. He was admitted to the bar in 1866 and commenced practice in Bellefontaine. He was appointed by President Rutherford B. Hayes as collector of internal revenue for the fourth district of Ohio, serving from 1878 to 1883. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1885–87.
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Rogers Morton
Rogers Clark Ballard Morton (September 19, 1914 – April 19, 1979) was an American politician who served as Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Commerce under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, respectively. He also served as a member of the House of Representatives, representing Maryland's 1st congressional district.
Though he was born in Kentucky, Morton moved to a farm on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the early 1950s. In 1962, he was elected to the House of Representatives by the people of the Eastern Shore, where he established an environmental record. (Morton would joke that his two middle initials stood for "Chesapeake Bay.") In 1968, Morton played a major role in Richard Nixon's campaign for president, and was chosen by Nixon in 1969 to serve as Chairman of the Republican National Committee.
In the elections of 1970, Morton was considered a strong candidate to challenge Joseph Tydings for his U.S. Senate seat from Maryland, but he chose instead to remain as chairman of the RNC. In 1971, President Nixon tapped Morton to serve as Secretary of the Interior, during which time he oversaw the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System and the 1973 oil crisis. Morton was the only person to serve as head of the Interior Department from the east coast in the 20th century.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
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Roscoe Conkling
Roscoe Conkling (October 30, 1829 – April 18, 1888) was a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party, the first Republican senator from New York to be elected for three terms, and the last person to refuse a U.S. Supreme Court appointment after he had already been confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
Conkling was born in 1829 in Albany, New York to Alfred Conkling, a U.S. Representative and federal judge and his wife Eliza Cockburn. At 17, Roscoe began the study of law in the offices of Spencer and Kernan in Utica, New York. He married Julia Catherine Seymour, sister of the Democratic politician and Governor of New York Horatio Seymour. His first political endeavor came in 1848, when he made campaign speeches in behalf of Taylor and Fillmore. He was admitted to the bar in 1850, and in the same year became district attorney of Oneida County by appointment of Governor Fish.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–1881). As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution. Hayes was a reformer who began the efforts that led to civil service reform and attempted, unsuccessfully, to reconcile the divisions that had led to the American Civil War fifteen years earlier.
Born in Delaware, Ohio, Hayes practiced law in Lower Sandusky (now Fremont) and was city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, Hayes left a successful political career to join the Union Army. Wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain, he earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of major general. After the war, he served in the U.S. Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican. Hayes left Congress to run for Governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms, serving from 1867 to 1871. After his second term had ended, he resumed the practice of law for a time, but returned to politics in 1875 to serve a third term as governor.
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Salmon P. Chase
Salmon Portland Chase (January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and the 23rd Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States.
Chase was one of the most prominent members of the new Republican Party before becoming Chief Justice. Chase articulated the "Slave Power conspiracy" thesis well before Lincoln, devoting his energies to the destruction of what he considered the Slave Power – the conspiracy of Southern slave owners to seize control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty. He coined the slogan of the Free Soil Party, "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men."
Chase was born in Cornish, New Hampshire to Ithamar Chase and his wife Janet Ralston. His father died when the boy was nine years old. Janet Chase was left a widow with "a small amount of property and ten surviving children". Salmon was raised by his uncle, Philander Chase, an Episcopal bishop. Another uncle was United States Senator Dudley Chase of Vermont.
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Samuel Fenton Cary
Samuel Fenton Cary (February 18, 1814 – September 29, 1900) was a congressman and significant temperance movement leader in the 19th century. Cary became well-known nationally as a prohibitionist author and lecturer.
Cary was born on February 18, 1814 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He graduated from Miami University in 1835 and at the Cincinnati Law School in 1837 being admitted to the bar the same year, practicing law out of his in office in Cincinnati. He was elected a judge in the Ohio State Supreme Court, but decided to pass the job up. Instead, he got the post of Paymaster General for the state of Ohio during the terms of Governors Mordecai Bartley and William Bebb.
He stopped working in law in 1845 to become a farmer and also to devote himself to temperance and anti-slavery groups. He gave lectures and wrote books on prohibition and slavery matters. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1864 supporting Abraham Lincoln for a second term who initially had won. Cary then became Collector of Internal Revenue for Ohio's first district in 1865.
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Samuel H. Huntington
Samuel H. Huntington (October 4, 1765 – June 8, 1817) was an American jurist who was the third Governor of Ohio from 1808 to 1810.
He was the nephew and adopted son of Samuel Huntington, the fourth President of the Continental Congress and First President of the United States in Congress Assembled under the Articles of Confederation. A 1785 graduate of Yale College. He was admitted to the bar and began practicing law in Connecticut. He moved to Ohio in 1801, moving with his wife and small sons to the tiny village of Cleveland. After serving as a Trumbull county delegate to the State's first constitutional convention, Huntington was selected to the State Supreme Court as an Associate Justice and succeeded Return J. Meigs, Jr. as Chief Justice a year later. He served until being elected Governor in 1808. His tenure was stormy, with much controversy over the impeachment of two judges for upholding the principle of judicial review (Huntington would have been impeached as well had it not been being elected governor), the move of the state capital from Zanesville to Chillicothe, and the Tiffin Resolution, which terminated the terms of all sitting judges. Huntington did not stand for re-election, but instead ran for the U.S. Senate, losing to Thomas Worthington.
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Samuel J. Tilden
Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, one of the most controversial American elections of the 19th century. He was the 25th Governor of New York. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low. Tilden was the first candidate for the Presidency of the United States not to be elected despite receiving an absolute majority of the votes.
Tilden was born in New Lebanon in New York State. He was descended from Nathaniel Tilden, an early English settler who came to America in 1634. He studied law at Yale, then transferred to New York University where he graduated in 1837. He was admitted to the bar in 1841, becoming a skilled corporate lawyer, with many railroad companies as clients in the shaky railroad boom decade of the 1850s. His legal practice, combined with shrewd investments, made him rich.
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Sarah Palin
Sarah Louise Palini/ˈpeɪlɨn/ (née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, Sarah Palin's Alaska. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for The Learning Channel.
She was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections. From the time of her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin was considered a potential candidate for the 2012 presidential election until she announced in October 2011 that she would not run.
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Schuyler Colfax
Schuyler Colfax, Jr. ( /ˈskaɪlər ˈkoʊlfæks/; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was a United States Representative from Indiana (1855–1869), Speaker of the House of Representatives (1863–1869), and the 17th Vice President of the United States (1869–1873). To date, he is one of only two Americans (John Nance Garner in the 20th century being the other) to have served as both House speaker and vice president.
President Ulysses S. Grant and Colfax, 46 and 45 respectively at the time of their inauguration, were the youngest Presidential team until the inauguration of Bill Clinton and Al Gore in 1993.
Colfax was born in New York City to Schuyler Colfax, Sr. and Hannah Stryker. His grandfather, William Colfax, had served in George Washington's Life Guard during the American Revolution, became a general in the New Jersey militia and married Hester Schuyler, a cousin of general Philip Schuyler.
In 1836, Colfax moved with his mother and stepfather to New Carlisle, Indiana. As a young man, Colfax contributed articles on Indiana politics to the New York Tribune and formed a friendship with the editor, Horace Greeley. He established a reputation as rising young Whig and at 19 became the editor of the pro-Whig South Bend Free Press. In 1845, Colfax purchased the newspaper and changed its name to the St. Joseph Valley Register.
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Seabury Ford
Seabury Ford (October 15, 1801– May 8, 1855) was a Whig politician from Ohio. He served as the 20th Governor of Ohio and the last Whig to do so.
Ford was born in Cheshire, Connecticut and moved to Burton, Ohio with his parents in 1804. He attended Yale University. While at Yale, he was elected by his classmates as class "bully", a term of honor for the physically strongest man in the class. He graduated from Yale in 1825. He returned to Ohio, and read law under the direction of his uncle, Judge Peter Hitchcock. He commenced practice of law in 1827. Ford married Harriet E. Cook of Burton in 1828.
He was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives from Geauga County, serving as speaker for one term, and then to the Ohio State Senate.
After serving in the General Assembly, Ford was elected to the governorship in late 1848, by a margin of 311 votes out of nearly 300,000 cast. Ford served only a single term before returning home. His term was marred by fighting in a highly partisan Assembly that was divided over issues related to slavery and the Mexican-American War, as well as by a cholera epidemic that swept through Columbus. On the first Sunday after his retirement, he was stricken by paralysis, from which he never recovered. He died at home in Burton in 1855.
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Silas A. Conrad
Silas A. Conrad (June 7, 1840 – September 11, 1913) was an American politician who served as the 19th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1887 to 1888.
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Silas W. Burt
Silas Wright Burt (April 5, 1830 – November 30, 1912) was a civil service reformer and naval officer of the port of New York.
Burt was born in Albany, New York, the son of Thomas Burt and Lydia (Butts) Burt in 1830. In 1855, he married Jeanette Ferrell of Logansport, Indiana. President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him Naval Officer of the Port of New York in 1878 as a part of his efforts to reform the civil service structure there. After his term expired in 1883, President Chester A. Arthur appointed Burt to be Chief Examiner of the Civil Service System for the state of New York. President Grover Cleveland reappointed him Naval Officer in 1885. He later served as Civil Service Commissioner of New York from 1895 to 1900.
His brother, James Burt, was also a customs official in New York as well as a banker.
"Silas W. Burt Dead at 83". New York Times. December 1, 1912. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F30916F7345813738DDDA80894DA415B828DF1D3. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
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Simeon D. Fess
Simeon Davison Fess (December 11, 1861 – December 23, 1936) was a Republican politician and educator from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives and U.S. Senate.
Born on a farm near Harrod, Ohio to Henry and Barbara (Herring) Fess, he was educated in country schools and graduated at Ohio Northern University of Ada in 1889 and married Eva C. Thomas the following year. After graduation he taught history and law at the university as well was working in the university administration from 1889-1896. Fess graduated from the law department at ONU in 1894 and served as dean of that department from 1896-1900. He then served as vice president of the university 1900-1902. He left for Illinois to become a graduate student and lecturer at the University of Chicago from 1902-1907. He then returned to Ohio and served as the president of Antioch College of Yellow Springs from 1907 to 1917.
In 1912, while still serving at Antioch College, Fess was a delegate to the state constitutional convention as well as being elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from March 4, 1913-March 3, 1923 (6th District 1913-15, 7th District 1915-23). He served as chairman of the Committee on Education during the Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses and chairman of the Republican National Congressional Committee from 1918-1922. In 1922 he did not seek re-election, but ran for the U.S. Senate and won serving from March 4, 1923, to January 3, 1935. He served as chairman of the Committee on the Library during Sixty-ninth through Seventy-second Congresses and as Republican Whip from 1929 to 1933. He also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee 1930-32. He was an unsuccessful candidate for a third term as Senator in 1934.
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Spiro Agnew
Spiro Theodore Agnew (pronunciation: /ˈspɪroʊ ˈæɡnjuː/; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th Vice President of the United States (1969–1973), serving under President Richard Nixon, and the 55th Governor of Maryland (1967–1969). He was the first Greek American to hold these offices.
During his fifth year as Vice President, in the late summer of 1973, Agnew was under investigation by the United States Attorney's office in Baltimore, Maryland, on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery and conspiracy. In October, he was formally charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000, while holding office as Baltimore County Executive, Governor of Maryland, and Vice President of the United States. On October 10, 1973, Agnew was allowed to plead no contest to a single charge that he had failed to report $29,500 of income received in 1967, with the condition that he resign the office of Vice President. Nixon replaced him by appointing by then House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford to the office of Vice President.
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Standing Bear
Standing Bear (1834(?) - 1908) (Páⁿka iyé official orthography: Maⁿchú-Naⁿzhíⁿ/Macunajin; other spellings: Ma-chú-nu-zhe, Ma-chú-na-zhe or Mantcunanjin pronounced [mãtʃuꜜnãʒĩꜜ]) was a Ponca Native American chief who successfully argued in U.S. District Court in 1879 in Omaha that Native Americans are "persons within the meaning of the law" and have the right of habeas corpus. His wife Susette Primeau was also a signatory on the 1879 writ that initiated the famous court case.
By 1789, when Juan Baptiste Munier acquired trading rights with the Ponca, they had villages along the Niobrara River near its mouth, and ranged as far east as present-day Ponca, Nebraska, at the mouth of Aowa Creek. A smallpox epidemic had reduced their numbers from around 800 to 200 at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804.
When Standing Bear was born about 1834, the Ponca traditionally raised maize, vegetables and fruit trees in these sites during the summer. They ranged westward for the winter bison hunt. The hunts brought them in frequent contact with their traditional enemies, the Brulé and Oglala Lakhota. Sometimes the Ponca allied with their enemies to raid Pawnee and Omaha villages, but they also suffered raids by them.
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Taylor Webster
Taylor Webster (October 1, 1800 – April 27, 1876) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Pennsylvania, Webster moved with his parents to Ohio in 1806, where he received a limited schooling. He attended Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, for a short time. He was editor and publisher of the Western Telegraph, Hamilton, Ohio from 1828 to 1836. He served as clerk of the State house of representatives in 1829. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1831 and 1832.
Webster was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Congresses and as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1833-March 3, 1839). He served as clerk of court of Butler County, Ohio from 1842 to 1846. He resumed his former business pursuits.
He moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1863 and was employed in a clerical position. He died in New Orleans, Louisiana, April 27, 1876. He was interred in Lafayette Cemetery No. 1.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
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Ted Strickland
Theodore "Ted" Strickland (born August 4, 1941) was the 68th Governor of Ohio, serving from 2007 to 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Ohio's 6th congressional district (1993-1995, 1997-2007).
In the 2006 gubernatorial election, Strickland was elected to succeed term-limited Republican incumbent Bob Taft after defeating Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell, receiving 60% of the vote. However, he was narrowly defeated for re-election in the 2010 gubernatorial election by former U.S. Representative John Kasich.
Strickland currently serves as a member of the Governors' Council at the Bipartisan Policy Center.
Born in Lucasville, Ohio, Strickland was one of nine children; his father was a steelworker. A 1959 graduate of Northwest High School, Strickland went on to be the first member of his family to attend college. Strickland was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in history with a minor in psychology from Asbury College in 1963. In 1966, he received a Master of Arts degree in guidance counseling from the University of Kentucky and a Master of Divinity from the Asbury Theological Seminary in 1967. He then returned to the University of Kentucky to earn his Ph.D in counseling psychology in 1980. He is married to Frances Strickland, an educational psychologist and author of a widely used screening test for kindergarten-age children.
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Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt ( /ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ROH-zə-velt; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. Roosevelt was 42 years old when sworn in as President of the United States in 1901, making him the youngest president ever; he beat out the youngest elected president, John F. Kennedy, by only one year. Roosevelt was also one of only three sitting presidents to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the other two being Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama.
