Lake Winnipeg
Map
Location	Manitoba, Canada
Coordinates	52°7′N 97°15′W / 52.117°N 97.25°W / 52.117; -97.25Coordinates: 52°7′N 97°15′W / 52.117°N 97.25°W / 52.117; -97.25
Lake type	Formerly part of the Glacial Lake Agassiz, reservoir
Primary inflows	Winnipeg River, Saskatchewan River, Red River
Primary outflows	Nelson River
Catchment area	984,200 km2 (380,000 sq mi)
Basin countries	Canada, United States
Max. length	416 km (258 mi)
Max. width	100 km (60 mi) (N Basin) 40 km (20 mi) (S Basin)
Surface area	24,514 km2 (9,465 sq mi)
Average depth	12 m (39 ft)
Max. depth	36 m (118 ft)
Water volume	294 km3 (71 cu mi)
Residence time	3.5 years [1]
Shore length1	1,858 km (1,155 mi)
Surface elevation	217 m (712 ft)
Settlements	Gimli, Manitoba
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Winnipeg is a large, 24,514-square-kilometre (9,465 sq mi) lake in central North America, in the province of Manitoba, Canada, with its southern tip about 55 kilometres (34 mi) north of the city of Winnipeg. It is the largest lake within the borders of southern Canada, and it is part of the most undeveloped large watershed of southern Canada.

Lake Winnipeg is the sixth-largest freshwater lake in Canada,^[2] but it is relatively shallow (mean depth of 12 m (39 ft))^[3] excluding a narrow 36 m (118 ft) deep channel between the northern and southern basins. It is the eleventh-largest freshwater lake on Earth. The east side of the lake has pristine boreal forests and rivers that are being promoted as a potential United Nations World Heritage Park. The lake is elongated in shape and is 416 km (258 mi) from north to south, with remote sandy beaches, large limestone cliffs, and many bat caves in some areas. Manitoba Hydro uses the lake as one of the largest reservoirs in the world. There are many islands in the lake, most of them undeveloped.

Watershed[link]

The lake's watershed measures about 984,200 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi), and covers much of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, northwestern Ontario, Minnesota, and North Dakota. Some of its tributaries include:

• Saskatchewan River (through Cedar Lake)
• Red River (including Assiniboine River)
• Winnipeg River (draining Lake of the Woods, Rainy River and Rainy Lake)
• Dauphin River, (draining Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipegosis)
• Bloodvein River (on the East side, draining from the Canadian Shield)
• Poplar River
• Manigotagan River

Lake Winnipeg drains northward into the Nelson River at an average annual rate of 2,066 cubic metres per second (72,960 cu ft/s), and forms part of the Hudson Bay watershed, which is one of the largest in the world. This watershed area was historically known as Rupert's Land when the Hudson's Bay Company was chartered in 1670.

History[link]

A Hudson's Bay Company post on Lake Winnipeg, circa 1884

Lake Winnipeg and Lake Manitoba are remnants of prehistoric Glacial Lake Agassiz. The area between the lakes is called the Interlake Region, and the whole region is called the Manitoba Lowlands.

It is believed that Henry Kelsey was the first European to see the lake, in 1690. He adopted the Cree language name for the lake: wīnipēk (ᐐᓂᐯᐠ), meaning "muddy waters". La Vérendrye referred to the lake as Ouinipigon when he built the first forts in the area in the 1730s. Later, the Red River Colony to its south took the lake's name for Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba.

Lake Winnipeg lies along one of the oldest trading routes in North America to have flown the British flag. For several centuries, furs were traded along this route between York Factory on Hudson Bay^[4] (which was the longtime headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company) over Lake Winnipeg and the Red River Trails to the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers at Saint Paul, Minnesota. This was a strategic trading route for the First British Empire. With the establishment of the Second British Empire that occurred after Britain's loss of the Thirteen Colonies, a quite significant increase in trade occurred over Lake Winnipeg between Rupert's Land and the United States.

Water conditions[link]

Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba

Because of its long, narrow shape, the lake exhibits a variety of interesting wind and wave effects, including temporary water level rises of up to one metre in height at its southern shore, a process called seiche. This occurs when prevailing northerly winds blow along the length of Lake Winnipeg, exerting a horizontal stress on its surface. Surface waters move in the direction of the wind and pile up along the leeward south shores.

Furthermore, water depths are known to be extremely variable at the south end of the lake. Many of the recreational beaches on the southern end of the lake feature rustic, seasonal piers for swimmers. It is not uncommon to be able to walk off the end of one of these piers one day into more than waist-deep water, then return a few days later to the same spot to find the water only ankle deep, or even exposed sand.

Setups greater than 1 m above normal lake levels have been recorded along many of southern Lake Winnipeg's recreational beaches, and the associated high waves with their uprush effects have caused considerable storm damage, backshore flood and shoreline erosion. The highest setups occur in the fall, when the northerly winds are strongest.

Algae population and pollution[link]

Lake Winnipeg is suffering from many environmental issues such as an explosion in the population of algae, caused by excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus seeping into the lake.^[5][6] The pollution is now so bad that it is reaching a dangerous point for human health.^[7]

Communities[link]

Gimli, Manitoba

Winnipeg Beach in October.

Communities on the lake include Grand Beach, Lester Beach, Riverton, Gimli, Winnipeg Beach, Victoria Beach, Pine Falls, Manigotagan, Berens River, Bloodvein, Sandy Hook, and Grand Rapids. A number of pleasure beaches are found on the southern end of the lake, which are popular in the summer, attracting many visitors from Winnipeg, about 80 km south.

