Hardboiled (or hard-boiled) fiction is a literary style, most commonly associated with crime fiction (especially detective stories), and distinguished by the unsentimental portrayal of violence and sometimes sex. The style was pioneered by Carroll John Daly in the mid-1920s,^{[citation needed]} popularized by Dashiell Hammett over the course of the decade, and refined by Raymond Chandler beginning in the late 1930s. ^[1]

From its earliest days, hardboiled fiction was published in and closely associated with so-called pulp magazines, most famously Black Mask under the editorship of Joseph T. Shaw.^[1] In its earliest uses in the late 1920s, "hardboiled" didn't refer exclusively to a type of crime fiction; it meant any tough and violent fiction, which also included adventure and western stories. Pulp historian Robert Sampson argues that the "Don Everhard" stories by Gordon Young (which appeared in Adventure magazine from 1917 onwards), about a gun-toting urban gambler, anticipated the hardboiled detective stories.^[2]

The exclusive reference to crime fiction probably became fixed in the early 1930s,^{[citation needed]} although it's impossible to pin down with precision. The hard-boiled crime story became a staple of several pulp magazines in the 1930s; in addition to Black Mask, hard-boiled crime fiction appeared in Dime Detective and Detective Fiction Weekly.^[3] Later, many hardboiled novels were published by houses specializing in paperback originals, also colloquially known as "pulps."

Consequently, "pulp fiction" is often used as a synonym for hardboiled crime fiction. In the United States, the original hardboiled style has been emulated by innumerable writers, including Chester Himes, Mickey Spillane, Ross Macdonald, John D. MacDonald, Robert B. Parker, Sara Paretsky, Sue Grafton, and Walter Mosley.

The term comes from a colloquial phrase of understatement. For an egg, to be hardboiled is to be comparatively tough. The hardboiled detective—originated by Daly's Terry Mack and Race Williams and epitomized by Hammett's Sam Spade and Chandler's Philip Marlowe—not only solves mysteries, like his "softer" counterparts, the protagonist confronts danger and engages in violence on a regular basis. The hardboiled detective also has a characteristically tough attitude.

Noir fiction[link]

Noir fiction is the name sometimes given to a mode of crime fiction regarded as a subset of the hardboiled style. Per noir aficionado George Tuttle^{[citation needed]}:

In this sub-genre, the protagonist is usually not a detective, but instead either a victim, a suspect, or a perpetrator. He is someone tied directly to the crime, not an outsider called to solve or fix the situation. Other common characteristics ... are the emphasis on sexual relationships and the use of sex to advance the plot and the self-destructive qualities of the lead characters. This type of fiction also has the lean, direct writing style and the gritty realism commonly associated with hardboiled fiction.^[4]

The seminal American writer in the noir fiction mode was James M. Cain—regarded as the third major figure of the early hardboiled scene,^{[citation needed]} he debuted as a crime novelist in 1934, right between Hammett and Chandler. Other important U.S. writers in the noir tradition are Cornell Woolrich, Dorothy B. Hughes, Jim Thompson, David Goodis, Charles Williams, and Elmore Leonard. The term "noir fiction" may evoke unrelenting gloom; in fact, while the work of all the major authors in the field might be characterized by a fatalistic attitude, it has been expressed in a variety of tones.

Woolrich and Goodis indeed often portray what seems to be a sunless world, but Leonard is frequently bright, even when the color is blood red. Hughes and Williams are somewhere in the middle—her work is serious, yet with a lot of hardboiled "attitude," while his forte is the philosophical smile and shrug. As for Cain and Thompson, each wrote some of the blackest of American genre fiction, and some of the funniest.^{[citation needed]} The popular use of "noir" in the term "noir fiction" derives immediately from "film noir" as it has been used to characterize certain putatively "dark" Hollywood crime dramas and melodramas, many early examples of which were based on works by the original hardboiled writers.