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Thomas E. Dewey
Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the 47th Governor of New York (1943–1954). In 1944 and 1948, he was the Republican candidate for President, but lost both times. He led the liberal faction of the Republican Party, in which he fought conservative Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft. Dewey was an advocate for the professional and business community of the Northeastern United States, which would later be called the "Eastern Establishment". This organization accepted the majority of New Deal social-welfare reforms enacted during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It consisted of internationalists who were in favor of the United Nations and the "Cold War" fight against communism and the Soviet Union. In addition, he played a large part in the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower as President in 1952. Dewey's successor as leader of the liberal Republicans was Nelson Rockefeller, who became governor of New York in 1959. The New York State Thruway is named in Dewey's honor.
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Thomas H. Carter
Thomas Henry Carter (October 30, 1854 – September 17, 1911) was a delegate, a United States Representative, and a U.S. Senator from Montana.
Carter was born near Portsmouth, Ohio, and later his family moved to Pana, Illinois. Carter attended the common schools in Illinois. He engaged in farming, school teaching, and railroading; at the same time studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1882, he moved from Burlington, Iowa, to Helena, Montana. In Montana he was elected as a Republican Delegate to the Fifty-first Congress and served from March 4, 1889, to November 7, 1889, when the Territory was admitted as a State into the Union; elected as its first Representative and served from November 8, 1889, to March 3, 1891.
He served as chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining (Fifty-first Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate in 1890 for reelection; Commissioner of the General Land Office 1891-1892, when he was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee.
He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1895, until March 3, 1901. As a Senator he was chairman of the Committee on Relations with Canada (Fifty-fourth Congress), the Committee on the Census (Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Congresses). President William McKinley appointed him a member of the board of commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and served as its president; again elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1905, to March 3, 1911. He was not a candidate for reelection. He died in Washington, D.C., September 17, 1911. Carter County, Montana is named in his honor.
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Thomas H. Ford
Thomas H. Ford (August 23, 1814 – February 29, 1868) was an American Republican politician who served as the third Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1856 to 1858.
Ford was born August 23, 1814 at Rockingham County, Virginia. He had little formal education and his occupation was a farmer. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. He moved to Mansfield, Ohio, and became an anti-slavery leader. After delivering a speech at Philadelphia espousing the Republican party, he was offered the nomination for Lieutenant Governor in 1855, and won election to a single term. In 1860, he was chosen Government Printer by the United States House of Representatives. He served in the Mexican War, and was Colonel of the 32nd Ohio Infantry, Ohio Volunteer Militia during the U.S. Civil War. Ford was arrested in 1862, and sent to Washington, D.C. for trial by a military commission. He was charged with having neglected his duty in the defense of Maryland Heights at the Battle of Harpers Ferry, September , 1862. After trial, Ford was ordered dismissed from the service on November 8, 1862, by order of the War Department. He located in Washington, D.C., where he had a lucrative law practice, and where he died February 29, 1868.
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Thomas J. Brady
Thomas Jefferson Brady (February 12, 1839–April 22, 1904) was an American Civil War General and politician.
Brady was born in Muncie, Indiana in 1839, the son of John Brady, the first mayor of Muncie, and his wife, Mary Wright Brady. After graduating from Asbury College (now DePauw University), Brady taught school for several years before studying law and being admitted to the bar in 1860. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he joined the Union Army as a captain in the 8th Indiana Volunteer Infantry. Brady served with that regiment until 1863, when he was promoted to colonel of the 140th Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was promoted to brevet brigadier general just before the end of the war, in March 1865, in recognition of his "long and meritorious service." During the war, in 1864, Brady was married to Emeline Wolfe. They would have three children: Arthur, Elizabeth, and Winfield.
After the war, Brady resumed his law practice in Muncie, forming a partnership with Arthur C. Mellette. Brady also purchased the Muncie Weekly Times in 1868. In 1870, he was appointed consul to St. Thomas, then a part of the Danish Virgin Islands, where he served until 1875. He was appointed commissioner of internal revenue for Ohio and Indiana that year. The following year, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Brady second assistant postmaster-general.
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Thomas J. Herbert
Thomas James Herbert (October 28, 1894 - October 26, 1974) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He was the 56th Governor of Ohio.
Herbert was born in Cleveland, Ohio. After serving in the Army Air Service during World War I, Herbert returned to Ohio, where he graduated from Case Western Reserve University School of Law in 1919, and practiced law. He served as State Attorney General from 1939 to 1945. In the Republican landslide year of 1946, Herbert defeated incumbent governor Frank J. Lausche. Lausche defeated Herbert in the latter's bid for re-election two years later. Herbert served as a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court from 1957 until 1963. He suffered a stroke March 21, 1961, and decided not to run for re-election.
Herbert married Jeanette Judson of Cleveland on April 30, 1919, and they had three children. Jeanette died December 30, 1945. Herbert re-married while Governor to Mildred Helen Stevenson of Indianapolis on January 3, 1948. They had one daughter. Mildred died in 1962. Herbert died October 26, 1974, after years of illness.
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Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 (April 2, 1743 O.S.) – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and the third President of the United States (1801–1809). At the beginning of the American Revolution, Jefferson served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia. He then served as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781). Just after the war ended, from mid-1784 Jefferson served as a diplomat, stationed in Paris, initially as a commissioner to help negotiate commercial treaties. In May 1785, he became the United States Minister to France. He was the first United States Secretary of State (1790–1793) during the administration of President George Washington. Upon resigning his office, with his close friend James Madison he organized the Democratic-Republican Party. Elected Vice-President in 1796, under his opponent John Adams, Jefferson with Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which attempted to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.
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Thomas Kirker
Thomas Kirker (1760 – February 20, 1837) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the second Governor of Ohio.
Kirker was born in County Tyrone, Ireland. He moved with his father to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1779. He moved with his new wife to Kentucky in 1790 and then Liberty Township, Adams County, Ohio three years later. He was a delegate to the Ohio Constitutional Convention in 1802. He served in the first Ohio House of Representatives in 1803 and then in the Ohio State Senate from 1803 to 1815. While serving as Speaker of the Senate, Kirker became Governor upon the resignation of Edward Tiffin to take a seat in the U.S. Senate. Kirker's term was extended through the 1807–1808 meeting of the Assembly due to the disqualification of Return J. Meigs, Jr. who had won the 1807 election to the governorship but had been disqualified by the Assembly as he had not met the residency requirements. Kirker ran for re-election in 1808, but lost badly to Samuel H. Huntington. Kirker later returned to the Assembly, serving in the House of Representatives from 1816 to 1817 and in the State Senate from 1821 to 1825. Ohio Presidential elector in 1824 for Henry Clay.
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Thomas L. Young
Thomas Lowry Young (December 14, 1832 – July 20, 1888) was a Republican politician from Ohio. Young served as the 33rd Governor of Ohio.
Young was born in Killyleagh, County Down, Ireland, and immigrated with his parents to the United States in 1847. He enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1848, originally as a musician, and advanced through the ranks of the artillery to become a First Sergeant in the 3rd US Artillery by the time he finished his service in 1858, serving under Brevet Major John F. Reynolds.
Young joined Company F, of the Benton Cadets (a Missouri militia unit) as a captain in September 1861 after the outbreak of the Civil War, but resigned in December. He later received a commission as major in the 118th Ohio Infantry in September 1862 and served until September 1864, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel in April 1863 and colonel in April 1864. "At the Battle of Resaca Colonel Young led the first charge on the center of the enemy's works, where his regiment was repulsed with great slaughter, losing one hundred and sixteen men out of two hundred and seventy in a few minutes. For this and other acts of gallantry the President, on the 13th of March, 1865, brevetted him Brigadier-General of volunteers."
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Thomas R. Ross
Thomas Randolph Ross (October 26, 1788 – June 28, 1869) was a United States Representative from Ohio.
Born in New Garden Township, Pennsylvania, Ross completed preparatory studies. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Lebanon, Ohio, in 1810.
Ross was elected as a Republican to the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Congresses and reelected as a Crawford Republican to the Eighteenth Congress (March 4, 1819 – March 3, 1825). He served as chairman of the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business (Seventeenth and Eighteenth Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1824 to the Nineteenth Congress. He resumed the practice of law in Lebanon. He lost his eyesight in 1866. He died on his farm near Lebanon, Ohio, June 28, 1869, and was interred in Lebanon Cemetery. His brother-in-law was former Ohio Governor Thomas Corwin, who married his sister Sarah.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
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Thomas W. Bartley
Thomas Welles Bartley (also known as Thomas W. Bartley) (February 11, 1812– June 20, 1885) was a Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. He served as the 17th Governor of Ohio. Bartley was succeeded in office by his father, Mordecai Bartley, one of only a few instances of this occurring in high elected office in the United States.
Bartley was born in Jefferson County, Ohio. After attending Jefferson College, Bartley began practicing law in 1831. He served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1839–1841 and then in the Ohio State Senate from 1841-1845. He was elected Speaker of the Senate in 1843. When Wilson Shannon resigned as Governor on April 15, 1844, to take a diplomatic appointment, Bartley became Governor while concurrently remaining in the Senate. He served out the remainder of Shannon's term until December 3. Bartley sought renomination under the Democratic Party, but lost at the state convention by a single vote - avoiding a contest against his father, who accepted the Whig nomination. Bartley later served a contentious term on the State Supreme Court from 1852-1859.
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Tom Luken
Thomas Andrew Luken (b. July 9, 1925, Cincinnati, Ohio) is a politician of the Democratic Party from Ohio.
Luken received his high school diploma in 1942 from Purcell High School. During the Second World War, Luken served as a U.S. Marine. In 1947, he earned a bachelor of arts degree from Xavier University in Cincinnati, after having earned some credits at Bowling Green State University. In 1950, he earned a law degree at the Salmon P. Chase Law School at Northern Kentucky University and began practising law.
From 1955 to 1961, Luken served as solicitor for the city of Deer Park, Ohio. He was then appointed United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio, in which he served from 1961 to 1964. He served on the Cincinnati city council from 1964 to 1967 and from 1969 to 1974. He also was the mayor of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1972.
In 1974, Luken won a special election in the Cincinnati-based 1st congressional district to fill out the term of William J. Keating, a Republican who resigned from his seat. However, he was defeated later that year in his bid for a full term by Republican Bill Gradison, who had preceded him as mayor of Cincinnati. In 1976, Luken ran in the neighboring 2nd district and unseated Republican incumbent Donald D. Clancy, beginning service in 1977 (95th Congress). He was reelected six times, all by large margins. He was only the second Democrat to represent a significant portion of Cincinnati for more than one term in the 20th century.
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Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) following his dominant role in the second half of the Civil War. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and effectively ended the war with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army at Appomattox. As president he led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate all vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery; he effectively destroyed the Ku Klux Klan in 1871. His reputation was marred by his repeated defense of corrupt appointees, and by the deep economic depression (called the "Panic of 1873") that dominated his second term. Although his Republican Party split in 1872 with reformers denouncing him, Grant was easily reelected. By 1874 the opposition was gaining strength and as he left the White House in March 1877, conservative white Southerners, as federal troops were withdrawn, regained control of every state in the South and Reconstruction ended on a note of failure as the civil rights of blacks were not secure.
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Victor Heintz
Victor Heintz (November 20, 1876 – December 27, 1968) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio and highly decorated veteran of World War I.
Born on a farm near Grayville, Illinois, Heintz attended the public schools. He graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1896 and from its law department in 1899. He was admitted to the bar in 1898 and commenced practice in Cincinnati, Ohio. He served six years in the Cavalry and Infantry of the Ohio National Guard.
Heintz was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1917-March 3, 1919). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1918. During the First World War, he absented himself from the House and was commissioned a captain in the One Hundred and Forty-seventh Regiment, United States Infantry, on August 4, 1917. He went overseas June 22, 1918, and served until the end of the war. Decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross with Oak Leaf Cluster, Silver Star Medal, Purple Heart, and the Croix de Guerre.
He served as vice president and secretary of Ohio Valley Real Estate Co..
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W. A. Greenlund
William A. Greenlund (February 20, 1873 – August 23, 1935) was an American politician who served as the 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1913 to 1915.
W. A. Greenlund was born in Titusville, Pennsylvania, February 20, 1873. His father was an immigrant from Denmark. W. A. was educated at public schools and high school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1891 he moved to Cleveland, Ohio and engaged in the real estate business.
In 1901, Greenlund married Burleigh M. Fritz of Cleveland. The only office he held before becoming Lieutenant Governor was as a Democratic State Senator from Cuyahoga County in the 80th General Assembly.
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W. E. B. Du Bois
William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois (pronounced /duːˈbɔɪz/ doo-BOYZ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author and editor. Born in western Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a tolerant community and experienced little racism as a child. After graduating from Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
Du Bois rose to national prominence as the leader of the Niagara Movement, a group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. Du Bois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta Compromise, an agreement crafted by Booker T. Washington which provided that Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic educational and economic opportunities. Instead, Du Bois insisted on full civil rights and increased political representation, which he believed would be brought about by the African-American intellectual elite. He referred to this group as the talented tenth and believed that African Americans needed the chances for advanced education to develop its leadership.
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Warren G. Harding
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States (1921–1923). A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate (1899–1903), as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1904–1906) and as a U.S. Senator (1915–1921). He was also the first incumbent United States Senator and the first newspaper publisher to be elected President.
His conservativism, affable manner, and "make no enemies" campaign strategy made Harding the compromise choice at the 1920 Republican National Convention. During his presidential campaign, in the aftermath of World War I, he promised a return of the nation to "normalcy". This "America first" campaign encouraged industrialization and a strong economy independent of foreign influence. Harding departed from the progressive movement that had dominated Congress since President Theodore Roosevelt. In the 1920 election, he and his running mate, Calvin Coolidge, defeated Democrat and fellow Ohioan James M. Cox in the largest presidential popular vote landslide in American history (60.36% to 34.19%) since popular vote totals were first recorded in 1824.
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Webb Hayes
James Webb Cook Hayes (March 20, 1856 – July 26, 1934) was an American businessman and soldier. He co-founded a forerunner of Union Carbide, fought in two wars, and received the Medal of Honor.
Born as James Webb Cook Hayes, he was the second son of President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Starting from when he was five years old, he spent six months every winter at his father's encampment, which was usually Camp White, West Virginia. He became very close with the commander of the unit, General George Crook, who later became his godfather. Crook also taught him how to live off the land including hunting, fishing and survival. Years later, after Crook became famous in the west as a hunter and Indian fighter, the two made annual trips into the Rocky Mountains for a hunt of big game.
Hayes attended Cornell University from 1873 to 1875 and was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. He left Cornell to work as his father's secretary when his father was the governor of Ohio. When his father was elected president, he again served as his father's secretary.
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Wendell Willkie
Wendell Lewis Willkie (/ˈwɛndl[unsupported input] ˈl[unsupported input]ɨs ˈwɪlki/; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was a corporate lawyer in the United States and a dark horse who became the Republican Party nominee for the president in 1940. A member of the liberal wing of the GOP, he crusaded against those domestic policies of the New Deal that he thought were inefficient and anti-business. Willkie, an internationalist, needed the votes of the large isolationist element, so he waffled on the bitterly debated issue of America's role in World War II, losing support from both sides. His opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt won the 1940 election with 55% of the popular vote and 85% of the electoral vote.
