- published: 13 Dec 2011
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- Adrian Vermeule
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- American Civil War
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- Dunster House
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Beirut
Coordinates: 33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°E / 33.88694; 35.51306
Beirut (Arabic: بيروت Bayrūt, Greek: Βηρυττός, Latin: Berytus, French: Beyrouth, Hebrew: ביירות Beyrut) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. As there has been no recent population census, the exact population is unknown; estimates in 2007 ranged from slightly less than 1 million to slightly more than 2 million. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's Mediterranean coast, it serves as the country's largest and main seaport. The Beirut metropolitan area consists of the city and its suburbs. The first mention of this metropolis is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters, dating from the 15th century BC. The city has been inhabited continuously since then.
Beirut is Lebanon's seat of government and plays a central role in the Lebanese economy, with many banks and corporations based in its city centre, Hamra Street, Rue Verdun and Ashrafieh. The city is the focal point of the region's cultural life, renowned for its press, theatres, cultural activities and nightlife. After the destructive Lebanese Civil War, Beirut underwent major reconstruction, and the redesigned historic city centre, marina, pubs and nightlife districts have once again made it a tourist attraction. Beirut was named the top place to visit by The New York Times in 2009, and as one of the ten liveliest cities in the world by Lonely Planet in the same year.
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CALI
The Center for Computer-Assisted Legal Instruction, also known as CALI, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit consortium of mostly US law schools that conducts applied research and development in the area of computer-mediated legal education. The organization is best known in law schools for CALI Lessons, online interactive tutorials in legal subjects, and CALI Excellence for the Future Awards (CALI Awards), given to the highest scorer in a law school course at many CALI member law schools. Nearly every US law school is a member of CALI.
CALI was incorporated in 1982 in the state of Minnesota by the University of Minnesota Law School and Harvard Law School. The cost of membership to CALI is US$5,000 per year for US law schools; free for legal aid organizations, library schools, state and county law librarians; and US$250 per year for law firms, paralegal programs, undergraduate departments, government agencies, individuals, and other organizations.
In the early 1980s, CALI set the precedent for creation and use of computer-assisted legal instruction exercises. CALI pioneered pre-packaged, interactive, computer-based legal education materials in text form with its CALI Lessons. CALI Lessons are web-based tutorials on a variety of legal subjects known as CALI Lessons. Currently there are over 800 lessons in over 30 law school subjects in CALI's library of lessons. The lessons are free to all CALI member schools' students.
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Cornell Law School
Cornell Law School, located in Ithaca, New York, is a graduate school of Cornell University and one of the five Ivy League law schools. The school confers three law degrees. The school has a student to faculty ratio of 10.4 to 1, the third lowest of the 184 American Bar Association–accredited law schools in the United States.
The Law Department at Cornell opened in 1887 in Morrill Hall with Judge Douglas Boardman as its first dean. At that time, admission did not require even a high school diploma. In 1917, two years of undergraduate education was required for admission, and in 1924, it became a graduate degree program. The department was renamed the Cornell Law School in 1925. In 1890, George Washington Fields graduated, one of the first law-school-graduates of color in the United States. In 1893, Cornell had its first female graduate, Mary Kennedy Brown.
In 1892, the school moved into Boardman Hall, which was constructed specifically for legal instruction. The school moved from Boardman Hall (now the site of Olin Library) to its present-day location at Myron Taylor Hall in 1937. The law school building, an ornate, Gothic structure, was the result of a donation by Myron Charles Taylor, a former CEO of US Steel, and a member of the Cornell class of 1894. An addition to Myron Taylor Hall, the Jane M.G. Foster wing, was completed in 1988. Foster was a member of the class of 1918, and was the first woman to serve as Editor-in-Chief on an American law review.
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Dunster House
Dunster House, built in 1930, is one of the first two Harvard University dormitories constructed under President Abbott Lawrence Lowell's House Plan, and one of the seven Houses given to Harvard by Edward Harkness. In the early days, room rents varied based on the floor and the size of the room. Dunster is unique among Harvard dormitories for its sixth-story walk-up (it has no elevators); these rooms were originally rented by poorer students, such as Norman Mailer.
The House was named in honor of Henry Dunster, a "learned, conscionable and industrious man," who became the first President of Harvard University, and was appointed to the Harvard presidency at the age of thirty-one, immediately after his arrival in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1640. He held the office during the early "troublous" years of the Colony, and left the College in 1654 after it had become a well-established institution.
The tower of Dunster House is inspired by, but somewhat smaller than, the famous Tom Tower of Christ Church, Oxford. Above the east wing is the Dunster family coat of arms.
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Harvard College
Harvard College, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is one of two schools within Harvard University granting undergraduate degrees (the other being Harvard Extension School). Founded in 1636, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world.
In 1636 the New College came into existence by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—though without a single building, instructor, or student. In 1639 it was renamed in honor of deceased Charlestown minister John Harvard, who had bequeathed to the school his entire library and half of his monetary estate.
Harvard's first instructor, schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton, was also its first instructor to be dismissed—in 1639 for overstrict discipline. The school's first students were graduated in 1642. In 1665, Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck, "from the Wampanoag ... did graduate from Harvard, the first Indian to do so in the colonial period."
At the time of Harvard's founding (as today) the colleges of England's Oxford and Cambridge were communities within the larger university, each an association of scholars (both established and aspiring) sharing room and board; Harvard's founders may have envisioned it as the first in a series of sibling colleges which, on the English model, would eventually constitute a university. Though no further "colleges" materialized, nonetheless as Harvard began granting higher degrees in the late eighteenth century it was increasingly styled Harvard University--even as Harvard College (in keeping with emerging American usage of that word) was increasingly thought of as the university's undergraduate division in particular.[citations needed throughout]
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Harvard University
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.
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Langdell Hall
Langdell Hall is the largest building on the campus of Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is home to the school's library, the largest academic law library in the world, and is named for pioneering law school dean Christopher Columbus Langdell. It is built in a modified neoclassical style.
The building was commissioned in 1905 by law school dean James Barr Ames, as the school was outgrowing H.H. Richardson's Austin Hall. It was designed by Richardson's successor, the firm Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge. The southern wing of the current building was completed and occupied by 1907. The same firm, rechristened Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch and Abbott, completed the northern and western wings in 1929. In 1997, the firm was appointed once again, this time to renovate the building. The renovations expanded the library, which now takes up most of the building, with the exception of two classrooms.
Other notable parts of the building include the Caspersen Room, which houses rare books, manuscripts, and paintings. The lobby of the building is graced by a statue of Joseph Story, Harvard professor and Supreme Court justice, sculpted by his son, William Wetmore Story.
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Lowell House
Lowell House is one of the twelve undergraduate residential houses within Harvard College, located on Holyoke Place facing Mount Auburn Street between the Harvard Yard and the Charles River. It is officially named for the Lowell family but an ornate ALL woven into the ironwork above the main gate discreetly alludes to Abbott Lawrence Lowell, Harvard's president at the time of construction. Its majestic neo-Georgian design, centered on two landscaped courtyards, received the 1938 Harleston Parker Medal and might be considered the model for later Harvard houses nearby. Lowell House is simultaneously close to the Yard, Harvard Square, and other Harvard "River" houses, and its blue-capped belltower, visible for many miles, is a local landmark.
Lowell was one of the first Houses built in realization of President Lowell's long-held dream of providing on-campus accommodations for every Harvard College student throughout his entire career in the College. (See Harvard College house system.) Its first Master[clarification needed] was Mathematics Department chairman Julian Lowell Coolidge, who also instituted Monday-night High Table.[clarification needed] Historian Elliott Perkins was the first to hold the position of Resident Dean (until recently known as the Allston Burr Senior Tutor) then was Master from 1942 to 1963. Classicist Zeph Stewart was the third Master, and William and Mary Lee Bossert served from 1975 to 1998. Current co-Masters Diana Eck and Dorothy Austin are thus only the fifth Masters in Lowell's 80 years. Lowell's sister college at Yale University is Pierson College.
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts (
i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
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Pforzheimer House
Pforzheimer House, nicknamed PfoHo (FOE-hoe) (and formerly named North House or NoHo), is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University. It was named in 1995 for Carol K. and Carl H. Pforzheimer Jr, major University benefactors, and their family.
Located in Harvard's Quadrangle, PfoHo comprises Ada Louise Comstock, Daniel Henry Holmes, Mary Buckminster Moors, and Wolbach Halls, in addition to Faculty Row and the Jordan North and South buildings.
PfoHo's shield features black and crimson squares on a crimson and black field; its mascots are the polar bear and the Pf bigram. The present House Masters are Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika Christakis, who have been in this capacity since 2009.
Radcliffe College students first took up residence on campus in 1901, and the oldest parts of PfoHo date to that year.
Moors opened in time for the 1949-1950 academic year, the year plans for Holmes were first drawn up. Construction of Comstock began in 1957.
The Jordans, two separate buildings located at the corner of Walker and Shepard Streets, began as an experiment in cooperative living in 1961. They gradually became used as overflow housing in 1985, although one building persisted as a co-op until at least until 1997.
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Republic of China
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Stanford Law School
Stanford Law School (also known as Stanford Law or SLS) is a graduate school at Stanford University located in the area known as the Silicon Valley, near Palo Alto, California in the United States. The Law School was established in 1893 when former President Benjamin Harrison joined the faculty as the first professor of law. It employs more than 80 faculty and hosts over 500 students who are working towards their Juris Doctor (J.D.) or other graduate legal degrees such as the Master of Laws (LL.M.) and the Doctor of the Science of Law (J.S.D.), giving it the smallest student body of any law school in the top 15 of the U.S. News & World Report annual ranking.
Stanford Law School has a small average class size of just 170, and maintains the nation's first Supreme Court litigation clinic. Recently, together with Harvard and Yale, it enacted "grade reform", eliminating traditional letter grades for students.
Stanford Law graduates include several of the first women to occupy Chief Justice or Associate Justice posts on supreme courts: current Chief Justice of New Zealand Sian Elias, retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, and the late Chief Justice of Washington Barbara Durham. Other justices of supreme courts who graduated from Stanford Law include the late Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist, current Montana Supreme Court Justice Brian Morris, retired Chief Justice of California Ronald M. George, retired California Supreme Court Justice Carlos R. Moreno, and the late California Supreme Court Justice Frank K. Richardson.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vermont Law School
Coordinates: 43°12′26″N 71°32′45″W / 43.20722°N 71.54583°W / 43.20722; -71.54583
Vermont Law School (VLS) is a private, American Bar Association accredited law school located in South Royalton, Vermont (a village of Royalton, Vermont). The Law School has one of the United States' leading programs in environmental law, and the Law School is currently (2012) ranked #1 in Environmental Law by U.S. News and World Report; in recent years, the school has been ranked #1 in 2011, 2009, and 2007, and #2 in 2008 (never lower than #2 since rankings began in 1991, #1 ranked 13 times). The Law School offers several degrees, including Juris Doctor (JD), Master of Laws (LL.M) in Environmental Law, Master of Environmental Law and Policy (MELP) (formerly known as Master of Studies in Environmental Law (MSEL)), and dual degrees with a diverse range of institutions, including the University of Cambridge, the Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, the Thunderbird School of Global Management, the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth.
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Yale Law School
Yale Law School (often referred to as Yale Law or YLS) is the law school of Yale University, located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Established in 1824, it offers the J.D., LL.M., J.S.D. and M.S.L. degrees in law. The school's small size and prestige makes its admissions process the most selective of any law school in the United States. Yale has consistently been ranked the number one law school in the country by U.S. News and World Report every year since the magazine began publishing law school rankings.
Among other luminaries, former United States President William Howard Taft was a professor of constitutional law at Yale Law School from 1913 until he resigned to become Chief Justice of the United States in 1921. Presidents Gerald Ford and Bill Clinton earned their law degrees at Yale Law School later in the century, and the law school's Lillian Goldman Law Library has been memorialized as the meeting place of Bill and fellow student Hillary Clinton, the 67th Secretary of State. Alumni also include current United States Supreme Court Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Sonia Sotomayor, as well as a number of former Justices, including Abe Fortas, Potter Stewart and Byron R. White; several heads of state around the world, including Karl Carstens, the fifth President of Germany, and Jose P. Laurel, the sole president of the Republic of the Philippines; former Democratic Vice Presidential nominees Sargent Shriver and Joe Lieberman; and the current deans of eight of the ten top-ranked law schools in the United States: Yale, Harvard, Columbia, Chicago, NYU, Michigan, Virginia, and Penn.
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Abram Chayes
Abram Chayes (July 18, 1922 - April 16, 2000) was an American scholar of international law closely associated with the administration of John F. Kennedy. He is best known for his “legal process” approach to international law, which attempted to provide a new, less formalistic way of understanding international law and how it might further develop. By focusing on how international legal rules are actually used by foreign policy decision-makers, Chayes sought to study international law, not within a vacuum of legal rules and procedures, but in a dynamic political environment.
Abram Chayes's full name was Abram Joseph Chayes, but he did not use his middle name. He was born in Chicago. Both his parents were lawyers.
He graduated summa cum laude from Harvard College in 1943 and served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1945 as a field artillery officer in France, Holland, Germany, and Japan, leaving the service with the rank of captain. He received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart.
Chayes graduated first in his class from Harvard Law School in 1949, where he served as president of the Harvard Law Review.
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Adrian Vermeule
Adrian Vermeule (full name Cornelius Adrian Comstock Vermeule; last syllable pronounced “mule”) is an American legal scholar.
Adrian Vermeule is a graduate of Harvard College (A.B., 1990) and Harvard Law School (J.D., 1993).
Vermeule clerked for Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia and Judge David Sentelle of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
He joined the faculty of the University of Chicago Law School in 1998 and was twice awarded the Graduating Students’ Award for Teaching Excellence (2002, 2004).
After a year in a visiting position, Vermeule became professor of law at Harvard Law School since 2006 and was named John H. Watson Professor of Law in 2008. He was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2012.
Adrian Vermeule's writings focus on institutional theory. He teaches administrative law, legislation, and constitutional law.
According to Vermeule, “The central question is not ‘How, in principle, should a text be interpreted?’ The question instead should be, ‘How should certain institutions, with their distinctive abilities and limitations, interpret certain texts?’ My conclusions are that judges acting under uncertainty should strive, above all, to minimize the costs of mistaken decisions and the costs of decision making, and to maximize the predictability of their decisions.”
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Alan Dershowitz
Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American lawyer, jurist, and political commentator. He has spent most of his career at Harvard Law School where in 1967, at the age of 28, he became the youngest full professor of law in its history. He has held the Felix Frankfurter professorship there since 1993.
Dershowitz is known for his involvement in several high-profile legal cases and as a commentator on the Arab–Israeli conflict. As a criminal appellate lawyer, he has won 13 of the 15 murder and attempted murder cases he has handled, and has represented a series of celebrity clients, including Mike Tyson, Patty Hearst, and Jim Bakker. His most notable cases include his role in 1984 in overturning the conviction of Claus von Bülow for the attempted murder of his wife, Sunny, and as the appellate adviser for the defense in the O.J. Simpson trial in 1995.
A political liberal, he is the author of a number of books about politics and law, including Reversal of Fortune: Inside the von Bülow Case (1985), the basis of the 1990 film; Chutzpah (1991); Reasonable Doubts: The Criminal Justice System and the O.J. Simpson Case (1996); the best-selling The Case for Israel (2003); Rights From Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights (2004) and The Case for Peace (2005).
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Alberto Gonzales
Alberto R. Gonzales (born August 4, 1955) was the 80th, and the first Hispanic United States Attorney General, appointed in February of 2005 by President George W. Bush, becoming the highest-ranking Hispanic in government to date. Prior to his elevation, he was the first Hispanic White House General Counsel, and earlier he had been Bush's General Counsel during his governorship of Texas. In Texas Gonzales had also served as Secretary of State of Texas and then as a Texas Supreme Court Justice. Gonzales's tenure as US Attorney General was marked by several conflicts with Congress. Following bipartisan calls for his removal, Gonzales resigned from the office without explanation. Democrats were particularly opposed to Gonzales for his role in the firing of several US District Attorneys which they believe had politicized his office.
Alberto Gonzales was born to a Catholic family in San Antonio, Texas, and raised in Humble, a town outside of Houston. Of Mexican descent, he was the second of eight children born to Pablo and Maria Gonzales. His father, who died in 1982, was a migrant worker and then a construction worker with a second grade education. His mother worked at home raising eight children and had a sixth grade education. Gonzales and his family of ten lived in a small, two-bedroom home built by his father and uncles with no telephone and no hot running water. According to Gonzales, he is unaware whether immigration documentation exists for three of his grandparents who were born in Mexico and who, like Gonzales and his family, were poor and uneducated and thus they may have entered and resided in the United States illegally from Mexico or they may have entered and resided legally.
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Archibald Cox
Archibald Cox, Jr., (May 17, 1912 – May 29, 2004) was an American lawyer and law professor who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy. He became known as the first special prosecutor for the Watergate scandal. During his career, he was a pioneering expert on labor law and also an authority on constitutional law. The Journal of Legal Studies has identified Cox as one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century.
Cox was the son of Archibald and Frances Perkins Cox. His mother was the sister of Maxwell Perkins, an editor at the publishing house of Charles Scribner's Sons. A native of Plainfield, New Jersey, Cox attended the Wardlaw School, and St. Paul's School. He graduated from Harvard College in 1934 and from Harvard Law School in 1937 where he was a member of Phi delta phi legal fraternity. He was a clerk for U.S. Judge Learned Hand of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. After his clerkship, he joined the Boston law firm of Ropes, Gray, Best, Coolidge and Rugg, now known as Ropes & Gray. During World War II, he was appointed to the National Defense Board, and then to the Office of the Solicitor General.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (
i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Cass Sunstein
Cass Robert Sunstein (born September 21, 1954) is an American legal scholar, particularly in the fields of constitutional law, administrative law, environmental law, and law and behavioral economics, who currently is the Administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the Obama administration. For 27 years, Sunstein taught at the University of Chicago Law School, where he continues to teach as the Harry Kalven Visiting Professor. Sunstein is currently Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, where he is on leave while working in the Obama administration.
Sunstein was born on September 21, 1954 in Concord, Massachusetts, the son of Marian (née Goodrich), a teacher, and Cass Richard Sunstein, a builder. His family was Jewish. He graduated in 1972 from the Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts. He earned an A.B. in 1975 from Harvard College, where he was a member of the varsity squash team and the Harvard Lampoon. In 1978, Sunstein received a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard Law School, where he was executive editor of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review and part of a winning team of the Ames Moot Court Competition. He served as a law clerk first for Justice Benjamin Kaplan of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1978–1979) and later for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the United States Supreme Court (1979–1980).
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Charles Nesson
Charles Rothwell Nesson (born February 11, 1939) is the William F. Weld Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and the founder of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society and of the Global Poker Strategic Thinking Society. He is author of Evidence, with Murray and Green, and has participated in several cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, including the landmark case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals.
In 1971, Nesson defended Daniel Ellsberg in the Pentagon Papers case. He was co-counsel for the plaintiffs in the case against W. R. Grace and Company that was made into the book A Civil Action, which was, in turn, made into the film of the same name. Nesson's nickname in the book, Billion-Dollar Charlie, was given to him by Mark Phillips, who worked with him on the W.R. Grace case.
Nesson is currently "interested in advancing justice in Jamaica, the evolution of the Internet, as well as national drug policy."
Nesson attended Harvard College as an undergraduate, studying mathematics. He took the law school boards junior year, earning a nearly perfect score, but he was initially rejected early admission from Harvard Law School for his grades. After improving his grades, Nesson was accepted. Nesson surprised himself by achieving and retaining a ranking of first out of five hundred students. He became among only a handful of people in history to have graduated summa cum laude from the law school, and is rumored to have achieved the highest grade point average since Felix Frankfurter graduated in 1907.
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Charles Ogletree
Charles J. Ogletree (born December 31, 1952 in Merced, California) is Jesse Climenko Professor at Harvard Law School, the founder of the school's Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice, and the author of numerous books on legal topics.
Ogletree was born to farm workers in central California. He earned both his B.A. (1974, with distinction) and M.A. (1975) in political science from Stanford University and his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1978.
After graduating from law school, Ogletree worked for the District of Columbia Public Defender Service until 1985, first as a staff attorney, then as training director, trial chief, and deputy director. In 1985, he became a professor at Harvard Law School. In 1992, he became the Jesse Climenko Professor of Law and vice dean for clinical programs.[citation needed]
Moderator of television programs, including State of the Black Union; Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community; (with others) Ethics in America; Hard Drugs, Hard Choices, Liberty and Limits: Whose Law, Whose Order?; Credibility in the Newsroom, Race to Execution, 2006; Beyond Black and White; Liberty & Limits: Whose Law, Whose Order?; That Delicate Balance II: Our Bill of Rights; and other Public Broadcasting Service broadcasts. Our Genes;
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Daniel Meltzer
Daniel Meltzer is an American lawyer and law professor, and is a presidential lawyer in the Obama Administration through June 1, 2010.
Meltzer received an A.B. in Economics from Harvard University in 1972, and a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1975 where he was President of the Harvard Law Review. Upon graduation, he clerked first for Judge Carl E. McGowan of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and then for Justice Potter Stewart of the United States Supreme Court. From 1977 to 1978, Meltzer was Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Joseph Califano, Jr. Thereafter he worked three years in private practice with the District of Columbia firm of Williams & Connolly.
Meltzer joined the Law School faculty in 1982 as assistant professor, was promoted to full professor in 1987, served as associate dean 1989-93, was named the Story Professor of Law in 1998, and the vice dean for physical planning in 2003.
Meltzer co-authored several books on the federal court system, habeas corpus, and other subjects with Richard Fallon and David L. Shapiro. Criminal procedure was another of his specializations.
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Derek Bok
Derek Curtis Bok (born March 22, 1930) is an American lawyer and educator and the former president of Harvard University. He is the son of the prominent Pennsylvania jurist Curtis Bok and Margaret Plummer Bok; the grandson of Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist, founder of the Curtis Institute of Music; and the great-grandson of Cyrus H. K. Curtis, founder of the Curtis Publishing Company, publisher of The Saturday Evening Post and the Ladies' Home Journal, the latter edited by his grandfather, Edward W. Bok.
Bok was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania and graduated from Stanford University (B.A., 1951), Harvard Law School (J.D., 1954), and George Washington University (A.M., 1958). He taught law at Harvard beginning in 1958 and served as dean of the law school there (1968–1971) and then as the University's 25th president (1971–1991). Bok currently serves as the faculty chair at the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Harvard and continues to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. Bok was the recipient of the 2001 Grawemeyer Award in education.
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Derrick Bell
Derrick Albert Bell, Jr. (November 6, 1930 – October 5, 2011) was the first tenured African-American Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and is largely credited as one of the originators of critical race theory. He was a Visiting Professor at New York University School of Law from 1991 until his death. He was also a former Dean of the University of Oregon School of Law.
Born in the Hill District of Pittsburgh, Bell received an A.B. from Duquesne University in 1952. He was a member of the Duquesne Reserve Officers' Training Corps and later served as an Air Force officer for two years (stationed in Korea for one of those years). In 1957 he received an LL.B. from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. After graduation, and after a recommendation from then United States Associate Attorney General William P. Rogers, Bell took a position with the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Justice Department. He was one of the few black lawyers working for the Justice Department at the time. In 1959, the government asked him to resign his membership in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) because it was thought that his objectivity, and that of the department, might be compromised or called into question. Bell resigned rather than giving up his NAACP membership.
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Drew Gilpin Faust
Catharine Drew Gilpin Faust (born September 18, 1947) is an American historian, college administrator, and the president of Harvard University. Faust is the first woman to serve as Harvard's president and the university's 28th president overall. Faust is the fifth woman to serve as president of an Ivy League university and is the former dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Faust is also Harvard's first president since 1672 without an undergraduate or graduate degree from Harvard.
Faust was born Catharine Drew Gilpin in New York City and raised in Clarke County, Virginia, in the Shenandoah Valley. She is the daughter of Catharine Ginna (née Mellick) and McGhee Tyson Gilpin, a Princeton graduate and breeder of thoroughbred horses. Her paternal great-grandfather, Lawrence Tyson, was a U. S. Senator from Tennessee during the 1920s. Faust is a descendant of the Puritan divine Rev. Jonathan Edwards, the third president of Princeton.
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Elizabeth Warren
Elizabeth Warren (born June 22, 1949) is an American bankruptcy law expert, policy advocate, Harvard Law School professor, and Democratic Party candidate in the 2012 United States Senate election in Massachusetts. She has written several academic and popular books concerning the American economy and personal finance. She contributed to the oversight of the 2008 U.S. bailout program, and also led the conception and establishment of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Warren attended The George Washington University and the University of Houston. She received a J.D. from Rutgers School of Law–Newark in 1976. Warren taught law at several universities and was listed by the Association of American Law Schools as a minority law professor throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In the wake of the U.S. financial crisis, Warren served as chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the Troubled Assets Relief Program in 2008. She later served as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau under U.S. President Barack Obama.