In turn, "noir" (French for "black"), first applied to American films in the mid-1940s by observers in France, was used there in similar senses. Most relevantly, the term roman noir (“black novel") was employed to describe a range of books, some that an English speaker might think of as mysteries, others as gothic melodramas. Note that while the meanings of "noir fiction" and roman noir are closely related, the derivation is not direct. Making the connection even tighter, in 1945 the French publisher Gallimard brought out a new series of paperback thrillers, many of them translations of hardboiled American fiction. The line was called Série noire.

Major variants of hardboiled and noir[link]

W. R. Burnett, part of the first wave of hardboiled writers along with Hammett and Cain, wrote in a style that split the difference,^{[clarification needed]} often featuring heroic gangsters as his leads. The five novels featuring alcoholic detective Bill Crane written by Jonathan Latimer over the course of the 1930s constitute the one of the earliest literary series of hardboiled screwball comedy. The work of Charles Willeford has sometimes been referred to as hardboiled or, particularly, noir fiction, though it is perhaps more helpfully characterized as "neo-noir," as Willeford's crime writing rarely employs the conventions of hardboiled literature without critiquing them.

Of latter-day hardboiled novelists who regularly feature detective protagonists, the most prominent to write in an unmistakably noir mode is James Ellroy. In terms of character, plot, and worldview, Patricia Highsmith is a quintessential writer of noir fiction—indeed, her work has been the source for numerous movies, both American and European, regarded as films noir—but her style sets her apart: far from "lean" and "direct," it is characteristically dense and subtle.^{[citation needed]}

Recently, the noir crime fiction genre has been re-energized with the success of Stieg Larsson’s The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, and the popularity of the video game L.A. Noire and Stephen Jared's Ten a week Steale.

See also[link]

Novels portal

• Mediterranean noir
• Mystery film

References[link]

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2011)

External links[link]

• FIRN Annual Festival of Noir Fiction held in Frontignan, France.
• Hardboiled Bibliographies comprehensive bibliographies of many important hardboiled/noir authors; part of the RARA-AVIS website
• The Hardboiled Era: A Checklist, 1929-1958 chronology of significant hardboiled novels, compiled by critic Geoffrey O'Brien for the 1981 edition of his Hardboiled America
• Toward a Hardboiled Genealogy hardboiled/noir "family tree", by crime fiction author and scholar Megan Abbott
• Twists, Slugs and Roscoes: A Glossary of Hardboiled Slang
• "Hard-boiled Detective" Comprehensive Bibliographies
• "Hard-boiled Guide", a list of hard-boiled and noir writers

Tim Ferriss
Born	(1977-07-20) July 20, 1977 (age 34) East Hampton, NY
Occupation	Writer
Alma mater	Princeton University
Genres	Nonfiction
Notable work(s)	The 4-Hour Workweek The 4-Hour Body

Timothy Ferriss (born July 20, 1977) is an American author, entrepreneur, and public speaker.^[1] In 2007, he published The 4-Hour Workweek: Escape 9-5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich, which was a New York Times and USA Today bestseller.^[2][3] In 2010, he followed up with The 4-Hour Body. Ferriss' third book, The 4-Hour Chef, was announced in 2011.^[4]

Early life[link]

Ferriss grew up in East Hampton, NY and graduated from St. Paul's School. He received a degree in East Asian Studies from Princeton University in 2000.^[5]

Career[link]

In 2001, at the age of 23, Ferriss founded BrainQUICKEN, a San Jose-based online company that sold sports nutrition supplements.^[6][7] He sold the company to a London-based private equity firm.^[8] He also claims to be a full-time angel investor^[9] who has invested in DailyBurn (formerly Gyminee),^[10] Twitter, Posterous, Reputation Defender, Foodzie, Badongo, RescueTime, and SimpleGeo.^{[citation needed]}

He claims to have acted as an advisor to StumbleUpon and Shopify^[9] in exchange for equity, according to his interviews with Kevin Rose.^{[citation needed]}