Fishing[link]

Lake Winnipeg has important commercial fisheries. Its catch makes up a major part of Manitoba's $30 million-a-year fishing industry.^[8] The lake was once the main source of goldeye in Canada, which is why the fish is sometimes called Winnipeg goldeye. Common carp were introduced to the lake through the Red River of the North and are firmly established. Walleye (often called Pickerel in Manitoba) and whitefish together account for over 90 percent of its commercial fishing.^[9]

Transportation[link]

Because of its length the Lake Winnipeg water system and the lake itself was an important transportation route in the province before the railways reached Manitoba. It continued to be a major transportation route even after the railways reached the province. In addition to aboriginal canoes and York boats, several steamboats plied the lake, including Anson Northup, City of Selkirk, Colvile, Keenora, Premier, Princess, Winnitoba, Wolverine and most recently the diesel powered MS Lord Selkirk II passenger cruise ship.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Canadian Action Party (2006) Canadian action party release on devils lake ruling
• Casey, A. (November/December 2006) "Forgotten lake", Canadian Geographic, Vol. 126, Issue 6, pp. 62–78
• Chliboyko, J. (November/December 2003) "Trouble flows north", Canadian Geographic, Vol. 123, Issue 6, p. 23
• Economist, "Devil down south" (July 16, 2005), Vol. 376, Issue 8435,. p. 34
• GreenPeace, "Algae bloom on Lake Winnipeg" (May 26, 2008). Retrieved February 2, 2009
• Daily Commercial News and Construction Record, "Ottawa asked to help block water diversion project: devils lake outlet recommended by U.S. army corps of engineers" (October 20, 2003), Vol. 76, Issue 198,. p. 3
• Sexton, B. (2006) "Wastes control: Manitoba demands more scrutiny of North Dakota’s water diversion scheme", Outdoor Canada, Vol. 34, Issue 1, p. 32
• Warrington, Dr. P. (November 6, 2001) "Aquatic pathogens: cyanophytes"
• Welch, M. A. (August 19, 2008) "Winnipeg’s algae invasion was forewarned more than 30 years ago", The Canadian Press
• Macleans (June 14, 2004) "What ails lake Winnipeg" Vol. 117, Issue 24, p. 38.
• Wilderness Committee (2008) "Turning the tide on Lake Winnipeg and our health"

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lake Winnipeg

• The Canadian Encyclopedia
• Lake Winnipeg Research Consortium
• Manitoba Water Stewardship - Lake Winnipeg
• Satellite images of Lake Winnipeg

Winnipeg
—  City  —
City of Winnipeg
Clockwise from top: Downtown featuring the Legislative Building, The Forks, Portage and Main featuring the Richardson Building and Canwest Place, the Assiniboine Park Pavilion, Osborne Village, the Esplanade Riel
Flag Coat of arms Official logo of Winnipeg Logo
Nickname(s): Gateway to the West, Heart of the Continent, The Peg
Motto: Unum Cum Virtute Multorum (One with the Strength of Many)
Winnipeg Location of Winnipeg in Manitoba
Coordinates: 49°53′58″N 97°08′21″W / 49.89944°N 97.13917°W / 49.89944; -97.13917Coordinates: 49°53′58″N 97°08′21″W / 49.89944°N 97.13917°W / 49.89944; -97.13917
Country	Canada
Province	Manitoba
Region	Winnipeg Capital Region
Established,	1738 (Fort Rouge)
Renamed	1822 (Fort Garry)
Incorporated	1873 (City of Winnipeg)
Government
• City Mayor	Sam Katz
• Governing Body	Winnipeg City Council
• MPs	List of MPs Joyce Bateman (CPC) Rod Bruinooge (CPC) Steven Fletcher (CPC) Shelly Glover (CPC) Kevin Lamoureux (LPC) Pat Martin (NDP) Joy Smith (CPC) Lawrence Toet (CPC)
• MLAs	List of MLAs Nancy Allan Rob Altemeyer Sharon Blady Erna Braun Marilyn Brick David Chomiak Matt Wiebe Myrna Driedger Jon Gerrard George Hickes Jennifer Howard Kerri Irvin-Ross Bidhu Jha Bonnie Korzeniowski Gord Mackintosh Jim Maloway Flor Marcelino Doug Martindale Hugh McFadyen Diane McGifford Christine Melnick Bonnie Mitchelson Theresa Oswald Daryl Reid Jim Rondeau Mohinder Saran Erin Selby Greg Selinger Heather Stefanson Andrew Swan
Area
• Land	464.01 km2 (179.16 sq mi)
• Urban	448.92 km2 (173.33 sq mi)
• Metro	5,302.98 km2 (2,047.49 sq mi)
Elevation	238 m (781 ft)
Population (2011 Census[1][2])
• City	663,617 (7th)
• Density	1,430/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
• Urban	671,551 (9th)
• Urban density	1,429/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
• Metro	730,018 (8th)
• Metro density	137.7/km2 (357/sq mi)
Time zone	CST (UTC−6)
• Summer (DST)	CDT (UTC−5)
Postal code span	R2C–R3Y
Area code(s)	204
Demonym	Winnipegger
NTS Map	062H14
GNBC Code	GBEIN
Website	City of Winnipeg

Winnipeg ⁱ/ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than half of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point commonly known as The Forks).

The name "Winnipeg" comes from the Cree for "muddy waters". The Winnipeg area was a trading centre for Aboriginal peoples prior to the arrival of Europeans. The first fort was built there in 1738 by French traders.^[3] A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 with a population of 1,869.^[4] Winnipeg is the seventh-largest municipality in Canada, with a population of 663,617 in the Canada 2011 Census.

Winnipeg has a diversified economy, with sectors in finance, manufacturing, food and beverage production, culture, retail and tourism. Winnipeg is a major transportation hub, served by Richardson International Airport. The city has railway connections to the United States and Eastern and Western Canada through three Class I rail carriers.

Winnipeg's cultural organizations include Manitoba Opera, the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg Art Gallery and Le Cercle Molière. Some of the city's popular festivals are the Festival du Voyageur, the Winnipeg Folk Festival, the Winnipeg Jazz Festival, the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival, and Folklorama. Professional sports organizations based in the city include the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the Winnipeg Jets, and the Winnipeg Goldeyes. Winnipeg's universities include the University of Manitoba and the University of Winnipeg.