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Erwin Griswold
Erwin Nathaniel Griswold (July 14, 1904 – November 19, 1994) was an appellate attorney who argued many cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. Griswold served as Solicitor General of the United States (1967–1973) under Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard M. Nixon. He also served as Dean of Harvard Law School for 21 years. Several times he was considered for appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court. During a career that spanned more than six decades, he served as member of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and as President of the American Bar Foundation.
Griswold was born to parents James Harlen and Hope (Erwin) in East Cleveland, Ohio. Griswold graduated from Oberlin College in 1925 with an A.B. in mathematics and an M.A. in political science. He attended Harvard Law School from 1925 to 1929, earning an LL.B. summa cum laude in 1928 and an S.J.D. degree in 1929. Used by law professionals in all but four of the United States, The Bluebook, a uniform system of legal citation, was first compiled in 1926 by Griswold, while a student at HLS.
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Felix Frankfurter
Felix Frankfurter (November 15, 1882 – February 22, 1965) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Frankfurter was born in Vienna and immigrated to New York at the age of 12. He graduated from Harvard Law School and was active politically, helping to found the American Civil Liberties Union. He was a friend and adviser of President Franklin Roosevelt, who appointed him to the Supreme Court in 1939. Frankfurter served on the Supreme Court for 23 years, and was a noted advocate of judicial restraint in the judgments of the Court.
Frankfurter was born into a Jewish family on November 15, 1882, in Vienna, Austria, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the third of six children of Leopold and Emma (Winter) Frankfurter. His forebears had been rabbis for generations. In 1894, when he was twelve, his family immigrated to New York City's Lower East Side. Frankfurter attended P.S. 25, where he excelled at his studies and enjoyed chess and crap shooting on the street. He spent many hours reading at The Cooper Union and attending political lectures, usually on subjects such as trade unionism, socialism and communism.
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Frank Michelman
Frank Isaac Michelman (born May 26, 1936) is an American legal scholar and Robert Walmsley University Professor at Harvard Law School.
Michelman wrote the influential law review article, Property, Utility and Fairness, (80 Harv. L. Rev. 1165 (1967)) on the economic reasons for just compensation in the 5th Amendment Takings Clause in the United States Constitution. This article was cited by the majority in its opinion in Penn Central v. New York City, the Supreme Court case that dealt with the authority of a local New York City landmark law that forbade the railroad company from putting up a skyscraper above the historic Grand Central Terminal structure. Michelman's analysis relied on evaluating whether the nuisance costs and value to society were worth it. He observed that while the Courts did not always provide rulings which were fair or provided utility, they provided as perfect a results that can be obtained by the Courts. He observed that administrative agencies and legislatures were shirking their roles in the compensation process.
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Gerald Frug
Gerald Frug (b. 1939) is the Louis D. Brandeis Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, and a leading academic authority on local government law. He was married to feminist law professor Mary Joe Frug, who was murdered in 1991.
Frug has advocated regional cooperation to solve local government problems.
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Gerald Grinstein
Gerald Grinstein is the former CEO of Delta Air Lines, Inc. of Atlanta, Georgia. Grinstein came to the position in 2004, after CEO Leo F. Mullin stepped down amid a controversy over executive retirement and cash bonus plans that were deemed excessive. He is succeeded by Richard Anderson, a former Northwest Airlines executive, although Grinstein expected one of his two deputies for the top job. Grinstein and his wife Carolyn live in Seattle, Washington.
Grinstein received a BA from Yale University in 1954 and a JD from Harvard Law School in 1957.
From 1985 to 1995 Mr. Grinstein was also CEO of Burlington Northern Railroad (BN). In this position he helped form the corporate entity that resulted in BN's merger which formed the BNSF Railway.
Previously, Grinstein served as CEO of Western Airlines. When Western and Delta merged in 1987, he was appointed to Delta's Board of Directors and has remained on the board since then. He took over as CEO at a time when Delta was in a deep financial crisis. Grinstein embarked on a number of aggressive cost-cutting measures, including a major out-of-court restructuring of the company's long term debt and outsourcing of some heavy aircraft maintenance and ramp handling operations. He successfully negotiated with ALPA, the Delta pilots' union, for deep concessions in order to help the company stave off bankruptcy.
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Gerald L. Neuman
Gerald L. Neuman is J. Sinclair Armstrong Professor of International, Foreign, and Comparative Law at Harvard Law School. He was previously Herbert Wechsler Professor of Federal Jurisprudence at Columbia Law School.
He is an expert on international human rights law, comparative constitutional law, and immigration and nationality law.
In September 2010, Neuman was elected to the United Nations Human Rights Committee.
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Gerald L. Storch
Gerald L. Storch is a business executive. He is the Chairman and CEO of Toys "R" Us, Inc. Prior to joining Toys "R" Us, Storch was Vice Chairman of Target Corporation. He holds B.A., J.D. and M.B.A. degrees from Harvard University.
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H. H. Richardson
Henry Hobson Richardson (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886) was a prominent American architect who designed buildings in Albany, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and other cities. The style he popularized is named for him: Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture".
Richardson was born at Priestly Plantation in St. James Parish, Louisiana, and spent part of his childhood in New Orleans, where his family lived on Julia Row in a red brick house designed by the architect Alexander T. Wood. He was the great-grandson of inventor and philosopher Joseph Priestley, who is usually credited with the discovery of oxygen.
Richardson went on to study at Harvard College and Tulane University. Initially, he was interested in civil engineering, but shifted to architecture, which led him to go to Paris in 1860 to attend the famed École des Beaux Arts in the atelier of Louis-Jules André. He was only the second U.S. citizen to attend the École's architectural division, — Richard Morris Hunt was the first — and the school was to play an increasingly important role in training Americans in the following decades.
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Harry Blackmun
Harold Andrew Blackmun (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 until 1994. He is best known as the author of Roe v. Wade.
Harry Blackmun was born in Nashville, Illinois, and grew up in Dayton's Bluff, a working-class neighborhood in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He attended the same grade school as future Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, with whom he eventually served on the Supreme Court for some sixteen years. He attended Harvard College on scholarship, earning an A.B. summa cum laude in mathematics and graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1929. While at Harvard, Blackmun joined Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity and sang with the Harvard Glee Club (with whom he performed for President Herbert Hoover in 1929, Blackmun's first visit to Washington). He attended Harvard Law School (among his professors there was Felix Frankfurter), graduating in 1932. He served in a variety of positions including private counsel, law clerk, and adjunct faculty at the University of Minnesota Law School and William Mitchell College of Law (then the St. Paul College of Law). Blackmun's practice as an attorney at the law firm now known as Dorsey & Whitney focused in its early years on taxation, trusts and estates, and civil litigation. He married Dorothy Clark in 1941 and had three daughters with her, Nancy, Sally, and Susan. Between 1950 and 1959, Blackmun served as resident counsel for the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. He would later describe his time at Mayo as "his happiest time" (while describing his later work on the judiciary as where he "performed his duty").
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Jack Goldsmith
Jack Landman Goldsmith (born September 26, 1962) is a Harvard Law School professor who has written a number of texts regarding international law, cyber law, and national security law. He has been "widely considered one of the brightest stars in the conservative legal firmament."
From October 2003 to July 2004, he served under Attorney General John Ashcroft and Deputy Attorney General James Comey as an United States Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel in the Department of Justice, and wrote a book about his experiences there called The Terror Presidency.
Goldsmith graduated from Washington & Lee University with a B.A. summa cum laude in 1984. He then earned a second B.A. with first class honours, from Oxford University, in 1986, a J.D. from Yale Law School, in 1989, an M.A. from Oxford (which is not a separate degree, but an upgrading of the BA), in 1991, and a diploma from the Hague Academy of International Law in 1992. He clerked for Judge J. Harvie Wilkinson III on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit from 1989 to 1990, and for Justice Anthony Kennedy of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1990 to 1991. Before joining the Harvard Law faculty, he was a professor at the University of Chicago Law School and the University of Virginia School of Law.
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Janet Reno
Janet Wood Reno (born July 21, 1938) is a former Attorney General of the United States (1993–2001). She was nominated by President Bill Clinton on February 11, 1993, and confirmed on March 11. She was the first female Attorney General and the second longest serving Attorney General after William Wirt.
Reno was born in Miami, Florida. Reno's father, Henry Olaf Reno (original surname Rasmussen), emigrated to the United States from Denmark and for forty-three years was a police reporter for the Miami Herald. Jane Wallace (née Wood), Reno's mother, raised her children and then became an investigative reporter for the Miami News. Janet Reno has three younger siblings.
Reno attended public school in Miami-Dade County, Florida, where she was a debating champion and was valedictorian at Coral Gables High School. In 1956, Reno enrolled at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where she majored in chemistry, lived in Balch Hall, became president of the Women's Self-Government Association, and earned her room and board.
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Jeannie Suk
Jeannie Suk is a professor of law at Harvard Law School, and award winning writer.
Born in Seoul, Korea, Suk immigrated to the United States at the age of six. She attended Hunter College High School, graduating in 1991. Suk received her B.A. from Yale University in 1995, her D.Phil. from Oxford University in 1999, and her J.D. from Harvard Law School in 2002. She is married to Noah Feldman, a professor at Harvard Law School. They have two children.
She is the first Asian American woman to hold tenure at Harvard Law School. She has been awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship, the Marshall Scholarship, and the Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowship for New Americans. She has been named a "Top Woman of the Law" by Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly.
She served as a law clerk to Associate Justice David H. Souter of the U.S. Supreme Court, and to Judge Harry T. Edwards of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.
Her writing focuses on criminal law and family law. She has also published on intellectual property protection for fashion design.
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John Chipman Gray
John Chipman Gray (July 14, 1839 – February 25, 1915) was an American scholar of property law and professor at Harvard Law School. He also founded the law firm Ropes & Gray, with law partner John Codman Ropes. He was half-brother to U.S. Supreme Court justice Horace Gray.
Gray was a graduate of Boston Latin School. From there, he went on to Harvard University, where he earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1859, and Harvard Law School, where he earned his law degree in 1861. He was admitted to the bar in 1862, and thereafter served a tour in the Union Army in the American Civil War.
In 1865, after the end of the Civil War, Gray established his law practice in Boston, Massachusetts, which would eventually evolve into the modern firm of Ropes and Gray. In 1869, he began teaching at Harvard Law School, first as a lecturer, and became a full professor in 1875. In 1883, he was named Royall Professor of Law (a chair named for Isaac Royall, Jr.), a position he would hold for 20 years. He received honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from Yale University in 1894, and from Harvard in 1895.
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John F. Manning
John F. Manning is a prominent American legal academic and the Bruce Bromley Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1985, and served that year as a law clerk to Judge Robert H. Bork at the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He then served as law clerk to Justice Antonin Scalia for the Supreme Court's 1988 term.
Manning was brought to Harvard Law School by Dean Elena Kagan to help shore up HLS' expertise in public law; he is an expert in administrative law and a constitutional scholar of textualism. Manning's hiring, along with that of Jack Goldsmith, has "helped assuage complaints that Harvard marginalized conservative views."
Manning is also an expert on separation of powers issues.
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John Jay Osborn, Jr.
John Jay Osborn, Jr. is the author of the bestselling novel, The Paper Chase, a fictional account of one Harvard Law School student's battles with the imperious Professor Charles Kingsfield. The book was made into a movie starring John Houseman and Timothy Bottoms. Houseman won an Oscar for his performance as contracts professor Kingsfield. The Paper Chase also became a popular television series. Osborn wrote many of the scripts. Osborn's other books include The Associates, The Man Who Owned New York, and The Only Thing I've Done Wrong. His third novel, The Associates, was adapted into a short-lived television series starring Martin Short and Wilfrid Hyde-White.
He is one of the writers (along with Thomas A. Cohen) of the screenplay for the film version of the 1983 novel The River Why by David James Duncan. The movie, starring William Hurt and Kathleen Quinlan, was screened in 2010 at various film festivals.
His parents were John Jay and Anne Kidder Osborn and he is a descendant of John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States and of Cornelius Vanderbilt. He is married to Emilie H. S. Osborn, a physician with the Palo Alto Medical Foundation.
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John Palfrey
John Palfrey (born 1972) is a faculty co-director of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society, vice dean for library and information resources, and the Henry N. Ess III Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. He led a reorganization of the Harvard Law School Library in 2009. On November 14, 2011 Palfrey was named the fifteenth head of school of Phillips Academy Andover, effective July 1, 2012.
He is a principal investigator on the Open Net Initiative, a collaboration between Harvard and the University of Toronto and the University of Cambridge that studies the Internet filtering of countries such as China, Iran, and Singapore, among many others. He is co-founder and serves on the board of directors of StopBadware.
Palfrey was one of the founders of The Digital Public Library of America and has served as the chair of its Steering Committee since that organization's inception in 2010.
He is co-author or editor of several books. They include Access Denied (MIT Press, 2008), Access Controlled (MIT Press, 2010), Born Digital (Basic Books, 2008), and "Interop" (Basic Books, 2012).
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John Rawls
John Bordley Rawls (February 21, 1921 - November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University.
His magnum opus, A Theory of Justice (1971), was hailed at the time of its publication as "the most important work in moral philosophy since the end of World War II," and is now regarded as "one of the primary texts in political philosophy." His work in political philosophy, dubbed Rawlsianism, takes as its starting point the argument that "most reasonable principles of justice are those everyone would accept and agree to from a fair position." Rawls employs a number of thought experiments — including the famous veil of ignorance — to determine what constitutes a fair agreement in which "everyone is impartially situated as equals," in order to determine principles of social justice. He is one of the major thinkers in the tradition of liberal political philosophy.[citation needed] English philosopher Jonathan Wolff argues that "while there might be a dispute about the second most important political philosopher of the 20th century, there could be no dispute about the most important: John Rawls. His student Samuel Freeman says that Rawls’s work will be recognized 'for centuries to come.'"
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John Sexton
John Edward Sexton (born September 29, 1942) is the fifteenth President of New York University, having held this position since May 17, 2002, and the Benjamin Butler Professor of Law at the New York University School of Law. From 1988 to 2002, he served as Dean of the NYU School of Law, which during his deanship became one of the top five law schools in the country according to U.S. News and World Report. From January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2007, he was the Chairman of the Board of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York; in 2006, he served as chair of the Federal Reserve System's Council of Chairs.
Sexton graduated from Brooklyn Prep, a Jesuit high school, in 1959 (it closed in 1972). He holds a B.A. in history (1963), an M.A. in comparative religion (1965), a Ph.D. in history of American religion (1978) from Fordham University, as well as a J.D. (1979) magna cum laude from Harvard Law School, where he was Supreme Court Editor of the Harvard Law Review.
From 1966 to 1975, he taught religion at St. Francis College in Brooklyn, NY, where he was chair of the Religion Department.
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Jonathan Zittrain
Jonathan L. Zittrain (born December 24, 1969) is an American professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School and the Harvard Kennedy School, a professor of computer science at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and a faculty co-director of Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Previously, Zittrain was Professor of Internet Governance and Regulation at the Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford and visiting professor at the New York University School of Law and Stanford Law School. He is the author of, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It; as well as co-editor of the books, Access Denied (MIT Press, 2008) and Access Controlled (MIT Press, 2010).
Zittrain works in several intersections of the Internet with law and policy including intellectual property, censorship and filtering for content control, and computer security. He founded a project at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society that develops classroom tools. He is a co-founder of Chilling Effects, a collaborative archive created to protect lawful online activity from legal threats that was created by Wendy Seltzer
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Joseph H. H. Weiler
Joseph Halevi Horowitz Weiler (b. 1951 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is Joseph Straus Professor of Law and European Union Jean Monnet Chair at New York University Law School. He holds a diploma from the Hague Academy of International Law, Weiler is the author of works relating to the sui generis character of the European Union. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He holds degrees from Sussex (B.A.); Cambridge (LL.B. and LL.M.) and The Hague Academy of International Law (Diploma of International Law); he earned his Ph.D. in European Law at the EUI, Florence. He is recipient of Doctorates Honoris Causa from London University, Sussex University, the University of Macerata and the University of Navarra and is Honorary Senator of the University of Ljubljana.
From 1978 to 1985 he was member of the Department of Law at the European University Institute, Florence, where in 1989 he was co-founder of its Academy of European Law. He later served as Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School (1985–1992) and as Manley Hudson Professor and Jean Monnet Chair at Harvard Law School (1992–2001).
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Joseph Story
Joseph Story (September 18, 1779 – September 10, 1845) was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1811 to 1845. He is most remembered today for his opinions in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee and The Amistad, along with his magisterial Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, first published in 1833. Dominating the field in the 19th century, this work is one of the chief cornerstones of early American jurisprudence. It is the first comprehensive treatise ever written on the U.S. Constitution, and remains a great source of historical information of the formation and early struggles to define the American republic. It also is organized in a way antithetical to modern books on the subject; rather than starting with judicial review and leapfrogging to areas of main interest, Story methodically goes through the Constitution phrase by phase, covering topics most other constitutional commentaries ignore.
Story had opposed Jacksonian democracy and said it was "oppression" of property rights by republican governments when popular majorities in the 1830s began to restrict and erode the property rights of the minority of rich men.. Newmyer (1985) presents Story as a "Statesman of the Old Republic" who tried to be above democratic politics and to shape the law in accordance with the republicanism of Story's heroes, Alexander Hamilton and John Marshall, as well as the New England Whigs of the 1820s and 1830s such as Daniel Webster. Historians agree that Justice Story—as much or more than Marshall or anyone else—reshaped American law in a conservative direction that protected property rights.
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Kathleen Sullivan
Kathleen Marie Sullivan (born August 20, 1955) is a professor at the Stanford Law School and name partner at Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, a litigation-only law firm with offices in California, New York, Silicon Valley, Chicago, San Francisco, Germany, London, and Tokyo where she chairs their national appellate practice group.
She was considered to be a potential candidate to replace David Souter on the U.S. Supreme Court. If she had been nominated, she would have become the first openly lesbian nominee for the U.S. Supreme Court in American history.
Born in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan, and raised near New York City, Sullivan participated in the Telluride Association Summer Program during high school, graduated from Cornell University in 1976, and graduated as a Marshall Scholar from Oxford in 1978. Sullivan then graduated from Harvard Law School in 1981, where her mentor Laurence Tribe called her "the most extraordinary student I had ever had."
After law school, Sullivan worked for one year as a law clerk for Judge James L. Oakes on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. She also worked briefly as a constitutional litigator in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is a Member of the California, New York and Massachusetts bar.
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Laurence Tribe
Laurence Henry Tribe (born October 10, 1941) is a professor of constitutional law at Harvard Law School and the Carl M. Loeb University Professor at Harvard University. He also works with the firm Massey & Gail LLP on a variety of matters.
Tribe is widely recognized as a leading liberal scholar of constitutional law. He is the author of American Constitutional Law (1978), a treatise in that field, and has argued before the United States Supreme Court 35 times.
Tribe was born in the World War II Shanghai ghetto to parents of Askenazi Jewish descent, originally from modern-day Belarus. He attended Abraham Lincoln High School in San Francisco, California. He holds an A.B. in mathematics, summa cum laude from Harvard College (1962), and a J.D., magna cum laude from Harvard Law School (1966), where he was a member of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau. Tribe was a national champion policy debater at Harvard, and later a college coach and high school summer institute teacher.[citation needed]
Tribe served as a law clerk to Mathew Tobriner on the California Supreme Court from 1966–67, and as a law clerk to Potter Stewart of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1967–68. He joined the Harvard Law School faculty as an assistant professor in 1968, receiving tenure in 1972.[citation needed]
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Lawrence Lessig
Lawrence "Larry" Lessig (born June 3, 1961) is an American academic and political activist. He is best known as a proponent of reduced legal restrictions on copyright, trademark, and radio frequency spectrum, particularly in technology applications, and he has called for state-based activism to promote substantive reform of government with a Second Constitutional Convention.
He is a director of the Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics at Harvard University and a professor of law at Harvard Law School. Prior to rejoining Harvard, he was a professor of law at Stanford Law School and founder of its Center for Internet and Society. Lessig is a founding board member of Creative Commons, and also is on the board of MapLight. He is on the advisory boards of the Sunlight Foundation and Americans Elect. He is a former board member of the Free Software Foundation, Software Freedom Law Center and the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Born in Rapid City, South Dakota, Lessig grew up in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and earned a B.A. in Economics and a B.S. in Management (Wharton School) from the University of Pennsylvania, an M.A. in philosophy from the University of Cambridge (Trinity) in England, and a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1989. After graduating from law school, he clerked for a year for Judge Richard Posner, at the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago, Illinois and another year for Justice Antonin Scalia at the Supreme Court.
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Lewis F. Powell, Jr.
Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. (September 19, 1907 – August 25, 1998) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He developed a reputation as a judicial moderate, and was known as a master of compromise and consensus-building. He was known for drafting the Powell Memorandum, a confidential memorandum for the US Chamber of Commerce that described a socialist takeover of the dominant public institutions of American society.
Powell was born in Suffolk, Virginia. He attended Washington and Lee University, earning both an undergraduate and a law degree from that university. He was elected president of student body as an undergraduate with the help of Mosby G. Perrow, Jr., and the two would later serve together on the Virginia State Board of Education in the 1960s. Powell was a member of Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity and the Sigma Society. At a leadership conference, he met Edward R. Murrow and they became close friends. He attended Harvard Law School for a master's degree.
During World War II, he served years in Europe and North Africa. He started as a First Lieutenant, and eventually rose to the rank of Colonel. He worked mostly in intelligence, decoding German messages.
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Lewis Sargentich
Lewis Daniel "Lew" Sargentich (b. 1944), frequently referred to simply as "Sarge," has been a professor at Harvard Law School since 1973 where he teaches courses tort law and jurisprudence. Sargentich is well known for his remarkable tenure as a student at Harvard Law School, where he both named and first analyzed the First Amendment overbreadth doctrine in a student note [1]. He graduated summa cum laude.
He grew up in Alhambra, California and is the son of Daniel Sargentich, a first generation American who lost most of his hearing working in copper mines, and Peggy Sargentich, who was known as Margaret until she told a handsome man in a voter registration line that her name was "Peggy" a name that stuck as that man became her husband of 65 years. Sarge is also the brother of Thomas O. Sargentich, the late professor at American University School of law and Karen Sargentich Stafford author of The Obelisk and "Dad Turned 90 on the 4th of July: Daniel Milo Sargentich".
He co-authors the popular tort law casebook Tort and Accident Law: Cases and Materials with Gregory Keating and the late Robert Keeton (whose position as editor will be replaced by James Fleming of Boston University Law School in the 2010 edition).
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Lloyd Blankfein
Lloyd Craig Blankfein (born September 20, 1954) is an American business executive. He is currently the CEO and Chairman of Goldman Sachs. He has been in this position since the May 31, 2006 nomination of former CEO Henry Paulson as Secretary of the Treasury under George W. Bush.
Blankfein was born in the Bronx borough of New York City to a Jewish family and reared in Brooklyn's Linden Houses, part of the New York City Housing Authority.[citation needed] His father was a clerk with the U.S. Postal Service branch in the Manhattan borough of New York City and his mother was a receptionist. As a boy, he worked as a concession vendor at Yankee Stadium. He received primary and secondary education in the public schools of the New York City Department of Education, and was the valedictorian at Thomas Jefferson High School in 1971. He attended Harvard College, where he lived in Winthrop House, and earned his A.B. in 1975. In 1978, Blankfein received a J.D. degree from Harvard Law School.
Blankfein worked as a corporate tax lawyer for the law firm Donovan, Leisure, Newton & Irvine. In 1981, he joined Goldman's commodities trading arm, J. Aron & Co., as a precious metals salesman in its London office.
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Lon Fuller
Lon Luvois Fuller (June 15, 1902 – April 8, 1978) was a noted legal philosopher, who wrote The Morality of Law in 1964, discussing the connection between law and morality. Fuller was professor of Law at Harvard University for many years, and is noted in American law for his contributions to the law of contracts. His debate with H. L. A. Hart in the Harvard Law Review (Vol. 71) was of significant importance for framing the modern conflict between legal positivism and natural law. Fuller was an important influence on Ronald Dworkin, who was one of his students at Harvard Law.
Fuller presents these problems in his book The Morality of Law with an entertaining story about an imaginary king named Rex who attempts to rule but finds he is unable to do so in any meaningful way when any of these conditions are not met. Fuller contends that the purpose of law is to "subject human conduct to the governance of rules". Each of the 8 features which lead to failure form a corresponding principle to avoid such deficiencies which should be respected in legislation. If any of these 8 principles is not present in a system of governance, a system will not be a legal one. The more closely a system is able to adhere to them, the nearer it will be to the ideal, though in reality all systems must make compromises. These principles, Fuller argues, represent the "internal morality of law", and he argues that compliance with them leads to substantively just laws and away from evil ones.