He holds the Guinness Book of World Records' record for the most consecutive tango-spins in one minute.^[11] Ferriss and his dance partner Alicia Monti set the record live on the show Live with Regis and Kelly.^[12] Prior to his writing career, Ferriss claimed that he became the national champion in the 1999 USAWKF Sanshou (Chinese kickboxing) championship through a process of shoving opponents out of the ring and by starving himself before weign in to compete several classes below his actual weight, although this has never been verified and no public record of this event exists.^[13]In fact, the news and results section of the 1999 USAWKK webpage reveals no mention at all of Tim Ferriss competing in any of their tournaments.^[14] Likewise, an extensive archive of results in a variety of Chinese kickboxing disciplines, dating from 1999 to present, reveals no mention of Tim Ferriss.^[15] In 2008, he won Wired Magazine's "Greatest Self-Promoter of All Time" prize^[16] and was named one of Fast Company's "Most Innovative Business People of 2007".^[17] Ferriss has also spoken at the EG Conference.^[18]

His show Trial By Fire aired on the History Channel in December 2008. In the show, Ferriss had one week to attempt to learn a skill normally learned over the course of many years, and in the pilot episode he practiced yabusame, the Japanese art of horse archery.^[19] The show was canceled due to low ratings.

The Aspen Institute named Ferriss a 2009 Henry Crown Fellow in March 2009.^[20]

Productivity and teachings[link]

Ferriss is known for his application of both the Pareto principle and Parkinson's Law to business and personal life.^[21] He has also taken the position that technology such as email, instant messaging and internet-enabled PDAs complicate life rather than simplify it.^[22][23] His teachings fit under the umbrella of what he calls "lifestyle design", in which he promotes "mini-retirements" as an alternative to the "deferred-life" career path where one would work a 9 to 5 job until retirement in one's 60s.^[24][25] This involves breaking what he calls "outdated assumptions" and finding ways to be more effective so that work takes up less of people's time.^[24]

[edit] The 4-Hour Workweek

In April 2007, Random House released his book The 4-Hour Workweek through its Crown imprint. The book warns against information overload, recommends what Ferriss calls "selective ignorance" and coins the phrase "lifestyle design".^[25] He also advocated hiring virtual assistants from developing countries such as India.^[25]

Before the release of the 4HWW, Ferriss was an unknown.^[26] He marketed the book heavily through bloggers with whom he created personal relationships.^[26][27] He has since been praised for this technique.^[26][28] The book eventually hit number 1 on both the New York Times bestseller list and the Wall Street Journal bestseller list. On December 15, 2009, The Four-Hour Workweek, Expanded and Updated was released by Random House with several more case studies of people who have utilized Ferriss' methods.

The book also spawned a blog run by Ferriss, which shares the same name but covers many topics. It remains in the Top 1000 on Technorati.^[29] Ferriss stated, in a Fast Company interview, that 4HWW is read by many of the "top tech CEOs in the world".^[30] His blog has since become publishing clearing house for many notable entrepreneurs, bestselling authors and thinkers including Chip Conley, Neil Strauss, Tucker Max, Ramit Sethi, Ryan Holiday, Noah Kagan of AppSumo, Chase Jarvis and others.^[31] The resulting influence from such posts on book sales and other metrics has been dubbed the "Tim Ferriss effect."^[32]

[edit] The 4-Hour Body

On December 14, 2010, Ferriss' second book, The 4-Hour Body, was published by Crown Archetype. The book reached the #1 position in the New York Times Hardcover Advice & Misc. list that week.^[33] It also appeared on the Dr. Oz TV show.^[34]

The book, while commercially successful due to Ferriss' innovative marketing and his enlistment of his blog readers in a successful effort to manipulate the book's rating on Amazon, was not as well received by some critics.^{[citation needed]} In a rare New York Times review of a self-help book, Dwight Garner wrote, "'The 4-Hour Body' reads as if The New England Journal of Medicine had been hijacked by the editors of the SkyMall catalog."^[35]