Afterward, Roosevelt found Willkie to be compatible politically with his plans and brought him aboard as an informal ambassador-at-large. Willkie criss-crossed the globe on the former army bomber The Gulliver, bringing home a vision of "One World" freed from imperialism and colonialism. "One World" was Willkie's travelogue of his travels and meetings of the then-Allies heads of state, as well as ordinary citizens and soldiers in regions such as Russia and Iran. His liberalism lost him supporters in the GOP and he dropped out of the 1944 race, then died of a heart attack. He never held political office.
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White River War
The White River War, also known as the Ute War, or the Ute Campaign, was fought between the White River Utes and the United States Army in 1879, resulting in the forced removal of the White River Utes and the Uncompahgre Utes from Colorado, and the reduction in the Southern Utes' land holdings within Colorado. The war signalled the final defeat of the Utes and opened millions of new acreage to settlement.
The conflict began when Major Thomas T. Thornburgh led a command of 153 soldiers, and twenty-five militiamen, to the White River Agency, in response to a request for assistance by the Indian Agent Nathan C. Meeker. Meeker had been attempting to convert the White River Utes to agriculture and Christianity, and had angered the Utes by plowing a field they used to graze and race horses. After an altercation with some Utes, Meeker had sent to the army for assistance.
The main incidents of the war took place on September 29, 1879. Major Thornburgh advanced with his command across Milk Creek onto the White River Ute land, despite assuring several Utes on previous days that the main body of his command would remain off the reservation. A Ute force, led by Captain Jack, were hidden on high ground prepared to defend their territory. The competing armed forces signalled each other, with both sides meaning to meet with each other peacefully, when an errant shot began what came to be known as the Battle of Milk Creek. The Utes, although outnumbered, held the strategic high ground, and managed to hold the American army forces at bay, and inflict significant losses, including the death of Major Thornburgh and thirteen others, wounding more than forty.
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Whitelaw Reid
Whitelaw Reid (October 27, 1837 – December 15, 1912) was a U.S. politician and newspaper editor, as well as the author of a popular history of Ohio in the Civil War.
Born James Whitelaw Reid on a farm near Xenia, Ohio, Reid attended Xenia Academy and went on to graduate from Miami University with honors in 1856. At Miami, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon (Kappa chapter), and lobbied for the expulsion of the six members who ultimately founded Sigma Chi.
He was the longtime editor of the New York Tribune and a close friend of Horace Greeley. He was a leader of the Liberal Republican movement in 1872.
A Republican, he had an illustrious career as a diplomat, serving as United States Ambassador to France from 1889 to 1892, and as U.S. Ambassador to the Court of St. James's from 1905 to 1912.
In 1892, Reid became the Republican vice presidential nominee when President Benjamin Harrison chose to drop Vice President Levi P. Morton from the ticket. Harrison and Reid lost to the Democratic ticket of Grover Cleveland and Adlai Stevenson, as Cleveland became the first former president to recapture the office.
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Will H. Hays
William Harrison Hays, Sr. (November 5, 1879 – March 7, 1954), was the namesake of the Hays Code for censorship of American films, chairman of the Republican National Committee (1918–1921) and U.S. Postmaster General from 1921 to 1922.
Hays was born in Sullivan, Indiana. He was the manager of Warren G. Harding's successful campaign for the Presidency of the United States in the 1920 election and subsequently was appointed by Harding as Postmaster General. After a year in office, he resigned to become the choice of the Hollywood movie studios to become the first president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) until he retired in 1945. In the postwar period, this organization would be renamed the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).
Hays resigned his cabinet position on January 14, 1922, in order to become the President of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) shortly after the organization's founding. He began his new job, at a $100,000 annual salary, on March 6 of that year. The goal of the organization was to renovate the image of the movie industry in the wake of the Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle rape and murder scandal and amid growing calls by religious groups for federal censorship of the movies. Hiring Hays to "clean up the pictures" was, at least in part, a public relations ploy and much was made of his conservative credentials, including his roles as a Presbyterian deacon and past chairman of the Republican Party.
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William A. Wheeler
William Almon Wheeler (June 30, 1819 – June 4, 1887) was a Representative from New York and the 19th Vice President of the United States (1877–1881).
Wheeler was born in Malone, New York, and attended Franklin Academy and the University of Vermont, although monetary concerns forced him to drop out without graduating. He was admitted to the bar in 1845, practiced law in Malone, and served as district attorney for Franklin County from 1846 to 1849. He became a member of the New York State Assembly in 1850 and 1851 and member of the state Senate from 1858 to 1860. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh United States Congress (March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1863). He was President of the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1867-68, and was elected to the Forty-first and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877).
Wheeler was also President of the New York Northern Railroad.
When Congress voted a pay raise in 1873 and made it retroactive for five years, Wheeler not only voted against the raise, but returned his salary adjustment to the Treasury department.
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William B. Allison
William Boyd Allison (March 2, 1829 — August 4, 1908) was an early leader of the Iowa Republican Party, who represented northeastern Iowa for four consecutive terms in the U.S. House before representing his state for six consecutive terms in the U.S. Senate. He died soon after overcoming his principal hurdle to election for a record seventh term in the Senate.
Born in Perry, Ohio, Allison was educated at Wooster Academy. Afterward, he spent a year at Allegheny College in Pennsylvania, then graduated from Western Reserve College (then located in Hudson, Ohio) in 1849. He then studied law and began practicing in Ashland, Ohio. While practicing law there from 1852 until 1857, he was a delegate to the 1855 Ohio Republican Convention and an unsuccessful candidate for district attorney in 1856. In 1857, he moved to Dubuque, Iowa, which would serve as his hometown for the last fifty years of his life.
After his arrival in Dubuque, Allison took a prominent part in the politics of the nascent Republican Party. Allison was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President of the United States.
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William Bebb
William Bebb (December 8, 1802 – October 23, 1873) was a Whig politician from Ohio. He served as the 19th Governor of Ohio, he was the third native Ohioan to be elected to the office.
Bebb was born in Butler County, Ohio to Welsh immigrants. He is the son of Edward Bebb. They were early residents of Paddy's Run, now known as Shandon, Ohio. In 1826 the Paddy's Run school was organized under the new state law, a new building was erected, and William Bebb was employed as the first teacher. On Oct 16, 1824 he married Sarah Shuck, later Bebb and his wife opened a boarding school for boys. While he taught school he studied for the bar. He began practicing law in 1831. He was a devoted campaigner for William Henry Harrison in 1840 and for Henry Clay four years later, and a Presidential elector in 1844 for Clay/Frelinghuysen. Bebb was nominated by the Whigs in 1846 for the governorship. Bebb served a single term beginning in December 1846. His term technically expired in December 1848, but was extended into January 1849 due to a number of close statewide elections which necessitated delaying the inauguration of a successor.
wn.com/William_Bebb -
William C. Lyon
William Cotter Lyon (July 7, 1841 – after 1890) was an American Republican politician who served as the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1888 to 1890.
Lyon was born July, 1814 at Homer, Medina County, Ohio. His mother died in Michigan in 1847, and his father was murdered in Putnam County, Ohio in 1853. He was left at age twelve to care for himself and his younger orphan siblings. He learned the shoemaker's trade, educated himself and sometimes attended the Seville Academy. At outbreak of the Insurrection, he enlisted in the Twenty-third Ohio Regiment. He served two years as a private before being made a commissioned officer. Thirteen months before the end of the war, he was captured and imprisoned in a POW camp. After release he was made a captain. After the war he returned to the shoe business in Medina County, and moved to Newark, Licking County in 1870. In 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him Postmaster of that city, and he was re-appointed by President Chester A. Arthur. He resigned with the election of Grover Cleveland, but it was not accepted until January 1, 1886. In 1884, he purchased the Newark American. In 1887 he was nominated and elected Ohio Lieutenant Governor. He was not re-nominated in 1889
wn.com/William_C._Lyon -
William E. Hess
William Emil Hess (1898–1986) was a Republican and a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, February 13, 1898; attended the public schools, the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Cincinnati Law School; during the First World War served in the United States Army as a private; was admitted to the bar in 1919 and commenced the practice of law in Cincinnati, Ohio, the same year; member of the Cincinnati City Council 1922-1926.
He was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-first and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1929-January 3, 1937); unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1936 to the Seventy-fifth Congress.
He resumed the practice of law; elected to the Seventy-sixth and to the four succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1939-January 3, 1949); unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1948 to the Eighty-first Congress; elected to the Eighty-second and to the four succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1951-January 3, 1961); was not a candidate for renomination in 1960; resumed the practice of law; was a resident of Cincinnati, Ohio, until his death there on July 14, 1986; interment in Spring Grove Cemetery.
wn.com/William_E._Hess -
William E. Miller
William Edward Miller (March 22, 1914 – June 24, 1983) was a New York politician. He was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 1964 election.
Miller was born in Lockport, New York, of Irish and German ancestry, the son of Edward J. Miller, a factory floor sweeper., and Elizabeth Hinch, who owned a small millinery shop [1]. Miller attended the University of Notre Dame and Albany Law School. He served in the United States Army during World War II, and later helped prosecute German war criminals at the Nuremberg trials. Miller was appointed district attorney of Niagara County, New York in 1948, by Governor Thomas E. Dewey. Miller served in the United States House of Representatives from 1951 to 1965 and was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1961 to 1964.
Following the defeat of the Goldwater-Miller ticket, Miller returned to his hometown of Lockport, where he resumed his law practice. He also appeared in one of the first "Do you know me?" commercials for American Express. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
wn.com/William_E._Miller -
William G. Pickrel
William G. Pickrel (1888-1966) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 40th and 43rd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1928 and 1931-1933.
A member of the Democratic Party, Pickrel would subsequently run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate against Republican incumbent Robert A. Taft in 1944; he received 49.7% of the vote to Taft's 50.3%.
wn.com/William_G._Pickrel -
William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930). He is the only person to have served in both of these two offices.
Before becoming President, Taft was selected to serve on the Ohio Superior Court in 1887. In 1890, Taft was appointed Solicitor General of the United States and in 1891 a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In 1900, President William McKinley appointed Taft Governor-General of the Philippines. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Taft Secretary of War in an effort to groom Taft, then his close political ally, into his handpicked presidential successor. Taft assumed a prominent role in problem solving, assuming on some occasions the role of acting Secretary of State, while declining repeated offers from Roosevelt to serve on the Supreme Court.
Riding a wave of popular support for fellow Republican Roosevelt, Taft won an easy victory in his 1908 bid for the presidency.
wn.com/William_Howard_Taft -
William L. Dayton
William Lewis Dayton (February 17, 1807 – December 1, 1864) was an American politician.
A distant relation of U.S. House Speaker and U.S. Constitution signatory Jonathan Dayton, he was born in Basking Ridge, New Jersey to farmer Joel Dayton and his wife. He graduated from College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1825 and worked as a lawyer in Freehold.
In 1837, he was elected to the New Jersey Legislative Council, then became an associate judge of the New Jersey Supreme Court the following year. Following the death of U.S. Senator Samuel L. Southard he was appointed to the United States Senate starting July 2, 1842 and was re-elected by the New Jersey Legislature as a Whig in 1845, but lost in 1851, ending his service on March 4.
In 1856, he was selected by the nascent Republican Party as their first nominee for Vice President of the United States over Abraham Lincoln at the Philadelphia Convention. He and his running mate, John C. Fremont, lost to the Democratic ticket of James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge. Afterwards, he served as New Jersey Attorney General until 1861, when President Lincoln appointed him Minister to France, serving in that role from 1861–1864 throughout most of the American Civil War. There, Dayton successfully lobbied the government of Napoleon III not to recognize the independence of the Confederacy or allow it the use of French ports. Dayton died in Paris in 1864 while serving in that capacity. He was buried in Riverview Cemetery, Trenton, New Jersey.
wn.com/William_L._Dayton -
William M. Butler
William Morgan Butler (January 29, 1861 – March 29, 1937) was a lawyer and legislator for the State of Massachusetts, and a United States Senator.
Butler was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts where he attended the public school and studied law. He was admitted to the State bar in 1883. After graduating from the law department of Boston University in 1884, he practiced law in New Bedford until 1895. He was a member of the State house of representatives from 1890 to 1891, and a member of the State senate from 1892 to 1895, serving as its president in 1894 and 1895.
Butler moved to Boston in 1895, and continued the practice of law until 1912, when he engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods. He was a member of the commission to revise the statutes of Massachusetts from 1896 to 1900, and was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1924 to 1928.
On November 13, 1924, Butler was appointed as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry Cabot Lodge, and served from November 13, 1924, to December 6, 1926, when a successor was elected. His bid for election to fill the vacancy was unsuccessful.
wn.com/William_M._Butler -
William McKinley
William McKinley Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his death. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals. McKinley's administration ended with his assassination in September 1901, but his presidency began a period of over a third of a century dominated by the Republican Party.
McKinley served in the Civil War and rose from private to brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton. In 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Party's expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial; controversy over it, together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymanderinging him out of office, led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890. He was elected Ohio's governor in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896, amid a deep economic depression. He defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan, after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated "sound money" (the gold standard unless altered by international agreement) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity.
wn.com/William_McKinley -
William Medill
William Medill (1802 or 1803 - September 2, 1865) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as the 22nd Governor of Ohio.
Born in New Castle County, Delaware, Medill was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, where he served from 1835–1838, serving as Speaker of the House from 1836-1837. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1838, serving from 1839-1843. He lost a bid for a third term in 1842. After briefly serving as the second assistant postmaster general, Medill was appointed by President Polk as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He returned to Ohio in 1850 to serve as the President of the 1850-1851 Constitutional Convention. Elected to the new post of Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1851, Medill entered office in 1852, serving until the resignation of Governor Reuben Wood on July 13, 1853 to take up a Consular office in Chile. Medill was re-elected in his own right in 1853, but was defeated in a bid for a second full term in 1855 by the anti-slavery Salmon P. Chase. He was First Comptroller of the United States Treasury 1857-1861.
wn.com/William_Medill -
William R. Wilcox
William R. Willcox was an American politician from New York who served as the Postmaster of New York City. Some sources spell his name as "Wilcox," but the proper spelling is "Willcox."
Willcox served as chairman of the Republican National Committee 1916-1918. He encouraged Republican congressmen during votes for the 19th Amendment
Willcox resigned after being appointed to the Railroad Wage Commission, also known as the U.S. Railroad Commission. Others appointed by the Woodrow Wilson administration were U.S. Secretary of the Interior Franklin Lane, Charles C. McChord of the Interstate Commerce Commission and D.C. chief justice J. Harry Covington. The commission investigated railroad wages in the country in relation to the wages of the different classes of railroad labor.
wn.com/William_R._Wilcox -
William S. Groesbeck
William Slocum Groesbeck (July 24, 1815 – July 7, 1897) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Kinderhook, New York, Groesbeck moved with his parents to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1816. His parents were John H. Groesbeck and Mary Slocum Groesbeck. The Groesbeck family was originally from Amsterdam. He attended the common schools and Augusta College (Kentucky). He was graduated from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1835 and was responsible for founding the Miami University chapter of Alpha Delta Phi, the first fraternity chapter west of the Allegheny Mountains. He studied law and was a law clerk in the office of Salmon P. Chase. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and commenced practice in Cincinnati, Ohio. He served as member of the State constitutional convention in 1851. He served as commissioner to codify the laws of Ohio in 1852.