History[link]

Tipis on the prairie near the Red River Colony, 1858

Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North, a location currently known as "The Forks". This point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by Aboriginal peoples prior to European contact.^[5] The name Winnipeg is a transcription of the western Cree word wi-nipe-k meaning "muddy waters";^[6] the general area was populated for thousands of years by First Nations. Through archaeology, petroglyphs, rock art and oral history, scholars have learned that native peoples used the area in prehistoric times for camping, hunting, tool making, fishing, trading and, further north, for agriculture.^[7]

Before the first European encounter, First Nations peoples appear to have been engaged in farming activity along the Red River, near present-day Lockport, where corn and other seed crops were planted.^[8] The rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking many indigenous peoples, including the Anishinaabe, Assiniboine, Ojibway, Sioux, and Cree. The Red River linked ancient northern peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibway made some of the first maps on birch bark, which helped fur traders navigate the waterways of the area.^[9]

Settlement[link]

Steamship port at the Forks, with Upper Fort Garry in the background, early 1870s

The first French officer arrived in the area in 1738.^[10] Sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site, called Fort Rouge.^[11] Francophone trading continued at this site for several decades before the arrival of the British Hudson's Bay Company.^[12] Many French and later British men who were trappers married First Nations women; their mixed-race children, the Métis, hunted, traded, and lived in the area.^[13]

Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement (known as the Red River Colony), the purchase of land from the Hudson's Bay Company, and a survey of river lots in the early 19th century.^[14] The North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudson's Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812.^[15] The two companies competed fiercely over trade in the area. The Métis and Lord Selkirk's settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816.^[16] In 1821, the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies merged, ending their long-standing rivalry. Fort Gibraltar, at the site of present-day Winnipeg, was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudson’s Bay Company.^[17] The fort was destroyed by a flood in 1826 and was not rebuilt until 1835.^[17] The fort was the residence of the Governor of the company for many years. A rebuilt section of the fort, consisting of the front gate and a section of the wall, can be found near the modern-day corner of Main Street and Broadway Avenue in downtown Winnipeg.^[18]

Main Street in 1887 (at Pioneer Avenue looking north)

In 1869–70, Winnipeg was the site of the Red River Rebellion, a conflict between the local provisional government of Métis, led by Louis Riel, and newcomers from eastern Canada. General Garnet Wolseley was sent to put down the Métis rebellion. As a consequence of this rebellion, the Manitoba Act of 1870 paved the way for Manitoba's entry into the Canadian Confederation as Canada's fifth province.^[19] On November 8, 1873, Winnipeg was incorporated as a city. Manitoba and Northwest Territories legislator James McKay named the settlement.^[20]

Winnipeg developed rapidly after the coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881;^[21] Canada was eager to settle the west before American interests and railways interfered. The Manitoba Legislative Building, constructed mainly of Tyndall Stone, opened in 1920; its dome supports a bronze statue finished in gold leaf, titled "Eternal Youth and the Spirit of Enterprise" (commonly known as the "Golden Boy").^[22] Many new lots of land were sold and prices increased quickly due to high demand. Winnipeg faced financial difficulty when the Panama Canal opened in 1914.^[23] The canal reduced reliance on Canada's rail system for international trade; the real estate market slowed down, and the increase in shipping traffic helped Vancouver in British Columbia eventually to surpass Winnipeg and become Canada's third-largest city in 1920.^[24]

Strike to present[link]

The Winnipeg General Strike, June 21, 1919

Following World War I, more than 30,000 workers walked off their jobs in May 1919 in what came to be known as the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919.^[25] The strike was a product of postwar recession, labour conditions, the activity of union organizers and a large influx of returning discharged soldiers seeking work.^[26] After many arrests, deportations, and incidents of violence, the strike ended on June 21, 1919, when the Riot Act was read and a group of Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers charged a group of strikers.^[27] Two strikers were killed and at least thirty others were injured, resulting in the day being known as Bloody Saturday; the event polarized the population.^[27] One of the leaders of the strike, J. S. Woodsworth, went on to found Canada's first major socialist party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), which later became the New Democratic Party.^[28]

The stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression resulted in widespread unemployment, which was worsened by drought and low agricultural prices.^[29] The Depression ended after the start of World War II in 1939, when war requirements stimulated the economies of Western nations. In the Battle of Hong Kong, The Winnipeg Grenadiers were among the first Canadians to engage in combat against Japan. Battalion members who survived combat were taken prisoner and endured brutal treatment in prisoner of war camps.^[30] In 1942, the Government of Canada's Victory Loan Campaign staged a mock Nazi invasion of Winnipeg to promote awareness of the stakes of the war in Europe.^[31]

When the war ended, pent-up demand generated a boom in housing development, although building activity was checked by the 1950 Red River Flood, the largest flood to hit Winnipeg since 1861.^[32] On May 8, 1950, eight dikes collapsed, four of the city's eleven bridges were destroyed, and nearly 100,000 people had to be evacuated.^[32] This evacuation was Canada's largest ever.^[32] The federal government estimated damages at over $26 million, although the province insisted that it was at least double that.^[33] In 1953, Manitoba was hit with the worst outbreak of polio in Canada. There were 2,357 cases and 80 deaths.^[34]

Prior to 1972, Winnipeg was the largest of thirteen cities and towns in a metropolitan area around the Red and Assiniboine rivers. A consolidated metropolitan "Unicity" government was established on July 27, 1971, taking effect in 1972.^[35] The City of Winnipeg Act incorporated the current city of Winnipeg: the cities of Transcona, St. Boniface, St. Vital, West Kildonan, East Kildonan, Tuxedo, Old Kildonan, North Kildonan, Fort Garry, Charleswood, and St. James were amalgamated with the Old City of Winnipeg.^[35] Winnipeg's was the first large North American urban area to consolidate its multiple municipal governments in a single administration.^[36]

Immediately following the 1979 energy crisis, Winnipeg experienced a severe economic downturn in advance of the early 1980s recession. Throughout the recession, the city incurred closures of prominent businesses, including the Winnipeg Tribune, as well as the Swift's and Canada Packers meat packing plants.^[37] In 1981, Winnipeg was one of the first cities in Canada to sign a tripartite agreement with the province and federal government to redevelop its downtown area.^[38] The three levels of government—federal, provincial and municipal—contributed over $271 million to the development needs of downtown Winnipeg.^[39] In 1989, the reclamation and redevelopment of the CNR rail yards turned The Forks into Winnipeg's most popular tourist attraction.^[5]