Ferriss has acknowledged using steroids—including testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, Sustanon 250, and human growth hormone (HGH)—under medical supervision during his recovery from shoulder surgery.^[36]

[edit] The 4-Hour Chef

Ferriss' third book, The 4-Hour Chef: The Simple Path to Cooking Like a Pro, Learning Anything, and Living the Good Life, is set for publication by Amazon in 2012.^[37] Ferriss intends the book to be as much about "the skill of learning skills" as cooking food.^[38]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Timothy Ferriss

• Tim Ferriss Blog
• Problogger Interview: with Tim Ferriss
• Former desk slave Tim Ferriss on why you only need to work a four-hour week from The Independent
• Tim Ferriss: The Clock Watcher from The Daily Telegraph
• Tim Ferriss on YouTube
• Better, Faster, Stronger from The New Yorker

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (May 2010)

Kazumi Kurigami (操上 和美, Kurigami Kazumi^?, born 1936) is a renowned Japanese photographer.^[1]

References[link]

1. ^ (Japanese) Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, editor. 328 Outstanding Japanese Photographers (『日本写真家事典』, Nihon shashinka jiten^?). Kyoto: Tankōsha, 2000. ISBN 4-473-01750-8

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2011)

Faye Dunaway
Dunaway at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival premiere of Baby Mama
Born	Dorothy Faye Dunaway (1941-01-14) January 14, 1941 (age 71) Bascom, Florida, United States
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1962 - present
Spouse	Peter Wolf (1974–1979) Terry O'Neill (1983–1987)
Partner	Marcello Mastroianni (1968-1970)[citation needed]

Dorothy Faye Dunaway (born January 14, 1941) is an American actress. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the 1976 film Network. She was previously nominated for Bonnie and Clyde (1967) and Chinatown (1974). She has starred in a variety of other successful films, including The Thomas Crown Affair (1968), Three Days of the Condor (1975), and Mommie Dearest (1981).

Early life[link]

Dunaway was born in Bascom, Florida, the daughter of Grace April (née Smith), a housewife, and John MacDowell Dunaway, Jr., a career non-commissioned officer in the United States Army.^[1] She is of Scots-Irish, English, and German descent.^[2][3][4] She attended the University of Florida,^[5] Florida State University,^[6] and Boston University, but graduated from the University of Florida in theater. In 1962, Dunaway joined the American National Theater and Academy.

Career[link]

Dunaway appeared on Broadway in 1962 as the daughter of Thomas More in A Man for All Seasons. Her first screen role was in 1967 in The Happening. In 1967, she was in Hurry Sundown; that same year, she gained the leading female role in Bonnie and Clyde opposite Warren Beatty, which earned her an Oscar nomination. She also starred in 1968 with Steve McQueen in the caper film The Thomas Crown Affair (and had a small role in the 1999 remake with the same title with Pierce Brosnan).

Dunaway at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.

In the 1970s, she starred in such films as Three Days of the Condor, Little Big Man, Chinatown, The Three/Four Musketeers, Eyes of Laura Mars, and Network, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress as the scheming TV executive Diana Christensen. She worked with such leading men as Dustin Hoffman, Charlton Heston, Paul Newman, Robert Redford, Tommy Lee Jones, Jack Nicholson, and Robert Duvall.

In the 1980s, although her performances did not waver, the parts grew less compelling.^{[citation needed]} Dunaway would later blame Mommie Dearest (1981) for ruining her career as a leading lady.^{[citation needed]} She received a Razzie Award for Worst Actress, and the critics despised the film, although it grossed a moderate $19 million in its first release and was one of the top 30 grossing films of the year. In 1987, she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama for her performance in Barfly with Mickey Rourke. In the 1980s, Dunaway worked alongside legendary actress Bette Davis. During a 1988 appearance on The Johnny Carson Show, the latter emphatically stated that she would never work with Dunaway again. In a later movie, Don Juan DeMarco (1995), Dunaway co-starred with Johnny Depp and Marlon Brando.