Groesbeck was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1857-March 3, 1859). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1858 to the Thirty-sixth Congress. He served as member of the Peace Convention of 1861 held in Washington, D.C., in an effort to devise means to prevent the impending war. He served in the State senate 1862-1864. He served as delegate to the Union National Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. He was one of President Andrew Johnson's counsel in his impeachment trial in 1868. In 1872 he was nominated for president of the United States by Liberal Republicans who were displeased with Horace Greeley, but his ticket was forgotten during the excitement of the campaign, at the end of which he received one electoral vote for vice-president. He served as delegate to the International Monetary Conference in Paris, France, in 1878. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 7, 1897. He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery.
wn.com/William_S._Groesbeck -
William V. Marquis
William Vance Marquis (May 1, 1828 – December 17, 1899) was an American politician who served as the 22nd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1890 to 1892.
Marquis was born at Mt. Vernon, Ohio May 1, 1828. He was moved to Bellefontaine, Ohio at age five. He was in merchandising. He worked at his father's store until it closed in 1848. He was named postmaster of Bellefontaine in 1853 by President Pierce, serving until 1861. 1862-1870 he was in partnership as a hardware merchant, and continued alone after that. Along with William Lawrence, he organized the Bellefontaine National Bank in 1871.
Marquis was a delegate to the 1876 Democratic National Convention, (St. Louis). He was nominated in 1878 for the 4th Congressional District, but lost to J. Warren Keifer. In the 1889 election for Lieutenant Governor, Republican Elbert L. Lampson defeated Democrat Marquis by a margin of 375,090 to 375, 068. Lampson was unseated after serving eighteen days, when the Democratic Ohio State Senate seated Marquis in his place.
wn.com/William_V._Marquis -
Wilson Shannon
Wilson Shannon (February 24, 1802 - August 30, 1877) was a Democratic politician from Ohio and Kansas. He served as the 14th and 16th Governor of Ohio, and was the first governor of Ohio born in the state. Shannon was the second governor of Kansas Territory.
Shannon was born in Belmont County, Ohio, the son of an Irish immigrant, George Shannon, who fought in the Revolutionary War. Wilson Shannon's elder brother, Thomas Shannon, served a partial term in the United States House of Representatives from 1826-1827. His oldest brother, George Shannon, was the youngest member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
After attending Ohio University and Transylvania University, Shannon was admitted to the bar and began practicing law in 1830. He ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1832, losing by only 37 votes. Shannon then served as a prosecutor in Belmont County before winning election to the governorship in 1838. He lost a re-election bid to the Whig candidate, Thomas Corwin in 1840, but defeated Corwin for a second term two years later. Shannon resigned on April 15, 1844 to take up an appointment from President John Tyler as Minister to Mexico.
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Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. Running against Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party candidate Theodore Roosevelt and Republican candidate William Howard Taft, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
In his first term as President, Wilson persuaded a Democratic Congress to pass major progressive reforms. Historian John M. Cooper argues that, in his first term, Wilson successfully pushed a legislative agenda that few presidents have equaled, and remained unmatched up until the New Deal. This agenda included the Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Federal Farm Loan Act and an income tax. Child labor was curtailed by the Keating–Owen Act of 1916, but the U.S. Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1918. He also had Congress pass the Adamson Act, which imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads. Wilson, after first sidestepping the issue, became a major advocate for the women's suffrage.
wn.com/Woodrow_Wilson -
Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States (1849–1850) and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass. He was a planter and slaveholder based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Known as "Old Rough and Ready," Taylor had a 40-year military career in the United States Army, serving in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, and the Second Seminole War. He achieved fame leading American troops to victory in the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Monterrey during the Mexican–American War.
As president, Taylor angered many Southerners by taking a moderate stance on the issue of slavery. He urged settlers in New Mexico and California to bypass the territorial stage and draft constitutions for statehood, setting the stage for the Compromise of 1850.
Taylor died July 9, 1850, 16 months after his inauguration; the third-shortest tenure of any President. He is thought to have died of gastroenteritis. President Taylor was succeeded by his Vice President, Millard Fillmore.
wn.com/Zachary_Taylor
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HIS 202 19. President Rutherford B. Hayes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:46
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/HIS_202_19_President_Rutherford_B_Hayes
Presidential Minute With Rutherford B. Hayes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Minute long video highlighting the life of America's 19th President Rutherford B. Hayes. This video is being offered as a sneak peek into our "Presidential Minute" collection available June 2011 exclusively at FreedomProject.com Special thanks to voice talent Frank Montenegro.
http://wn.com/Presidential_Minute_With_Rutherford_B_Hayes
Minute long video highlighting the life of America's 19th President Rutherford B. Hayes. This video is being offered as a sneak peek into our "Presidential Minute" collection available June 2011 exclusively at FreedomProject.com Special thanks to voice talent Frank Montenegro.
- published: 19 May 2011
- views: 1052
- author: FreedomProjectDotCom
2011 D Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Dollar _ Museum Of Money
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
This is a 2011 D Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Dollar rotating slowly
http://wn.com/2011_D_Rutherford_B_Hayes_Presidential_Dollar_Museum_Of_Money
This is a 2011 D Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Dollar rotating slowly
- published: 29 Nov 2012
- author: MuseumOfMoney
Rutherford b. Hayes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:28
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Yes.
http://wn.com/Rutherford_b_Hayes
Yes.
- published: 26 Nov 2012
- views: 10
- author: Mike Styles
Obama's Flat Earth Controversy: President Slings Mud at Rutherford B. Hayes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Obama accused Rutherford B. Hayes of terrible crimes against technology, but hear how the President got his facts wrong. Hear about this story, plus the latest on the economy, gas and oil, cigarettes, leopard frogs and more.
http://wn.com/Obama's_Flat_Earth_Controversy_President_Slings_Mud_at_Rutherford_B_Hayes
Obama accused Rutherford B. Hayes of terrible crimes against technology, but hear how the President got his facts wrong. Hear about this story, plus the latest on the economy, gas and oil, cigarettes, leopard frogs and more.
- published: 16 Mar 2012
- views: 2713
- author: Pajamasmedia
The Presidents: Number 19: Rutherford B. Hayes- Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:10
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes- Part 1
http://wn.com/The_Presidents_Number_19_Rutherford_B_Hayes_Part_1
Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes- Part 1
- published: 21 Jun 2011
- views: 2262
- author: RandyOnlineGaming
19th President: Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:06
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Today I talk about Honest Hayes, the successor of the scandalous Ulysses Grant and the first advocate of civil service reform! =D Links for Hayes: en.wikipedia.org www.whitehouse.gov www.rbhayes.org en.wikipedia.org Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Tumblr: www.tumblr.com Category:
http://wn.com/19th_President_Rutherford_B_Hayes_1877-1881
Today I talk about Honest Hayes, the successor of the scandalous Ulysses Grant and the first advocate of civil service reform! =D Links for Hayes: en.wikipedia.org www.whitehouse.gov www.rbhayes.org en.wikipedia.org Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Tumblr: www.tumblr.com Category:
- published: 13 May 2012
- views: 306
- author: Evanibble
Obama Disrespects Rutherford B. Hayes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
In a recent campaign speech focusing on energy and forward thinking, Obama distances himself from his predecessor Rutherford B. Hayes and states an urban legend Hayes is accredited with as fact. This president will say anything to push his agenda and to show himself as the one with all the answers.
http://wn.com/Obama_Disrespects_Rutherford_B_Hayes
In a recent campaign speech focusing on energy and forward thinking, Obama distances himself from his predecessor Rutherford B. Hayes and states an urban legend Hayes is accredited with as fact. This president will say anything to push his agenda and to show himself as the one with all the answers.
- published: 17 Mar 2012
- views: 567
- author: DidNotVote4Him
Rutherford B Hayes: Drug Kingpin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
This is our submission for Badass Digest's Filmmaking Frenzy: Commander in Chief contest. This trailer stars Scott VanLandingham, Omar Chavez, Crystal Snz, and Ava Garcia. It was directed by Bobby Merkle. Sound design and score by Travis Bowers.
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Drug_Kingpin
This is our submission for Badass Digest's Filmmaking Frenzy: Commander in Chief contest. This trailer stars Scott VanLandingham, Omar Chavez, Crystal Snz, and Ava Garcia. It was directed by Bobby Merkle. Sound design and score by Travis Bowers.
- published: 16 Jun 2012
- views: 698
- author: QuietMan1965
president rutherford b hayes's grave
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:18
- Updated: 11 Nov 2011
a video of president hayes, his wife, one of his sons and his sons wife's grave sites. His son and his son's wife is in a smaller tomb behind his mom and dad.he was the 19th us president
http://wn.com/president_rutherford_b_hayes's_grave
a video of president hayes, his wife, one of his sons and his sons wife's grave sites. His son and his son's wife is in a smaller tomb behind his mom and dad.he was the 19th us president
- published: 11 Nov 2011
- views: 115
- author: stars1976
Rutherford B. Hayes Rap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Perhaps the greatest president, or maybe the greatest president... you decide.
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Rap
Perhaps the greatest president, or maybe the greatest president... you decide.
- published: 03 Oct 2008
- views: 1896
- author: MrShoestore
Silver was inflationary compared to gold, just ask President Rutherford B. Hayes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
President Rutherford B. Hayes addressed Congress on December 3, 1877 and warned against trashing the national credit by paying back bondholders who lent dollars to the US government in silver coin, when the only dollar at the time the money was lent was a gold dollar. What would he say today about paying back debt denominated in paper in more paper that is worth even less than the original paper? Would he be surprised that, despite a policy of ripping off creditors and savers, the interest rate paid by the United States government on its long-term debt is under 4%? This story points out that, about 140 years later, President Hayes still looks correct about his warning that payment of debt denominated in gold dollars in silver dollars screws the lender. We can see that as of July 4, 2012, a gold dollar from 1877 has about 3.6 times the buying power of a silver dollar from 1877. Of course a paper greenback from the same time is worth less than either. Rutherford would be pissed. Finally, this story might demonstrate part of the problem with a bimetallic standard of money, where both a fixed amount of gold and a fixed amount of silver get assigned (by fiat !) the same dollar denomination on currency. Our current government has solved this problem by making sure all the currency issued is worthless. We still haven't got a handle on exactly what interests different people had in a bimetallic standard versus a gold standard. Western states with silver miners, and farmers ...
http://wn.com/Silver_was_inflationary_compared_to_gold,_just_ask_President_Rutherford_B_Hayes
President Rutherford B. Hayes addressed Congress on December 3, 1877 and warned against trashing the national credit by paying back bondholders who lent dollars to the US government in silver coin, when the only dollar at the time the money was lent was a gold dollar. What would he say today about paying back debt denominated in paper in more paper that is worth even less than the original paper? Would he be surprised that, despite a policy of ripping off creditors and savers, the interest rate paid by the United States government on its long-term debt is under 4%? This story points out that, about 140 years later, President Hayes still looks correct about his warning that payment of debt denominated in gold dollars in silver dollars screws the lender. We can see that as of July 4, 2012, a gold dollar from 1877 has about 3.6 times the buying power of a silver dollar from 1877. Of course a paper greenback from the same time is worth less than either. Rutherford would be pissed. Finally, this story might demonstrate part of the problem with a bimetallic standard of money, where both a fixed amount of gold and a fixed amount of silver get assigned (by fiat !) the same dollar denomination on currency. Our current government has solved this problem by making sure all the currency issued is worthless. We still haven't got a handle on exactly what interests different people had in a bimetallic standard versus a gold standard. Western states with silver miners, and farmers ...
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 1024
- author: Bi Metalism
Rutherford B. Hayes (Delaware Hayes) 1992 Graduation (Part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:18
- Updated: 15 Aug 2012
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Delaware_Hayes_1992_Graduation_Part_1
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 38
- author: Frank Rease
Great Plains - Rutherford B. Hayes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Track 4 from Born in a Barn
http://wn.com/Great_Plains_Rutherford_B_Hayes
Track 4 from Born in a Barn
- published: 17 Aug 2012
- views: 59
- author: Vysethelegend12
Rutherford B. Hayes (Delaware Hayes) 1992 Graduation (Part 3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Delaware_Hayes_1992_Graduation_Part_3
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 22
- author: Frank Rease
Rutherford B. Hayes (Delaware Hayes) 1992 Graduation (Part 4)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation (Part 3)
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Delaware_Hayes_1992_Graduation_Part_4
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation (Part 3)
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 21
- author: Frank Rease
Rutherford B. Hayes campaign coordinator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Up and coming actor Collin Lisa has his first big break.
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_campaign_coordinator
Up and coming actor Collin Lisa has his first big break.
- published: 26 Oct 2012
- views: 15
- author: Trevor Lisa
Rutherford B. Hayes (Delaware Hayes) 1992 Graduation (Part 5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:41
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Delaware_Hayes_1992_Graduation_Part_5
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 29
- author: Frank Rease
Rutherford B. Hayes (Delaware Hayes) 1992 Graduation (Part 6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:42
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Delaware_Hayes_1992_Graduation_Part_6
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 27
- author: Frank Rease
Rutherford B. Hayes (Delaware Hayes) 1992 Graduation (Part 7)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:56
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Delaware_Hayes_1992_Graduation_Part_7
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 26
- author: Frank Rease
Rutherford B. Hayes (Delaware Hayes) 1992 Graduation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:25
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Delaware_Hayes_1992_Graduation
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 17
- author: Frank Rease
Rutherford B. Hayes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Collin Lisa at it again.
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes
Collin Lisa at it again.