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Louis Brandeis
Louis Dembitz Brandeis (pronounced /ˈbrændaɪs/; November 13, 1856 – October 5, 1941) was an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939.
He was born in Louisville, Kentucky, to Jewish immigrant parents who raised him in a secular mode. He enrolled at Harvard Law School, graduating at the age of twenty with the highest grade average in the college’s history.
Brandeis settled in Boston where he became a recognized lawyer through his work on progressive social causes. Starting in 1890, he helped develop the "right to privacy" concept by writing a Harvard Law Review article of that title, and was thereby credited by legal scholar Roscoe Pound as having accomplished "nothing less than adding a chapter to our law". He later published a book entitled Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It, suggesting ways of curbing the power of large banks and money trusts, which partly explains why he later fought against powerful corporations, monopolies, public corruption, and mass consumerism, all of which he felt were detrimental to American values and culture. He also became active in the Zionist movement, seeing it as a solution to antisemitism in Europe and Russia, while at the same time being a way to "revive the Jewish spirit."
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Lucian Bebchuk
Lucian Arye Bebchuk (born 1955) is a professor at Harvard Law School focusing on economics and finance.
His many degrees include a B.A. in Mathematics and Economics from the University of Haifa (1977), an LL.B. from the University of Tel Aviv (1979), an LL.M. and S.J.D. from Harvard Law School (1980 and 1984) and an M.A. and Ph.D. in economics, also from Harvard (1992 and 1993). He was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows from 1983 to 1985. He joined the Harvard Law faculty in 1986.
Bebchuck is the co-author, with Jesse Fried, of Pay without Performance: The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation.
He was named one of the top 100 most influential players in corporate governance in the US by Directorship magazine. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000. In 2004, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.
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Ma Ying-jeou
Ma Ying-jeou (traditional Chinese: 馬英九; simplified Chinese: 马英九; pinyin: Mǎ Yīngjiǔ; born July 13, 1950) is the 12th and 13th term President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), and the Chairman of the Kuomintang Party, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party. Previous roles include Justice Minister (1993–96) and Mayor of Taipei (1998-06). He is also the current Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) having served in that role since 2005 stepping down for a period between 2007 and 2009. Ma first won the presidency by 58.45% of the popular vote in the presidential election of 2008, and was re-elected in 2012 with 51.6% of the vote. He was sworn into office as president on May 20, 2008, and sworn in as the Chairman of the Kuomintang on October 17, 2009.
Ma Ying-jeou was born in Kwong Wah Hospital in Kowloon, Hong Kong on 13 July 1950. He is of Hakka ancestry, originating from Hunan Province of China. In a family of five children, Ma was the only son.
Ma earned his LL.B. from National Taiwan University in 1972. He pursued further studies in the United States, first earning an LL.M. from New York University Law School in 1976 and then an S.J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1981.
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Mark J. Roe
Mark J. Roe is the David Berg Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, appointed in 2001.
Professor Roe is the author of Strong Managers, Weak Owners (Princeton, 1994) and Political Determinants of Corporate Governance (Oxford, 2003), in which he shows underlying connections between business structures and national political configurations. He explores the political economy of American corporate lawmaking in a series of articles, two of which are published in the Harvard Law Review and Stanford Law Review. He also comments on business and finance legal issues in such publications as the Financial Times, Forbes, and the Wall Street Journal. He has opinion pieces in these journals on the General Motors bankruptcy, derivatives debilities in the financial crisis of 2008, and shortcomings of the 2010 financial reform.
He received his B.A. from Columbia University in 1972, and his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1975. Prior to joining the Harvard faculty, he held positions at Columbia Law School and the University of Pennsylvania School of Law. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
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Mark Tushnet
Mark Victor Tushnet (born November 18, 1945) is the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. A prominent scholar of constitutional law and legal history, he is the author of many books and articles.
Tushnet received his A.B. from Harvard College. He later received an M.A. in history from Yale University and his J.D. from the Yale Law School. Tushnet has been a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and he taught for many years at the Georgetown University Law Center.
Tushnet served as a law clerk to Justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court between 1972 and 1973. In a 1996 congressional hearing on President Bill Clinton's veto of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, Tushnet testified as to his involvement in Roe v. Wade, the 1973 case which struck down state laws prohibiting abortion. During questioning it was alleged that a memorandum written by Tushnet to Marshall had a significant influence on the outcome of the case.
One of the more controversial figures in constitutional theory, he is identified with the 'critical legal studies' movement and once stated in an article that, were he asked to decide actual cases as a judge, he would seek to reach results that would "advance the cause of socialism". Tushnet is a main proponent of the idea that judicial review should be strongly limited and that the Constitution should be returned "to the people." Tushnet is, with Professor Vicki Jackson of Georgetown, the co-author of a casebook entitled Comparative Constitutional Law (Foundation Press, 2d ed. 2006).
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Martha Minow
Martha Louise Minow (born December 6, 1954) is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor of Law and the Dean of Harvard Law School. She teaches civil procedure, constitutional law, family law, international criminal justice, jurisprudence, law and education, nonprofit organizations, and the public law workshop. She has written extensively about human rights, with a focus on racial and religious minorities as well as in women, children, and persons with disabilities. She also writes and teaches about privatization, military justice, and ethnic and religious conflict. Minow was one of the candidates mentioned to replace U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens upon his retirement. This honor, however, went to Elena Kagan, Minow's predecessor as dean of Harvard Law School.
Minow is the daughter of former Federal Communications Commission chairman Newton Minow and his wife Josephine Baskin Minow. After graduating from New Trier Township High School in 1972 and completing her undergraduate studies at the University of Michigan in 1975, Minow received a master’s degree in education from Harvard (1976) and her Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Yale Law School (1979), where she was an editor of the Yale Law Journal.
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Mary Ann Glendon
Mary Ann Glendon (born October 7, 1938 Pittsfield, Massachusetts) J.D., LL.M., was the United States Ambassador to the Holy See (2008–2009), and is the Learned Hand Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. She teaches and writes on bioethics, comparative constitutional law, property, and human rights in international law. She is pro-life and "writes forcefully against the expansion of abortion rights."
Glendon graduated from University of Chicago Law School, where she served on law review.
Glendon is the author of Rights Talk; A Nation Under Lawyers, and A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1994, she was a signer of Evangelicals and Catholics Together, an ecumenical document aimed at rapprochement between Catholics and Evangelicals. Glendon became the first female President of the Roman Catholic Church's Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, when she was appointed by Pope John Paul II on March 9, 2004 (she was already a member of the academy since January 9, 1994).
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Mary Robinson
Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (née Bourke) (Irish: Máire Mhic Róibín; born 21 May 1944) served as the seventh, and first female, President of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, from 1997 to 2002. She first rose to prominence as an academic, barrister, campaigner and member of the Irish Senate (1969–1989). She defeated Fianna Fáil's Brian Lenihan and Fine Gael's Austin Currie in the 1990 presidential election becoming, as an Independent candidate nominated by the Labour Party, the Workers' Party and independent senators, the first elected president in the office's history not to have had the support of Fianna Fáil.
She is widely regarded as a transformative figure in the presidency of Ireland, who revitalised and liberalised a previously conservative, low-profile political office. She resigned the presidency two months ahead of the end of her term of office to take up her post in the United Nations. Robinson has been Honorary President of Oxfam International since 2002 and of the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation EIUC since 2005, she is Chair of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and is also a founding member and Chair of the Council of Women World Leaders. Robinson was a member of the European members of the Trilateral Commission.
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Michael Boudin
Michael Boudin (pronounced /buːˈdiːn/ boo-DEEN; born 1939) is a Judge and former Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Boudin was born in New York City, the son of the civil liberties attorney Leonard Boudin and older brother of Weather Underground member Kathy Boudin. He received a B.A. from Harvard University and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1964. He was a law clerk for Judge Henry J. Friendly of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1964 to 1965, and then clerked for Justice John Marshall Harlan II of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1965 to 1966.
From 1966 to 1987 Boudin practiced regulatory law at Covington & Burling, a Washington D.C. law firm. He spent 21 years at Covington & Burling, primarily drafting appellate briefs in complex regulatory matters for corporate clients.
Boudin worked as a visiting professor at Harvard Law School from 1982 to 1983, and then as a lecturer there from 1983 to 1998. He then served in President Reagan's Justice Department as a deputy assistant U.S. Attorney General of the Antitrust Division from 1987 to 1990.
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Michael Dukakis
Michael Stanley Dukakis (/dʉˈkɑːkɨs/; born November 3, 1933) served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts from 1975–1979 and from 1983–1991, and was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1988. He was born to Greek immigrants in Brookline, Massachusetts, also the birthplace of John F. Kennedy, and was the longest serving governor in Massachusetts history. He was the second Greek American governor in U.S. history after Spiro Agnew.
Dukakis's father Panos (1896–1979) was a Greek from Adramytio, in Asia Minor, who settled in Lowell, Massachusetts in 1912, and graduated from Harvard Medical School twelve years later, subsequently working as an obstetrician. His mother Euterpe (née Boukis) (1903–2003) was a Greek immigrant from Larissa of Vlach-Aromanian descent; she and her family emigrated to Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1913. She was a graduate of Bates College.
Dukakis attended Brookline High School in his hometown. He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1955, served in the U.S. Army 1955–1957, stationed in Korea, and then received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1960. Dukakis is also an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America.
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Michael Kinsley
Michael Kinsley (born March 9, 1951) is an American political journalist, commentator, television host, and pundit. Primarily active in print media as both a writer and editor, he also became known to television audiences as a co-host on Crossfire. Kinsley has been a notable participant in the mainstream media's development of online content.
Kinsley was born in Detroit, Michigan. He attended the Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, then graduated from Harvard College in 1972. At Harvard, Kinsley served as vice president of the University's daily newspaper, The Harvard Crimson. He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship and studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, then returned to Harvard for law school. While still a third-year law student, he began working at The New Republic and was allowed to finish his Harvard Juris Doctor degree via courses at the evening program at The George Washington University Law School.
Kinsley's first exposure to a national television audience was as moderator of William Buckley's Firing Line. In 1979 Kinsley became editor of The New Republic and wrote that magazine's TRB column for most of the 1980s and 1990s. That column was also reprinted in a variety of newspaper op-ed pages, including the Washington Post, and made Kinsley's reputation as a leading political commentator. Kinsley also served as editor at Harper's (for a year and a half in the early 1980s), managing editor of Washington Monthly (in the mid-1970s, while still in school), and American Editor of The Economist (a short-term, honorary position).
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Michael Klarman
Michael J. Klarman is an American legal historian, and constitutional law scholar, the Kirkland & Ellis Professor at Harvard Law School. Formerly, he was James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, Professor of History, and Elizabeth D. and Richard A. Merrill Research Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law. Klarman specializes in the constitutional history of race. He contends that the Supreme Court of the United States has historically been hostile to the rights of minorities and has not consistently enforced constitutional protections for them. Klarman argues that civil rights protections arise out of social mores from which the court takes its cue. http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/spotlight/civil-rights/klarman-aaas-address.html
Klarman holds a J.D. from Stanford Law School, a D.Phil. from Oxford University (where he was a Marshall Scholar) and an M.A. and B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania. After his graduation from law school, he clerked for then-Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg when she was on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
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Michelle Obama
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is the wife of the 44th and incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, and is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Raised on the South Side of Chicago, Obama attended Princeton University and Harvard Law School before returning to Chicago and to work at the law firm Sidley Austin, where she met her future husband. Subsequently, she worked as part of the staff of Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley, and for the University of Chicago Medical Center.
Throughout 2007 and 2008, she helped campaign for her husband's presidential bid and delivered a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She is the mother of two daughters, Malia and Sasha, and is the sister of Craig Robinson, men's basketball coach at Oregon State University. As the wife of a Senator, and later the First Lady, she has become a fashion icon and role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition and healthy eating.
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Mitt Romney
Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–07).
The son of Lenore and George W. Romney (Governor of Michigan, 1963–69), he was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1966, after one year at Stanford University, he left the United States to spend thirty months in France as a Mormon missionary. In 1969, he married Ann Davies, and the couple had five children together. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University and, in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard University as a Baker Scholar. He entered the management consulting industry, which in 1977, led to a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Chief Executive Officer, he helped bring the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded the spin-off Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became highly profitable and one of the largest such firms in the nation. His net worth is estimated at $190–250 million, wealth that has helped fund his political campaigns. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served as Ward Bishop and later Stake President in his area near Boston. He ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, losing to long-time incumbent Ted Kennedy. In 1999, he was hired as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics; and he helped turn the fiscally troubled games into a success.
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Morton Horwitz
Morton J. Horwitz (born 1938) is an American legal historian and law professor at Harvard Law School. The recent past dean of Harvard Law School, Elena Kagan, relates that during her time at law school, students often nicknamed him as "Mort the Tort" since he taught the first-year subject Torts.
Horwitz obtained an A.B. from the City College of New York (1959), an A.M. and Ph.D. from Harvard University (1962 and 1964), and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School (1967).
He became an Associate Professor of Law at Harvard Law School in 1970 and gained tenure as a full professor in 1974. In 1981, he was appointed the Charles Warren Professor of American Legal History.
His first book, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860, was published in 1977, and is widely regarded as one of the most important books in modern American legal historiography. It won the Bancroft Prize, the preeminent prize in American history in the United States. A product of its time, this book sought to give a "thick description" (à la Clifford Geertz) of the transformation of American law in the period, without appealing to "covering laws" (à la Carl Gustav Hempel). The book was conceived as an attack on the so-called "Consensus School" of American Legal History, which had dominated the field of Legal History in the 1950s and minimized the role of class dimensions in American legal history. The main argument of his book is that in the first half of the 19th century, many judges self-consciously allied themselves with a rapidly-growing class of mercantile capitalists and promoted a series of legal rules which favored those capitalists.
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Navanethem Pillay
Navanethem "Navi" Pillay (Tamil: நவநீதம் பிள்ளை; born 23 September 1941) is the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A South African of Indian origin, she was the first non-white woman on the High Court of South Africa, and she has also served as a judge of the International Criminal Court and President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Her four-year term as High Commissioner for Human Rights began on 1 September 2008.
Pillay was born in 1941 in a poor neighborhood of Durban, South Africa. She is of Tamil descent and her father was a bus driver. She married Gaby Pillay, a lawyer, in January 1965.
Supported by her local Indian community with donations, she graduated from the University of Natal with a BA in 1963 and an LLB in 1965. She later attended Harvard Law School, obtaining an LLM in 1982 and a Doctor of Juridical Science degree in 1988. Pillay is the first South African to obtain a doctorate in law from Harvard Law School.
In 1967, Pillay became the first non-white woman to open her own law practice in Natal Province. She says she had no other alternative: "No law firm would employ me because they said they could not have white employees taking instructions from a coloured person". As a non-white lawyer under the Apartheid regime, she was not allowed to enter a judge's chambers.
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Noah Feldman
Noah Feldman (born 1970) is an American author and professor of law at Harvard Law School.
Feldman grew up in Boston, Massachusetts, where he attended the Maimonides School.
He graduated from Harvard College in 1992, ranked first in the College, and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University, where he earned a D.Phil in Islamic Thought in 1994. Upon his return from Oxford, he received his J.D., in 1997, from Yale Law School, where he was the book review editor of the Yale Law Journal. He later served as a law clerk for Associate Justice David Souter on the U.S. Supreme Court. In 2001, he joined the faculty of New York University Law School (NYU), leaving for Harvard in 2007. In 2008, he was appointed the Bemis Professor of International Law.
He worked as an advisor in the early days of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq following the 2003 invasion of the country. While his initial work, under Jay Garner, was unfocused, he was authorized, under Paul Bremer's transitional team to help formulate the country's new constitution. However, what role if any he played in formulating the country's new constitution has not been established. It is not clear that he played any significant part in this constitutional work because his advisory role ended shortly after it began; whether he quit or was fired has never been made clear. He regularly contributes features and opinion pieces to The New York Times Magazine and is a senior adjunct fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations.
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Paul A. Freund
Paul A. Freund (February 16, 1908—February 5, 1992) was an American jurist and law professor. He taught most of his life at Harvard Law School and is known for his writings on the United States Constitution and the Supreme Court of the United States.
Freund was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was a graduate of Washington University in St. Louis (1928) and Harvard Law School (1931, 1932). He served as president of the editorial board of the Harvard Law Review and wrote his 1931 thesis on "The Effect of State Statutes on Federal Equity Jurisdiction."
In 1932-1933, Freund served as law clerk for U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Louis Brandeis. He later called this "the most important year in my life. Brandeis set superhuman standards and lived as if each day were his last on earth and every minute counted. He was a moralist. He saw moral issues where others saw expediency."
Freund next served at the United States Treasury, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and the Office of the Solicitor General, where he worked on Supreme Court briefs for major New Deal constitutional cases, arguing for a relatively flexible interpretation of the Constitution in economic and social matters.
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Ralph Nader
Ralph Nader (
/ˈneɪdər/; born February 27, 1934) is an American political activist, as well as an author, lecturer, and attorney. Areas of particular concern to Nader include consumer protection, humanitarianism, environmentalism, and democratic government.
Nader came to prominence in 1965 with the publication of his book Unsafe at Any Speed, a critique of the safety record of American automobile manufacturers in general, and most famously the Chevrolet Corvair. In 1999, an NYU panel of journalists ranked Unsafe at Any Speed 38th among the top 100 pieces of journalism of the 20th century.
Nader is a six-time candidate for President of the United States, having run as a write-in candidate in the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic primary, as the Green Party nominee in 1996 and 2000, and as an independent candidate in 2004 and 2008. Some people claim that Nader acted as a spoiler in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, while others, including Nader, dispute this claim.
Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose (née Bouziane) Nader, were immigrants from Lebanon and members of the Maronite Church. His family's native language is Arabic, and he has spoken it along with English since childhood. His sister, Laura Nader, is an anthropologist. His father worked in a textile mill and later owned a bakery and restaurant where he talked politics with his customers.
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Renato Corona
Renato C. Corona (born October 15, 1948) was the 23rd Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He served as an Associate Justice after being appointed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on April 9, 2002 and later as Chief Justice on May 12, 2010 upon the retirement of Chief Justice Reynato Puno.
Corona was a former law professor, private law practitioner, and member of the Cabinet under two Presidents, Fidel V. Ramos and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, before being appointed to the high tribunal.
On December 12, 2011, he was impeached by the House of Representatives. On May 29, 2012, he was found guilty by the Senate of violating Article II of the Articles of Impeachment alleging that he failed to disclose to the public his statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth.
Renato Corona was born on October 15, 1948 in Tanauan, Batangas, Philippines. He is married to Cristina Corona (née Roco). They have three children and six grandchildren.
Corona graduated with gold medal honors from the Ateneo de Manila grade school in 1962 and high school in 1966.
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Robert C. Clark
Robert C. Clark is currently Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor of the Harvard Law School. He previously served as Dean and Professor of Law at Harvard Law School from 1989 to 2003. Clark is recognized as a leading authority in corporate law and corporate governance.
Clark earned his B.A. in Theology from Maryknoll College in 1966, his Ph.D. in philosophy from Columbia University in 1971, and his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1972. From 1972 to 1974, Professor Clark was an associate with the Boston law firm of Ropes and Gray, where he practiced commercial and corporate law. After this, Clark spent four years on the faculty of Yale Law School, where he became a tenured professor. In 1979, he returned to Harvard Law School as a professor of law.
Clark has also consulted for law firms and government agencies, and he testified before various Congressional committees and subcommittees on regulation of financial institutions.
Clark was the Dean and Royall Professor of Law at Harvard Law School from 1989 through July 2003. Under Clark's leadership as Dean, the Harvard Law School was said to have "more than quadrupled its endowment, strengthened its curriculum and research programs, expanded the faculty and significantly improved its student-faculty ratio."
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Robert Sitkoff
Robert H. Sitkoff (born 1974) is the John L. Gray Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, where he is the only faculty member specializing in trusts and estates ("T&E"). He previously served as professor of law at New York University School of Law (2006-2007) and Northwestern University School of Law (2000-2006), where he joined at age 26, the youngest on the faculty. Sitkoff's scholarly work focuses on trusts and estates, a field of law with relatively few prominent scholars. He is co-author of Wills, Trusts, and Estates, the leading trusts and estates casebook in the United States; has published in leading academic journals such as the Yale Law Journal, Columbia Law Review, and the Journal of Law and Economics; has appeared as a commentator on CNN; and has had his work on the effects of the abolition of the rule against perpetuities featured in the Wall Street Journal.
Harvard Law School Dean Elena Kagan has said that Sitkoff is the "future of the field," and that "Rob Sitkoff is doing the most exciting and important academic work in trust and estates that anyone has seen in years." Sitkoff has received three distinguished teaching awards. Sitkoff was named an "up and coming" lawyer for 2007 by Lawyer's Weekly.
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Robert Zoellick
Robert Bruce Zoellick (/ˈzɛlɪk/; German: [ˈtsœlɪk]; born July 25, 1953) is the eleventh president of the World Bank, a position he has held since July 1, 2007. He was previously a managing director of Goldman Sachs, United States Deputy Secretary of State (resigning on July 7, 2006) and U.S. Trade Representative, from February 7, 2001 until February 22, 2005.
President George W. Bush nominated Zoellick on May 30, 2007 to replace Paul Wolfowitz as President of the World Bank. On June 25, 2007, Zoellick was approved by the World Bank's executive board.
Zoellick was born in Naperville, Illinois, the son of Gladys and William T. Zoellick. His family is of German origin and he was raised Lutheran. He graduated in 1971 from Naperville Central High School, graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1975 from Swarthmore College as a history major, and received his J.D. from Harvard Law School and a Master of Public Policy degree from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1981.
Upon graduation from Harvard Law School Zoellick served as a law clerk for Judge Patricia Wald on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
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Ronald Dworkin
Ronald Myles Dworkin, FBA (born December 11, 1931) is an American philosopher and scholar of constitutional law. He is Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law and Philosophy at New York University and Emeritus Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London, and has taught previously at Yale Law School and the University of Oxford. An influential contributor to both philosophy of law and political philosophy, Dworkin received the 2007 Holberg International Memorial Prize in the Humanities for "his pioneering scholarly work" of "worldwide impact." According to a survey in The Journal of Legal Studies, Dworkin was the second most-cited American legal scholar of the twentieth century.
His theory of law as integrity, in which judges interpret the law in terms of consistent and communal moral principles, especially justice and fairness, is amongst the most influential contemporary theories about the nature of law. He advocates a "moral reading" of the United States Constitution, and an interpretivist approach to law and morality. He is a frequent commentator on contemporary political and legal issues, particularly those concerning the Supreme Court of the United States, often in the pages of The New York Review of Books.
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Roscoe Pound
Nathan Roscoe Pound (October 27, 1870 – June 30, 1964) was a distinguished American legal scholar and educator. He was Dean of Harvard Law School from 1916 to 1936. The Journal of Legal Studies has identified Pound as one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century.
Pound was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA to Stephen Bosworth Pound and Laura Pound.
Pound studied botany at the University of Nebraska (BA, 1888, & MA, 1889) in Lincoln, Nebraska where he became a member of Acacia Fraternity. In 1889, he began the study of law; he spent one year at Harvard but never received a law degree. He received the first Ph.D., in botany, from the University of Nebraska in 1898.
The University of Nebraska fielded its first football team the year after Pound graduated. Pound traveled with the teams to their games, including their first one. He also covered the team in the student newspaper and even refereed some matches. Pound created many chants and songs for the team and helped create a fan base that traveled well, which is something that the Cornhuskers still see to this day.
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Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice.
She is generally viewed as belonging to the liberal wing of the Court. Ginsburg spent a considerable portion of her legal career before becoming a judge as an advocate for the advancement of women's rights as a constitutional principle. She advocated as a volunteer lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union and was a member of its board of directors and one of its general counsel in the 1970s. She was a professor at Rutgers School of Law–Newark and Columbia Law School. In 1980, President Jimmy Carter appointed her to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Ruth Joan Bader was the second daughter of Nathan and Celia (née Amster) Bader. The family nicknamed her "Kiki". They belonged to the East Midwood Jewish Center, where she took her religious confirmation seriously. At age thirteen, Ruth acted as the "camp rabbi" at a Jewish summer program at Camp Che-Na-Wah in Minerva, New York.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–1881). As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution. Hayes was a reformer who began the efforts that led to civil service reform and attempted, unsuccessfully, to reconcile the divisions that had led to the American Civil War fifteen years earlier.
Born in Delaware, Ohio, Hayes practiced law in Lower Sandusky (now Fremont) and was city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, Hayes left a successful political career to join the Union Army. Wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain, he earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of major general. After the war, he served in the U.S. Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican. Hayes left Congress to run for Governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms, serving from 1867 to 1871. After his second term had ended, he resumed the practice of law for a time, but returned to politics in 1875 to serve a third term as governor.