Geography[link]

River walkway near The Forks

Winnipeg lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley, a low-lying flood plain with an extremely flat topography.^[40] This valley was formed by the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz which has rich deposits of black soil. Winnipeg is on the eastern edge of the Canadian Prairies in Western Canada; it is known as the 'Gateway to the West'. It is relatively close to many large Canadian Shield lakes and parks, as well as Lake Winnipeg (the Earth's 11th largest freshwater lake).^[41] According to the Census geographic units of Canada, the city has a total area of 464.01 km² (179.16 sq mi) and an elevation of 240 m (786 ft).^[42] Winnipeg has four major rivers: the Red River, the Assiniboine River, the La Salle River, and the Seine River. The Red River is a Canadian heritage river.^[43]

Because of Winnipeg's extremely flat topography and substantial snowfall, Winnipeg is subject to severe flooding. The Red River reached its greatest flood height in 1826. Another large flood occurred in 1950, which caused millions of dollars in damages and thousands of evacuations.^[44] This flood prompted Duff Roblin's government to build the Red River Floodway to protect the city from flooding. In the 1997 flood, flood control dikes were reinforced and raised using sandbags; Winnipeg suffered very limited damage compared to cities without flood control structures, such as Grand Forks, North Dakota. Recent major floods include the 2009 Red River Flood and the 2011 Red River Flood. The generally flat terrain and the poor drainage of the Red River Valley's clay-based soil also results in a seasonal explosion of insects, especially mosquitoes.

Climate[link]

Looking north at The Forks in the winter.

Winnipeg experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb,^[45] USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 2b)^[46] with warm to hot summers and cold windy winters. According to Environment Canada, Winnipeg is the coldest city in the world with a population of over 600,000 based on the average night-time temperature during December, January and February, inclusive.^[47] Winnipeg is ranked as Canada's sixth sunniest city year-round, second for clearest skies year-round, and second for sunniest city in Canada in spring and winter.^[48] Winnipeg has a reputation for being a windy city with the intersection of Portage and Main being called the windiest intersection in Canada;^[49] however, Regina, Hamilton and St. John's are windier.^[50] Although tornadoes are not common near Winnipeg, a Fujita scale F5 tornado struck Elie (just 40 km (25 mi) west of Winnipeg) in 2007; this was the strongest tornado ever recorded in Canada.^[51]

Normal July averages for Winnipeg's airport weather station range from 18 °C (64 °F) to 21 °C (70 °F).^[52] Nearby Carman reached 53 with the humidex, breaking Canada's old humidex record, in 2007.^[53] The highest temperature ever recorded in Winnipeg was 42.2 °C (108 °F) on July 11, 1936.^[54] A normal year will see temperatures at or above 30 °C (86 °F) 14 times a year.^[55] In August it will reach 30 °C (86 °F) or higher on one of every seven days in August.^[55]

Winters in Winnipeg are usually dry. Normal January averages in Winnipeg range from −21.7 °C (−7 °F) to −13.9 °C (7 °F).^[52] The coldest temperature recorded in Winnipeg was −47.8 °C (−54.0 °F) on December 24, 1879.^[56] A normal year will see temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) 58 times a year and temperatures below −30 °C (−22 °F) 14 times each year.^[55] Winnipeg's spring and autumn tend to be highly variable; temperatures in Winnipeg in April have ranged from −26.3 °C (−15.3 °F) to 34.3 °C (93.7 °F),^[57] and in October from −20.6 °C (−5.1 °F) to 31.1 °C (88.0 °F).

Cityscape[link]

Downtown Winnipeg Main Street

According to the 2001 Census, there are 230 neighbourhoods in Winnipeg.^[59] Downtown Winnipeg, the city's economic core, is centred on the intersection of Portage Avenue and Main Street (reputed to be one of the windiest in Canada).^[60] Downtown Winnipeg covers an area of about one square mile (2.5 km²) and is the fastest growing high-income neighbourhood in the city.^[61] More than 72,000 people work downtown, and over 40,000 students attend classes at its universities and colleges.^[61] The past few decades have seen downtown undergo major revitalization efforts; since 1999, over C$1.2 billion has been invested.^[61]

Downtown Winnipeg's Exchange District is named after the area's original grain exchange from 1880 to 1913.^[61] The 30-block district received National Historic Site of Canada status in 1997; it includes North America's most extensive collection of early 20th-century terracotta and cut stone architecture, 62 of downtown Winnipeg's 86 heritage structures,^[61] Stephen Juba Park, and Old Market Square, home to Winnipeg Jazz and Fringe Festivals.^[61] Other major downtown areas include The Forks, Central Park, Broadway-Assiniboine and Chinatown. Much of Downtown Winnipeg's major buildings are linked with the Winnipeg Walkway skywalk.^[62]

Osborne Village

Various residential neighbourhoods surround downtown in all directions, but expansion is greatest to the south and west, and has tended to follow the course of the two major rivers. The urbanized area in Winnipeg is about 25 km (16 mi) from east to west and 20 km (12 mi) from north to south, although several areas remain underdeveloped. The largest park in the city, Assiniboine Park next to the affluent neighbourhood of Tuxedo, houses the Assiniboine Park Zoo and the Leo Mol Sculpture Garden, Other large city parks include Kildonan Park, St. Vital Park, and Fort Whyte Centre. The major commercial areas in the city are Polo Park (West End and St. James), Kildonan Crossing (Transcona and East Kildonan), South St. Vital, Garden City (West Kildonan) and the Corydon strip. Osborne Village is Winnipeg's most densely populated neighbourhood.^[63]

Demographics[link]

As of the 2006 Census, there were 633,451 inhabitants in Winnipeg itself, 694,668 inhabitants in the Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), and 711,455 in the Winnipeg Capital Region.^[73] Thus, Winnipeg is Manitoba’s largest city and Canada's eighth largest CMA.^{[73] [74]} Apart from Winnipeg, the Winnipeg CMA includes the Rural municipalities of Springfield, St. Clements, Taché, East St. Paul, Macdonald, Ritchot, West St. Paul, Headingley, Rosser and St. François Xavier and the First Nations reserve of Brokenhead 4.