- published: 26 Oct 2012
- views: 8
- author: Trevor Lisa
Rutherford B. Hayes (Delaware Hayes) 1992 Graduation (Part 8 - End)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes_Delaware_Hayes_1992_Graduation_Part_8_End
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware Hayes, 1992 Graduation
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 55
- author: Frank Rease
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
29 Nov 2012
Just before she leapt from her roof into the streets of Kabul, Farima thought of the wedding that would never happen and the man she would never marry. Her fiance would be pleased to see her die, she later recalled thinking. It would offer relief to them both. Farima, 17, had resisted her engagement to Zabiullah since it was ordained by her grandfather when she was 9 ... He ran outside. His daughter's torso was contorted ... Her skin was pallid....(size: 12.8Kb)
photo: AP / Sepahnews
27 Nov 2012
WASHINGTON -- The drone wars are here. While President Obama ponders new legal and moral guidelines to govern America's growing use of armed robot aircraft, the world outside the White House is engaged in a revolutionary frenzy of building, arming and flying killer drones ... More than 50 countries operate surveillance drones and, increasingly, are fitting them with weapons. The U.S ... spy drone was shot down last December ... On Oct ... 988 miles ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)
photo: UN / Jan Golinski
27 Nov 2012
Doha conference is warned that climate models do not yet take account of methane in thawing permafrost. Frozen ground in Siberia. Permafrost covers nearly a quarter of the northern hemisphere. Photograph. Francis Latreille/Corbis. The United Nations sounded a stark warning on the threat to the climate from methane in the thawing permafrost as governments met for the second day of climate change negotiations in Doha, Qatar ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
27 Nov 2012
M23 rebels controlling the eastern city of Goma in the DR Congo have said they are not about to withdraw as demanded by regional leaders. The rebels said on Tuesday there were still in charge of Goma, just hours after General Aronda Nyakairima, the head of the Ugandan military, was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying that their leader, Sultani Makenga, had told him he would pull out of Goma and Sake ... 276 Source. ... Share ... News ... ;">....(size: 17.7Kb)
photo: UN / Rick Bajornas
28 Nov 2012
By Victor Kotsev. Thursday is shaping up as a big day in Palestinian history. Exactly 65 years after the United Nations resolution partitioning British Mandatory Palestine was adopted (and rejected at the time by the Arabs), the General Assembly will vote on Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas's proposal for non-member state status for Palestine within the borders of the period between the 1948 and the 1967 wars ... Â. Palestinian horizon....(size: 16.8Kb)
photo: Public Domain / Happyme22
29 Nov 2012
Former President George H.W. Bush is being held at Houston's Methodist Hospital on Thursday after undergoing treatment for bronchitis, CNN and the Houston Chronicle report. The 88-year-old Bush has reportedly been suffering from persistent respiratory issues and was checked in to the hospital on the day after Thanksgiving ... George W ... Rutherford B. Hayes (1877). The public inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes takes place in front of the U.S ... ....(size: 8.6Kb)
Huffington Post
29 Nov 2012
President Barack Obama will be sworn in for his second term on Monday, Jan. 21 in an inauguration ceremony centered around the theme of "Faith in America's Future," members of the Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies announced on Thursday ... Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), chairman of the committee, said in the release ... Earlier on HuffPost ... U.S ... Rutherford B. Hayes (1877). The public inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes takes place in front of the U.S ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
29 Nov 2012
One of the Tiffany windows in Huntington Chapel Also in Opinion. Subscribe to The Dispatch. Sign up for home delivery of The Columbus Dispatch and find out What's In It for You. . Already a subscriber?. Enroll in EZPay and get a free gift! . . Joe Blundo . Dispatch. One of the Tiffany windows in Huntington Chapel ... Rutherford Hayes Platt, nephew of the president, headed the cemetery board of trustees ... . . . ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
Tulsa World
25 Nov 2012
When I first read about the bakers' union strike against Hostess Brands, and the company's threat to close all of its bakeries nationwide, I thought I might write a light-hearted column urging President Obama to step in and use his authority under the Taft-Hartley Act to stop the strike in the national interest ... Rutherford B. Hayes, in 1873, quelled a strike against the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in West Virginia ... By David Averill 918- ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
21 Nov 2012
As morose conservatives search for silver linings in the cloud of gloom that descended upon us Nov ... But President Barack Obama won a landslide in the Electoral College, 332-206 ... Tilden won 51 percent of the popular vote, but lost by a single vote in the Electoral College to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes when -- in a deal to end Reconstruction -- all the disputed votes of South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana were awarded to Hayes ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
20 Nov 2012
Rutherford B. Hayes — Paraguay ... The country is littered with Hayes memorials — from statues to schools to streets named in his honor. There's even a city in Paraguay called Villa Hayes, which lies in the middle of a province called Presidente Hayes, which is roughly the size of South Carolina ... As you've probably guessed, Hayes decided in favor of Paraguay — and he's been a national hero ever since....(size: 6.7Kb)
Huffington Post
20 Nov 2012
Iowa Governor Terry Branstad (R) suggested the Iowa Straw Poll, a 33-year-old Republican ritual, is no longer a useful part of the GOP presidential primary race. “I think the straw poll has outlived its usefulness,” Branstad said, according to the Wall Street Journal ... In 2011, Rep ... “You saw what happened the last time," Branstad said ... Rutherford B. Hayes (1877). The public inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes takes place in front of the U.S....(size: 9.9Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
19 Nov 2012
Young, creative, entrepreneur Josh McFadden to open innovative wine bar, restaurant, store and gallery in the heart of California’s Central Coast wine region. San Luis Obispo, California (PRWEB) November 19, 2012. Josh McFadden, the 31 yr ... The self-taught entrepreneur has spent over ten years mastering the ins and outs of the wine industry ... He’s been there! ... Turncoat Wine Co ... ft ... an interpretation-gasm.” ... Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A....(size: 4.8Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
18 Nov 2012
Also in Opinion. Subscribe to The Dispatch. Sign up for home delivery of The Columbus Dispatch and find out What's In It for You. . Already a subscriber?. Enroll in EZPay and get a free gift! . . Democracy is merciless. Ohio has just gotten through one election. But 2014’s election already looms, when Republican Gov ... That, at least, is always the plan ... Gov ... Rutherford B. Hayes “won” the presidency — the decision was rigged — in 1876 ... ....(size: 6.6Kb)
The Examiner
18 Nov 2012
Related topics. African American historyCleveland Ohio. Advertisement ... A few findings from the resources below have been highlighted. Select a collection and study its holdings to learn more. A slave named Lewis. Ohio History Central. African Americans ... He was defended by the future President Rutherford. B. Hayes, but to prevent being found guilty of escaping, Lewis took measures into his own hands. "Lest We Forget" ... Community leaders ... Tweet ... ....(size: 8.6Kb)
Huffington Post
14 Nov 2012
WASHINGTON (AP) — Obama says he won't extend current tax rates for wealthiest taxpayers, wants to see them rise. Also on HuffPost. Loading Slideshow. Barack Obama (2009). Barack Obama delivers his inaugural address after being sworn in as 44th U.S. president at the Capitol in Washington on January 20, 2009. George W. Bush (2005). U.S ... U.S ... Rutherford B. Hayes (1877). The public inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes takes place in front of the U.S ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)
The Miami Herald
14 Nov 2012
Will the 2012 election be Rick Scottâs Waterloo?. Florida is quickly becoming known primarily for screwing up elections â from the Rutherford B. Hayes debacle in 1876 to the 2000 recount, to the 2012 race. Its conduct, including vote-counting that dragged on well past Nov. 6, can only be judged a failure. There is plenty of blame to go around ... Scott. That saw Florida brushed back by the U.S ... Meanwhile, Floridaâs petty potentate, Gov ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
Bloomberg
14 Nov 2012
The “fiscal cliff,” a combination of tax increases and severe spending cuts scheduled to kick in next year, is a product of multiple deceptions. Both the expiration date on the Bush-era tax cuts and the trillion-dollar “sequesters” that were enacted as part of last year’s debt- ceiling deal were designed to cover up an overarching problem. the country’s out-of-control debt. The U.S ... Andrew Johnson, Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes ... history ... ....(size: 5.9Kb)
| Rutherford B. Hayes | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 19th President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881 |
|
| Vice President | William Wheeler |
| Preceded by | Ulysses Grant |
| Succeeded by | James Garfield |
| 29th and 32nd Governor of Ohio | |
| In office January 10, 1876 – March 2, 1877 |
|
| Lieutenant | Thomas Young |
| Preceded by | William Allen |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Young |
| In office January 13, 1868 – January 8, 1872 |
|
| Lieutenant | John Lee |
| Preceded by | Jacob Cox |
| Succeeded by | Edward Noyes |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 2nd district |
|
| In office March 4, 1865 – July 20, 1867 |
|
| Preceded by | Alexander Long |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Cary |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1822-10-04)October 4, 1822 Delaware, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | January 17, 1893(1893-01-17) (aged 70) Fremont, Ohio, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican (1854–1893) |
| Other political affiliations |
Whig (Before 1854) |
| Spouse(s) | Lucy Webb |
| Children | Birchard, Webb, Rutherford, Joseph, George, Fanny, Scott, Manning |
| Alma mater | |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Methodism |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | |
| Service/branch | |
| Years of service | 1861–1865 |
| Rank | Brevet major general |
| Unit | |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–1881). As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution. Hayes was a reformer who began the efforts that led to civil service reform and attempted, unsuccessfully, to reconcile the divisions that had led to the American Civil War fifteen years earlier.
Born in Delaware, Ohio, Hayes practiced law in Lower Sandusky (now Fremont) and was city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, Hayes left a successful political career to join the Union Army. Wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain, he earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of major general. After the war, he served in the U.S. Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican. Hayes left Congress to run for Governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms, serving from 1867 to 1871. After his second term had ended, he resumed the practice of law for a time, but returned to politics in 1875 to serve a third term as governor.
In 1876, Hayes was elected president in one of the most contentious and hotly disputed elections in American history. Although he lost the popular vote to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, Hayes won the presidency by the narrowest of margins after a Congressional commission awarded him twenty disputed electoral votes. The result was the Compromise of 1877, in which the Democrats acquiesced to Hayes's election and Hayes accepted the end of military occupation of the South.
Hayes believed in meritocratic government, equal treatment without regard to race, and improvement through education. He ordered federal troops to quell the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and ordered them out of Southern capitals as Reconstruction ended. He implemented modest civil service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. Hayes kept his pledge not to run for re-election. He retired to his home in Ohio and became an advocate of social and educational reform.
Contents |
Family and early life[link]
Childhood and family history[link]
Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, on October 4, 1822, the son of Rutherford Hayes and Sophia Birchard. Hayes's father, a Vermont storekeeper, took the family to Ohio in 1817 but died ten weeks before his son's birth. Sophia took charge of the family, bringing up Hayes and his sister, Fanny, the only two of her four children to survive to adulthood.[1] She never remarried.[2] Sophia's younger brother, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family for a time.[3] Always close to Hayes, Sardis Birchard became a father figure to him, contributing to his early education.[4]
Through both his father and mother, Hayes was of New England colonial ancestry.[5] His earliest American ancestor emigrated to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625.[6] Hayes's great-grandfather, Ezekiel Hayes, was a militia captain in Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War, but Ezekiel's son (Hayes's grandfather, also named Rutherford) left his New Haven home during the war for the relative peace of Vermont.[7] His mother's ancestors arrived in Vermont at a similar time, and most of his close relatives outside Ohio continued to live there. John Noyes, an uncle by marriage, had been his father's business partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress.[8] His first cousin, Mary Jane Noyes Mead, was the mother of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead and architect William Rutherford Mead.[8] John Humphrey Noyes, the founder of the Oneida Community, was also a first cousin.[9]
Education and early law career[link]
Hayes attended the common schools in Delaware, Ohio, and enrolled in 1836 at the Methodist Norwalk Seminary in Norwalk, Ohio.[10] He did well at Norwalk, and the following year transferred to a preparatory school in Middletown, Connecticut, where he studied Latin and Ancient Greek.[11] Returning to Ohio, Hayes entered Kenyon College in Gambier in 1838.[12] He enjoyed his time at Kenyon, and was successful scholastically;[13] while there, he joined several student societies and became interested in Whig politics.[14] He graduated with highest honors in 1842 and addressed the class as its valedictorian.[15]
After briefly reading law in Columbus, Ohio, Hayes moved east once more to attend Harvard Law School in 1843.[16] Graduating with an LL.B, he was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1845 and opened his own law office in Lower Sandusky (now Fremont).[17] Business was slow at first, but he gradually attracted a few clients and also represented his uncle Sardis in real estate litigation.[18] In 1847, Hayes became ill with what his doctor thought to be tuberculosis. Thinking a change in climate would help, he considered enlisting in the Mexican–American War, but on his doctor's advice he instead visited family in New England.[19] Returning from there, Hayes and his uncle Sardis made another long journey to Texas, where Hayes visited with Guy M. Bryan, a Kenyon classmate and distant relative.[20] Business remained meager on his return to Lower Sandusky, and Hayes decided to move to Cincinnati.[21]
Cincinnati law practice and marriage[link]
Hayes moved to Cincinnati in 1850, and opened a law office with John W. Herron, a lawyer from Chillicothe.[22][a] Later, Herron joined a more established firm and Hayes formed a new partnership with William K. Rogers and Richard M. Corwine.[24] Hayes found business better in Cincinnati, and enjoyed the social attractions of the larger city, joining the Cincinnati Literary Society and the Odd Fellows Club.[25] He also attended the Episcopal Church in Cincinnati but did not become a member.[25] Hayes courted his future wife, Lucy Webb, during his time there.[26] His mother had encouraged him to get to know Lucy years earlier, but Hayes had believed she was too young and focused his attention on other women.[27] Four years later, Hayes began to spend more time with Lucy. They became engaged in 1851 and married on December 30, 1852, at the house of Lucy's mother.[26] Over the next five years, Lucy gave birth to three sons: Birchard Austin (1853), Webb Cook (1856), and Rutherford Platt (1858).[24] Lucy, a Methodist, teetotaler, and abolitionist, influenced her husband's views on those issues, although he never formally joined her church.[28]