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Samuel Williston
Samuel Williston (September 24, 1861 – February 18, 1963) was an American lawyer and law professor.
Early in Williston's career, from 1888 to 1889 he worked as the private secretary to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Horace Gray. In the summer of 1889, he helped to collate laws from various U.S. states in order to help formulate the state constitutions of North Dakota and South Dakota.
From 1895 to 1938, Williston was a law professor at Harvard Law School, and in 1910, he briefly served as acting dean. Amongst his most important contributions at this time were the drafting of four laws aimed at providing national commerce with a legally uniform architecture. The Uniform Laws of Sales (1906), Warehouse Receipts (1906), Bills of Lading (1909), and Stock Transfers (1909) would in fact serve as precedents for the construction of the Uniform Commercial Code some decades later.
He became a consultant for the Boston law firm Hale & Dorr from 1938 to 1956, during which time he was engaged in some Supreme Court cases such as Kneeland v. AT&T and Chase National Bank v. Sayles. Williston unsuccessfully argued for the defense in the case of Boston & Maine Railroad v. Hooker before the U.S. Supreme Court on December 10 and 11, 1913.
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Scott Turow
Scott F. Turow (born April 12, 1949) is an American author and a practicing lawyer. Turow has written eight fiction and two nonfiction books, which have been translated into over 20 languages and have sold over 25 million copies. Movies have been based on several of his books.
Turow was born in Chicago, attended New Trier High School, and graduated from Amherst College in 1970, as a Brother of the Alpha Delta Phi Literary Society. He received an Edith Mirrielees Fellowship to the Stanford University Creative Writing Center, where he attended from 1970 to 1972. In 1971, he married Annette Weisberg, a painter.
Scott Turow later became a Jones Lecturer at Stanford, serving until 1975, when he entered Harvard Law School. In 1977, Turow wrote One L, a book about his first year at law school. After earning his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1978, Turow became an Assistant U.S. Attorney in Chicago, serving in that position until 1986. There he prosecuted several high-profile corruption cases, including the tax fraud case of state Attorney General William Scott. Turow also was lead counsel in Operation Greylord, the federal prosecution of Illinois judicial corruption cases.
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Soia Mentschikoff
Soia Mentschikoff (April 5, 1915 - June 18, 1984) was an American lawyer, law professor, and legal scholar, best known for her work in the development and drafting of the Uniform Commercial Code. She was also the first woman to teach at Harvard Law School.
Mentschikoff was born in the Russian Empire to American parents. Her parents returned to the United States prior to the Russian Revolution. At age 15, she began her undergraduate education at Hunter College in New York City, where she majored in English and political science. After graduating from Hunter College, she enrolled at Columbia Law School, where she completed her J.D. in 1937.
After graduating law school, Mentschikoff worked at several Wall Street law firms, specializing in both commercial law and labor law (particularly arbitration and mediation). She was one of the first women to become a partner at a large New York firm, having made partner at both Spence, Windels, Walser, Hotchkiss & Angell in 1944 and later at Spencer, Hotchkiss, Parker & Duryee from 1945-1949.
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Steven M. Wise
Steven M. Wise (born 1952) is an American legal scholar who specializes in animal protection issues, primatology, and animal intelligence. He teaches animal rights law at Harvard Law School, Vermont Law School, John Marshall Law School, Lewis & Clark Law School, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine. He is a former president of the Animal Legal Defense Fund, and founder and president of the Center for the Expansion of Fundamental Rights. The Yale Law Journal has called him "one of the pistons of the animal rights movement."
Wise is the author of An American Trilogy (2009), in which he tells the story of how a piece of land in Tar Heel, North Carolina, was first the home of Native Americans until they were driven into near-extinction, then a slave plantation, and finally the site of factory hog farms and the world's largest slaughterhouse. Though the Heavens May Fall (2005), recounts the 1772 trial in England of James Somersett, a black man rescued from a ship heading for the West Indies slave markets, which gave impetus to the movement to abolish slavery in Britain and the United States (see Somersett's Case). Drawing the Line (2002), which describes the relative intelligence of animals and human beings. And Rattling the Cage (2000), in which he argues that certain basic legal rights should be extended to chimpanzees and bonobos.
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Susan Estrich
Susan Estrich (born December 16, 1952) is an American lawyer, professor, author, political operative, feminist advocate, and political commentator for Fox News.
Estrich was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, and grew up in Marblehead on the Massachusetts North Shore, where she attended the Eveleth School.
Estrich graduated from Wellesley College in 1974, and received her J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1977. In 1976, Estrich was elected the first female president/editor-in-chief of the Harvard Law Review.
Estrich served as a law clerk for Judge J. Skelly Wright of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia and Justice John Paul Stevens of the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1988, she was the campaign manager for Michael Dukakis' 1988 presidential run, even though she had never before managed a political campaign.
Estrich appears frequently on Fox News as a legal and political analyst, and has also substituted for Alan Colmes on the debate show Hannity & Colmes. She writes regular articles for the conservative website NewsMax, for which she is a pundit. She is also on the Board of Editorial Contributors for USA Today. She is currently a law professor at the University of Southern California Law School and a political science professor at its affiliated undergraduate school. Before joining the USC faculty in 1989, she was Professor of Law at Harvard University, where she was the youngest woman to receive tenure. On January 10, 2008, Estrich joined Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, a law firm based in Los Angeles, where she chairs their Public Strategy in High Profile Litigation: Media Relations practice area.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Walter Gropius
Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School who, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture.
Born in Berlin, Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber. Gropius married Alma Mahler (1879–1964), widow of Gustav Mahler. Walter and Alma's daughter, named Manon after Walter's mother, was born in 1916. When Manon died of polio at age 18, composer Alban Berg wrote his Violin Concerto in memory of her (it is inscribed "to the memory of an angel"). Gropius and Alma divorced in 1920. (Alma had by that time established a relationship with Franz Werfel, whom she later married.) In 1923, Gropius married Ise (Ilse) Frank (d. 1983), and they remained together until his death. They adopted Beate Gropius, also known as Ati.
Walter Gropius, like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect. Gropius could not draw, and was dependent on collaborators and partner-interpreters throughout his career. In school he hired an assistant to complete his homework for him. In 1908 Gropius found employment with the firm of Peter Behrens, one of the first members of the utilitarian school. His fellow employees at this time included Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Dietrich Marcks.
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William J. Brennan
William Joseph Brennan, Jr. (April 25, 1906 – July 24, 1997) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1956 to 1990. During his term on the Supreme Court, he was known for being a leader of the judicially liberal wing of the Court.
He was known for his outspoken progressive views, including opposition to the death penalty and support for abortion rights. He authored several landmark case opinions, including Baker v. Carr, establishing the "one person, one vote" principle, and New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, which required "actual malice" in a libel suit against those deemed "public figures". Due to his ability to shape a wide variety of opinions, and due to his ability to bargain for votes in many cases, he was considered to be among the Court's most influential members. Justice Antonin Scalia has called Brennan "probably the most influential Justice of the [20th] century."
On November 30, 1993, Justice Brennan was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton.
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William P. Alford
William P. Alford (Chinese name: 安守廉; An Shoulian) (born 1948) is a United States legal scholar. He is currently Henry L. Stimson Professor of Law and Vice Dean for the Graduate Program and International Legal Studies at Harvard Law School (Massachusetts, USA). He is Director of East Asian Legal Studies at Harvard Law, and is regarded as an expert in the field of Chinese law.
He is an honorary professor of Renmin University, Zhejiang University and the China National School of Administration, and an Honorary Fellow of the American Studies Institute of the Department of Law of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. He directed the China Center for American Law Study, the first academic program in U.S. law in the PRC, was a founder in 1982 of the U.S. Committee on Legal Education Exchange with China, is the recipient of a number of awards and fellowships for his work on China, and is on a host of advisory and editorial boards.
Alford received his B.A. degree from Amherst College in 1970, LL.B degree from Cambridge University in 1972. He received M.A.s in Chinese Studies and Chinese History from Yale University in 1974 and 1975, respectively, and a J.D from Harvard Law School in 1977.
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William W. Fisher
William "Terry" W. Fisher III is the WilmerHale Professor of Intellectual Property Law at Harvard Law School and faculty director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society. His primary research and teaching areas are intellectual property law and legal history.
In his book Promises to Keep: Technology, Law and the Future of Entertainment (Stanford University Press 2004), Fisher proposes replacing much of copyright and digital rights management with a government-administered reward system. Under such a scheme, movies and songs would be legal to download. Authors and artists would receive compensation from the government based on how often their works were read, watched, or listened to. The system would be funded by taxes.
Fisher is one of the founders of Noank Media, a private enterprise similar in many ways to the proposal of Promises to Keep. Noank licenses and distributes digital content by collecting blanket-license revenues from internet services providers and distributing revenues to authors and artists based on the size of their audience.
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Yochai Benkler
Yochai Benkler is an Israeli-American professor of Law and author. Since 2007, he has been the Berkman Professor of Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at Harvard Law School. He is also a faculty co-director of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.
In 1984, Benkler was the treasurer of Kibbutz Shizafon. He received his LL.B. from Tel-Aviv University in 1991 and J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1994. He worked at the law firm Ropes & Gray from 1994-1995. He clerked for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen G. Breyer from 1995 to 1996.
He was a professor at New York University School of Law from 1996 to 2003, and visited at Yale Law School and Harvard Law School (during 2002-2003), before joining the Yale Law School faculty in 2003. In 2007, Benkler joined Harvard Law School, where he teaches and is a faculty co-director of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Benkler is on the advisory board of the Sunlight Foundation. In 2011, his research led him to receive the $100,000 Ford Foundation Social Change Visionaries Award.
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Zechariah Chafee
Zechariah Chafee, Jr. (December 7, 1885 – February 8, 1957) was an American judicial philosopher and civil libertarian. An advocate for free speech, he was described by Senator Joseph McCarthy as "dangerous" to the United States. Legal scholar Richard Primus called Chafee “possibly the most important First Amendment scholar of the first half of the twentieth century.”
Born in Providence, Rhode Island, he graduated from Brown University, where he was a member of Alpha Delta Phi, in 1907. Later, he received a law degree from Harvard University, completing his LL.B. in 1913. He practiced at the law firm of Tillinghast & Collins from 1913-1916. He became a professor at Harvard in 1916, where he remained until 1956.
Chafee wrote several works about civil liberties, including:
File:Freedom of speech in war times.djvu
Chafee's first significant work (Freedom of Speech) established modern First Amendment theory. Inspired by the United States' suppression of radical speech and ideas during the First World War, Chafee edited and updated a collection of several of his law review articles. In these individual articles-cum-chapters, he assessed significant World War I cases, including those of Emma Goldman.
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Harvard Law School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
www.admissionsadviceonline.com A behind the scenes look at what makes this program unique. We are not the makers of this video. We have re-uploaded this video for informational purposes only. This video was originally uploaded by
http://wn.com/Harvard_Law_School
www.admissionsadviceonline.com A behind the scenes look at what makes this program unique. We are not the makers of this video. We have re-uploaded this video for informational purposes only. This video was originally uploaded by
Nader and Fein at HLS: "America's Lawless Empire: The Constitutional Crimes of Bush and Obama"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 65:16
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
Ralph Nader '58 and Bruce Fein '72 visited Harvard Law School for a talk sponsored by the HLS Forum and the Harvard Law Record. At the event, "America's Lawless Empire: The Constitutional Crimes of Bush and Obama," both men discussed what they called lawless, violent practices by the White House and its agencies that have become institutionalized by both political parties.
http://wn.com/Nader_and_Fein_at_HLS_America's_Lawless_Empire_The_Constitutional_Crimes_of_Bush_and_Obama
Ralph Nader '58 and Bruce Fein '72 visited Harvard Law School for a talk sponsored by the HLS Forum and the Harvard Law Record. At the event, "America's Lawless Empire: The Constitutional Crimes of Bush and Obama," both men discussed what they called lawless, violent practices by the White House and its agencies that have become institutionalized by both political parties.
- published: 09 Feb 2012
- views: 14011
- author: HarvardLawSchool
Ralph Nader Speaks at Harvard Law School-Feb. 8, 2012-On Crimes Of Bush and Obama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:34
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Ralph Nader-consumer advocate/anti-war activist/presidential candidate/author--spoke at Harvard University Law School(where he got his law degree), in Cambridge, Mass..He shared the podium with progressive lawyer Bruce Fein--the subject: "America's Lawless Empire: The Constitutional Crimes Of Bush And Obama"---I filmed almost Nader's whole talk, but the last 5 minutes were cut off cause my video camera ran out of memory card space.
http://wn.com/Ralph_Nader_Speaks_at_Harvard_Law_School-Feb_8,_2012-On_Crimes_Of_Bush_and_Obama
Ralph Nader-consumer advocate/anti-war activist/presidential candidate/author--spoke at Harvard University Law School(where he got his law degree), in Cambridge, Mass..He shared the podium with progressive lawyer Bruce Fein--the subject: "America's Lawless Empire: The Constitutional Crimes Of Bush And Obama"---I filmed almost Nader's whole talk, but the last 5 minutes were cut off cause my video camera ran out of memory card space.
- published: 09 Feb 2012
- views: 3590
- author: ProtestVideo
Harvard Law School Commencement Speech
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- Duration: 6:45
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Vedat Can Yeginsu delivers the LLM Class of 2008 Commencement Address at Harvard Law School
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Vedat Can Yeginsu delivers the LLM Class of 2008 Commencement Address at Harvard Law School
- published: 06 Jun 2008
- views: 327697
- author: HarvardLLM2008
HLS Professor David Wilkins: On Educating Global Lawyers
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- Duration: 78:13
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Harvard Law School Professor David Wilkins '80 delivered a lecture, "Making Global Lawyers: Legal Education, Legal Paradox, and the Paradox of Professional Distinctiveness" to mark his appointment as the Lester Kissel Professor of Law.
http://wn.com/HLS_Professor_David_Wilkins_On_Educating_Global_Lawyers
Harvard Law School Professor David Wilkins '80 delivered a lecture, "Making Global Lawyers: Legal Education, Legal Paradox, and the Paradox of Professional Distinctiveness" to mark his appointment as the Lester Kissel Professor of Law.
- published: 09 Feb 2011
- views: 7987
- author: HarvardLawSchool
Legally Blonde Elle Woods Welcome to Hardvard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Clip from the movie Legally Blonde(2001) And that's why you should vote for me... Elle Woods,future lawyer for the class of . She does have a . from CULA... and she got a on her LSATs. A fashion major? Well, sir, we've never had one before... and aren't we always looking for diversity? Her list of extracurricular activities is impressive. She was in a Ricky Martin video. Clearly, she's interested in music. She also designed a line of faux fur panties... for her sorority's charity project. She's a friend to the animals as well as a philanthropist. Elle Woods... welcome to Harvard.
http://wn.com/Legally_Blonde_Elle_Woods_Welcome_to_Hardvard
Clip from the movie Legally Blonde(2001) And that's why you should vote for me... Elle Woods,future lawyer for the class of . She does have a . from CULA... and she got a on her LSATs. A fashion major? Well, sir, we've never had one before... and aren't we always looking for diversity? Her list of extracurricular activities is impressive. She was in a Ricky Martin video. Clearly, she's interested in music. She also designed a line of faux fur panties... for her sorority's charity project. She's a friend to the animals as well as a philanthropist. Elle Woods... welcome to Harvard.
- published: 13 Oct 2009
- views: 45656
- author: cabimasonline
Harvard Law School "Tacky Prom"
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- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Harvard Law School students celebrate a "Tacky Prom" including dancing, drinking, and a "king and queen" ceremony.
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Harvard Law School students celebrate a "Tacky Prom" including dancing, drinking, and a "king and queen" ceremony.
- published: 08 Feb 2010
- views: 14833
- author: TheHarvardCrimson
Young Barack Obama: Protest Speech at Harvard Law School in 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Young Barack Obama: Protest Speech at Harvard Law School in 1991
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Young Barack Obama: Protest Speech at Harvard Law School in 1991
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 20610
- author: Kurt Naugles
Raw Milk Debate - February 16, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 96:36
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Harvard Food Law Society hosted a debate on the legal, nutritional, and safety aspects of raw milk. For more information about the Food Law Society, including each of the presenters' powerpoints go to www.foodsoc.org.
http://wn.com/Raw_Milk_Debate_February_16,_2012
Harvard Food Law Society hosted a debate on the legal, nutritional, and safety aspects of raw milk. For more information about the Food Law Society, including each of the presenters' powerpoints go to www.foodsoc.org.
- published: 22 Feb 2012
- views: 27583
- author: HLSFoodLawSociety
Harvard Law School Library
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
A Quick tour of the world famous Harvard Law School Library
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A Quick tour of the world famous Harvard Law School Library
- published: 10 Jan 2007
- views: 25091
- author: ZamBrowno32
Clay Shirky on New Book "Here Comes Everybody"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:13
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Clay Shirky, author of the just released "Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations" speaking at Harvard Law School's Austin Hall on Feb. 28,2008 hosted by the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School
http://wn.com/Clay_Shirky_on_New_Book_Here_Comes_Everybody
Clay Shirky, author of the just released "Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations" speaking at Harvard Law School's Austin Hall on Feb. 28,2008 hosted by the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School
- published: 05 Mar 2008
- views: 86139
- author: BerkmanCenter
Harvard University Part 2 (Law School)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
This is Part 2 of Tour of Harvard University. Prospective students may use it as a virtual campus tour. Tourists will know what to see when they come to Cambridge and visit Harvard University. Here are links to my other Harvard videos: Harvard University Part 1 (Harvard Yard) www.youtube.com Harvard University Part 3 (Science Depts) www.youtube.com Harvard University Part 4 (Science Depts+Divinity Ave) www.youtube.com Harvard University Part 5 (Divinity School) www.youtube.com HOW TO GET INTO HARVARD COLLEGE: youtu.be
http://wn.com/Harvard_University_Part_2_Law_School
This is Part 2 of Tour of Harvard University. Prospective students may use it as a virtual campus tour. Tourists will know what to see when they come to Cambridge and visit Harvard University. Here are links to my other Harvard videos: Harvard University Part 1 (Harvard Yard) www.youtube.com Harvard University Part 3 (Science Depts) www.youtube.com Harvard University Part 4 (Science Depts+Divinity Ave) www.youtube.com Harvard University Part 5 (Divinity School) www.youtube.com HOW TO GET INTO HARVARD COLLEGE: youtu.be
- published: 14 Jun 2009
- views: 20067
- author: kimbhut65
Tom Mesereau - Speech at Harvard Law School Nov 2005 (full version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 126:43
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
This was downloaded from Harvard Law School website (albeit years ago) so full credit goes to them. This was a seminar on race and justice organized by Harvard Law School prof. Charles Ogletree. In the discussion panel were Thomas Mesereau, Martha Coakley and Dan Abrahms. In his speech, Tom Mesereau discussed the Michael Jackson, Patricia Moore and Larry Carroll cases. Brilliant lecture by a brilliant defense attorney - totally worth watching.
http://wn.com/Tom_Mesereau_Speech_at_Harvard_Law_School_Nov_2005_full_version
This was downloaded from Harvard Law School website (albeit years ago) so full credit goes to them. This was a seminar on race and justice organized by Harvard Law School prof. Charles Ogletree. In the discussion panel were Thomas Mesereau, Martha Coakley and Dan Abrahms. In his speech, Tom Mesereau discussed the Michael Jackson, Patricia Moore and Larry Carroll cases. Brilliant lecture by a brilliant defense attorney - totally worth watching.
- published: 12 Nov 2011
- views: 3730
- author: FluffyOz
Charlton Heston Speaks at Harvard Law School (Tea Party)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
the link for Part 2 www.youtube.com A speech that holds so many truths for us today. "Winning The Cultural War" Harvard Law School Forum Tuesday, 16 February 1999 Boston Tea party
http://wn.com/Charlton_Heston_Speaks_at_Harvard_Law_School_Tea_Party
the link for Part 2 www.youtube.com A speech that holds so many truths for us today. "Winning The Cultural War" Harvard Law School Forum Tuesday, 16 February 1999 Boston Tea party
- published: 05 May 2010
- views: 4040
- author: CRJarvis
Gorilla Attacks Harvard Law School Library!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 29 Aug 2012
If you have information about this gorilla, please contact the authorities.
http://wn.com/Gorilla_Attacks_Harvard_Law_School_Library!
If you have information about this gorilla, please contact the authorities.
- published: 17 Dec 2010
- views: 4338
- author: HLSGorilla
first meeting 1 harvard law school poker strategic thinking
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:16
- Updated: 23 Mar 2012
hlspst1.1
http://wn.com/first_meeting_1_harvard_law_school_poker_strategic_thinking
Elder Jeffrey R. Holland Speaks at the Harvard Law School (3/20/2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:50
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Elder Jeffrey R. Holland of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints addressed students at Harvard Law School on Tuesday during the annual Mormonism 101 series sponsored by the school's Latter-day Saint Student Association. (Read full address: www.mormonnewsroom.org Read more on Mormon Newsroom: www.mormonnewsroom.org
http://wn.com/Elder_Jeffrey_R_Holland_Speaks_at_the_Harvard_Law_School_3_20_2012
Elder Jeffrey R. Holland of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints addressed students at Harvard Law School on Tuesday during the annual Mormonism 101 series sponsored by the school's Latter-day Saint Student Association. (Read full address: www.mormonnewsroom.org Read more on Mormon Newsroom: www.mormonnewsroom.org
- published: 23 Mar 2012
- views: 55416
- author: LDSPublicAffairs
Idea Makers: Research, Writing, and the Path to Law Teaching at Harvard Law School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:18
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
By the Numbers: Number of HLS grads accepting tenure-track law teaching positions in the last two years: 90+ Percentage of all Supreme Court clerks coming from Harvard in the last five years: 25% Number of clerkships attained by HLS grads in just the last three years: 568 Number of students involved in scholarly law journals: 900+ Number of student-run law journals/reviews at HLS: 14 Number of research programs and centers at HLS: 17 Number of paid research assistantships held by HLS students every year: +250 Number of HLS students serving as teaching assistants throughout the university: 80+ Number of law review/journal articles published by HLS students in the last three years (not including student notes in the Harvard Law Review): 73 Number of federal judges who are HLS graduates: 149 Number of courses with 25 or fewer students enrolled: 100+
http://wn.com/Idea_Makers_Research,_Writing,_and_the_Path_to_Law_Teaching_at_Harvard_Law_School
By the Numbers: Number of HLS grads accepting tenure-track law teaching positions in the last two years: 90+ Percentage of all Supreme Court clerks coming from Harvard in the last five years: 25% Number of clerkships attained by HLS grads in just the last three years: 568 Number of students involved in scholarly law journals: 900+ Number of student-run law journals/reviews at HLS: 14 Number of research programs and centers at HLS: 17 Number of paid research assistantships held by HLS students every year: +250 Number of HLS students serving as teaching assistants throughout the university: 80+ Number of law review/journal articles published by HLS students in the last three years (not including student notes in the Harvard Law Review): 73 Number of federal judges who are HLS graduates: 149 Number of courses with 25 or fewer students enrolled: 100+
- published: 29 Apr 2009
- views: 13276
- author: HarvardLawSchool
Lawrence Lessig interviews Jack Abramoff
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 85:18
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
At a Dec. 6 event sponsored by the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard Law School Professor Lawrence Lessig interviewed Jack Abramoff, a former lobbyist who pleaded guilty in 2006 to charges of fraud, tax evasion, and conspiracy to bribe public officials. The interview was the first in the Center for Ethics' new "In the Dock" interview series.
http://wn.com/Lawrence_Lessig_interviews_Jack_Abramoff
At a Dec. 6 event sponsored by the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard Law School Professor Lawrence Lessig interviewed Jack Abramoff, a former lobbyist who pleaded guilty in 2006 to charges of fraud, tax evasion, and conspiracy to bribe public officials. The interview was the first in the Center for Ethics' new "In the Dock" interview series.
- published: 17 Dec 2011
- views: 13242
- author: HarvardLawSchool
Tom Mesereau Speech Defending MJ against Media (Dan Abrams) at Harvard Law School Nov '05 Part2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Tom Mesereau as one of the guest panelists along with Dan Abrams & Martha Cokeley, at Harvard Law School in Nov. 2005 discussing Michael Jackson on the subject of 'Race and Justice.' Mesereau gives a fantastic speech, addressing questions on his cases, particularly Michael Jackson, and slam dunks his case against the media's misinformation. Take note of the final question Mesereau answers, he saves the BEST FOR LAST!
http://wn.com/Tom_Mesereau_Speech_Defending_MJ_against_Media_Dan_Abrams_at_Harvard_Law_School_Nov_'05_Part2
Tom Mesereau as one of the guest panelists along with Dan Abrams & Martha Cokeley, at Harvard Law School in Nov. 2005 discussing Michael Jackson on the subject of 'Race and Justice.' Mesereau gives a fantastic speech, addressing questions on his cases, particularly Michael Jackson, and slam dunks his case against the media's misinformation. Take note of the final question Mesereau answers, he saves the BEST FOR LAST!