Of the city population, 48.3 percent were male and 51.7 percent were female. 24.3 percent were 19 years old or younger, 27.4 percent were between 20 and 30 years old, and 34.0 percent were between 40 and 64 years old. The average age of a Winnipegger in May 2006 was 38.7, compared to an average of 39.5 for Canada as a whole.^[75] Between the censuses of 2001 and 2006, Winnipeg's population increased by 2.2 percent, compared to the average of 2.6 percent for Manitoba and 5.4 percent for Canada. The population density of the city of Winnipeg averaged 1,365.2 people per km², compared with an average of 3.5 for Manitoba. As of July 2009, the population of the city of Winnipeg was estimated at 675,100, and that of the census metropolitan area at 742,400.^[76]

Most Winnipeggers are of European descent, and/or classify themselves as Canadian. Over 8 percent of Winnipeg's population is Aboriginal; it is the city's second fastest-growing ethnic group. Non-aboriginal visible minorities make up 16.3 percent of Winnipeg's population. Winnipeg is home to 38,155 people of Filipino descent, or roughly 6 percent of the total population.^[70] This is the city's fastest-growing minority group, with Winnipeg having the highest concentration of persons of Filipino origin in Canada, and the second largest Filipino population in Canada after Toronto.^[70][77]

Chinatown

More than a hundred languages are spoken in Winnipeg, of which the most common is English. 99.0 percent of Winnipeggers are fluent English speakers. In terms of Canada's official languages, 88.0 percent of Winnipeggers speak only English, and 0.1 percent speak only French. 11 percent speak both English and French, while 0.9 percent speak neither. Other languages spoken in Winnipeg include German (4.1%), Tagalog (3.4%), Ukrainian (3.1%), Spanish, Chinese and Polish (all three spoken by 1.7% of the population). Several Aboriginal languages are also spoken, including Ojibway (0.6%), Cree (0.5%), Inuktitut and Mi'kmaq (both less than 0.1%). Other languages include Dutch, Hungarian, Non-verbal languages, Portuguese, Vietnamese, Italian, Arabic, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Icelandic, Russian, Punjabi, Croatian, Serbian, and Greek (all of which are spoken by roughly 1% or less of the population).^[78]

The 2001 census recorded that 72.9 percent of Winnipeggers belonged to a Christian denomination:^[79] 35 percent were Protestant, 33 percent were Roman Catholic, and 5 percent belonged to other Christian denominations. 6 percent of the population followed a religion other than Christianity—followers of Judaism made up 2 percent of the population, those of Buddhism and Sikhism made up 0.9 percent of the population each, and Muslims made up 0.8 percent. Hindus accounted for 0.6 percent of the population, and members of other religions made up less than 0.5 percent.^[79] 22 percent of Winnipeggers did not follow a religion.

Economy[link]

Downtown Winnipeg and the Exchange District

Winnipeg is an economic base and regional centre. It has a diversified economy, covering finance, manufacturing, transportation, food and beverage production, industry, culture, government, retail, and tourism. According to the Conference Board of Canada, Winnipeg has the third-fastest growing economy among Canada's major cities in 2009 projections, with a real GDP growth of 2.5 percent.^[80]

As of July 2010^[update], approximately 409,500 people are employed in Winnipeg and the surrounding area.^[81] Some of Winnipeg's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including: The Province of Manitoba, the City of Winnipeg, the University of Manitoba, the Health Sciences Centre, and Manitoba Hydro.^[82] Approximately 54,000 people (14% of the work force) are employed in the public sector.^[83] Large private sector employers include: Shaw Cablesystems, Manitoba Telecom Services, Ipsos Reid, Palliser Furniture, Great-West Life Assurance, Motor Coach Industries, New Flyer Industries, Boeing Canada Technology, Bristol Aerospace, Nygård International, Canad Inns and Investors Group.^[84]

The Royal Canadian Mint, established in 1976, is where all circulating coinage in Canada is produced.^[85] The plant, located in southeastern Winnipeg, also produces coins for many other countries.^[86]

In 2006, Winnipeg was ranked by KPMG as one of the least expensive locations to do business in Canada.^[87] As with much of Western Canada, in 2007, Winnipeg experienced both a building and real estate boom. In May 2007, the Canadian Real Estate Association reported a record-breaking month in Winnipeg in terms of sales and volume.^[88]

Arts, culture, and tourism[link]

The Esplanade Riel, a pedestrian only, side-spar cable-stayed bridge, is home to the Winnipeg-based Salisbury House Restaurant

The Forks (a National Historic Site of Canada) attracts four million visitors a year.^[89] It is home to the City TV television studio, Manitoba Theatre for Young People, the Winnipeg International Children's Festival, and the Manitoba Children's Museum. It also features a 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m²) skate plaza, a 8,500-square-foot (790 m²) bowl complex, the Esplanade Riel bridge,^[90] a river walkway, Shaw Park (home to the Winnipeg Goldeyes), and the Canadian Museum for Human Rights (scheduled to open in 2013).

The Winnipeg Public Library is a public library network with 20 branches throughout the city, including the Millennium Library.^[91] Winnipeg has a large independent film community. It has also hosted a number of Hollywood productions: Shall We Dance? (2004), the Oscar nominated film Capote (2005), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), Horsemen (2009) had parts filmed in the province,and Goon (2011) was filmed in Winnipeg, Brandon, and Portage la Prairie. The National Film Board of Canada and the Winnipeg Film Group have produced numerous award-winning films. There are several TV and film production companies in Winnipeg: the most prominent areFarpoint Films, Frantic Films, Buffalo Gal Pictures, Les Productions Rivard and Eagle Vision. Guy Maddin's My Winnipeg, an independent film released in 2008, is a comedic rumination on the city's history.^[92]

Winnipeg Bear, (also known as Winnie-the-Pooh) was purchased in Ontario, by Lieutenant Harry Colebourn of The Fort Garry Horse.^[93] He named the bear after the regiment's home town of Winnipeg. A.A. Milne later wrote a series of books featuring Winnie-the-Pooh. An Ernest H. Shepard painting of "Winnie the Pooh", the only known oil painting of Winnipeg’s famous bear cub, is displayed in Assiniboine Park.^[94] It was purchased at an auction for $285,000 in London, England, in 2000.^[94]

View of The Forks and construction of the Canadian Museum For Human Rights to the left

Museums[link]

The Manitoba Museum is the largest museum in the city, and depicts the history of the city and province. The full-size replica of the ship Nonsuch is the museum's showcase piece.^[95] The Winnipeg Art Gallery is Canada's oldest public art gallery, founded in 1912. It is the sixth-largest in the country^[96] and includes the world's largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art.^[97]

The Canadian Museum for Human Rights under construction in November 2011.