Hayes had begun his law practice dealing primarily with commercial cases but won greater prominence in Cincinnati as a criminal defense attorney,[29] defending several people accused of murder.[30] In one, he used a form of the insanity defense that saved the accused from the gallows, confining her instead to a mental institution.[31] Hayes found his services requested to defend escaped slaves accused under the recently passed Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.[32] As Cincinnati was just across the Ohio River from Kentucky, a slave state, many such cases were tried in its courts. A staunch abolitionist, Hayes found his work on behalf of fugitive slaves personally gratifying as well as politically useful, as it raised his profile in the newly formed Republican party.[33] His political reputation rose with his professional plaudits. Hayes declined the Republican nomination for a judgeship in 1856.[34] Two years later, some Republicans proposed Hayes to fill a vacancy on the bench and he considered accepting the appointment until the office of city solicitor also became vacant.[35] The city council elected Hayes to fill the vacancy, and he won a full two-year term from the voters in April 1859 with a larger majority than other Republicans on the ticket.[36]
Civil War[link]
West Virginia and South Mountain[link]
As the Southern states began to secede after Lincoln's election to the Presidency in 1860, Hayes was lukewarm on the idea of a civil war to restore the Union. Considering that the two sides might be irreconcilable, he suggested that the Union "[l]et them go."[37] Although Ohio had voted for Lincoln in 1860, the Cincinnati voters turned against the Republican party after secession, and the Democrats and Know-Nothings combined to sweep the city elections in April 1861, ejecting Hayes from the city solicitor's office.[38] Hayes formed a new law partnership with Leopold Markbreit and returned to private practice.[38] After the Confederates had fired on Fort Sumter, Hayes resolved his doubts and joined a volunteer company composed of his Literary Society friends.[39] That June, Governor William Dennison appointed several of the officers of the volunteer company to positions in the 23rd Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Hayes was promoted to major, and his friend and college classmate Stanley Matthews was appointed lieutenant colonel;[40] also joining the regiment as a private was another future president, William McKinley.[40]
After a month of training, Hayes and the 23rd Ohio set out for western Virginia in July 1861 as a part of the Kanawha Division.[41] They passed the next few months out of contact with the enemy until September, when the regiment encountered Confederates at Carnifex Ferry in present-day West Virginia and drove them back.[42] In November, Hayes was promoted to lieutenant colonel (Matthews having been promoted to colonel of another regiment) and led his troops deeper into western Virginia, where they entered winter quarters.[43] The division resumed its advance the following spring, and Hayes led several raids against the rebel forces, on one of which he sustained a minor injury to his knee.[44] That September, Hayes's regiment was called east to reinforce General John Pope's Army of Virginia at the Second Battle of Bull Run.[45] Although Hayes and his troops did not arrive in time for the battle, they joined the Army of the Potomac as it hurried north to cut off Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, which was advancing into Maryland.[45] Marching north, the 23rd was the lead regiment encountering the Confederates at the Battle of South Mountain on September 14.[46] Hayes led a charge against an entrenched position and was shot through his left arm, fracturing the bone.[47] The regiment continued on to Antietam, but Hayes was out of action for the rest of the campaign.[48] In October, he was promoted to colonel and assigned to command of the first brigade of the Kanawha Division as a brevet brigadier general.[49]
Army of the Shenandoah[link]
The division spent the following winter and spring near Charleston, Virginia (present-day West Virginia), out of contact with the enemy.[50] Hayes saw little action until July 1863, when the division skirmished with John Hunt Morgan's cavalry at the Battle of Buffington Island.[51] Returning to Charleston for the rest of the summer, Hayes spent the fall encouraging the men of the 23rd Ohio to re-enlist, and many did so.[52] In 1864, the Army command structure in West Virginia was reorganized, and Hayes's division was assigned to George Crook's Army of West Virginia.[52] Advancing into southwestern Virginia, they destroyed Confederate salt and lead mines there.[53] On May 9, they engaged Confederate troops at Cloyd's Mountain, where Hayes and his men charged the enemy entrenchments and drove the rebels from the field.[53] Following the rout, the Union forces destroyed Confederate supplies and skirmished with the enemy again successfully.[53]
Hayes and his brigade moved to the Shenandoah Valley for the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Crook's corps was attached to Major General David Hunter's Army of the Shenandoah and soon back in contact with Confederate forces, capturing Lexington, Virginia on June 11.[54] They continued south toward Lynchburg, tearing up railroad track as they advanced.[54] Hunter believed the troops at Lynchburg were too powerful, however, and Hayes and his brigade returned to West Virginia.[54] Hayes thought that Hunter lacked aggression, writing in a letter home that "General Crook would have taken Lynchburg."[54] Before the army could make another attempt, Confederate General Jubal Early's raid into Maryland forced their recall to the north. Early's army surprised them at Kernstown on July 24, where Hayes was slightly wounded by a bullet to the shoulder.[55] Hayes also had a horse shot out from under him, and the army was defeated.[55] Retreating into Maryland, the army was reorganized again, with Major General Philip Sheridan replacing Hunter.[56] By August, Early was retreating down the valley, with Sheridan in pursuit. Hayes's troops fended off a Confederate assault at Berryville and advanced to Opequon Creek, where they broke the enemy lines and pursued them farther south.[57] They followed up the victory with another at Fisher's Hill on September 22, and one more at Cedar Creek on October 19.[58] At Cedar Creek, Hayes sprained his ankle after being thrown from a horse and was struck in the head by a spent round, which did not cause serious damage.[58] Hayes's conduct drew the attention of his superiors, with Ulysses S. Grant later writing of Hayes that "[h]is conduct on the field was marked by conspicuous gallantry as well as the display of qualities of a higher order than that of mere personal daring."[59]
Cedar Creek marked the end of the campaign. Hayes was promoted to brigadier general in October 1864 and brevetted major general.[60] Around this time, Hayes learned of the birth of another son, George Crook Hayes. The army went into winter quarters once more, and in spring 1865 the war quickly came to a close with Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox. Hayes visited Washington, D.C. that May and observed the Grand Review of the Armies, after which he and the 23rd Ohio returned to their home state to be mustered out of the service.[61]
Post-war politics[link]
Congressman[link]
While serving in the Army of the Shenandoah in 1864, Hayes received the Republican nomination to the House of Representatives from Ohio's 2nd congressional district.[62] Asked by friends in Cincinnati to leave the army to campaign, Hayes refused, saying that an "officer fit for duty who at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought to be scalped."[62] Instead, Hayes wrote several letters to the voters explaining his political positions and was elected by a 2,400-vote majority over the incumbent Democrat, Alexander Long.[62]
When the 39th Congress assembled in December 1865, Hayes was sworn in as a part of a large Republican majority. Hayes identified with the moderate wing of the party, but was willing to vote with the radicals for the sake of party unity.[63] The major legislative effort of the Congress was the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, for which Hayes voted and which passed both houses of Congress in June 1866.[64] Hayes's beliefs were in line with his fellow Republicans on Reconstruction issues: that the South should be restored to the Union, but not without adequate protections for freedmen and other black southerners.[65] President Andrew Johnson, to the contrary, wanted to readmit the seceded states quickly without first ensuring that they adopted laws protecting the newly freed slaves' civil rights and granted pardons to many of the leading former Confederates.[65] Hayes, along with congressional Republicans, disagreed. They worked to reject Johnson's vision of Reconstruction and to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866.[66] Re-elected in 1866, Hayes returned to the lame-duck session to vote for the Tenure of Office Act, which ensured that Johnson could not remove administration officials without the Senate's consent.[67] He also voted for a civil service reform bill that attracted the votes of many reform-minded Republicans, but did not pass.[68] Hayes continued to vote with the majority in the 40th Congress on the Reconstruction Acts, but resigned in July 1867 to campaign for governor.[69]
Governor of Ohio[link]
A popular Congressman and former soldier, Hayes was considered by Ohio Republicans to be an excellent standard-bearer for the 1867 election campaign.[70] Hayes's political views were more moderate than the Republican party's platform, although he agreed with the proposed amendment to the Ohio state constitution that would guarantee suffrage to black Ohioans.[70] Hayes's opponent, Allen G. Thurman, made the proposed amendment the centerpiece of the campaign, and both men campaigned vigorously, making speeches across the state, mostly focusing on the suffrage question.[70] The election was mostly a disappointment to Republicans, as the amendment failed to pass and Democrats gained a majority in the state legislature.[71] Hayes thought at first that he, too, had lost, but the final tally showed that he had won the election by 2,983 votes of 484,603 votes cast.[71]
As a Republican governor with a Democratic legislature, Hayes had a limited role in governing, especially since Ohio's governor had no veto power. Despite its restrictions, Hayes used his office to oversee the establishment of a school for deaf-mutes and a reform school for girls.[72] He also endorsed the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson and urged his conviction, which failed by one vote in the United States Senate.[73] Nominated for a second term in 1869, Hayes campaigned once more for equal rights for black Ohioans and sought to associate his Democratic opponent, George H. Pendleton with disunion and racism.[74] Hayes was re-elected with an increased majority, and the Republicans took the legislature, ensuring Ohio's ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed black suffrage.[74] With a Republican legislature, Hayes's second term was more enjoyable, and he was gratified to see suffrage expanded and a state Agricultural and Mechanical College (later to become Ohio State University) established.[75] He also proposed a reduction in state taxes and reform of the state prison system.[76] Choosing not to seek re-election, Hayes looked forward to retiring from politics in 1872.[77]
Private life and return to politics[link]
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As Hayes prepared to leave office, several delegations of reform-minded Republicans urged him to run against the incumbent Republican, John Sherman, for United States Senate.[77] Hayes declined the offers, preferring to preserve party unity and retire to private life.[77] Hayes especially looked forward to spending time with his children, two of whom (daughter Fanny and son Scott) had been born in the past five years.[78][b] Initially, Hayes tried to promote railway extensions to his hometown, Fremont, and spent the rest of his time managing some real estate he had acquired in Duluth, Minnesota.[80] Not entirely removed from politics, Hayes held out some hope of a cabinet appointment, but was disappointed to receive only an appointment as assistant U.S. treasurer at Cincinnati, which he turned down.[81] He also allowed himself to be nominated for his old House seat in 1872 but was not disappointed when he lost the election to Henry B. Banning, a fellow Kenyon College alumnus.[82] In 1873, Lucy gave birth to another son, Manning Force Hayes.[83][c] That same year, the Panic of 1873 hurt business prospects across the nation, including Hayes's. Sardis Birchard died that year and the Hayes family moved into Spiegel Grove, the grand house Birchard had built with them in mind.[85] Hayes hoped to remain out of politics in order to pay off the debts he had incurred during the Panic, but when the Republican state convention nominated him for governor in 1875, he accepted.[86] The campaign against Democratic nominee William Allen focused primarily on Protestant fears of the possibility of state aid to Catholic schools.[87] Hayes was against such funding and, while he was not known to be personally anti-Catholic, he allowed anti-Catholic fervor to contribute to the enthusiasm for his candidacy.[87] The campaign was a success, and Hayes was returned to the governorship by a 5,544-vote majority.[87]
Election of 1876[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1876
Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden[link]
Hayes's success in Ohio immediately elevated him to the top ranks of Republican politicians under consideration for the presidency in 1876.[88] The Ohio delegation to the 1876 Republican National Convention was united behind him, and Senator John Sherman did all in his power to bring Hayes the nomination.[89] In June 1876, the convention assembled with James G. Blaine of Maine as the favorite.[90] Blaine started with a significant lead in the delegate count but could not muster a majority. As he failed to gain votes, the delegates looked elsewhere for a nominee and settled on Hayes on the seventh ballot.[91] The convention then selected Representative William A. Wheeler of New York for Vice President, a man about whom Hayes had recently asked "I am ashamed to say: who is Wheeler?"[92]
The Democratic nominee was Samuel J. Tilden, the Governor of New York. Tilden was considered a formidable adversary who, like Hayes, had a reputation for honesty.[93] Also like Hayes, Tilden was a hard-money man and supported civil service reform.[93] The campaign, in accordance with the custom of the time, was conducted by surrogates, with Hayes and Tilden remaining in their respective home towns.[94] The poor economic conditions made the party in power unpopular and made Hayes suspect that he might lose the election.[95] Both candidates focused their attention on the swing states of New York and Indiana, as well as the three southern states—Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida—where Reconstruction governments still ruled.[96] The Republicans emphasized the danger of letting Democrats run the nation so soon after southern Democrats provoked the Civil War and, to a lesser extent, the danger a Democratic administration would pose to the recently won civil rights of southern blacks.[97] Democrats, for their part, trumpeted Tilden's record of reform and contrasted it with the corruption of the incumbent Grant administration.[98]
As the returns were tallied on election day, it was clear that the race was close: Democrats had carried most of the South, as well as New York, Indiana, Connecticut, and New Jersey.[99] The popular vote also favored Tilden, but Republicans realized that if they held the three unredeemed southern states together with some of the western states, they would emerge with an electoral college majority.[100]
Disputed electoral votes[link]
Main article: Electoral Commission (United States)
On November 10, three days after election day, Tilden appeared to have won 184 electoral votes: one short of a majority.[101] Hayes appeared to have 166 votes, with the 19 votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina still in doubt.[101] Because of fraud by both parties in the three disputed states, the results were uncertain, and Republicans and Democrats both claimed victories there.[102] To further complicate matters, one of the three electors from Oregon (a state Hayes had won) was disqualified, reducing Hayes's total to 165, and raising the disputed votes to 20. [103][d] If either candidate could claim the 20 disputed votes, he would be elected president.