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 3704
- author: nenabunena
The Trials of Law School Trailer 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
www.thetrialsoflawschool.com. The first Trailer of The Trials of Law School, the first feature documentary film about the US Law School system. Order the DVD online now at www.thetrialsoflawschool.com Featuring Rob Miller, Patrick Schiltz, Randy Barnett, Angela Davis, Taunya Banks, Elizabeth...
http://wn.com/The_Trials_of_Law_School_Trailer_1
www.thetrialsoflawschool.com. The first Trailer of The Trials of Law School, the first feature documentary film about the US Law School system. Order the DVD online now at www.thetrialsoflawschool.com Featuring Rob Miller, Patrick Schiltz, Randy Barnett, Angela Davis, Taunya Banks, Elizabeth...
- published: 25 Jun 2007
- views: 113636
- author: tols4
Tom Mesereau Speech Defending MJ against Media at Harvard Law School Nov '05 Part1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Tom Mesereau as one of the guest panelists along with Dan Abrams & Martha Cokeley, at Harvard Law School in Nov. 2005 discussing Michael Jackson on the subject of 'Race and Justice.' Mesereau gives a fantastic speech, addressing questions on his cases, particularly Michael Jackson, and slam dunks his case against the media's misinformation. Take note of the final question Mesereau answers, he saves the BEST FOR LAST!
http://wn.com/Tom_Mesereau_Speech_Defending_MJ_against_Media_at_Harvard_Law_School_Nov_'05_Part1
Tom Mesereau as one of the guest panelists along with Dan Abrams & Martha Cokeley, at Harvard Law School in Nov. 2005 discussing Michael Jackson on the subject of 'Race and Justice.' Mesereau gives a fantastic speech, addressing questions on his cases, particularly Michael Jackson, and slam dunks his case against the media's misinformation. Take note of the final question Mesereau answers, he saves the BEST FOR LAST!
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 3484
- author: nenabunena
Tom Mesereau Speech Defending MJ against Media (Dan Abrams) at Harvard Law School Nov '05 Part3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Tom Mesereau as one of the guest panelists along with Dan Abrams & Martha Cokeley, at Harvard Law School in Nov. 2005 discussing Michael Jackson on the subject of 'Race and Justice.' Mesereau gives a fantastic speech, addressing questions on his cases, particularly Michael Jackson, and slam dunks his case against the media's misinformation. Take note of the final question Mesereau answers, he saves the BEST FOR LAST!
http://wn.com/Tom_Mesereau_Speech_Defending_MJ_against_Media_Dan_Abrams_at_Harvard_Law_School_Nov_'05_Part3
Tom Mesereau as one of the guest panelists along with Dan Abrams & Martha Cokeley, at Harvard Law School in Nov. 2005 discussing Michael Jackson on the subject of 'Race and Justice.' Mesereau gives a fantastic speech, addressing questions on his cases, particularly Michael Jackson, and slam dunks his case against the media's misinformation. Take note of the final question Mesereau answers, he saves the BEST FOR LAST!
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 2104
- author: nenabunena
photo: AP / Aijaz Rahi
22 Dec 2012
Tweet. 0 Email. Report. Photo 1 of 18. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country. Credit. Aimee Kligman. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country.In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics ... Syrians detained by the Assad regime. 13 Photos ... 10 Photos ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Virginie Nguyen Huang
23 Dec 2012
Tweet. Moscow, Dec 23 (IANS/RIA Novosti) Chemical weapons in Syria are under the control of the government, which has consolidated them in one or two locations, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said. "As of right now, the (Syrian) government is doing all it can to safeguard those weapons," he said. "We are following all leads concerning chemical weapons," Lavrov said ... "My answer is very simple. Why use us as a postman ... pm/ ... ) .. ). ... . ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Eranga Jayawardena
22 Dec 2012
Salman Khan's Dabangg 2 has broken the record for the biggest non-holiday opener ... "Biggest opener [holiday] #EkThaTiger 32.92 cr ... Biggest opener [non-holiday] #RowdyRathore 15.1 cr ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
23 Dec 2012
A commission will be set up to probe the gang-rape and torture of a 23-year-old woman in Delhi and measures to ensure such crimes do not recur while laws will be amended to enhance punishment for rape, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde said ... Shinde ruled out the demand made by Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Sushma Swaraj that a special parliament session be convened to make the law against rape more stringent ... . . ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP
23 Dec 2012
North Korea's launching of a rocket into space last week amounted to the test of a ballistic missile capable of carrying a half-ton payload over 10,000km, the South Korean defence ministry says. "Based on our analysis and simulation, the missile is capable of flying more than 10,000km with a warhead of 500-600kg," a defence ministry official told reporters on Sunday ... 415 Source.. Agencies. Share ... Will the US ever change its gun laws? ... ....(size: 18.8Kb)
The State
24 Dec 2012
The message was from a Texas lawyer, offering to represent Meyer in a lawsuit ... Meurer of the Harvard School of Law ... Bessen, who has written extensively on patents as an economist at Harvard, said as recently as 2008 he and Meurer concluded in a book that patent lawsuits were a minor problem ... Patent it ... Bessen, the Harvard Law School economist, said the lawsuit is ridiculous ... “Patent law is extremely expensive,” Bessen said ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)
Chicago Tribune
24 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Republican U.S. Senator Mike Crapo of Idaho was arrested early on Sunday in a Washington suburb and charged with driving under the influence, police said ... Crapo was alone in his own car ... A graduate of Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School, Crapo is a member of the Senate Banking Committee and the chamber's budget and finance panels ... (Editing by Stacey Joyce). ....(size: 2.2Kb)
NBC Washington
24 Dec 2012
U.S. Sen. Michael Crapo was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with driving under the influence in a Washington, D.C., suburb, authorities said.. Police in Alexandria, Va., said Sunday that the Idaho Republican was pulled over after his vehicle ran a red light ... The legal limit in Virginia, which has strict drunken driving laws, is .08. ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... Photo. U.S ... ....(size: 9.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
24 Dec 2012
ALEXANDRIA, Va. - U.S. Sen. Michael Crapo was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with driving under the influence in a Washington, D.C., suburb, authorities said ... Police spokesman Jody Donaldson said Crapo failed field sobriety tests and was arrested at about 12.45 a.m ... The legal limit in Virginia, which has strict drunken driving laws, is .08 ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... ___....(size: 2.7Kb)
Springfield News-Sun
24 Dec 2012
Idaho Sen. Michael Crapo was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with driving under the influence in a Washington, D.C., suburb, authorities said. Police in Alexandria, Va., said Sunday that the three-term Republican was pulled over after his vehicle ran a red light ... The legal limit in Virginia, which has strict drunken driving laws, is .08 ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... ___ ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Seattle Post
24 Dec 2012
ALEXANDRIA, Va. (AP) — Idaho Sen. Michael Crapo was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with driving under the influence in a Washington, D.C., suburb, authorities said ... He was transported to the Alexandria jail and released on an unsecured $1,000 bond at about 5 a.m. ... The legal limit in Virginia, which has strict drunken driving laws, is .08 ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... ___ ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Chicago Sun-Times
24 Dec 2012
ALEXANDRIA, Va. — Idaho Sen. Michael Crapo was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with driving under the influence in a suburb of Washington, D.C., authorities said ... He was taken to the Alexandria jail and released on an unsecured $1,000 bond at about 5 a.m ... The legal limit in Virginia, which has strict drunken-driving laws, is .08 percent ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
Review Journal
24 Dec 2012
ALEXANDRIA, Va. - Idaho Sen. Michael Crapo was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with driving under the influence in a Washington, D.C., suburb, authorities said ... He was transported to the Alexandria jail and released on an unsecured $1,000 bond at about 5 a.m. ... The legal limit in Virginia, which has strict drunken driving laws, is .08 percent ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
Newsvine
24 Dec 2012
ALEXANDRIA — Idaho Sen. Michael Crapo was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with driving under the influence in a Washington, D.C., suburb, authorities said ... He was transported to the Alexandria jail and released on an unsecured $1,000 bond at about 5 a.m ... The legal limit in Virginia, which has strict drunken driving laws, is .08 percent ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
Seattle Post
24 Dec 2012
ALEXANDRIA, Va. (AP) — A conservative U.S. senator from Idaho who has said he doesn't drink because of his Mormon faith has been charged with drunken driving. Sen ... The 61-year-old lawmaker, who faces a court date Jan ... He also served for six years in the U.S ... Sunday ... The legal limit in Virginia, which has strict drunken driving laws, is .08 percent ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... ___ ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
24 Dec 2012
ALEXANDRIA, Va. - A conservative U.S. senator from Idaho who has said he doesn't drink because of his Mormon faith has been charged with drunken driving. Sen ... The 61-year-old lawmaker, who faces a court date Jan ... He also served for six years in the U.S ... Sunday ... The legal limit in Virginia, which has strict drunken driving laws, is .08 per cent ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... ___ ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
Colorado Springs Gazette
24 Dec 2012
ALEXANDRIA, Va. — Idaho U.S. Sen. Michael Crapo was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with driving under the influence in a Washington, D.C., suburb, authorities said. Police in Alexandria, Va., said Sunday that the Idaho Republican was pulled over after his vehicle ran a red light ... "Just a traffic stop that resulted in a DUI." ... 4 court date ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Salt Lake Tribune
24 Dec 2012
Alexandria, Va. • Idaho U.S. Sen. Michael Crapo was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with driving under the influence in a Washington, D.C., suburb, authorities said. Police in Alexandria, Va., said Sunday that the Idaho Republican was pulled over after his vehicle ran a red light ... Photos. Join the Discussion ... 4 court date ... He is an attorney who graduated from Brigham Young University and Harvard Law School ... story continues below ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
| Harvard Law School | |
| Harvard Law School | |
| Established | 1817 |
|---|---|
| School type | Private |
| Endowment | US$1.7 billion |
| Parent endowment | $26 billion |
| Dean | Martha Minow |
| Location | Cambridge, Massachusetts, US |
| Enrollment | 1,800 1680 JD 150 LLM 50 S.J.D. |
| Faculty | 194[1] |
| USNWR ranking | 3[2] |
| Bar pass rate | 94.65%[1] |
| Annual tuition | $45,840[1] |
| Website | law.harvard.edu |
| ABA profile | Harvard Law School Profile |
Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States and is home to the largest academic law library in the world.[3][4]
The current Dean of Harvard Law School is Martha Minow, who assumed the role on July 1, 2009. Harvard Law has 246 faculty members.[5] Many are preeminent legal scholars; Harvard Law School faculty were responsible for more downloaded papers on the Social Science Research Network than any other law school, a fact only partially explained by the school's size.[6]
Harvard Law School has produced a large number of luminaries in law and politics including Barack Obama, Mitt Romney, and Rutherford B. Hayes. World leaders counted among its graduates include the current President of the Republic of China, Ma Ying-jeou; former Chief Justice of the Republic of the Philippines, Renato Corona; the current President of the World Bank Group, Robert Zoellick; the current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay; and the former President of Ireland, Mary Robinson. Some 149 sitting United States federal judges are Harvard Law School graduates; six of the nine sitting justices of the Supreme Court of the United States attended the law school (Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Antonin Scalia and Elena Kagan). Seven sitting U.S. Senators graduated from the school.
Harvard Law School has also educated a significant number of leaders and innovators in the business world. Business leaders counted among its graduates include the current Chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs, Lloyd Blankfein, current Chairman of the Board and majority owner of National Amusements, billionaire Sumner Redstone, current President and CEO of TIAA-CREF, Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., current CEO and Chairman of Toys "R" Us, Gerald L. Storch, and former CEO of Delta Air Lines, Gerald Grinstein, among many others.
Each class in the three-year J.D. program has approximately 550 students. The first-year (1L) class is broken into seven sections of approximately 80 students who take most first-year classes together. Harvard Law School graduates have accounted for 568 judicial clerkships in the past three years,[when?] including one-quarter of all Supreme Court clerkships. More than 120 from the last five graduating classes have obtained tenure-track law teaching positions.
Contents |
Campus[link]
Harvard Law School's campus is located just north of Harvard Yard, the historic center of Harvard University, and contains several architecturally significant buildings.
From 1849 to 1855, the Harvard Branch Railroad terminated within what would become the present Law School campus, close to its southwest edge. Austin Hall, the law school's oldest dedicated structure, designed by architect H. H. Richardson, was completed in that vicinity in 1884. The law school's student center, Harkness Commons, was designed by the Bauhaus's founder, Walter Gropius, and his firm, along with several law school dormitories. Together they make up the Harvard Graduate Center complex. Langdell Hall, the largest building on the law school campus, contains the Harvard Law Library, the most extensive academic law library in the world.
History[link]
Harvard Law School was established in 1817, making it the oldest continuously-operating law school in the nation. (William & Mary Law School opened first in 1779, but closed due to the American Civil War, reopening in 1920.[7] The University of Maryland School of Law was chartered in 1816, but did not begin classes until 1824, and also closed during the Civil War)[8]
The Royall estate[link]
File:Royall.jpg
Portrait of Isaac Royall, painted in 1769 by John Singleton Copley
Its origins can be traced to the estate of Isaac Royall, who sold most of his Antiguan slaves and plantations to move to Medford, Massachusetts. His Medford estate, the Isaac Royall House, is now a museum, and includes the only remaining slave quarters in the northeast United States. The estate was passed down to Royall's son, Isaac Royall, Jr., who fled Massachusetts as the American Revolution broke out. Just prior to his death in 1781, Royall, Jr. left land to Harvard, the sale of which was intended for the "endowing of a Professor of Laws at said college, or a Professor of Physics and Anatomy". Harvard took the opportunity to fund its first chair of law. The Royall chair remains today. It traditionally was held by the Dean of the law school. The school's previous Dean, Elena Kagan, declined the Royall chair, instead giving herself the Charles Hamilton Houston Professorship.
In 1806, the Royall estate in Medford was returned to Royall, Jr.'s heirs, who sold it and donated the proceeds for the formal foundation of Harvard Law School. The Royall family coat-of-arms was adopted as the school crest, which shows three stacked wheat sheaves beneath the university motto (Veritas, Latin "truth").[9]
Growth and the Langdell curriculum[link]
By 1827, the school, which was down to one faculty member, was struggling. An alumnus stepped in by endowing the Dane Professorship of Law and insisting that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story. Story's belief in the need for an elite law school based on merit and dedicated to public service helped build the school's reputation at the time, although the contours of these beliefs have not been consistent throughout its history. Enrollment remained low through the 19th century as university legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice.
In the 1870s, under Dean Christopher Columbus Langdell, HLS introduced what has become the standard first-year curriculum for American law schools—including classes in contracts, property, torts, criminal law, and civil procedure. At Harvard, Langdell also developed the case method of teaching law, now the dominant pedagogical model at U.S. law schools. Langdell's notion that law could be studied as a "science" gave university legal education a reason for being distinct from vocational preparation.
While the law school had previously been located on Harvard Yard, the new system demanded lecture halls suited to the case law and interrogatory Socratic method of teaching. Henry Hobson Richardson would later design the law school's first independent home, the Romanesque Austin Hall, to the north of the Yard, with these needs in mind. This would come to form the nucleus of the current law school campus.
File:Langdell.jpg
Christopher Columbus Langdell
As the 20th century dawned, Dean Langdell's innovations became standard in law school curricula across the country. The school also became the first to elevate legal education to a graduate-only discipline. Yet new theories, such as legal realism, blossomed at Yale and Columbia, while Harvard faculty members were generally known for their conservative approach.
20th century: Institutional criticism[link]
As it rose to preeminence among law schools in the United States, Harvard attracted significant criticism for many perceived shortcomings.
Harvard Law was often believed to be a competitive environment. For example, Dean Berring of University of California, Berkeley School of Law once stated that he "view[ed] Harvard Law School as a samurai ring where you can test your swordsmanship against the swordsmanship of the strongest intellectual warriors from around the nation."[10] This was possibly historically true. When Langdell developed the original law school curriculum, Harvard University President Charles Eliot told him to make it "hard and long."[11][12] The school maintained a relatively uncompetitive admissions process, but "weeded out" a large number of first year students. This gave rise to the infamous legend of a dean at the school telling incoming students, "Look to your left, look to your right, because one of you won't be here by the end of the year."[13] Scott Turow's memoir One L and John Jay Osborn's novel The Paper Chase describe such an environment.
Whether the school ever was competitive is a subject of debate. A New York Times article from 1894 described in-class moot courts at Harvard as "co-operative."[14]
In addition, Eleanor Kerlow's book Poisoned Ivy: How Egos, Ideology, and Power Politics Almost Ruined Harvard Law School criticized the school for a 1980s political dispute between newer and older faculty members over accusations of insensitivity to minority and feminist issues. Divisiveness over such issues as political correctness lent the school the title "Beirut on the Charles."[15]
In Broken Contract: A Memoir of Harvard Law School, Richard Kahlenberg criticized the school for driving students away from public interest and toward work in high-paying law firms. Kahlenberg's criticisms are supported by Granfield and Koenig's study, which found that "students [are directed] toward service in the most prestigious law firms, both because they learn that such positions are their destiny and because the recruitment network that results from collective eminence makes these jobs extremely easy to obtain."[16]
The school has also been criticized for extremely large first year class sizes (at one point there were 140 students/classroom; as of 2001 there are 80), a cold and aloof administration,[17] and an inaccessible faculty. The latter stereotype is a central plot element of The Paper Chase and appears in Legally Blonde. Inaccessibility of the faculty was possibly a side effect of Harvard's original admissions process, which may have annoyed faculty by giving them less than stellar students.[12]
This Harvard Law persisted into the latter half of the 20th century,[11] but bears no resemblance to the modern school. The school eventually implemented the once-criticized[12] but now dominant approach pioneered by Dean Robert Hutchins at Yale Law School: It shifted the competitiveness to the admissions process. Robert Granfield and Thomas Koenig's 1992 study of Harvard Law students that appeared in The Sociological Quarterly found that students "learn to cooperate with rather than compete against classmates," and that contrary to "less eminent" law schools, students "learn that professional success is available for all who attend, and that therefore, only neurotic 'gunners' try to outdo peers."[16] According to the ABA, in 2007–2008 the school admitted only 11.8% of applicants and no students left as a result of "academic" shortcomings.[18]
Dean Robert C. Clark is generally given credit for "break[ing] the logjam" of the school's tenure battles and other political disputes.[19] Above all, many of the school's shortcomings were addressed head-on by the administration of Dean Elena Kagan after 2003.
The Kagan deanship[link]
File:Dean Kagan.jpg
Elena Kagan
Elena Kagan sought to reverse many of the persistent stereotypes about the school when she assumed its deanship in 2003, promising reforms. She gave students her personal e-mail address, held office hours, successfully cut first year class sizes in half, and was given credit for a host of quality-of-life improvements at the law school, including an ice-skating rink (during the winter) and a beach volleyball court (the rest of the year) on campus, free coffee in classroom buildings, free tampons in campus public restrooms, and the renovation of several of the school's facilities.[20] She also managed to boost the school's involvement in international[21] and public interest law,[22] and hired a significant number of prominent new faculty members.[23]
The number of students interested in public interest law positions expanded as Harvard has begun to offer summer funding for public interest internships and low income loan reduction plans for alumni who take on careers in the public interest and academia. For example, the school introduced a program beginning with the J.D. Class of 2011, allowing students who pledged to spend five years working for nonprofit organizations or the government after graduation will receive a grant in the full amount of their tuition during their third year, and are entitled to keep the grant if they remain in such positions for the five-year period[24] (while the program remained in place for students who had relied on it, it was discontinued and replaced with other incentives in 2009).
The second half of the 2000s saw Harvard Law School's most dramatic academic changes since the implementation of the Langdell curriculum. In 2006, the faculty voted unanimously to approve a new first-year curriculum, placing greater emphasis on problem-solving, administrative law, and international law. The new curriculum was implemented in stages over the next several years,[25][26] with the last new course, a first year practice-oriented problem solving workshop, being instituted in January 2010. In late 2008, the faculty decided that the school should move to an Honors/Pass/Low Pass (H/P/LP) grading system, much like those in place at Yale and Stanford Law Schools. The system applies to half the courses taken by students in the Class of 2010 and fully starting with the Class of 2011.[27]
In addition, a vast new complex underwent construction on the northwest part of the law school campus, and opened on January 3, 2012.[28] The complex comprises Wasserstein Hall, Caspersen Student Center, and the Clinical Wing, and has expanded classroom space for additional courses and created more space for an expanding clinical program.[29] Several dormitories are also set to be renovated.[30]
Post-Kagan[link]
In 2009, Kagan was appointed Solicitor General of the United States by President Barack Obama, and has taken a leave of absence from the faculty and resigned the deanship. Harvard University President Drew Gilpin Faust designated HLS professor Howell Jackson as interim dean until a permanent replacement could be named. On June 11, 2009, Faust announced that Martha Minow would become the dean, and she assumed the position on July 1, 2009.
Under Minow, HLS has been navigating the fallout of the global financial crisis and subsequent recession. The plan to end tuition for students who pledged five years of public interest work was cut in favor of more flexible incentives, and the new Holmes Fellowship was introduced to provide funding for students engaged in public interest work. The school also recently announced the launching of an innovative program for entrepreneurial students called the Public Service Venture Fund. This first of a kind program will offer seed money for start-up non-profit ventures and salary support for graduating J.D. students who pursue post-graduate work at non-profits or government agencies in the United States and abroad.[31]
Programs[link]
Berkman Center for Internet & Society[link]
The Harvard Law School was the original home of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society, which focuses on the study and construction of cyberspace. The Center sponsors conferences, courses, visiting lecturers, and residential fellows. Members of the Center do research and write books, articles, and weblogs with RSS 2.0 feeds, for which the Center holds the specification. Charles Nesson, Lawrence Lessig, Jonathan Zittrain, John Palfrey, William W. Fisher, and Yochai Benkler hold appointments at the Center.
The Center's present location is a small Victorian wood-frame building which sits next to the larger-scale buildings of the Harvard Law School campus. It is in the process of relocating to a larger site on the campus' perimeter after being elevated to the status of an interfaculty center for all of Harvard University in 2008.
Its newsletter, "The Filter", is on the Web and available by e-mail, and it hosts a blog community of Harvard faculty, students and Berkman Center affiliates. The Berkman Center is funding the Openlaw project. One of the major initiatives of the Berkman Center is the OpenNet Initiative, which is a joint worldwide study of the filtering of the web, along with the Universities of Toronto and Cambridge (UK). It is also home to Global Voices Online and Herdict, worldwide blog-monitoring websites. The Berkman Center was a co-sponsor of Wikimania 2006.
Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice[link]
Established in the fall of 2005 by Professor Charles Ogletree, the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice seeks to honor the contributions of Charles Hamilton Houston. The Institute carries forth Houston's legacy by serving as a hub for scholarship, legal education, policy analysis, and public forums on issues central to current civil rights struggles.
Labor and Worklife Program[link]
The Labor and Worklife Program is a forum for research and teaching on the world of work and its implications for society. The program brings together scholars and policy experts from a variety of disciplines, including scholars of labor studies and an array of international intellectuals, to analyze critical labor issues in the law, economy, and society. As a multidisciplinary research and policy network, the LWP organizes projects and programs that seek to understand critical changes in labor markets and labor law, and to analyze the role of unions, business, and government as they affect the world of work. It also provides unique education for labor leaders throughout the world via the Harvard Trade Union Program, founded in 1942, which works closely with trade unions around the world to bring excellence in labor education to trade union leadership. By engaging scholars, students, and members of the labor community, the program coordinates legal, educational, and cultural activities designed to improve the quality of work life. It regularly holds forums, conferences, and discussion groups on labor issues of concern to business, unions, and the government.
Harvard Legal Aid Bureau[link]
The Harvard Legal Aid Bureau is the oldest student-run legal services office in the country, founded in 1913.[32] The Bureau's mission is to provide an important community service while giving student attorneys the opportunity to develop professional skills as part of the clinical programs of Harvard Law School.
The Harvard Legal Aid Bureau is a student-run law firm. The Bureau serves clients in housing law (landlord-tenant relations, public housing, subsidized housing), family law (divorce, custody, paternity, child support), government benefits (Social Security, unemployment benefits, Veterans' benefits, welfare), and wage and hour cases (including unpaid or underpaid wages, benefits, and overtime). The Bureau employs eight supervising attorneys and elects approximately twenty-five student members annually. Students practice under the supervision of admitted attorneys; however, students are primarily casehandlers on all matters. As a result, students gain firsthand experience appearing in court, negotiating with opposing attorneys, and working directly with clients. Students receive both classroom and clinical credits for their work at the Bureau.
Unlike most clinical programs at Harvard (or other schools), the Bureau is a two-year commitment. This gives students a chance to have a much more sustained and in-depth academic experience. In addition to the substantive legal experience, students gain practical experience managing a law firm. The student board of directors makes all decisions regarding case intake, budget management, and office administration.