The Western Canada Aviation Museum, located in a hangar at Winnipeg’s James Richardson International airport, features military jets, commercial aircraft, Canada’s first helicopter, the ‘flying saucer’ Avrocar, flight simulators, and a Black Brant (rocket) built in Manitoba by Bristol Aerospace.^[98] The Winnipeg Railway Museum is located at Via Rail Station and contains various locomotives, including the Countess of Dufferin, the first steam locomotive in Western Canada.^[99]

Winnipeg is also the future home of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights, which will be the first Canadian national museum outside of the National Capital Region. The museum, designed by American architect Antoine Predock, will be located at The Forks.^[100] The federal government has contributed $100 million towards the estimated $311-million project.^[101] Construction of the museum began on April 1, 2008, and is expected to be completed in late 2012.^[102]

Theatres and theatre companies[link]

Constructed for Manitoba’s centennial, this complex includes the Centennial Concert Hall, Manitoba Museum and Planetarium

Winnipeg’s three largest performing arts venues, the Centennial Concert Hall, Manitoba Theatre Centre (MTC) and the Pantages Playhouse, are located downtown. MTC is Canada's oldest English-language regional theatre, with over 250 performances yearly.^[103] The Pantages Playhouse Theatre opened as a vaudeville house in 1913.^[104] Le Cercle Molière, based in St Boniface, is the oldest theatre company in Canada. This French-language theatre, founded in 1925, moved to a new $2-million theatre in 2010.^[105] Rainbow Stage is a musical theatre production company based in Kildonan Park which produces professional, live Broadway musical shows and is Canada's longest-surviving outdoor theatre.^[106]

Other city theatres include the Burton Cummings Theatre (a National Historic Site of Canada built in 1906 currently named after the lead singer of The Guess Who), and Prairie Theatre Exchange (PTE), Winnipeg’s second-largest live theatre. The Manitoba Theatre for Young People (MTYP) at The Forks is one of only two Theatres for Young Audiences in Canada with a permanent residence, and is the only Theatre for Young Audiences that offers a full season of plays for teenagers.^[107] The Winnipeg Jewish Theatre (WJT) is the only professional theatre in Canada dedicated to Jewish themes.^[108] Shakespeare in the Ruins (SIR) presents adaptations of Shakespeare plays.

Festivals[link]

Festival du Voyageur, western Canada's largest winter festival, celebrates the early French explorers of the Red River Valley.^[109] Folklorama is the largest and longest-running cultural celebration festival in the world.^[110] The Jazz Winnipeg Festival and the Winnipeg Folk Festival both celebrate Winnipeg's music community. The Winnipeg Music Festival offers a competition venue to amateur musicians. The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is the second-largest alternative theatre festival in North America.^[111] The Winnipeg International Writers Festival (THIN AIR) brings writers from all over the world to Winnipeg for workshops and readings.

Music and dance[link]

The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra (WSO) is the largest and oldest professional musical ensemble in Winnipeg.^[112] The Manitoba Chamber Orchestra (MCO) runs a series of chamber orchestral concerts each year.^[113] Manitoba Opera is Manitoba's only full-time professional opera company.^[114]

Winnipeg also boasts a long list of musical talents and groups that have originated in this city, in many genres of music, including folk, roots, rock 'n' roll, blues, jazz, pop, alternative rock and others. Among the most notable musical acts associated with Winnipeg are Neil Young, The Guess Who, Bachman–Turner Overdrive, Streetheart, Harlequin, Chantal Kreviazuk, Earl MacDonald, Fresh IE, Bif Naked, Sierra Noble, Econoline Crush, Brent Fitz, Venetian Snares, Propagandhi, The Weakerthans, The Paperbacks, The Details, Crash Test Dummies, The Watchmen, Comeback Kid, Lenny Breau, The Wailin' Jennys, Remy Shand, Les Surveillantes and The Duhks.

The Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB) is Canada's oldest ballet company and the longest continuously operating ballet company in North America.^[115] It was the first organization to be granted a royal title under the reign of Queen Elizabeth II,^[115] and has included notable dancers such as Evelyn Hart and Mikhail Baryshnikov. The RWB also runs a full-time classical dance school, which is recognized internationally for excellence in dance training.^[115]

Sports[link]

MTS Centre

Winnipeg has been home to several professional hockey teams. The Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League have called the city home since 2011. The original Winnipeg Jets, the city's former National Hockey League team, left for Phoenix, Arizona after the 1995–96 season due to mounting financial troubles, despite a campaign effort to "Save the Jets".^[116] The Jets play at MTS Centre, which is currently ranked the world's 19th-busiest arena among non-sporting touring events, 13th-busiest among facilities in North America, and 3rd-busiest in Canada.^[117] Past professional hockey teams based in Winnipeg include the Winnipeg Maroons, Winnipeg Warriors, and the Manitoba Moose.

In amateur hockey, the Winnipeg Blues of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League play out of the MTS Iceplex. On the international stage, Winnipeg has hosted national and world hockey championships on a number of occasions, most notably the 1999 World Junior Hockey Championship and 2007 Women's World Hockey Championship.