There was considerable debate about which person or house of Congress was authorized to decide between the competing slates of electors, with the Republican Senate and the Democratic House each claiming priority.[105] By January 1877, with the question still unresolved, Congress and President Grant agreed to submit the matter to a bipartisan Electoral Commission, which would be authorized to determine the fate of the disputed electoral votes.[106] The Commission was to be made up of five representatives, five senators, and five Supreme Court justices.[107] To ensure partisan balance, there would be seven Democrats and seven Republicans, with Justice David Davis, an independent respected by both parties, as the fifteenth member.[107] The balance was upset when Democrats in the Illinois legislature elected Davis to the Senate, hoping to sway his vote.[108] Davis disappointed Democrats by refusing to serve on the Commission because of his election to the Senate.[108] As all of the remaining Justices were Republicans, Justice Joseph P. Bradley, believed to be the most independent-minded of them, was selected to take Davis's place on the Commission.[109] The Commission met in February and the eight Republicans voted to award all 20 electoral votes to Hayes.[110] Democrats were outraged by the result and attempted a filibuster to prevent Congress from accepting the Commission's findings.[111]
As the March 4 inauguration day neared, Republican and Democratic Congressional leaders met at Wormley's Hotel in Washington to negotiate a compromise. Republicans promised that, in exchange for Democratic acquiescence in the Committee's decision, Hayes would withdraw federal troops from the South and accept the election of Democratic governments in the last "unredeemed" states of the South.[112] The Democrats agreed, and on March 2, the filibuster was ended. Hayes was elected, but Reconstruction was finished.[113]
Presidency 1877–1881[link]
Inauguration[link]
Because March 4, 1877 fell on a Sunday, Hayes took the oath of office privately on Saturday, March 3, in the Red Room of the White House. He took the oath publicly on the following Monday on the East Portico of the United States Capitol.[114] In his inaugural address, Hayes attempted to soothe the passions of the past few months, saying that "he serves his party best who serves his country best".[115] He pledged to support "wise, honest, and peaceful local self-government" in the South, as well as reform of the civil service and a full return to the gold standard.[116] Despite his message of conciliation, many Democrats never considered Hayes's election legitimate and referred to him as "Rutherfraud" or "His Fraudulency" for the next four years.[117]
Civil rights and the end of Reconstruction[link]
Hayes had been a firm supporter of Republican Reconstruction policies throughout his political career, but the first major act of his presidency was an end to Reconstruction and the return of the South to home rule.[118] Even without the conditions of the Wormley's Hotel agreement, Hayes would have been hard-pressed to continue the policies of his predecessors. The House of Representatives in the 45th Congress was controlled by a Democratic majority that refused to appropriate enough funds for the army to continue to garrison the South.[119] Even among Republicans, devotion to continued military Reconstruction was fading.[120] Only two states were still under Reconstruction's sway when Hayes assumed the Presidency and, without troops to enforce the voting rights laws, these too soon fell.[121][e]
Hayes's later attempts to protect the rights of southern blacks were ineffective, as were his attempts to rebuild Republican strength in the South.[123] He did, however, defeat Congress's efforts to curtail federal power to monitor federal elections.[124] Democrats in Congress passed an army appropriation bill in 1879 with a rider that repealed the Force Acts.[124] Those Acts, passed during Reconstruction, made it a crime to prevent someone from voting because of his race. Hayes was determined to preserve the law protecting black voters, and he vetoed the appropriation.[124] The Democrats did not have enough votes to override the veto, but they passed a new bill with the same rider. Hayes vetoed this as well, and the process was repeated three times more.[124] Finally, Hayes signed an appropriation without the offensive rider, but Congress refused to pass another bill to fund federal marshals, who were vital to the enforcement of the Force Acts.[124] The election laws remained in effect, but the funds to enforce them were curtailed for the time being.[125]
Hayes next attempted to reconcile the social mores of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats. "My task was to wipe out the color line, to abolish sectionalism, to end the war and bring peace," he wrote in his diary. "To do this, I was ready to resort to unusual measures and to risk my own standing and reputation within my party and the country."[126] All of his efforts were in vain; Hayes failed to convince the South to accept the idea of racial equality and failed to convince Congress to appropriate funds to enforce the civil rights laws.[127]
Civil service reform[link]
Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments, which had been based on the spoils system since Andrew Jackson was president.[128] Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters, Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an examination that all applicants would take.[129] Immediately, Hayes's call for reform brought him into conflict with the Stalwart, or pro-spoils, branch of the Republican party. Senators of both parties were accustomed to being consulted about political appointments and turned against Hayes. Foremost among his enemies was New York Senator Roscoe Conkling, who fought Hayes's reform efforts at every turn.[130] To show his commitment to reform, Hayes appointed one of the best-known advocates of reform, Carl Schurz, to be Secretary of the Interior and asked Schurz and William M. Evarts, his Secretary of State, to lead a special cabinet committee charged with drawing up new rules for federal appointments.[131] John Sherman, the Treasury Secretary, ordered John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House, which was stacked with Conkling's spoilsmen.[129] Jay's report suggested that the New York Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointees that 20% of the employees were expendable.[132]
Although he could not convince Congress to outlaw the spoils system, Hayes issued an executive order that forbade federal office holders from being required to make campaign contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics.[132] Chester A. Arthur, the Collector of the Port of New York, and his subordinates Alonzo B. Cornell and George H. Sharpe, all Conkling supporters, refused to obey the president's order.[132] In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give. He submitted appointments of Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., L. Bradford Prince, and Edwin Merritt—all supporters of Evarts, Conkling's New York rival—to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements.[133] The Senate's Commerce Committee, which Conkling chaired, voted unanimously to reject the nominees, and the full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31–25, confirming Merritt only because Sharpe's term had expired.[134]
Hayes was forced to wait until July 1878 when, during a Congressional recess, he sacked Arthur and Cornell and replaced them by recess appointments of Merritt and Silas W. Burt, respectively.[135][f] Conkling opposed the appointees' confirmation when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25, as was Burt by 31–19, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory.[137] For the remainder of his term, Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation, even using his last annual message to Congress on December 6, 1880 to appeal for reform. While reform legislation did not pass during Hayes's presidency, his advocacy provided "a significant precedent as well as the political impetus for the Pendleton Act of 1883," which was signed into law by President Chester Arthur.[138]
Hayes also dealt with corruption in the postal service. In 1880, Schurz and Senator John A. Logan asked Hayes to shut down the "star route" rings, a system of corrupt contract profiteering in the Postal Service, and to fire Second Assistant Postmaster-General Thomas J. Brady, the alleged ring leader.[139] Hayes stopped granting new star route contracts, but let existing contracts continue to be enforced.[140] Hayes' Postmaster General, Horace Maynard, said that the public only cared their mail was delivered with "certainty, celerity, and security," not about the methods by which postal routes were contracted.[141] Democrats accused Hayes of delaying proper investigation so as not to injure Republican chances in the 1880 elections but did not press the issue in their campaign literature, as members of both parties were implicated in the corruption.[139] As historian Hans L. Trefousse would later write, Hayes "hardly knew the chief suspect [Brady] and certainly had no connection with the [star route] corruption."[142] Although Hayes and the Congress both looked into the contracts and found no compelling evidence of wrongdoing, Brady and others were indicted for conspiracy in 1882.[143] After two trials, the defendants were found not guilty in 1883.[144]
Great Railroad Strike[link]
In his first year in office, Hayes was faced with the United States' largest labor disturbance to date: the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.[145] In order to make up for financial losses suffered since the panic of 1873, the major railroads cut their employees' wages several times in 1877.[146] In July of that year, workers from the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad walked off the job in Martinsburg, West Virginia to protest their reduction in pay.[147] The strike quickly spread to workers of the New York Central, Erie, and Pennsylvania railroads, with the strikers soon numbering in the thousands.[148] Fearing a riot, Governor Henry M. Mathews asked Hayes to send federal troops to Martinsburg, and Hayes did so, but when the troops arrived there was no riot, only a peaceful protest.[149] In Baltimore, however, a riot did erupt on July 20 and Hayes ordered the troops at Fort McHenry to assist the governor in its suppression; by the time they arrived, the riot had dispersed.[148] Pittsburgh next exploded into riots, but Hayes was reluctant to send in troops without the governor first requesting them.[148] Other discontented citizens joined the railroad workers in rioting.[150] After a few days, he resolved to send in troops to protect federal property wherever it appeared to be threatened and gave Major General Winfield Scott Hancock overall command of the situation, marking the first use of federal troops to break a strike against a private company.[148] The riot spread further, to Chicago and St. Louis, where strikers shut down railroad facilities.[148] By July 29, the riots had ended and federal troops returned to their barracks.[151] Although no federal troops had killed any of the strikers, or been killed themselves, clashes between state militia troops and strikers resulted in deaths on both sides.[152] The railroads were victorious in the short term, as the workers returned to their jobs and some wage cuts remained in effect, but the public blamed the railroads for the strikes and violence, and they were compelled to improve working conditions and attempted no further cuts.[153] Business leaders praised Hayes, but his own opinion was more equivocal; as he recorded in his diary: "The strikes have been put down by force; but now for the real remedy. Can't something [be] done by education of strikers, by judicious control of capitalists, by wise general policy to end or diminish the evil? The railroad strikers, as a rule, are good men, sober, intelligent, and industrious."[154]
Currency debate[link]
Hayes confronted two issues regarding the currency. The first was the coinage of silver, and its relation to gold. In 1873, the Coinage Act of 1873 stopped the coinage of silver for all coins worth a dollar or more, effectively tying the dollar to the value of gold. As a result, the money supply contracted and the effects of the Panic of 1873 grew worse, making it more expensive for debtors to pay debts they had contracted when currency was less valuable.[155] Farmers and laborers, especially, clamored for the return of coinage in both metals, believing the increased money supply would restore wages and property values.[156] Democratic Representative Richard P. Bland of Missouri proposed a bill that would require the United States to coin as much silver as miners could sell the government, thus increasing the money supply and aiding debtors.[157] William B. Allison, a Republican from Iowa offered an amendment in the Senate limiting the coinage to two to four million dollars per month, and the resulting Bland–Allison Act passed both houses of Congress in 1878.[157] Hayes feared that the Act would cause inflation that would be ruinous to business, effectively impairing contracts that were based on the gold dollar, as the silver dollar proposed in the bill would have an intrinsic value of 90 to 92 percent of the existing gold dollar.[158] Further, Hayes believed that inflating the currency was an act of dishonesty, saying "[e]xpediency and justice both demand an honest currency."[158] He vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode his veto, the only time it did so during his presidency.[157]
The second issue concerned United States Notes (commonly called greenbacks), a form of fiat currency first issued during the Civil War. The government accepted these notes as valid for payment of taxes and tariffs, but unlike ordinary dollars, they were not redeemable in gold.[157] The Specie Payment Resumption Act of 1875 required the treasury to redeem any outstanding greenbacks in gold, thus retiring them from circulation and restoring a single, gold-backed currency.[157] Sherman agreed with Hayes's favorable opinion of the Act, and stockpiled gold in preparation for the exchange of greenbacks for gold.[158] Once the public was confident that they could redeem greenbacks for specie (gold), however, few did so; when the Act took effect in 1879, only $130,000 out of the $346,000,000 outstanding dollars in greenbacks were actually redeemed.[159] Together with the Bland–Allison Act, the successful specie resumption effected a workable compromise between inflationists and hard money men and, as the world economy began to improve, agitation for more greenbacks and silver coinage quieted down for the rest of Hayes's term in office.[160]
Foreign policy[link]
Most of Hayes's foreign policy concerns involved Latin America. In 1878, following the Paraguayan War, he arbitrated a territorial dispute between Argentina and Paraguay.[161] Hayes awarded the disputed land in the Gran Chaco region to Paraguay, and the Paraguayans honored him by renaming a city (Villa Hayes) and a department (Presidente Hayes) in his honor.[161] Hayes was also perturbed over the plans of Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal, to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, which was then owned by Colombia.[162] Concerned about a repetition of French adventurism in Mexico, Hayes interpreted the Monroe Doctrine firmly.[163] In a message to Congress, Hayes explained his opinion on the canal: "The policy of this country is a canal under American control ... The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power or any combination of European powers."[163]
The Mexican border also drew Hayes's attention. Throughout the 1870s, "lawless bands" often crossed the border on raids into Texas.[164] Three months after taking office, Hayes granted the Army the power to pursue bandits, even if it required crossing into Mexican territory.[164] Porfirio Díaz, the Mexican president, protested the order and sent troops to the border.[164] The situation calmed as Díaz and Hayes agreed to jointly pursue bandits and Hayes agreed not to allow Mexican revolutionaries to raise armies in the United States.[165] The violence along the border decreased, and in 1880 Hayes revoked the order allowing pursuit into Mexico.[166]
Outside of the Western hemisphere, Hayes's biggest foreign policy concern dealt with China. In 1868, the Senate had ratified the Burlingame Treaty with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of Chinese immigrants into the country. As the economy soured after the Panic of 1873, Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen's wages.[167] During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, anti-Chinese riots broke out in San Francisco, and a third party, the Workingman's Party, was formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration.[167] In response, Congress passed a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879, abrogating the 1868 treaty.[168] Hayes vetoed the bill, believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation.[168] The veto drew praise among eastern liberals, but Hayes was bitterly denounced in the West.[168] In the subsequent furor, Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to impeach him, but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a quorum by refusing to vote.[169] After the veto, Assistant Secretary of State Frederick W. Seward suggested that both countries work together to reduce immigration, and he and James Burrill Angell negotiated with the Chinese to do so.[169] Congress passed a new law to that effect, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, after Hayes left office.[169]
Indian policy[link]
Interior Secretary Carl Schurz carried out Hayes's American Indian policy, beginning with preventing the War Department from taking over the Bureau of Indian Affairs.[170] Hayes and Schurz carried out a policy that included assimilation into white culture, educational training, and dividing Indian land into individual allotments.[171] Hayes believed that his policies would lead to self-sufficiency and peace between Indians and whites.[172] The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, including Schurz, but instead proved detrimental to American Indians as most of their land was later resold at low prices to white speculators.[173] Hayes and Schurz reformed the Bureau of Indian Affairs to reduce fraud and gave Indians responsibility for policing their understaffed reservations.[174]
Hayes dealt with several conflicts with Indian tribes. The Nez Perce, led by Chief Joseph, began an uprising in June 1877 when Major General Oliver O. Howard ordered them to move on to a reservation.[175] Howard's men defeated the Nez Perce in battle, and the tribe began a 1700-mile retreat into Canada.[175] In October, after a decisive battle at Bear Paw, Montana, Chief Joseph surrendered and General William T. Sherman ordered the tribe transported to Kansas, where they were forced to remain until 1885.[176] The Nez Perce war was not the last conflict in the West, as the Bannocks rose up in Spring 1878 and raided nearby settlements before being defeated by Howard's army in July of that year.[170] War with the Ute tribe broke out in 1879 when the Utes killed Indian agent Nathan Meeker, who had been attempting to convert them to Christianity.[177] The subsequent White River War ended when Schurz negotiated peace with the Utes and prevented the white Coloradans from taking revenge for Meeker's death.[177]
Hayes also became involved in resolving the removal of the Ponca tribe from Nebraska to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) because of a misunderstanding during the Grant Administration.[178] The tribe's problems came to Hayes's attention after their chief, Standing Bear, filed a lawsuit to contest Schurz's demand that they stay in Indian Territory. Overruling Schurz, Hayes set up a commission in 1880 that ruled Ponca were free to return to Nebraska or stay on their reservation in Indian Territory.[178] The Ponca were awarded compensation for their land rights, which had been previously granted to the Sioux.[178] In a message to Congress in February 1881, Hayes insisted he would "give to these injured people that measure of redress which is required alike by justice and by humanity."[179]
Hayes's White House[link]
Hayes and his wife, Lucy, were known for their policy of keeping an alcohol-free White House, giving rise to her nickname "Lemonade Lucy."[180] The first reception at the Hayes White House included wine.[181] However, Hayes was dismayed at drunken behavior at receptions hosted by ambassadors around Washington, leading him to follow his wife's temperance leanings.[182] Alcohol was not served again in the Hayes White House. Critics charged Hayes with parsimony, but Hayes spent more money (which came out of his personal budget) after the ban, ordering that any savings from eliminating alcohol be used on more lavish entertainment.[183] His temperance policy also paid political dividends, strengthening his support among Protestant ministers.[182] Although Secretary Evarts quipped that at the White House dinners, "water flowed like wine," the policy was a success in convincing prohibitionists to vote Republican.[184]
Administration and Cabinet[link]
| The Hayes Cabinet | ||
|---|---|---|
| Office | Name | Term |
| President | Rutherford B. Hayes | 1877–1881 |
| Vice President | William A. Wheeler | 1877–1881 |
| Secretary of State | William M. Evarts | 1877–1881 |
| Secretary of Treasury | John Sherman | 1877–1881 |
| Secretary of War | George W. McCrary | 1877–1879 |
| Alexander Ramsey | 1879–1881 | |
| Attorney General | Charles Devens | 1877–1881 |
| Postmaster General | David M. Key | 1877–1880 |
| Horace Maynard | 1880–1881 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | Richard W. Thompson | 1877–1880 |
| Nathan Goff, Jr. | 1881 | |
| Secretary of the Interior | Carl Schurz | 1877–1881 |
Supreme Court appointments[link]
Hayes appointed two Associate Justices to the Supreme Court. The first vacancy occurred when David Davis resigned to enter the Senate during the election controversy of 1876. On taking office, Hayes appointed John Marshall Harlan to the seat. A former candidate for governor of Kentucky, Harlan had been Benjamin Bristow's campaign manager at the 1876 Republican convention, and Hayes had earlier considered him for Attorney General.[185] Hayes submitted the nomination in October 1877, but it aroused some dissent in the Senate because of Harlan's limited experience in public office.[185] Harlan was nonetheless confirmed and served on the court for thirty-four years, in which he voted (usually in the minority) for an aggressive enforcement of the civil rights laws.[185] In 1880, a second seat became vacant upon the resignation of Justice William Strong. Hayes nominated William Burnham Woods, a carpetbagger Republican circuit court judge from Alabama.[186] Woods served six years on the Court, ultimately proving a disappointment to Hayes as he interpreted the Constitution in a manner more similar to that of Southern Democrats than to Hayes's own preferences.[187]