Famous participants include Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, activist and first lady Michelle Obama, and professors Erwin Chemerinsky and Laurence Tribe.[33]
Harvard Negotiation and Mediation Clinical Program[link]
The Harvard Negotiation and Mediation Clinical Program was founded in 2006 by Professor Robert Bordone, who saw a growing need at Harvard Law School for practical opportunities where students could hone their negotiation and dispute management skills.[34] The vision for the clinic was that by working directly with clients facing real-world problems, students would learn to look beyond litigation as the sole means of resolving disputes. From the start, student initiative and engagement have been crucial in shaping the nature of this clinic. The result is the nation's first legal clinic focusing on dispute systems design and conflict management.
Since 2006, the clinic has continued to grow. HNMCP expanded its capacity by hiring additional staff to support the program and to help develop and supervise clinical projects. Currently, in addition to Professor Bordone, the clinic employs two full-time teaching fellows and a part-time program coordinator. This gives the clinic one of the best student-to-supervisor ratios at Harvard and ensures that the clinic will continue to develop its promise as a place where negotiation and mediation theory and practice come together.
WilmerHale Legal Services Center[link]
Located in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood, the WilmerHale Legal Services Center (formerly the Hale and Dorr Legal Services Center) is Harvard Law School's oldest and largest clinical teaching facility. Students working at the Center are placed in one of its clinics housed in five substantive practice groups and work with clinical instructors, experienced practitioners and mentors, who supervise student work and provide guidance as students build and manage their own caseload. The Center provides substantive training in each practice area and also offers general instruction on topics such as client interviewing and intake, case management, legal investigation and discovery, creative legal analysis, research and drafting. In June 2009, Harvard Law School eliminated at least three staff positions at the WilmerHale Legal Services Center.[35]
Other programs[link]
- The Ames Moot Court Competition
- Association for Law and Business
- Child Advocacy Program
- Harvard Defenders
- East Asian Legal Studies Program
- European Law Research Center
- Fund for Tax and Fiscal Research
- Human Rights Program
- Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program
- Islamic Legal Studies Program
- John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business
- Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology and Bioethics
- Prison Legal Assistance Project
- Program on Corporate Governance
- Program on Empirical Legal Studies
- Program on International Financial Systems
- Program on the Legal Profession
- Program on Negotiation
- Public Interest Auction
- Williston Negotiation Competition
Two additional programs affiliated with Harvard Law School are the Ames Foundation and the Selden Society.[citation needed] Harvard Law School also co-founded CALI in 1982 with University of Minnesota Law School.[36]
Publications[link]
Students of the Juris Doctor (JD) program are involved in preparing and publishing the Harvard Law Review, one of the most renowned university law reviews, as well as a number of other law journals and an independent student newspaper. The Harvard Law Review was first published in 1887 and has been staffed and edited by some of the school's most notable alumni.[citation needed] In addition to the journal, the Harvard Law Review Association also publishes The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the most widely followed authority for legal citation formats in the United States. The student newspaper, the Harvard Law Record, has been published continuously since the 1940s, making it one of the oldest law school newspapers in the country, and has included the exploits of fictional law student Fenno for decades. The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation, formerly known as the Harvard Law School Corporate Governance Blog, is one of the most widely read law websites in the country.
File:Hauserhall.jpg
Hauser Hall
The law journals are:
- Harvard Law Review
- Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
- Harvard Black Letter Law Journal
- Harvard Environmental Law Review
- Harvard Human Rights Journal
- Harvard International Law Journal
- Harvard Journal of Law & Gender (formerly Women's Law Journal)
- Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
- Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
- Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law
- Harvard Journal on Legislation
- Harvard Latino Law Review
- Harvard Law & Policy Review
- Harvard National Security Journal
- Harvard Negotiation Law Review
- Unbound: Harvard Journal of the Legal Left
- Harvard Business Law Review
Notable alumni[link]
Main article: List of Harvard Law School alumni
Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States, and Barack Obama, the 44th and current President of the United States, graduated from HLS. Obama was the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review and is now the first African-American President of the United States. His wife Michelle Obama is also a graduate of Harvard Law School. Ma Ying-jeou, the current president of the Republic of China (Taiwan), received his SJD from Harvard. Past presidential candidates who are HLS graduates include Michael Dukakis and Ralph Nader. The plurality of US Senators with law degrees, and a significant number of Massachusetts governors, graduated from HLS as well.
Fourteen of the school's graduates have served on the Supreme Court of the United States, more than any other law school, and another four justices attended the school without graduating. Six of the current nine members of the court attended HLS: Chief Justice John Roberts, and Associate Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer and Elena Kagan, who also served as the Dean of Harvard Law School from 2003 to 2009. Ginsburg transferred to and graduated from Columbia Law School. Past Supreme Court justices from Harvard Law School include David Souter, Harry Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Louis Brandeis, Felix Frankfurter, Lewis Powell (LLM), and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., among others.
Attorneys General Alberto Gonzales and Janet Reno, among others, and noted federal judges Richard Posner of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Michael Boudin of the First Circuit Court of Appeals, Laurence Silberman of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, and Pierre Leval of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, among many other judicial figures, graduated from the school. The current Commonwealth Solicitor General of Australia Stephen Gageler SC graduated from Harvard with an LL.M.[37]
Famous legal academics who graduated from Harvard Law include Erwin Chemerinsky, Ronald Dworkin, Susan Estrich, Arthur R. Miller, William L. Prosser, John Sexton, Kathleen Sullivan, Cass Sunstein, Michael Kinsley, Gerald L. Neuman, and Laurence Tribe.
In addition to their achievements in law and politics, Harvard Law alumni have also excelled in other fields. Many have gone on to become influential journalists, writers, media and business leaders and even professional athletes.
Notable professors[link]
In popular culture[link]
Books[link]
A number of notable novels have been inspired by the student experience at the school.
The Paper Chase is a novel set amid a student's first ("One L") year at the school. It was written by John Jay Osborn, Jr., who studied at the school. The book was later turned into a film and a television series (see below).
Scott Turow wrote a memoir of his experience as a first-year law student at Harvard, One L.
Richard Kahlenberg's account of his experiences, Broken Contract: A Memoir of Harvard Law School. Kahlenberg breaks from the other two authors and describes the experience of the final two years at the school, claiming that the environment drives students away from their public interest aspirations and toward work in high-paying law firms.
The book Brush With the Law, by Robert Byrnes and Jaime Marquart, is an account of the authors' three years in Stanford and Harvard Law Schools. The authors indulge in alcohol, drugs, womanizing, and gambling before passing their exams and moving on to successful legal careers.
Film and television[link]
Several movies and television shows take place at least in part at the school. Most of them have scenes filmed on location at or around Harvard University. They include:
- Love Story (1970)
- The Paper Chase (1973)
- The Paper Chase (1978-1979, 1983-1986 television series)
- Soul Man (1986)
- The Firm (1993)
- How High (2001)
- Legally Blonde (2001)
- Love Story in Harvard (2004 Korean TV series)
Many popular movies and television shows also feature characters introduced as Harvard Law graduates. Some of these include:
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References[link]
- ^ a b c Harvard Law School Official ABA Data[dead link]
- ^ [1]>
- ^ About. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ Library Tours - 67th IFLA Council and General Conference. Ifla.org. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ "HLS Faculty Directory". http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
- ^ Harvard Law Faculty Lead SSRN Rankings. Law.harvard.edu (2010-03-18). Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ "Quick Facts: W&M Law School". Marshall-Wythe School of Law. http://www.wm.edu/law/about/quickfacts.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
- ^ "The University of Maryland School of Law: Our History and Mission". The University of Maryland School of Law. http://www.law.umaryland.edu/about/mission.html. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ A Royall Find. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ Interview with Former Dean Robert Berring of U.C. Berkeley's Boalt Hall School of Law. Top-law-schools.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ a b Harvard Law School Oral History. Paulcarrington.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ a b c Learning Law in New Haven. Paulcarrington.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ Kahlenberg, Richard D. (1992), Broken Contract: A Memoir of Harvard Law School, New York: Hill and Wang, ISBN 0-8090-3165-5
- ^ "COMPETITIVE DEBATES AT YALE.; The New Law School Building to be Ready for Use by New Year's". The New York Times. October 15, 1894. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E2D91131E033A25756C1A9669D94659ED7CF. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ www. Legaled.com (2003-09-21). Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ a b Granfield, Robert; Koenig, Thomas (2005), "Learning Collective Eminence: Harvard Law School and the Social Production of Elite Lawyers", Sociological Quarterly 33 (4): 503–520, DOI:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00140.x
- ^ Glater, Jonathan D. (April 16, 2001). "Harvard Law Tries to Increase Appeal". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4D71131F935A25757C0A9679C8B63. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ Under Kagan, A Harmonious HLS | The Harvard Crimson. Thecrimson.com (2007-02-01). Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ Harvard Gazette: Big plans highlight Elena Kagan' 2L. News.harvard.edu (2004-09-16). Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ HLS: Bulletin: At Home in the World. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ HLS: Bulletin: Hands On. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ Kagan Stresses Growth | The Harvard Crimson. Thecrimson.com (2006-09-21). Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ Welcome to Student Financial Services. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ HLS: Bulletin: A Curriculum of New Realities. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ Glater, Jonathan D. (October 7, 2006). "Harvard Law Decides to Steep Students in 21st-Century Issues". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/07/education/07harvard.html. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ HLS Grade Reform: Splitting the Baby Was the Only Call, Above the Law, 28 Oct 2008
- ^ [3]. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2012-04-28.
- ^ The Wasserstein Hall, Caspersen Student Center, Clinical Wing Project at Harvard Law School. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ [4]. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2012-04-28.
- ^ Harvard Law School launches new Public Service Venture Fund. Law.harvard.edu (2010-02-09). Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6][dead link]
- ^ Local index - HTTrack Website Copier. Law.harvard.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.
- ^ "Layoffs at Harvard rattle law school," Massachusetts Lawyer Weekly, July 6, 2009
- ^ Drake, Miriam A. (2003). Encyclopedia of library and information science, Volume 1. Dekker Encyclopedias Series. 1. CRC Press. p. 654. ISBN 0-8247-2077-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=vuCwpK9UdYsC&lpg=PA654&dq=university%20of%20minnesota%20%22center%20for%20computer-assisted%22&client=firefox-a&pg=PA654#v=onepage&q=university%20of%20minnesota%20%22center%20for%20computer-assisted%22&f=false.
- ^ [7][dead link]
Further reading[link]
- Granfield, Robert (1992). Making Elite Lawyers: Visions of Law at Harvard and Beyond. New York: Routledge.
- Bennett, Drake (2008-10-19). "Crimson tide: Harvard Law School, long fractious and underachieving, is on the rise again – and shaking up the American legal world". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/10/19/crimson_tide/.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Harvard Law School |
- Official website
- HLS programs
- HLS publications
- Hale and Dorr Legal Services Center
- HLS blogs
- The Harvard Law Record – Harvard Law School's independent student newspaper
- History of Harvard Law School
- Law School Admission Council's page on HLS
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Coordinates: 42°22′40.7″N 71°7′6.6″W / 42.377972°N 71.1185°W / 42.377972; -71.1185
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"Harvard" redirects here. For other uses, see Harvard (disambiguation).
| Harvard University | |
|---|---|
| File:Harvard Wreath Logo 1.svg Seal of Harvard University |
|
| Latin: Universitas Harvardiana | |
| Motto | Veritas[1] |
| Motto in English | Truth |
| Established | 1636[2] |
| Type | Private |
| Endowment | US$32 billion (2011)[3][4] |
| President | Drew Gilpin Faust |
| Academic staff | 2,107[5] |
| Admin. staff | 2,497 non-medical 10,674 medical |
| Students | 21,225 |
| Undergraduates | 7,181 total 6,655 College 526 Extension |
| Postgraduates | 14,044 |
| Location | Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Campus | Urban 210 acres (85 ha) (Main campus) 22 acres (8.9 ha) (Medical campus) 359 acres (145 ha) (Allston campus)[6] |
| Newspaper | The Harvard Crimson |
| Colors | Crimson |
| Athletics | 41 Varsity Teams Ivy League NCAA Division I |
| Nickname | Harvard Crimson |
| Website | Harvard.edu |
| Harvard University logo | |
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States[7] and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[8][9][10][11]
Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites.[12][13] Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.[14] James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.[4]
The university comprises eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area.[15] Harvard's 210-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northwest of downtown Boston. The business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in Allston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are located in the Longwood Medical Area.[6]
As of 2010, Harvard employs about 2,100 faculty to teach and advise approximately 6,700 undergraduates (Harvard College) and 14,500 graduate and professional students.[16] Eight U.S. presidents have been graduates, and 75 Nobel Laureates have been student, faculty, or staff affiliates. Harvard is also the alma mater of sixty-two living billionaires, the most in the country.[17] The Harvard University Library is the largest academic library in the United States, and one of the largest in the world.[18]
The Harvard Crimson competes in 41 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University traditionally culminating in The Game, although the Harvard–Yale Regatta predates the football game. This rivalry, though, is put aside every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team, a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[19]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Harvard University
Colonial[link]
Harvard was founded in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Initially called "New College" or "the college at New Towne", the institution was renamed Harvard College on March 13, 1639. It was named after John Harvard, a young English clergyman from Southwark, London, an alumnus of the University of Cambridge (after which Cambridge, Massachusetts is named), who bequeathed the College his library of four hundred books and £779 pounds sterling, which was half of his estate.[20] The charter creating the corporation of Harvard College came in 1650. In the early years, the College trained many Puritan ministers.[21] The college offered a classic academic course based on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended Cambridge University—but one consistent with the prevailing Puritan philosophy. The college was never affiliated with any particular denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches throughout New England.[22] An early brochure, published in 1643, described the founding of the college as a response to the desire "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches".[23]
The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the College toward intellectual independence from Puritanism.
19th century[link]
Religion and philosophy[link]
The takeover of Harvard by the Unitarians in 1805 resulted in the secularization of the American college. By 1850 Harvard was the "Unitarian Vatican." The "liberals" (Unitarians) allied themselves with high Federalists and began to create a set of private societies and institutions meant to shore up their cultural and political authority, a movement that prefigured the emergence of the Boston Brahmin class. On the other hand, the theological conservatives used print media to argue for the maintenance of open debate and democratic governance through a diverse public sphere, seeing the liberals' movement as an attempt to create a cultural oligarchy in opposition to Congregationalist tradition and republican political principles.[24]
In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans' 'participation in the Divine Nature' and the possibility of understanding 'intellectual existences.' Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that one can grasp the 'divine plan' in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype for his evidence. This dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of Common Sense Realism derived from Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart, whose works were part of the Harvard curriculum at the time. The popularity of Agassiz's efforts to 'soar with Plato' probably also derived from other writings to which Harvard students were exposed, including Platonic treatises by Ralph Cudworth, John Norris, and, in a Romantic vein, Samuel Coleridge. The library records at Harvard reveal that the writings of Plato and his early modern and Romantic followers were almost as regularly read during the 19th century as those of the 'official philosophy' of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school.[25]
Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of each person to perceive truth, and the indwelling God in each person.[26]
20th century[link]
During the 20th century, Harvard's international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Explosive growth in the student population continued with the addition of new graduate schools and the expansion of the undergraduate program. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States.
Meritocracy[link]
James Bryant Conant (president, 1933–1953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century.[28]
In 1945–1960 admissions policies were opened up to bring in students from a more diverse applicant pool. No longer drawing mostly from rich alumni of select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college was now open to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but few blacks, Hispanics or Asians.[29]
Women[link]
Women remained segregated at Radcliffe, though more and more took Harvard classes. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools, which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college, also became more diverse in the post-World War II period.
In 1999, Radcliffe College, founded in 1879 as the "Harvard Annex for Women",[30] merged formally with Harvard University, becoming the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.
Drew Gilpin Faust, the Dean at Radcliffe, became the first woman president of Harvard in 2007.
Liberalism[link]
Harvard and its affiliates, like many American universities,[31][32] are considered by some to be politically liberal (left of center).[33] Conservative author William F. Buckley, Jr. quipped that he would rather be governed by the first 2000 names in the Boston phone book than by the Harvard faculty,[34] President Richard Nixon famously referred to Harvard as the "Kremlin on the Charles" around 1970,[35] and Vice President George H.W. Bush disparaged what he saw to be Harvard's liberalism during the 1988 presidential election.[36]
President Lawrence Summers resigned his presidency in 2006. His resignation came just one week before a second planned vote of no confidence by the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Former president Derek Bok served as interim president. Members of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, which instructs graduate students in GSAS and undergraduates in Harvard College, had passed an earlier motion of "lack of confidence" in Summers' leadership on March 15, 2005 by a 218–185 vote, with 18 abstentions. The 2005 motion was precipitated by comments about the causes of gender demographics in academia made at a closed academic conference and leaked to the press.[37] In response, Summers convened two committees to study this issue: the Task Force on Women Faculty and the Task Force on Women in Science and Engineering. Summers had also pledged $50 million to support their recommendations and other proposed reforms. Drew Gilpin Faust is the 28th president of Harvard. An American historian, former dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and Lincoln Professor of History at Harvard University, Faust is the first female president in the university's history.[38][39]
Organization and administration[link]
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The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is primarily responsible for instruction in Harvard College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Harvard Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There is also the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.
Harvard is governed by a combination[clarification needed] of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University. There are 16,000 staff and faculty.[40]
A faculty of approximately 2,410 professors, lecturers, and instructors serve as of school year 2009–10,[41] with 7,180 undergraduate and 13,830 graduate students.[42] The school color is crimson, which is also the name of the Harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper, The Harvard Crimson. The color was unofficially adopted (in preference to magenta) by an 1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858, when Charles William Eliot, a young graduate student who would later become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869–1909), bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta.
Harvard has a friendly rivalry with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which dates back to 1900 when a merger of the two schools was frequently discussed and at one point officially agreed upon (ultimately canceled by Massachusetts courts). Today, the two schools cooperate as much as they compete, with many joint conferences and programs, including the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, the Harvard-MIT Data Center and formerly the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology. In addition, students at the two schools can cross-register in undergraduate or graduate classes without any additional fees, for credits toward their own school's degrees.
Endowment[link]
Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world. As of September 2011, it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession. It was worth $32 billion in 2011, up from $27.6 billion in September 2010[43] and $25.7 billion 2009. It suffered about 30% loss in 2008-2009.[4][44] In December 2008, Harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22% (approximately $8 billion) from July to October 2008, necessitating budget cuts.[45] Later reports[46] suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure, a reduction of nearly 50% of its endowment in the first four months alone. Forbes in March 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $12 billion.[47] One of the most visible results of Harvard's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting[46] of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011, resulting in protests from local residents.[48]
Campus[link]
File:Harvard architects.png
Map showing the architects and dates of construction for the buildings of the main campus near Harvard square, as of 2005. Information on other notable nearby buildings is also included.
Harvard's 210-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northwest of downtown Boston and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall, Memorial Church, and the majority of the freshman dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. The Harvard MBTA station provides public transportation via bus service and the Red Line subway.
The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 359-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston. The John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River connecting both campuses. The Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the Harvard School of Public Health are located on a 22-acre (8.9 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.[6] A private shuttle bus connects the Longwood campus to the Cambridge campus via Massachusetts Avenue making stops in the Back Bay and at MIT as well.[49]
Each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall, library, and various other student facilities. The facilities were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness.[50]
Radcliffe Yard, formerly the center of the campus of Radcliffe College (and now home of the Radcliffe Institute), is adjacent to the Graduate School of Education and the Cambridge Common.
From 2006 - 2008, Harvard University reported on-campus crime statistics that included 48 forcible sex offenses, 10 robberies, 15 aggravated assaults, 750 burglaries, and 12 cases of motor vehicle theft.[51]
Satellite facilities[link]
Apart from its major Cambridge/Allston and Longwood campuses, Harvard owns and operates Arnold Arboretum, in the Jamaica Plain area of Boston; the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, D.C.; the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts; and the Villa I Tatti research center[52] in Florence and the Harvard Shanghai Center in China.
Major campus expansion[link]
Throughout the past several years, Harvard has purchased large tracts of land in Allston, a walk across the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward.[53] The university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in Allston than in Cambridge. Various proposals to connect the traditional Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus include new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram. Ambitious plans also call for sinking part of Storrow Drive (at Harvard's expense) for replacement with park land and pedestrian access to the Charles River, as well as the construction of bike paths, and an intently planned fabric of buildings throughout the Allston campus. The institution asserts that such expansion will benefit not only the school, but surrounding community, pointing to such features as the enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible.
One of the foremost driving forces for Harvard's pending expansion is its goal of substantially increasing the scope and strength of its science and technology programs. The university plans to construct two 500,000 square foot (50,000 m²) research complexes in Allston, which would be home to several interdisciplinary programs, including the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and an enlarged Engineering department.
In addition, Harvard intends to relocate the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Harvard School of Public Health to Allston. The university also plans to construct several new undergraduate and graduate student housing centers in Allston, and it is considering large-scale museums and performing arts complexes as well. Unfortunately the large drop in endowment has halted these plans for now.
Sustainability[link]
In 2000, Harvard hired a full-time campus sustainability professional and launched the Harvard Green Campus Initiative,[54] since institutionalized as the Office for Sustainability (OFS).[55] With a full-time staff of 25, dozens of student interns, and a $12 million Loan Fund for energy and water conservation projects, OFS is one of the most advanced campus sustainability programs in the country.[56] Harvard was one of 27 schools to receive a grade of "A-" from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card 2010, the highest grade awarded.[57]
Academics[link]
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university.[59] The university has been accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges since 1929.[60] The university offers 46 undergraduate concentrations (majors),[61] 134 graduate degrees,[62] and 32 professional degrees.[63] For the 2008–2009 academic year, Harvard granted 1,664 baccalaureate degrees, 400 masters degrees, 512 doctoral degrees, and 4,460 professional degrees.[63]
The four year, full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an "arts & sciences focus".[59] Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a "Core Curriculum" of seven classes outside of their concentration.[64] Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World.[65] Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees.[59] The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education.[66][67]
Harvard's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May.[68] Undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full time.[69] In many concentrations, students can elect to pursue a basic program or a honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work.[70] Students graduating in the top 4-5% of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude, students in the next 15% of the class are awarded magna cum laude, and the next 30% of the class are awarded cum laude.[71] Harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually.[72] Harvard, along with other universities, has been accused of grade inflation,[73] although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased.[74] Harvard College reduced the number of students who receive Latin honors from 90% in 2004 to 60% in 2005. Moreover, the honors of "John Harvard Scholar" and "Harvard College Scholar" will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class.[75][76][77][78]
Undergraduate tuition for the 2009–2010 school year was $33,696 and the total cost with fees, room, and board was $48,868.[79] Under financial aid guidelines adopted in 2007, parents in families with incomes of less than $60,000 will no longer be expected to contribute any money to the cost of attending Harvard for their children, including room and board. Families with incomes in the $60,000 to $80,000 range contribute an amount of only a few thousand dollars a year. In December 2007, Harvard announced that families earning between $120,000 and $180,000 will only have to pay up to 10% of their annual household income towards tuition.[80] In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414.1 million across all 11 divisions; $339.5 million came from institutional funds, $35.3 million from federal support, and $39.2 million from other outside support. Grants total 87.7% of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8.4%) and work-study (3.9%).[79]
Rankings[link]
| University rankings (overall) | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| ARWU[81] | 1 |
| Forbes[82] | 6 |
| U.S. News & World Report[83] | 1 |
| Washington Monthly[84] | 6 |
| Global | |
| ARWU[85] | 1 |
| QS[86] | 2 |
| Times[87] | 2 |
Internationally, Harvard ranks second, behind University of Cambridge: both the QS World University Rankings and the annual World's Best Universities by U.S. News & World Report in 2011.[88][89][90] When the QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings were published in partnership as the Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings, Harvard was ranked first between 2004 and 2009.[90][91] Harvard is tied with Stanford University for second in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[92] Harvard is ranked first by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), a position it has held since the first ARWU rankings were released in 2003.[93] In its individual subject tables, ARWU ranked Harvard first in natural sciences and mathematics,[94] life and agricultural sciences,[95] clinical medicine and pharmacy,[96] social sciences,[97] and 42nd in engineering/technology and computer sciences.[98] In individual fields in 2010, Harvard is ranked first in Physics and Economics/Business, second in Chemistry, third in Mathematics, and ninth in Computer Science in the world.[99]
Harvard's undergraduate program is ranked first among "National Universities" by U.S. News & World Report[100] and sixth by Forbes.[101] The university is ranked sixth nationally by The Washington Monthly.[102]
In the 2009 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report, Harvard was ranked first in North America.[103]
In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP), Harvard is the best overall university in the world.[104]
Research[link]
- Berkman Center for Internet & Society
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
- Harvard HKS/CID-MIT Media Lab Observatory of Economic Complexity
- Harvard Clinical Research Institute
- Harvard Institute of Economic Research
- Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
- Institute for Quantitative Social Science[105]
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine (at the Harvard Medical School-affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital)
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies (one of Harvard's 14 schools)
- Real Colegio Complutense at Harvard University, a Post-Doctoral Research Institute founded by Harvard University and Complutense University in 1990, jointly Chaired by the Presidents of both Universities.