The Winnipeg Blue Bombers are a community-owned football team that plays in the Canadian Football League. The Blue Bombers are ten-time Grey Cup champions, their last championship coming in 1990. From 1953 to 2011, the Blue Bombers called Canad Inns Stadium home and are expecting to move to Investors Group Field, currently under construction at the University of Manitoba, in September 2012. The $190-million facility will also be home to the CIS’ University of Manitoba Bisons and the Winnipeg Rifles of the Canadian Junior Football League. Construction began in May 2010 and is scheduled for completion in 2012.

The University of Manitoba Bisons and the University of Winnipeg Wesmen represent the city in interuniversity sport. In soccer it's represented by the Winnipeg Alliance FC in the Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League and the WSA Winnipeg in the USL Premier Development League.

Winnipeg has been home to a number of professional baseball teams, most recently the Winnipeg Goldeyes, since 1994. The Goldeyes play at Shaw Park, which was completed in 1999. The team led the Northern League for ten straight years in average attendance as of 2010, with 300,000+ annual fan visits, until they left to join the American Association.^[118]

Winnipeg was the first Canadian city to ever host the Pan American Games, and the second city to host the event twice, in 1967 and again in 1999.^[119] The Pan Am Pool, built for the 1967 Pan American Games, hosts aquatic events, including diving, speed swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo.^[120]

Winnipeg will return to the international stage when it co-hosts the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2015.^[121]

Professional sports teams

Local media[link]

Winnipeg has three daily newspapers: the Winnipeg Free Press, the Winnipeg Sun^[122] and the Winnipeg Metro. There are five weekly newspapers delivered free to most Winnipeg households by region. There are several ethnic weekly newspapers,^[123] as well as regional and national magazines based in the city.

Television broadcasting in Winnipeg started in 1954, two years after it began in eastern Canada. The federal government refused to license any private broadcaster until the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation had created a national network. In May 1954, CBWT went on the air with four hours of broadcasting.^[34] The first local private station, CJAY, began broadcasting in 1960. There are presently five English-language stations and one French-language station based in Winnipeg. Additionally, some American network affiliates are available over-the-air.^[124]

Winnipeg is home to 24 AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations.^[125] CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 broadcast local and national programming in the city. NCI is devoted to Aboriginal programming and CKJS is devoted to multilingual ethnic programming.

Law and government[link]

Since 1992, the city of Winnipeg is represented by 15 city councillors and a mayor elected every four years.^[126] The present mayor, Sam Katz, was elected to office in 2004 and re-elected in 2006 and 2010.^[127] The city is a single-tier municipality, governed by a mayor-council system.^[128] The structure of the municipal government is set out by the province of Manitoba in the City of Winnipeg Charter Act, which replaced the old City of Winnipeg Act in 2003.^[129] The mayor is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city.^[130] At Council meetings, the mayor has one of 16 votes. The City Council is a unicameral legislative body, representing geographical wards throughout the city.^[129]

The Beaux-Arts architecture style Manitoba Legislature, constructed between 1913 and 1919.

In provincial politics after the 2011 election, Winnipeg is represented by 31 of the 57 provincial Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). 26 Winnipeg districts are represented by members of the New Democratic Party (NDP), 4 are members of the Progressive Conservative Party, one is a member of the Liberal Party. All three leaders of the provincial parties represent Winnipeg districts in the legislature.^[131]

In federal politics, Winnipeg is represented by eight Members of Parliament: six Conservatives, one New Democrat and one Liberal.^[132] There are six Senators representing Manitoba in Ottawa.^[133] Only two list Winnipeg as the division they represent, although all of them were residents of Winnipeg when appointed to the Senate. The political affiliation in the Senate is three Liberals, two Conservatives, and one Independent.^[133]

Crime[link]

In 2004, Winnipeg had the fourth-highest overall crime rate among Canadian Census Metropolitan Areas listed, with 12,167 Criminal Code of Canada offences per 100,000 inhabitants.^[134] Winnipeg had the highest rate among centres with populations greater than 500,000.^[134] Statistics Canada states that in 2005, Manitoba had the highest decline of overall crime in Canada at nearly 8%; however, in 2009 the province topped all others in violent crime rates.^[135][136] The statistics for the year 2010 were similar, with Winnipeg still topping the violent crime severity index, although for the overall total crime severity index, Winnipeg was in third place, behind Saskatoon and Regina, with an index of 122.3, down by 10 per cent from 2009.^[137][138] Law enforcement in Winnipeg is provided by the Winnipeg Police Service, which has 1418 members.^[139]

Manitoba has also had a continuing problem with auto thefts, most of which occur in Winnipeg.^[140] To combat auto theft, Manitoba Public Insurance (MPI) established financial incentives for motor vehicle owners to install ignition immobilisers in their vehicles. It now requires owners of high-risk vehicles to install immobilisers.^[141]

Education[link]

Red River College's downtown campus

Education is a responsibility of the provincial government in Canada.^[142] In Manitoba, public education is governed by the Public Schools Act, the Education Administration Act, and regulations made under both Acts.^[142] Rights and responsibilities of the Minister of Education, Citizenship and Youth, public school boards, principals, teachers, parents and students are set out in the legislation.^[142] There are seven school divisions in Winnipeg: Winnipeg School Division, St. James-Assiniboia School Division, Pembina Trails School Division, Seven Oaks School Division, Division Scolaire Franco-Manitobaine, River East Transcona School Division, and Louis Riel School Division.^[143] Winnipeg is home to religious and secular private schools, which are not governed by school boards but must still adhere to regulations outlined by the province.

The University of Manitoba is the largest university in Manitoba; it is the most comprehensive post-secondary educational institution.^[144] It was founded in 1877, making it Western Canada’s first university.^[144] In a typical year, the university has an enrolment of 22,500 undergraduate students and 3,500 graduate students.^[145] Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface, the city's only French Canadian college, is affiliated with the University of Manitoba.

The University of Winnipeg received its charter in 1967, but its founding colleges date back more than 140 years.^[146] The founding colleges were Manitoba College 1871, and Wesley College 1888, which merged to form United College in 1938.^[146] Until 2007, it was an undergraduate institution that offered some joint graduate studies programs. It now offers graduate programs exclusive to the university.