Dunaway starred in the 1986 made-for-television movie Beverly Hills Madam opposite Melody Anderson, Donna Dixon, Terry Farrell and Robin Givens. She had earlier turned down the role of Sable Colby on The Colbys, the Aaron Spelling spin-off of the nighttime soap Dynasty.^[7] In 1993, Dunaway briefly starred in a sitcom with Robert Urich, It Had to Be You.^[8] She also starred in Arizona Dream in 1993. Dunaway won an Emmy for a 1994 role as a murderer in "It's All in the Game," an episode of the long-running mystery series Columbo.

In 1996, she toured nationally with the stage play Master Class. The story about opera singer Maria Callas was well received. Dunaway bought the rights to the Terrence McNally play for possible film development.^{[citation needed]}

In 2000, she turned down Requiem for a Dream^[9] and appeared in The Yards. In 2006, Dunaway played a character named Lois O'Neill in season six, episode 13 of the crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, titled "Kiss-Kiss, Bye-Bye". She served as a judge on the 2005 reality show The Starlet, which sought, American Idol-style, to find the next young actress with the potential to become a major star. In the spring of 2007, the direct-to-DVD movie release of Rain, based on the novel by V. C. Andrews and starring Dunaway, was released. In 2009, Dunaway starred in the film The Bait, by Polish film director and producer Dariusz Zawiślak. The Bait is a contemporary version of a drama Balladyna, by Polish 19th - century poet Juliusz Słowacki.^{[citation needed]}

On October 2, 1996, Dunaway was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard.^[10]

Personal life[link]

Dunaway at Fashion for Relief 2007

Dunaway has been married twice, from 1974 to 1979 to Peter Wolf, the lead singer of the rock group The J. Geils Band,^{[citation needed]} and from 1984 to 1987 to Terry O'Neill, a British photographer.^[11] She and O'Neill have one child, Liam O'Neill (born 1980). In 2003, despite Dunaway's earlier claims that she had given birth to Liam, Terry claims that Liam was adopted.^[11]

Dunaway is an adult convert to Roman Catholicism.^[12]

In August, 2011, Dunaway was sued for eviction by the landlord of her rent stabilized apartment on East 78th Street in Manhattan. The suit alleged that she was not actually residing in the apartment but rather lived in California. Rent stabilization rules require tenants to live in the apartment they are renting as a primary residence, not as a second home. If Dunaway were to leave the apartment, rented by her on August 1, 1994, the landlord could receive more than double the $1,048.72 per month rent paid by Dunaway.^[13] In a voice message to the New York Times, Dunaway said that she had not been evicted, but had chosen to leave the apartment because of its condition and that she had been spending less time in New York.^[14]

Filmography[link]

Guest appearances[link]

Dunaway and Mirosław Baka during production of Balladyna

• Grey's Anatomy - Season 5, Episode 16 "An Honest Mistake" as Dr. Margaret Campbell (2009)
• CSI: Crime Scene Investigation "Kiss-Kiss, Bye-Bye" January 26, 2006 as Lois O'Neill
• Alias "The Abduction" (2002); "A Higher Echelon" (2003); "The Getaway" (2003), as Ariana Kane
• Soul Food - Season 3, Episode 1 - "Tonight at Noon" (2002)
• Road to Avonlea - Season 6, Episode 76 - "What a Tangled Web We Weave" (1995)
• Columbo: It's All in the Game (1993), as Lauren Staton

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Faye Dunaway

• Faye Dunaway at the Internet Movie Database
• Faye Dunaway at the Internet Broadway Database
• Faye Dunaway at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
• Faye Dunaway at Yahoo! Movies
• Interview with The Guardian