- Schepens Eye Research Institute
- W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
- Research centers attached to schools and departments
- Department of Psychology: Prosopagnosia Research Centers at Harvard University and University College London[106]
- Graduate School of Design:[107] Center for Alternative Futures, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Center for Technology & the Environment
- Harvard Law School:[108] Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice, Institute for Global Law & Policy (former European Law Research Center), John M. Olin Center of Law, Economics and Business
- Independent organizations affiliated to the university
Libraries and museums[link]
The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises over 80 individual libraries holding some 15 million volumes.[109] According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the United States, and one of the largest in the world.[18]
Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use, with easy access and central locations. There are rare books, manuscripts and other special collections throughout Harvard's libraries;[110] Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.
Harvard operates several arts, cultural, and scientific museums:
- The Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier, is home to the University's film archive and the department of Visual and Environmental Studies.
- The Harvard Art Museums, including:
- The Arthur M. Sackler Museum, which includes ancient, Asian, Islamic and later Indian art
- The Busch-Reisinger Museum, formerly the Germanic Museum, covers central and northern European art.
- The Fogg Museum of Art, with galleries featuring history of Western art from the Middle Ages to the present. Particular strengths are in Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th century French art
- The Harvard Museum of Natural History complex, including:
- The Harvard Mineralogical Museum
- The Harvard University Herbaria, which contains the famous Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit
- The Museum of Comparative Zoology
- The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere
- The Semitic Museum
Students[link]
| Undergraduate | Graduate | Professional | U.S. Census | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black/Non-Hispanic | 8% | 3% | 6% | 12.1% |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 17% | 9% | 12% | 4.3% |
| White/Non-Hispanic | 42% | 42% | 43% | 65.8% |
| Hispanic | 7% | 3% | 5% | 14.5% |
| Native American | 1% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.9% |
| International Students | 11% | 33% | 22% | N/A |
In the last six years, Harvard's student population ranged between 19,000 and 21,000, across all programs. Harvard enrolled 6,655 students in undergraduate programs, 3,738 students in graduate programs, and 10,722 students in professional programs.[111] The undergraduate population is 51% female, the graduate population is 48% female, and the professional population is 49% female.[111]
Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation as "more selective, lower transfer-in".[59] Harvard College received 27,462 applications for admission to the Class of 2013, 2,175 were admitted (7.9%), and 1,658 enrolled (76.2%).[113] The interquartile range on the SAT was 2080–2370 and 95% of first year students graduated in the top tenth of their high school class.[113] Harvard also enrolled 266 National Merit Scholars, the most in the nation.[114] 88% of students graduate within 4 years and 98% graduate within 6 years.[115]
Harvard College accepted 6.9% of applicants for the class of 2014, a record low for the school's entire history.[116] The number of acceptances was lower for the class of 2013 partially because the university anticipated increased rates of enrollment after announcing a large increase in financial aid in 2008.[citation needed] Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities.[117] However, undergraduate admissions office's preference for children of alumni policies have been the subject of scrutiny and debate as it primarily aids whites and the wealthy.[118][119]
Athletics[link]
Main article: Harvard Crimson
Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in their annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply "The Game". While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the country's best as it often was a century ago during football's early days (it won the Rose Bowl in 1920), both it and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. The stadium's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game. Seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport, the Father of Football, Walter Camp (former captain of the Yale football team), suggested widening the field to open up the game. But the state-of-the-art Harvard Stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface. So, other steps had to be taken. Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history.[120][121]
Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the "MAC", serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports. The five story building includes two cardio rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities, a mezzanine, where all types of classes are held at all hours of the day, and an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms, and a three-court gym floor to play basketball. The MAC also offers personal trainers and specialty classes. The MAC is also home to Harvard volleyball, fencing, and wrestling. The offices of several of the school's varsity coaches are also in the MAC.
Weld Boathouse and Newell Boathouse house the women's and men's rowing teams, respectively. The men's crew also uses the Red Top complex in Ledyard, Connecticut, as their training camp for the annual Harvard-Yale Regatta. The Bright Hockey Center hosts the Harvard hockey teams, and the Murr Center serves both as a home for Harvard's squash and tennis teams as well as a strength and conditioning center for all athletic sports.
As of 2006, there were 41 Division I intercollegiate varsity sports teams for women and men at Harvard, more than at any other NCAA Division I college in the country. As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.[122]
Older than The Game by 23 years, the Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing. Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team (with a strong rivalry against Cornell), squash, and even recently won NCAA titles in Men's and Women's Fencing. Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003.
Harvard's men's ice hockey team won the school's first NCAA Championship in any team sport in 1989. Harvard was also the first Ivy League institution to win a NCAA championship title in a women's sport when its women's lacrosse team won the NCAA Championship in 1990.
Harvard Undergraduate Television has footage from historical games and athletic events including the 2005 pep-rally before the Harvard-Yale Game. Harvard's official athletics website has more comprehensive information about Harvard's athletic facilities.
Song[link]
Harvard has several fight songs, the most played of which, especially at football, are "Ten Thousand Men of Harvard" and "Harvardiana." While "Fair Harvard" is actually the alma mater, "Ten Thousand Men" is better known outside the university. The Harvard University Band performs these fight songs, and other cheers, at football and hockey games. These were parodied by Harvard alumnus Tom Lehrer in his song "Fight Fiercely, Harvard," which he composed while an undergraduate.
Notable people[link]
Faculty and staff[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121224111159/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Harvard's current faculty includes many prominent scholars such as biologist E. O. Wilson, cognitive scientist Steven Pinker, physicists Lisa Randall and Roy Glauber, chemists Elias Corey, Dudley R. Herschbach and George M. Whitesides, Shakespeare scholar Stephen Greenblatt, writer Louis Menand, critic Helen Vendler, historians Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Niall Ferguson, economists Amartya Sen, N. Gregory Mankiw, Robert Barro, Stephen A. Marglin, Don M. Wilson III and Martin Feldstein, political philosophers Harvey Mansfield, Baroness Shirley Williams and Michael Sandel, political scientists Robert Putnam, Joseph Nye, and Stanley Hoffmann, scholar/composers Robert Levin and Bernard Rands, and legal scholar Alan Dershowitz.
Past faculty members include Michael Walzer, Stephen Thernstrom and Robert Nozick.
Alumni[link]
Among the best-known people who have attended Harvard University are American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Al Gore, George W. Bush and Barack Obama; Canadian Governor General David Lloyd Johnston, Canadian Prime Ministers Mackenzie King and Pierre Trudeau, and Canadian political leader Michael Ignatieff; Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan; religious leader, businessman & philanthropist Aga Khan IV; businessman & philanthropist Bill Gates; philanthropist Huntington Hartford; Mexican Presidents Felipe Calderón,[123] Carlos Salinas de Gortari and Miguel de la Madrid; Chilean President Sebastián Piñera; Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos; Costa Rican President José María Figueres; Businessman and Financier Scott Mead; Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Israeli Supreme Court President Aharon Barak; Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo; Albanian Prime Minister Fan S. Noli; UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educator Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; comedian and television show host and writer Conan O'Brien; actors Fred Gwynne, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Ashley Judd, Tatyana Ali, Elisabeth Shue, Rashida Jones, Scottie Thompson, Hill Harper, Matt Damon and Tommy Lee Jones; film directors Darren Aronofsky, Mira Nair, Whit Stillman, and Terrence Malick; television executive Brian Graden; architect Philip Johnson; musicians Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; Facebook creator Mark Zuckerberg; unabomber Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman; NFL quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick; NBA player Jeremy Lin; and civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois, Sachin H Jain.
In fiction and popular culture[link]
The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary backdrop.
In literature[link]
- The Accidental Billionaires by Ben Mezrich is a narrative account of Facebook's founding set partially at Harvard
- Hacking Harvard is novel by Robin Wasserman, a Harvard University alumna.
- In The Handmaid's Tale, Margaret Atwood's post-apocalyptic novel, much of the action takes place in Cambridge, with vaguely recognizable Harvard landmarks occasionally making their way into the narrator's place descriptions.
- Erich Segal's Love Story (1970), which concerns a romance between a wealthy hockey player (Ryan O'Neal) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means (Ali MacGraw),[124] is screened annually for incoming freshmen.[citation needed] Segal's The Class (1985) and Doctors (1988) are also set at Harvard.
- The Paper Chase by John Jay Osborn, Jr., a 1970 novel adapted for a film and a television series.
- The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane, a 2009 bestselling novel by Katherine Howe, prominently features the university and several of its buildings .
- Prozac Nation is an autobiography by Harvard College graduate Elizabeth Wurtzel
- The Second Happiest Day (1953) by "John Phillips" (John P. Marquand, Jr.) depicts the Harvard of the World War II generation.
- The Sound and the Fury, by William Faulkner, features Quentin Compson's experiences at Harvard.
- The Women's Room, by Marilyn French, largely features protagonist Mira's experiences at Harvard
- Pamela Thomas-Graham's series of mystery novels (Blue Blood, Orange Crushed, and A Darker Shade Of Crimson), protagonist Nikki Chase is an African-American Harvard economics professor.
- Cecilia Tan's romance novel series, commonly known as the "Magic University series" and including the books The Siren and the Sword and The Tower and the Tears, is set at the magical university hidden inside Harvard known as "Veritas".
Onscreen[link]
Because Harvard generally forbids filming on its property, most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are in fact shot elsewhere.[125]
- The Great Debaters
- Good Will Hunting
- Harvard Man
- How High
- Ivory Tower - a student-produced Harvard Undergraduate Television show[126] about fictional Harvard students.
- Legally Blonde
- The Paper Chase (1973 film) and The Paper Chase (1978–79, 1983–86 TV series)
- The Social Network
- Soul Man (film)
- Stealing Harvard
- With Honors
See also[link]
- Academic regalia of Harvard University
- Harvard University Police Department
- Outline of Harvard University
- Secret Court of 1920
References[link]
- ^ Harvard's famous Veritas appears directly on the University's arms; heraldically speaking, however, a 'motto' is a word or phrase displayed on a scroll in conjunction with a shield of arms. Since 1692 University seals have borne Christo et Ecclesiae (for Christ and the Church) in this manner, arguably making that phrase the University's motto in a heraldic sense. This legend is otherwise not in general use today.
- ^ An appropriation of £400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which initially convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636 NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, Quincy, Josiah (1860). History of Harvard University. 117 Washington Street, Boston: Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Co.. , p. 586, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: "Cambridge Birthday". Time. 1936-09-28. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,756722,00.html. Retrieved 2006-09-08. : "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." Bicentennial date: Marvin Hightower (2003-09-02). "Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History". Harvard University. http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html. Retrieved 2006-09-15. , "Sept. 8, 1836 - Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on the 8th of September, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: The New York Times, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."
- ^ Mendillo, Jane L.. "September 2011 Harvard Management Company Endowment Report". Harvard Management Company. http://www.hmc.harvard.edu/docs/Sept%2021%20Draft-Annual%20Report.pdf. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2009 Endowment Market Value". National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute. http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2009_NCSE_Public_Tables_Endowment_Market_Values.pdf. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
- ^ Office of Institutional Research. (2009). "Faculty". Harvard University Fact Book. http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_18-19facuni.pdf. ("Unduplicated, Paid Instructional Faculty Count: 2,107. Unduplicated instructional faculty count is the most appropriate count for general reporting purposes.")
- ^ a b c "Faculties and Allied Institutions". Office of the Provost, Harvard University. 2009. http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec03_4_Plant.pdf. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
- ^ Rudolph, Frederick (1961). The American College and University. University of Georgia Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-8203-1285-1.
- ^ Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University. Oxford University Press. pp. 463–481. ISBN 0-19-514457-0. "Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. (...) Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes."
- ^ Spaulding, Christina (1989). "Sexual Shakedown". In Trumpbour, John. How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire. South End Press. pp. 326–336. ISBN 0-89608-284-9. "...[Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige (...) Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning..."
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- ^ Story, Ronald (1975). "Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865". Journal of Social History 8 (3): 94–121. DOI:10.1353/jsh/8.3.94.
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- ^ a b "The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held". American Library Association. 2009-05. http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
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- ^ "The Harvard Guide: The Early History of Harvard University". Harvard University. http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
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- ^ Mariani, Mack D.; Hewitt, Gordon J. (2008). "Indoctrination U.? Faculty Ideology and Changes in Student Political Orientation". PS: Political Science & Politics 41 (4): 773–783. DOI:10.1017/S1049096508081031.
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- ^ Merrow, J. (2004). "Grade Inflation: It's Not Just an Issue for the Ivy League". Carnegie Perspectives. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/perspectives/perspectives2004.June.htm.
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- ^ "Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement". Handbook for Students. Harvard College. http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "Academic Information: Requirements for Honors Degrees". Handbook for Students. Harvard College. http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343182. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
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- ^ Primack, Phil (October 5, 2008). "Doesn't Anybody Get a C Anymore?". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2008/10/05/doesnt_anybody_get_a_c_anymore/.
- ^ Kohn, A (November 8, 2002). "The Dangerous Myth of Grade Inflation". The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/gi.htm.
- ^ No author given. (2003). Brevia. Harvard Magazine, January–February 2003.
- ^ Milzoff, R. M., Paley, A. R., & Reed, B. J. (2001). Grade Inflation is Real. Fifteen Minutes March 1, 2001.
- ^ Bombardieri, M. & Schweitzer, S. (2006). "At Harvard, more concern for top grades." The Boston Globe, February 12, 2006. p. B3 (Benedict Gross quotes, 23.7% A/25% A- figures, characterized as an "all-time high.").
- ^ Associated Press. (2004). Princeton becomes first to formally combat grade inflation. USA Today, April 26, 2004.
- ^ a b "Tuition at Harvard Schools: FY1990 – FY2010". Harvard University. http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec03_Tuition.pdf. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Rimer, Sara; Finder, Alan (December 10, 2007). "Harvard Steps Up Financial Aid". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/education/10cnd-harvard.html.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities: National". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2011. http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2011.html. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "America's Best Colleges". Forbes. 2011. http://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/list/. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ "National Universities Rankings". America's Best Colleges 2012. U.S. News & World Report. September 13, 2011. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
- ^ "The Washington Monthly National University Rankings". The Washington Monthly. 2011. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide/rankings_2011/national_university_rank.php. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities: Global". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2011. http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2011.html. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2011. http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ "Top 400 – The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2011–2012". The Times Higher Education. 2011. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-2012/top-400.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings 2010 Results". http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2011.
- ^ "U.S.news World's Best Universities: Top 400". http://www.usnews.com/education/worlds-best-universities-rankings/top-400-universities-in-the-world.
- ^ a b Katherine Sellgren (September 8, 2010). "Cambridge knocks Harvard off top of university table". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11227693. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
- ^ Ted Nesi (October 9, 2009). "Brown slips in world university rankings". Providence Business News. http://www.pbn.com/detail/45410.html. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Top 400 - World University Rankings 2011-2012". Times World Rankings. 2011. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-2012/top-400.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ "Harvard tops Chinese university rankings". Agence France-Presse. August 13, 2010. http://www.france24.com/en/20100813-harvard-tops-chinese-university-rankings-2. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Natural Sciences and Mathematics - 2010". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/FieldSCI2010.jsp. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Life and Agriculture Sciences - 2010". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/FieldLIFE2010.jsp. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy - 2010". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/FieldMED2010.jsp. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Social Sciences - 2010". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/FieldSOC2010.jsp. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences - 2010". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/FieldENG2010.jsp. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "|Harvard University". Arwu.org. http://www.arwu.org/Institution.jsp?param=Harvard%20University. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
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- ^ "America's Best Colleges". Forbes.com. August 3, 2011. http://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/list/#p_2. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
- ^ "National University Rankings 2011". The Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide/rankings_2011/national_university_rank.php. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
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- ^ "URAP - University Ranking by Academic Performance". http://www.urapcenter.org/2010.
- ^ "Harvard's home for social science research". iq.harvard.edu. http://iq.harvard.edu/. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Research & Publications". Gsd.harvard.edu. http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/research/index.html. Retrieved 2010-02-22. [dead link]
- ^ "Research Programs and Centers". Law.harvard.edu. http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
- ^ See the FAQ on the Harvard-Google partnership.
- ^ See the library portal listing of archives and special collections Harvard Libraries : Archives and Special Collections Listed Alphabetically by Name.
- ^ a b c "Degree Student Head Count: Fall 2009". Harvard University. http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec02_Enrollments.pdf. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
- ^ See Demographics of the United States for references.
- ^ a b "Common Data Set 2008–09" (PDF). Harvard University. http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_CDS2008_2009_Harvard_for_Web_Clean.pdf. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
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- ^ "U-CAN: Harvard University". University and College Accountability Network. http://members.ucan-network.org/harvard. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "Top Colleges See Record-Low Acceptance Rates - The Paper Trail". US News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/blogs/paper-trail/2009/03/31/top-colleges-see-record-low-acceptance-rates.html. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Finder, Alan; Arenson, Karen W. (September 12, 2006). "Harvard Ends Early Admission". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/education/12harvard.html.
- ^ Golden, Daniel (January 15, 2003). "Admissions Preferences Given to Alumni Children Draws Fire". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/golden3.htm.
- ^ Golden, Daniel (2006). The Price of Admission: How America's Ruling Class Buys Its Way into Elite Colleges—and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates. ISBN 1-4000-9796-7.
- ^ "History of American Football". Newsdial.com. http://www.newsdial.com/sports/football/football-history.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ Nelson, David M., Anatomy of a Game: Football, the Rules, and the Men Who Made the Game, 1994, pp. 127–128
- ^ "The Harvard Guide: Financial Aid at Harvard". Harvard University. 2006-09-02. Archived from the original on 2006-09-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20060902182731/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ Doug Gavel (July 7, 2006). "Alum is Apparent Winner of Presidential Election in Mexico". Harvard KSG. http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/alum-is-apparent-winner-of-presidential-election-in-mexico. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
- ^ Rogers, M. F. (1991). Novels, Novelists, and Readers: Toward a Phenomenological Sociology of Literature. SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-0603-2.
- ^ Nathaniel L. Schwartz,"University, Hollywood Relationship Not Always a 'Love Story'", Harvard Crimson, 21 September 1999.
- ^ "The Ivory Tower". Ivorytowersoap.com. http://www.ivorytowersoap.com/. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
Further reading[link]
- Abelmann, Walter H., ed. The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970–1995 (2004). 346 pp.
- Beecher, Henry K. and Altschule, Mark D. Medicine at Harvard: The First 300 Years (1977). 569 pp.
- Bentinck-Smith, William, ed. The Harvard Book: Selections from Three Centuries (2d ed.1982). 499 pp.
- Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. Harvard A to Z (2004). 396 pp. excerpt and text search
- Bethell, John T. Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century, Harvard University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-674-37733-8
- Bunting, Bainbridge. Harvard: An Architectural History (1985). 350 pp.
- Carpenter, Kenneth E. The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library: Description of an Exhibition (1986). 216 pp.
- Cuno, James et al. Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting (1996). 364 pp.
- Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives (1992). 380 pp.
- Hall, Max. Harvard University Press: A History (1986). 257 pp.
- Hay, Ida. Science in the Pleasure Ground: A History of the Arnold Arboretum (1995). 349 pp.
- Hoerr, John, We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard; Temple University Press, 1997, ISBN 1-56639-535-6
- Howells, Dorothy Elia. A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879–1979 (1978). 152 pp.
- Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002 online edition
- Lewis, Harry R. Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education (2006) ISBN 1-58648-393-5
- Morison, Samuel Eliot. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936 (1986) 512pp; excerpt and text search
- Powell, Arthur G. The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority (1980). 341 pp.
- Reid, Robert. Year One: An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School (1994). 331 pp.
- Rosovsky, Nitza. The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1986). 108 pp.
- Seligman, Joel. The High Citadel: The Influence of Harvard Law School (1978). 262 pp.
- Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1993). 548 pp.
- Trumpbour, John, ed., How Harvard Rules. Reason in the Service of Empire, Boston: South End Press, 1989, ISBN 0-89608-283-0
- Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed. Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History (2004). 337 pp.
- Winsor, Mary P. Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum (1991). 324 pp.
- Wright, Conrad Edick. Revolutionary Generation: Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence (2005). 298 pp.
External links[link]
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Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Harvard University. |
Media related to Harvard University at Wikimedia Commons
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Contents
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Law degrees[link]
Canada[link]
The oldest civil law faculty in Canada offering law degrees was established in 1848 at McGill University in Montreal, and the oldest common law faculty in Canada offering law degrees was established in 1883 at Dalhousie University in Halifax. The typical law degree required to practice law in Canada is now the Juris Doctor,[1] which requires previous university coursework and is similar to the first law degree in the United States, except there is some scholarly content in the coursework (such as an academic research paper required in most schools).[2] The programs consist of three years, and have similar content in their mandatory first year courses. Beyond first year and the minimum requirements for graduation, course selection is elective with various concentrations such as business law, international law, natural resources law, criminal law, Aboriginal law, etc.[3] Some schools, however, have not made the switch from LL.B. to the J.D. - one notable university that has not made the switch is McGill University.
Given that the Canadian legal system includes both the French civil law and the Anglo-American common law, some law schools offer both an LL.B. or J.D. (common law) and a B.C.L., LL.L. or LL.B. (civil law) degree, such as McGill University, University of Ottawa and the Université de Montréal. Furthermore, if a person completes a common law degree, then a civil law degree can be obtained with only an extra year of study. This is also true for civil law graduates who wish to complete a common law degree.
Despite changes in designation, schools opting for the J.D. have not altered their curricula. Neither the J.D. or LL.B. alone are sufficient to qualify for a Canadian license, as each Province's law society requires an apprenticeship and successful completion of provincial skills and responsibilities training course, such as the British Columbia Law Society's Professional Legal Training Course,[4] the Law Society of Upper Canada's Skills and Responsibilities Training Program.[5] and the École du Barreau du Québec.
The main reason for implementing the J.D. in Canada was to distinguish the degree from the European counterpart that requires no previous post-secondary education,[6] However, in the eyes of the Canadian educational system, the J.D. awarded by Canadian universities has retained the characteristics of the LL.B. and is considered a second entry program, but not a graduate program.[7] (This position is analogous to the position taken by Canadian universities that the M.D. and D.D.S. degrees are considered second entry programs and not graduate programs.) Nevertheless, disagreement persists regarding the status of the degrees, such as at the University of Toronto, where the J.D. degree designation has been marketed by the Faculty of Law as superior to the LL.B. degree designation.[8]
Some universities have developed joint Canadian LL.B or J.D. and American J.D programs, such as York University and New York University,[9] the University of Windsor and the University of Detroit Mercy,[10] and the University of Ottawa and Michigan State University program.[11]
England and English common law countries[link]
Main article: Legal education in the United Kingdom
France[link]
In France, the legal education is a three tier system. The student may study for a LLB (licence de droit), then a LLM (master de droit) and, for those interested in Law theory, a PhD in Law (doctorat de droit).
The majority of French universities offers Law courses in schools labelled as Research and Education Units (unité de formation et de recherche), Faculties of Law, or Law Schools.
A LLM-level is a prerequisite for legal professions, but is combined with vocational education, such as the école nationale de la magistrature for judges and the Certificat d'aptitude aux fonctions d'avocat for advocates.
Indonesia[link]
- Faculty of Law of Andalas University
India[link]
In India, legal education has been traditionally offered as a three-year graduate degree. However, the structure has been changed since 1987. Law degrees in India are granted and conferred in terms of the Advocates Act, 1961, which is a law passed by the Parliament both on the aspect of legal education and also regulation of conduct of legal profession.[12] Under the act, the Bar Council of India is the supreme regulatory body to regulate the legal profession in India and also to ensure the compliance of the laws and maintenance of professional standards by the legal profession in the country.
To this regard, the Bar Council of India prescribes the minimum curriculum required to be taught in order for an institution to be eligible for the grant of a law degree. The Bar Council also carries on a periodic supervision of the institutions conferring the degree and evaluates their teaching methodology and curriculum and having determined that the institution meets the required standards, recognizes the institution and the degree conferred by it.
Traditionally the degrees that were conferred carried the title of LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) or B.L. (Bachelor of Law). The eligibility requirement for these degrees was that the applicant already have a Bachelor's degree in any subject from a recognized institution. Thereafter the LL.B. / B.L. course was for three years, upon the successful completion of which the applicant was granted either degree.