Hayes attempted, unsuccessfully, to fill a third vacancy in 1881. Justice Noah Haynes Swayne resigned with the expectation that Hayes would fill his seat by appointing Stanley Matthews, who was a friend of both men.[188] Many Senators objected to the appointment, believing that Mathews was too close to corporate and railroad interests, especially those of Jay Gould.[189] The Senate adjourned without voting on the nomination.[188] The following year, when James A. Garfield entered the White House, he re-submitted Mathews's nomination. This time, the Senate did vote, confirming Mathews by one vote, 24 to 23.[188] Mathews served for eight years until his death in 1889. His opinion in Yick Wo v. Hopkins in 1886 advanced his and Hayes's views on the protection of the rights of ethnic minorities.[190]
Later life[link]
Hayes decided not to seek re-election in 1880, keeping his pledge that he would not run for a second term. He was gratified with the election of James A. Garfield to succeed him, and consulted with him on appointments for the next administration.[191] After Garfield's inauguration, Hayes and his family returned to Spiegel Grove.[192] Although he remained a loyal Republican, Hayes was not too disappointed in Grover Cleveland's election to the Presidency in 1884, approving of the New York Democrat's views on civil service reform.[193] He was also pleased at the progress of the political career of William McKinley, his army comrade and political protégé.[194]
Hayes became an active advocate for educational charities, advocating federal education subsidies for all children.[195] He believed that education was the best way to heal the rifts in American society and allow individuals to improve themselves.[196] Hayes was appointed to the Board of Trustees of The Ohio State University, the school he helped found during his time as governor of Ohio, in 1887.[197] He emphasized the need for vocational, as well as academic, education: "I preach the gospel of work," he wrote, "I believe in skilled labor as a part of education."[198] He urged Congress, unsuccessfully, to pass a bill written by Senator Henry W. Blair that would have allowed federal aid for education for the first time.[199] Hayes gave a speech in 1889 encouraging black students to apply for scholarships from the Slater Fund, one of the charities with which he was affiliated.[200] One such student, W. E. B. Du Bois, received a scholarship in 1892.[200] Hayes also advocated better prison conditions.[201]
In retirement, Hayes was troubled by the disparity between the rich and the poor, saying in an 1886 speech that "free government cannot long endure if property is largely in a few hands and large masses of people are unable to earn homes, education, and a support in old age."[202] The following year, Hayes recorded his thoughts on that subject in his diary:
In church it occurred to me that it is time for the public to hear that the giant evil and danger in this country, the danger which transcends all others, is the vast wealth owned or controlled by a few persons. Money is power. In Congress, in state legislatures, in city councils, in the courts, in the political conventions, in the press, in the pulpit, in the circles of the educated and the talented, its influence is growing greater and greater. Excessive wealth in the hands of the few means extreme poverty, ignorance, vice, and wretchedness as the lot of the many. It is not yet time to debate about the remedy. The previous question is as to the danger—the evil. Let the people be fully informed and convinced as to the evil. Let them earnestly seek the remedy and it will be found. Fully to know the evil is the first step towards reaching its eradication. Henry George is strong when he portrays the rottenness of the present system. We are, to say the least, not yet ready for his remedy. We may reach and remove the difficulty by changes in the laws regulating corporations, descents of property, wills, trusts, taxation, and a host of other important interests, not omitting lands and other property.[203]
Hayes was greatly saddened by his wife's death in 1889.[204] He wrote that "the soul had left [Spiegel Grove]" when she died.[204] After Lucy's death, Hayes's daughter, Fanny, became his traveling companion and he enjoyed visits from his grandchildren.[205] In 1890, he chaired the Lake Mohonk Conference on the Negro Question, a gathering of reformers that met in upstate New York to discuss racial issues.[206] Hayes died of complications of a heart attack at his home on January 17, 1893.[207] His last words were "I know that I'm going where Lucy is."[207] President-elect Grover Cleveland and Ohio Governor William McKinley led the funeral procession that followed Hayes's body until he was interred in Oakwood Cemetery.[208] Following the donation of his home to the state of Ohio for the Spiegel Grove State Park, he was re-interred there in 1915.[209] The following year the Hayes Commemorative Library and Museum, the first presidential library in the United States, was opened on the site, funded by contributions from the state of Ohio and Hayes' family.[210]
Notes[link]
- ^ Herron's daughter, Helen, later married William Howard Taft.[23]
- ^ Two other sons, Joseph and George, had died in infancy.[79]
- ^ He was named after Hayes's friend, Manning Force.[84]
- ^ The elector, John W. Watts, was disqualified because he held "an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States", in violation of Article II, section 1, clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution.[104]
- ^ At the time of the 1876 election there were only three states, Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana, in which the Reconstruction regime still survived. In Florida the Reconstructionists lost control as the Democrats won the election there, leaving South Carolina and Louisiana as the only states in which the regime was supported by Federal troops.[122]
- ^ Charles K. Graham filled Merritt's former position.[136]
References[link]
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 10; Barnard, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 4.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 20–21; Barnard, pp. 27–31.
- ^ Barnard, p. 41.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 3.
- ^ Barnard, p. 53.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 62–63; Barnard, p. 113.
- ^ Trefousse, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 20–22; Trefousse, p. 5.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 25.
- ^ Barnard, pp. 107–113.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 33–43.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 6.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 43–51; Barnard, pp. 131–138.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 55–60.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 62–66.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 66–70; Barnard, p. 114.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 8.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 73.
- ^ Barnard, p. 167.
- ^ a b Barnard, pp. 184–185.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 74–75.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 78–86.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Barnard, pp. 178–180, 187–188; Hoogenboom, pp. 93–95.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 9.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 87–93.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 10.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 95–99; Barnard, pp. 189–191.
- ^ Barnard, pp. 196–197; Trefousse, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 100.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 104–105; Barnard, pp. 202–203.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 107; Barnard, p. 204.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 113; Barnard, p. 210.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, p. 114; Barnard, pp. 210–212.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 115; Barnard, pp. 213–214.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 116–117.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 125–126; Reid, p. 160.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 128–130.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 136–141.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 141–143.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 146–148.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 146–147; Reid, p. 161.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 149–153.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 30.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 154–156.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 157–158.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 159–161.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 162–164; Trefousse, pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b c d Hoogenboom, pp. 166–168.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 168–169.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 170–171.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 172–173.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 174–177.
- ^ Grant, p. 564.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 178–181.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 186–188.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 171–176; Barnard, pp. 225–227.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 200–201; Conwell, pp. 145–180.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 200–201; Trefousse, pp. 41–44; Richardson, pp. 17–18.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, p. 203; Trefousse, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 197–199; Trefousse, p. 42.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 204–205.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 204–205; Foner, pp. 493–494.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 208–210.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 211–213; Trefousse, pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, p. 214; Barnard, pp. 238–239.
- ^ Trefousse, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 215–216.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 218–220; Barnard, pp. 239–241.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 225–228.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 231–232.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 236–240.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 241–242.
- ^ Trefousse, pp. 31, 42.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 240–245; Barnard, pp. 250–252.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 246–248.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 243–244; Barnard, pp. 250–252.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 249–250.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 59.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 249–251.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 256–257; Barnard, pp. 270–271.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 257–260; Barnard, pp. 271–275; Foner, p. 557.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 62.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 260–261; Robinson, p. 57.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 262–263; Robinson, pp. 53–55.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 263–264; Robinson, pp. 61–63.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 260; Robinson, p. 63.
- ^ a b Robinson, pp. 64–68, 90–95.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 71.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 72–73; Robinson, pp. 113–114.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 269–271.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 99–102.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 74.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 75; Robinson, pp. 119–123.
- ^ a b Robinson, pp. 126–127.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 131–142; Hoogenboom, pp. 277–279.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 279.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 145–154; Hoogenboom, pp. 281–286.
- ^ Robinson, p. 157.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 158.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, p. 286.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 159–161.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 166–171.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 171–183.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 182–184; Foner, pp. 580–581.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 185–189; Foner, pp. 581–587.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 295–297.
- ^ Trefousse, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Barnard, pp. 402–403.
- ^ Trefousse, pp. 90–93.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 304–307; Foner, pp. 580–583; Davison, p. 142.
- ^ Davison, p. 138; Trefousse, p. 92.
- ^ Clendenen, p. 244.
- ^ Trefousse, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 317–318; Davison, pp. 141–143.
- ^ a b c d e Davison, pp. 162–163; Hoogenboom, pp. 392–402; Richardson, p. 161.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 402.
- ^ Barnard, p. 418.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 317–318.
- ^ Trefousse, pp. 93–94.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 318–319.
- ^ Davison, p. 164–165.
- ^ Paul, p. 71.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 322–325; Davison, pp. 164–165; Trefousse, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 352; Trefousse, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 353–355; Trefousse, pp. 100–101.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 370–371.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 370.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 382–384; Barnard, p. 456.
- ^ Paul, pp. 73–74.
- ^ a b Klotsche, pp. 409–411.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 439–440.
- ^ "A Vast Scheme of Fraud". The New York Times. May 9, 1881. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20B12FB38581B7A93CBA9178ED85F458884F9. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 144.
- ^ Klotsche, pp. 414–415.
- ^ Klotsche, p. 416.
- ^ Foner, p. 583; Stowell, pp. 1–2; Richardson, p. 121.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 326–327.
- ^ Bruce, pp. 75–77; Stowell, p. 117.
- ^ a b c d e Hoogenboom, pp. 328–333; Davison, pp. 145–153; Barnard, pp. 445–447.
- ^ Bruce, pp. 93–94.
- ^ Stowell, pp. 116–127; Hoogenboom, p. 328.
- ^ Foner, p. 585.
- ^ Davison, pp. 148–150; Trefousse, p. 95.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 334; Davison, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Barnard, pp. 446–447; Hayes, p. 440, v. 3.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 356.
- ^ Unger, p. 358.
- ^ a b c d e Davison, pp. 176–177.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 358–360.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 107.
- ^ Davison, pp. 177–180.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, p. 416.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 417–418.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 420–421; Barnard, p. 442.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, p. 335; Barnard, p. 443.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 337; Barnard, p. 444.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 338.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, p. 387.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 388–389; Barnard, pp. 447–449.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 390–391.
- ^ a b Davison, pp. 184–185.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 109; Davison, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 341–343, 449–450.
- ^ Stuart, pp. 452–454.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 343–344, 449.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 338–340.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 340–341.
- ^ a b Trefousse, p. 123.
- ^ a b c Hoogenboom, pp. 450–454; Sproat, p. 173.
- ^ Trefousse, p. 124.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 3; Davison, p. xv.
- ^ Davison, p. 82; Barnard, p. 480.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, p. 384.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 385–386; Barnard, p. 480.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 458.
- ^ a b c Davison, pp. 130–132.
- ^ Davison, p. 132; Hoogenboom, p. 454.
- ^ Barnard, pp. 268, 498.
- ^ a b c Davison, p. 129.
- ^ Barnard, pp. 498–499.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 457.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 447–465.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 466–467.
- ^ Hoogenboom, p. 483.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 524–525.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 471–475; Thelen, p. 156.
- ^ Thelen, pp. 154–156.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 498–499.
- ^ Barnard, p. 506.
- ^ Swint, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 518–523.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 496–497; Thelen, p. 151.
- ^ Barnard, p. 513; Hoogenboom, p. 539.
- ^ Hayes, p. 354, v. 4; Swint, pp. 46–47.
- ^ a b Hoogenboom, pp. 508–510.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 509–520.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 515–517; Foner, pp. 605–606.
- ^ a b Barnard, pp. 522–523.
- ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 532–533.
- ^ "The Presidents (Spiegel Grove)". Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings. National Park Service. January 24, 2004. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site50.htm. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
- ^ Smith, pp. 485–488.
Sources[link]
Books
- Barnard, Harry (2005) [1954]. Rutherford Hayes and his America. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. ISBN 978-0-945707-05-9.
- Bruce, Robert V. (1989) [1959]. 1877: Year of Violence. Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 978-0-929587-05-9.
- Conwell, Russell (1876). Life and public services of Gov. Rutherford B. Hayes. Boston: B. B. Russell. http://books.google.com/books?id=UUsTAAAAYAAJ.
- Davison, Kenneth E. (1972). The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-6275-1.
- Foner, Eric (2002) [1988]. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. ISBN 978-0-06-093716-4.
- Grant, Ulysses S. (2003) [1885]. Personal Memoirs. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7607-4990-6.
- Hayes, Rutherford B. (1922). Williams, Charles Richard. ed. The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society. http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/hayes/index.cfm.
- Hoogenboom, Ari (1995). Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0641-2.
- Reid, Whitelaw (1868). Ohio in the War: The history of her regiments, and other military organizations. Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin. http://books.google.com/books?id=qvKxouViJBEC.
- Richardson, Heather Cox (2001). The Death of Reconstruction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00637-9.
- Robinson, Lloyd (2001) [1968]. The Stolen Election: Hayes versus Tilden—1876. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. ISBN 978-0-7653-0206-9.
- Sproat, John G. (1974). "Rutherford B. Hayes: 1877–1881". In Woodward, C. Vann. Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 163–176. ISBN 978-0-440-05923-3.
- Stowell, David O. (1999). Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77668-2.
- Trefousse, Hans L. (2002). Rutherford B. Hayes. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-6907-5.
- Unger, Irwin (2008) [1964]. The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879. New York: ACLS Humanities. ISBN 978-1-59740-431-0.
Articles
- Clendenen, Clarence (October 1969). "President Hayes' "Withdrawal of the Troops": An Enduring Myth". The South Carolina Historical Magazine 70 (4): 240–250. JSTOR 27566958.
- Klotsche, J. Martin (December 1935). "The Star Route Cases". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 22 (3): 407–418. DOI:10.2307/1892626. JSTOR 1892626.
- Paul, Ezra (Winter 1998). "Congressional Relations and Public Relations in the Administration of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–81)". Presidential Studies Quarterly 28 (1): 68–87. JSTOR 27551831.
- Smith, Thomas A. (Fall 1980). "Before Hyde Park: The Rutherford B. Hayes Library". The American Archivist 43 (4): 485–488. http://archivists.metapress.com/content/b11374522623124h/fulltext.pdf.
- Stuart, Paul (September 1977). "United States Indian Policy: From the Dawes Act to the American Indian Policy Review Commission". Social Service Review 51 (3): 451–463. DOI:10.1086/643524. JSTOR 30015511.
- Swint, Henry L. (June 1952). "Rutherford B. Hayes, Educator". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 39 (1): 45–60. DOI:10.2307/1902843. JSTOR 1902843.
- Thelen, David P. (Summer 1970). "Rutherford B. Hayes and the Reform Tradition in the Gilded Age". American Quarterly 22 (2): 150–165. DOI:10.2307/2711639. JSTOR 2711639.
External links[link]
| Find more about Rutherford B. Hayes on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
- Rutherford B. Hayes at the Open Directory Project
- Rutherford B. Hayes: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
- The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, Ohio
- Rutherford B. Hayes at C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
- Booknotes interview with Ari Hoogenboom on Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior & President, July 2, 1995.
| Offices and distinctions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Hayes, Rutherford B. |
| Alternative names | Rutherford Birchard Hayes |
| Short description | 19th President of the United States |
| Date of birth | October 4, 1822 |
| Place of birth | Delaware, Ohio |
| Date of death | January 17, 1893 |
| Place of death | Fremont, Ohio |
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