The Canadian Mennonite University (CMU) is a private Mennonite university established in 1999. It was formed through the amalgamation of three colleges: Canadian Mennonite Bible College (founded in 1947), Concord College (founded as Mennonite Brethren Bible College in 1944), and Menno Simons College (founded in 1988).^[147] It is an undergraduate institution, and offers some programs jointly with the University of Winnipeg.

Winnipeg also has two independent colleges: Red River College and Booth College. Red River College offers diploma, certificate, and apprenticeship programs and, starting in 2009, began offering a limited number of degree programs. In May 2009, the federal government of Canada pledged $9.5-million of funding to the college to help reconstruct the 104-year-old Union Bank Tower for a second urban campus in downtown Winnipeg.^[148] Booth College, a Christian Salvation Army college, is a private university college established in 1982. It offers mostly arts and seminary training.

Infrastructure[link]

Transportation[link]

Union Station serves as home to Via Rail Canada

Winnipeg has had public transit since 1882, starting with horse-drawn streetcars.^[149] They were replaced by electric trolley cars. The trolley cars ran from 1892 to 1955, supplemented by motor buses after 1918, and electric trolleybuses from 1938 to 1970.^[149] Winnipeg Transit now runs diesel buses.^[150]

Winnipeg is a railway hub and is served by Via Rail, Canadian National Railway (CNR), Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, and the Central Manitoba Railway (CEMR). It is the only city between Vancouver and Thunder Bay with direct U.S. connections by rail.^[151] The city is connected to the United States via Provincial Trunk Highway 75 (PTH 75) (a continuation of I-29 and US 75). The highway runs 107 km (66 mi) to Emerson, Manitoba, and is the busiest Canada – United States border crossing between Vancouver and the Great Lakes.^[152] Much of the commercial traffic through Emerson either originates from or is destined for Winnipeg. Inside the city, the highway is locally known as Pembina Highway (Route 42).

The four-lane highway Perimeter Highway, built in 1969, serves as a Ring Road, with at-grade intersections and a few interchanges. It allows travellers on the Trans-Canada Highway to by-pass the city. A recent study cited dangerous intersections and low efficiency as its primary shortfalls.^[153] The Trans-Canada Highway runs east to west through the city (city route), or circles around the city on the Perimeter Highway (beltway). The city is also the starting point on the Yellowhead highway. Some of the city's major arterial roads include Route 80 (Waverley St.), Route 155 (McGillivray Blvd), Route 165 (Bishop Grandin Blvd.), Route 17 (Chief Peguis Trail), and Route 90 (Brookside Blvd., Oak Point Hwy., King Edward St., Century St., Kenaston Blvd.).

The Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport is currently undergoing a $585-million redevelopment. The development includes a new terminal (completed in 2011), a four-level parking facility, and other infrastructure improvements.^[154] The field was Canada's first international airport when it opened in 1928 as Stevenson Aerodrome.^[155] Winnipeg Bus Terminal, located at Winnipeg International Airport, offers domestic and international service by Greyhound Canada, Grey Goose Bus Lines, Winnipeg Shuttle Service and Brandon Air Shuttle.^[156]

Approximately 20,000 acres (81 km²) of land to the north and west of the airport has been designated as an inland port, CentrePort Canada, and is Canada’s first Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ). It is a private sector initiative to develop the infrastructure for Manitoba’s trucking, air, rail and sea industries.^[157] Still in its preliminary stages, construction has begun on a $212-million four-lane freeway that will connect CentrePort with the Perimeter Highway.^[158]

Medical centres and hospitals[link]

Winnipeg's major hospitals include Health Sciences Centre, Concordia Hospital, Deer Lodge Centre, Grace Hospital, Misericordia Health Centre, Riverview Health Centre, Saint Boniface General Hospital, Seven Oaks General Hospital, Victoria General Hospital, and The Children's Hospital of Winnipeg.^[159]

The National Microbiology Laboratory is Canada's front line in its response to infectious diseases and one of only a handful of Biosafety level 4 microbiology laboratories in the world.^[160] The National Research Council also has the Institute for Biodiagnostics laboratory located in the downtown area.

Military[link]

Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, co-located at the airport, is home to many flight operations support divisions and several training schools. It is also the headquarters of 1 Canadian Air Division and the Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Region.^[161] The base is supported by over 3,000 military personnel and civilian employees.

17 Wing of the Canadian Forces is based at CFB Winnipeg. The Wing comprises three squadrons and six schools; it also provides support to the Central Flying School.^[162] Excluding the three levels of government, 17 Wing is the fourth largest employer in the city.^[163] The Wing supports 113 units, stretching from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan/Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel to the high Arctic.^[162] 17 Wing also acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter-bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region.^[162]

There are two squadrons based in the city. The 402 "City of Winnipeg" Squadron flies the Canadian-designed and -produced de Havilland CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer.^[164] The 435 "Chinthe" Transport and Rescue Squadron flies the Lockheed CC-130 Hercules tanker/transport in airlift search and rescue roles.^[165] In addition, 435 Squadron is the only Canadian Forces Air Command squadron equipped and trained to conduct tactical air-to-air refueling of fighter aircraft.^[165]

Winnipeg is home to a number of reserve units:

• The Royal Winnipeg Rifles at Minto Armoury
• The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada infantry (along with The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada Museum) at Minto Armoury
• 735 Communications Squadron at Minto Armoury
• 17 Service Battalion at Minto Armoury
• 17 (Winnipeg) Field Ambulance at Minto Armoury
• 13 Military Police Platoon at Minto Armouries
• The Fort Garry Horse armoured reconnaissance regiment at McGregor Armoury
• HMCS Chippawa Naval Reserve Division

For many years, Winnipeg was the home of the Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2 PPCLI). Initially, the battalion was based at the Fort Osborne Barracks near present-day Osborne Village. They eventually moved to the Kapyong Barracks located in River Heights/Tuxedo. Since 2004, the 550 men and women of the battalion have operated out of CFB Shilo near Brandon.^[166]

Sister cities[link]

Since April 1971, the City of Winnipeg has permitted the Mayor to enter into "sister city" agreements with mayors in other countries.^[167] These sister cities (11 total since 1971) are located in North America, Europe and Asia.