However, upon the suggestion by the Law Commission of India and also given the prevailing cry for reform, the Bar Council of India instituted upon an experiment in terms of establishing specialized law universities solely devoted to legal education and thus to raise the academic standards of legal profession in India. This decision was taken somewhere in 1985 and thereafter the first law University in India was set up in Bangalore which was named as the National Law School of India University (popularly 'NLS'). These law universities were meant to offer a multi-disciplinary and integrated approach to legal education. It was therefore for the first time that a law degree other than LL.B. or B.L. was granted in India. NLS offered a five-year law course, upon the successful completion of which an integrated degree with the title of "B.A.,LL.B. (Honours)" would be granted.
Thereafter, other law universities were set up, all offering five-year integrated law degrees with different nomenclature. The next in line was National Law Institute University set up in Bhopal in 1997. It was followed by NALSAR university of law in 1998. The Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University in Delhi offered a five-year integrated law degree course of B.A.,LL.B / B.B.A.,LL.B (Honours) from 1998 and the Mysore University School of Justice set up by the University of Mysore in Mysore offered a five year integrated law degree course of B.A.,LL.B (Honours) from 2007. The course for three years LL.B. is also regularized in University of Delhi as an option for post graduation after the completion of graduation degree. The National Law University, Jodhpur offered for the first time in 2001 the integrated law degree of "B.B.A, LL.B. (Honours)" which was preceded by the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences offering the "B.Sc., LL.B. (Honours)" degree. Gujarat National Law University established in Gandhinagar also offers LL.B.
However, despite these specialized law universities, the traditional three-year degree continues to be offered in India by other institutions and are equally recognized as eligible qualifications for practicing law in India. Another essential difference that remains is that while the eligibility qualification for the three year law degree is that the applicant must already be a holder of a Bachelor's degree, for being eligible for the five years integrated law degree, the applicant must have successfully completed Class XII from a recognized Boards of Education in India.
Both the holders of the three-year degree and of the five-year integrated degree are eligible for enrollment with the Bar Council of India upon the fulfillment of eligibility conditions and upon enrollment, may appear before any court in India.[13]
Malaysia[link]
In Malaysia, saved for UiTM, the new law degree curriculum requires completion of 8 semesters in undergraduate degree in order for the law degree holder to underway pupillage or chambering in respected firms. Any overseas LL.B holder are required to obtain Certificate of Legal Practice in order for them to be admitted as an Advocates and Solicitors. However, local graduate with LL.B (Honours) are exempted from taking Certificate of Legal Practice as they have undergone professional training in their fourth year of undergraduate study. The oldest school of law founded in Malaysia can be traced back in year 1967 from the establishment of Law Faculty, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) where UiTM offered the London-External LL.B programme. Later, when UiTM started to confer its own degrees, UiTM offered the programme of Bachelor of Legal Studies (Hons.) Upon completion of the programme, the students can choose either to work as legal advisors / legal executives or as advocates and solicitors. If they choose to practice as advocates and solicitors, they will be vetted and short-listed to pursue with a one year LL.B (Hons) programme. The places for UiTM's LL.B (Hons) programme are limited and those who are not qualified need to do the Certificate in Legal Practice examination if they still wish to practice law. The Bachelor of Laws in UiTM is recognized as a professional examination and as such, unlike other law programmes, the students work in a law office simulated environment. The students are provided with a practitioner’s office - like settings and are required to work in mock law firms. The programme structure has been designed in such a way that students will actually get a hands-on experience of legal practice to prepare them for the real legal world.
National University of Malaysia or also known as UKM faculty of law was established in February 1984. The faculty began admitting students in the 1986/87 academic year. The objective of the faculty is to train lawyers to be competent both in practice as advocates and solicitors and to serve in the legal and judicial service and the private sectors. The curriculum was designed to include academic and practical aspects of the law with the addition of Islamic courses to reflect the increasing importance of Islamic law in Malaysia. Instead of civil law students are required to extend their knowledge in islamic law.
Hong Kong[link]
In Hong Kong, which generally follows the English common law system, an undergraduate L.L.B. is common, followed by a one or two year Postgraduate Certificate in Laws before one can begin a training contract (solicitors) or a pupillage (barristers).
Iran[link]
In Iran, the legal education has been influenced both by civil law and Islamic Shari'ah law. Like many countries, after high school, one can enter the law school. The first law degree is LL.B. It takes about four years to get LL.B. The first graduate program in law is LL.M. It takes about two to three years to get LL.M. The LL.M. is a mix of course work in a specific field of law and a dissertation. PHD in law is the highest law degree offered by some law schools. It takes about 5–7 years depending on the school as well as the students. The faculty of law in Shahid Beheshti University (formerly known as Iran's National University) and the faculty of law and political sciences at University of Tehran are the top two law schools in Iran.
Japan[link]
Philippines[link]
Main article: Legal education in the Philippines
Law degree programs are considered graduate programs in the Philippines. As such, admission to law schools requires the completion of a bachelor's degree, with a sufficient number of credits or units in certain subject areas.[13]
Graduation from a Philippine law school constitutes the primary eligibility requirement for the Philippine Bar Examination, the national licensure examination for practicing lawyers in the country. The bar examination is administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines during the month of September every year.
As of 2011 the bar examinations were held during November.
Serbia[link]
In Serbia, prospective students are required to pass an admission test for enrollment in a law school. The legal education is a three tier system - 4-year Bachelor degree studies, 1-year Master of Law and 5-year doctoral studies. The Belgrade Law School is the most distinguished and largest by capacity in Serbia. Courses are offered in Serbian and English.
South Korea[link]
Main article: Law school in South Korea
On July 3, 2007, the Korean National Assembly passed legislation introducing 'Law School', closely modeled on the American post-graduate system.[14] Moreover, naturally, since March 2, 2009, 25 (both public and private) 3-year professional Law Schools that officially approved by Korean Government, has been opened to teach future Korean lawyers.[15] The first bar test to the lawschool graduates will be scheduled in 2012.
Sri Lanka[link]
In Sri Lanka to practice law, one must be admitted and enrolled as an Attorney-at-Law of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. This is achieved by passing law exams at the Sri Lanka Law College which are administered by the Council of Legal Education and spending a period of six months under a practicing attorney of at least 8 years standing. To undertake law exams students must gain admission to the Sri Lanka Law College and study law or directly undertake exams after gaining a LLB from a local or foreign university.[16]
Taiwan[link]
Taiwan was a colony of Imperial Japan until the U.S. defeated Japan in 1945, and handed power back to the Republic of China. At that time a new legal system put in place. Since that time, the study of law has been an undergraduate pursuit resulting in a bachelor's degree. Foreigners are not allowed to practice law (no exception is made for citizens of the United States).
United States[link]
Main article: Law school in the United States
In the United States, law school is a postgraduate program that typically lasts three years and earns the student a Juris Doctor (J.D.) law degree. Some schools in Louisiana concurrently award a Graduate Diploma in Civil Law (D.C.L.). To gain admission to a United States American Bar Association (ABA) approved law program, a prospective student must take the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT), and have a minimum four-year undergraduate (bachelor's) degree in any major. Currently, there are 199 ABA-approved law schools.[17]
There currently are five online law schools that are unaccredited by the ABA but registered by the State Bar of California.
Controversies involving US law schools[link]
Employment prospects[link]
Law schools generally portray law school as a good investment, citing high salaries and employment rates. The National Association for Legal Career Professionals produces an annual report summarizing the employment data of law schools in the United States that suggests otherwise. As of the 2009 report, out of 44,000 law school graduates, less than 80 percent (35,002) reported any form of employment (full or part time) within 9 months of graduation.[18] Over 25 percent of all employed respondents were employed in a temporary position, bringing the number of graduates employed in non temp jobs of any kind (legal or otherwise) to under 60 percent. Only 45 percent of graduates were employed in non temporary attorney jobs and less than 40 percent of all graduates were employed as full time non temporary attorneys.[18] Furthermore, scam blogs have appeared around the internet, such as http://lawschoolfail.blogspot.com, which have gotten attention in the media. These blogs portray law school from the student's point of view, calling for reform.
Disputed accuracy of statistics given[link]
Critics question the forthrightness of some law schools in providing prospective students with accurate information on alumni job placement and compensation rates, suggesting that law schools may distort their statistics to attract students.[19]
Some law school graduates suggest that their schools use misleading statistics to attract students. An example of this would be schools citing a relatively high employment rate of students who responded to their employment survey without disclosing the percentage of students that responded. This is misleading because unemployed graduates tend not to respond to employment surveys until they gain employment, and some schools even explicitly tell graduates not to respond unless they are employed.[20] In addition, schools cite the mean graduate salary, instead of the median; while the median salary of law graduates is approximately $62,000, the mean could be inflated somewhat by a relatively small concentration of graduates earning starting salaries well above the median.[21] For example, the starting salary at mega law firms[ambiguous] in several cities across the country in 2008 is US$160,000.[22][not in citation given] It is likely that median salary statistics are incorrect, because students who are unemployed, working temporary jobs or have a low salary may be less likely to submit a salary report to the school.[citation needed]
A common response to this criticism is that it simply reflects the reality of competitiveness in legal education and in the legal market. With a limited number of top positions available, prospective law students should be circumspect about the employment opportunities that will await them after graduation—especially if they plan on attending a lower-ranked school.[citation needed]
Students at prestigious, highly regarded institutions have a variety of options available. This discrepancy can be seen as a function of supply and demand, with the number of newer (and thus lower-ranked) law schools proliferating in recent years. A similar difficulty may be encountered by graduate students in other fields, although the aforementioned lack of accurate information about post-graduate employment may exacerbate the problem for law students.[19]
Number of law schools[link]
In 2008 Makau Mutua, the interim dean of the State University of New York's only law school, said there was a "glut" of law schools,[23] with a total of 15 in the state (Albany, Brooklyn, Cardozo, Columbia, Cornell, Fordham, Hofstra, New York Law School, NYU, Pace, St. John's, Syracuse, Touro (Fuchsberg), and public SUNY Buffalo and CUNY Queens College).[24]
Two-track lawyering market[link]
According to the National Law Journal, 40% of law school graduates default on their student loans, incurring collection fees of 29% when the loans are turned over to collection agencies. Law school graduates default more often than doctors, engineers, and business school graduates.[25]
According to the 2009 annual report of the Association for Legal Career Professionals, 55% of graduates responded to employment statistics requests. Of 19,513 respondents, 88% reported that they were working, or approximately 45% of all graduates assuming those not responding are not employed. Of the respondents, 39% reported that they were not practicing law but were in the military, public interest, business or the same job as was held before law school.[26] Of the remaining 61% of respondents (34% of the graduating class), the reported salaries for first-year lawyers congregated in two camps: those who earn about $30,000 to $65,000 a year (representing about 34% of reported lawyer salaries), and those who earn about $160,000 a year (representing about 25 percent of reported lawyer salaries). Few lawyers actually receive “average” or even median pay.[26] Additionally, 86% of lawyers reported start dates pushed more than 6 months after passing the bar.[26]
Thus according to the NALP, of the responding lawyers salaries for those earn around $160,000 they represent only 8% of the entire graduating class. This mirrors the top 10% observation of "super lawyers" which has been cited elsewhere. Super lawyers are the top 10% of top 10 law schools who go on to earn $160,000.[27] Of the remaining 90% with a law school debt that can exceed $200,000 the return on investment is very poor and can significantly affect quality of life.[28]
As of 2010, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the expected number of new lawyer positions is to be fewer than 60% of the number of graduates out of law schools.[29] However, employment statistics vary by race, ethnicity, gender, age, location, and school rankings. For instance in the last recession in Los Angeles the public sector employment for lawyers was frozen for 5 years (as of 2010 it has been frozen for 1 year). In the private sector in California approximately 3,500 attorneys were terminated in 2009. In one day alone nationwide 800 law firm jobs were terminated.[30] Attrition among graduates of law schools are also very high, with 39% reporting not practicing law after 1 year.[31] After 10 years in lower tier schools it approaches 90%.[31]
Financing[link]
In order to pay for law school, many law students assume debt obligations in the form of student loans. Many graduate with well over $100,000 in student loan debt.[32] Currently the maximum a student may borrow under the federal loan borrowing program is $20,500 per year. Tuition charged by instutitions above $20,500 per year must be covered by private education loans that are not eligible for deferment and forgiveness programs available for federally backed educational loans.[33] The New York Times has recently published an article questioning the propriety of the Chairman of the Board of Access Group, Richard Matasar, also serving as the Dean of New York Law School.[34] Unlike most other types of debt including gambling debt, student loan debt is generally not discharged in bankruptcy proceedings.[35]
Political bias[link]
A 2005 study found that liberals were significantly overrepresented among elite law schools professors. This has been criticized since law professors may significantly influence legal issues and courts by their submissions.[36] A 2010 study of hiring initial, tenure-track professors made during the years 2005, 2007 and 2009 at law schools found that 52% of those hired were openly liberal compared to 8% openly conservative. There was no statistical relationship between law school prestige and tendency to hire liberals or conservatives. The authors wrote that "the extreme discrepancy between the proportion of new professors who can be clearly identified as liberal or conservative indicates either unequal hiring patterns or environments less conducive to openness and debate in the law school setting,"[37]
Lawsuits involving law schools[link]
 |
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be additional information on the talk page. (January 2012) |
Four lawsuits were filed in 2011 involving various law schools. One was filed by the Thomas Cooley Law School against a law firm and four anonymous internet bloggers and seeks to recover damages for defamation.[38] A separate lawsuit was filed by a graduate of the Thomas Jefferson School of Law against her school, seeking damages for misrepresentation and fraud regarding the school's published employment statistics and salary information.[39] The third and fourth lawsuits were filed by The Kurzon Strauss law firm against New York Law School and Thomas Cooley Law School.[40] On February 1, 2012, twelve addidional law schools were sued. They are Albany Law School of Union University, Brooklyn Law School, Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University, Florida Coastal Law School, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, DePaul University College of Law, The John Marshall Law School, California Western College of law, Southwestern Law School, Golden Gate University School of Law, University of San Francisco School of Law, and Widener University School of Law. [41]
Other criticisms[link]
In 2011 a weblog was created by University of Colorado law professor Paul Campos asserting that the concept of and education provided by American law schools is a scam.[42][43]
Postgraduate and professional study[link]
Some schools offer a Master of Laws (LL.M.) program as a way of specializing in a particular area of law. A further possible degree is the academic doctoral degree in law of Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) (in the U.S)., or the Doctorate of Laws (LL.D.) in Canada, or the Ph.D. in Law from European or Australasian universities.
In addition to attending law school, many jurisdictions require law school graduates to pass a state or provincial bar examination before they may practice law. The Multistate Bar Examination is part of the bar examination in almost all United States jurisdictions. Generally, the standardized, common law subject matter of the MBE is combined with state-specific essay questions to produce a comprehensive bar examination.
In other common law countries the bar exam is often replaced by a period of work with a law firm known as articles of clerkship.[citation needed]
Alternative legal education systems[link]
UK and Europe[link]
While law schools in the U.S. and Canada are typically post-graduate institutions with considerable autonomy, legal education in other countries is provided within the mainstream educational system from university level and/or in non-degree conferring vocational training institutions.
In countries such as the United Kingdom and most of continental Europe, academic legal education is provided within the mainstream university system starting at the undergraduate level, and the legal departments of universities are simply departments like any other rather than separate "law schools". In these countries, the term "law school" may be used, but it does not have the same definition as it does in North America. The same is true for private Law Schools, e.g. in Germany two private law schools have been established, Bucerius Law School in Hamburg and EBS Law School in Wiesbaden which are termed law schools but follow the usual German path of legal education.
There are also sometimes legal colleges that provide vocational training as a post-academic stage of legal education. One example is the College of Law in the United Kingdom, which provides certain professional qualifications British lawyers must obtain before they may practice as solicitors or barristers.
Australia[link]
In Australia, law schools such as the Sydney Law School and the University of Melbourne have emphasised a combination of the British and American systems. However, other universities such as the University of New South Wales, the Australian National University and Monash University are known for their intensive and practical work.[44]
List of law schools[link]
Main article: Lists of law schools
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ The practice of law in Canada. FLSC. Accessed September 16, 2008
- ^ University of British Columbia. Requirements for Graduation and Evaluation of Work (LL.B.). Accessed June 28, 2008
- ^ Canadian law school concentrations, certificates and joint-degree programs [1].
- ^ Law Society of British Columbia PLTC [2].
- ^ Law Society of Upper Canada Law Licensing Process
- ^ University of British Columbia Board of Governors approves request for LL.B to be renamed J.D. [3].
- ^ University of Toronto. law. Accessed April 7, 2008. Queens University. Memorandum, Law Students Society. Accessed April 7, 2008.
- ^ University of Toronto. Faculty of Law: Prospective Students. Accessed April 7, 2008.
- ^ NYU/Osgoode Joint LL.B/J.D. [4].
- ^ University of Windsor / University of Detroit. J.D./LL.B. Program. Accessed June 1, 2008.
- ^ Michigan State University School of Law and the University of Ottawa. Joint J.D. - LL.B. Degree Program. Accessed June 1, 2008.
- ^ "Advocates Act, 1961". Bar Council of India. http://barcouncilofindia.nic.in/disk1/196125.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
- ^ a b Major Legal Systems in the World Today: An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law, by René David, John E. C. Brierley, Contributor René David, John E. C. Brierley, Edition: 2, (Published by Simon and Schuster, 1978)ISBN 0029076102, ISBN 978-0-02-907610-1 [5]
- ^ Assembly okays shift to law schools from state bar exam, The Hankyoreh, Retrieved on July 4, 2007
- ^ Korean Law School List Announced, Korean Law Blog, January 31, 2008
- ^ SRI LANKA LAW COLLEGE
- ^ LSAC List of Law Schools
- ^ a b 2009 NALP Statistics
- ^ a b Efrati, Amir (September 24, 2007). "Hard Case: Job Market Wanes for U.S. Lawyers". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119040786780835602.html?mod=hps_us_mostpop_emailed.
- ^ Typical Law School Email Requesting Only Employed Graduates Respond To Graduate Employment Survey (Top 100 Law School - November 2010)[6]
- ^ Empirical Legal Studies: Distribution of 2006 Starting Salaries: Best Graphic Chart of the Year
- ^ Alreadybored.com/salaries
- ^ N.Y. Dean complains of 'glut' of law schools
- ^ N.Y. State Law Schools
- ^ Fordham University School of Law, Financial Planning, htm (visited January 31, 2002).
- ^ a b c Rampell, Catherine (July 26, 2010). "The Two-Track Lawyer Market". The New York Times. http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/26/the-two-track-lawyer-market/.
- ^ Simple Justice: Debating The Obvious: Too Many Lawyers
- ^ Law Schools Run Like Puppy Mills- The Careelist
- ^ Greenbaum, Mark (January 8, 2010). "No more room at the bench". The Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/08/opinion/la-oe-greenbaum8-2010jan08.
- ^ Law.com - 800 Law Firm Jobs Lost in One Day - Law.com
- ^ a b Efrati, Amir (September 24, 2007). "Hard Case: Job Market Wanes for U.S. Lawyers". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119040786780835602.html.
- ^ Khimm, Suzy (July 25, 2011). The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/aba-faces-scrutiny-as-job-prospects-debt-levels-for-law-school-grads-worsen/2011/07/21/gIQAjDJ3WI_story.html.
- ^ http://studentaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWebApp/students/english/studentloans.jsp
- ^ Segal, David (July 16, 2011). "Law School Economics - Job Market Weakens, Tuition Rises". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/business/law-school-economics-job-market-weakens-tuition-rises.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ http://www.studentloanborrowerassistance.org/bankruptcy/
- ^ The Patterns and Implications of Political Contributions by Elite Law School Faculty, McGinnis, J. O. Schwartz, M. A. Tisdell, B., Georgetown Law Journal, 2005, Vol. 93; No. 4, pages 1167-1212
- ^ "Study: Law School Hiring Skews Liberal, but Liberals Don't Get All the Key Jobs", Karen Sloan, The National Law Journal, July 21, 2010
- ^ [7]
- ^ Demurrer filed by TJSL
- ^ NY law school sued by students
- ^ http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1202540950653&slreturn=1
- ^ "Inside the Law School Scam"
- ^ OTB: Campos outs self as anti-law school blogger
- ^ For a discussion on the practical training in Australian law schools see Margaret Castles and Anne Hewitt 'Can a law school help develop skilled legal professionals' (2011) ALTERNATIVE LAW JOURNAL; 36 (2) 2011: 90-95. [8](Subscription required)
Further reading[link]
- Duncan Kennedy: Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy, New Edition, New York Univ Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8147-4778-7
http://wn.com/Law_school
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| Ralph Nader | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Nader speaking at BYU's Alternate Commencement | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1934-02-27) February 27, 1934 (age 78) Winsted, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Political party | Independent |
| Other political affiliations |
Green (affiliated non-member) Reform (affiliated non-member) Peace & Freedom (affiliated non-member) Natural Law (affiliated non-member) Populist Party of Maryland (created to support him in 2004) Vermont Progressive Party (affiliated non-member) |
| Alma mater | Princeton University, Harvard University |
| Occupation | Attorney, consumer advocate, and political activist |
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox Christian[1][2] |
| Signature |  |
| Website | nader.org |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1959 |
Ralph Nader (
/ˈneɪdər/; born February 27, 1934)[3][4] is an American political activist, as well as an author, lecturer, and attorney. Areas of particular concern to Nader include consumer protection, humanitarianism, environmentalism, and democratic government.[5]
Nader came to prominence in 1965 with the publication of his book Unsafe at Any Speed, a critique of the safety record of American automobile manufacturers in general, and most famously the Chevrolet Corvair. In 1999, an NYU panel of journalists ranked Unsafe at Any Speed 38th among the top 100 pieces of journalism of the 20th century.[6]
Nader is a six-time candidate for President of the United States, having run as a write-in candidate in the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic primary, as the Green Party nominee in 1996 and 2000, and as an independent candidate in 2004 and 2008. Some people claim that Nader acted as a spoiler in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, while others, including Nader, dispute this claim.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
Contents |
Background and early career[link]
Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose (née Bouziane) Nader, were immigrants from Lebanon[13] and members of the Maronite Church.[1] His family's native language is Arabic,[13] and he has spoken it along with English since childhood. His sister, Laura Nader, is an anthropologist. His father worked in a textile mill and later owned a bakery and restaurant where he talked politics with his customers.[14]
Nader graduated from The Gilbert School in 1951, followed by Princeton University four years later and then Harvard Law School.[15] He served six months on active duty in the United States Army in 1959, then became a lawyer in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a professor of history and government at the University of Hartford from 1961 to 1963. In 1964, Nader moved to Washington, D.C., where he worked for Assistant Secretary of Labor Daniel Patrick Moynihan and also advised a United States Senate subcommittee on car safety. Nader has served on the faculty at the American University Washington College of Law.[16][when?]
Automobile safety activism[link]
Nader's first consumer safety articles appeared in the Harvard Law Record, a student publication of Harvard Law School, but he first criticized the automobile industry in an article he wrote for The Nation in 1959 called "The Safe Car You Can't Buy."[17]
In 1965, Nader wrote Unsafe at Any Speed, a book which claimed that many American automobiles were unsafe. The first chapter, "The Sporty Corvair - The One-Car Accident," pertained to the Corvair manufactured by the Chevrolet division of General Motors, which had been involved in accidents involving spins and rollovers. There were over 100 lawsuits pending against GM in connection with accidents involving the popular compact car. These lawsuits provided the initial material for Nader's investigations into the safety of the car.[18]
A 1972 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration safety commission report conducted by Texas A&M University concluded that the 1960–1963 Corvairs possessed no greater potential for loss of control than its contemporaries in extreme situations.[19] Additionally, according to Crash Course by Paul Ingrassia, Corvairs were environmentally friendly due to their smaller size and lighter weight, and Nader's safety-focused activism negatively affected the cause for eco-efficiency.[20] However, former GM executive John DeLorean asserted in On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (1979) that Nader's criticisms were valid.[21]
In early March 1966, several media outlets, including The New Republic and The New York Times, reported that GM had tried to discredit Nader, hiring private detectives to tap his phones and investigate his past and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations.[22][23] Nader sued the company for invasion of privacy and settled the case for $425,000. Nader's lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the New York Court of Appeals, whose opinion in the case expanded tort law to cover "overzealous surveillance."[24] Nader used the proceeds from the lawsuit to start the pro-consumer Center for Study of Responsive Law.
Nader's advocacy of automobile safety and the publicity generated by the publication of Unsafe at Any Speed, along with concern over escalating nationwide traffic fatalities, contributed to the unanimous passage of the 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act. The act established the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and marked a historic shift in responsibility for automobile safety from the consumer to the government. The legislation mandated a series of safety features for automobiles, beginning with safety belts and stronger windshields.[25][26][27]
Activism[link]
Hundreds of young activists, inspired by Nader's work, came to DC to help him with other projects.[citation needed] They came to be known as "Nader's Raiders" and, under Nader, investigated government corruption, publishing dozens of books with their results:
- Nader's Raiders (Federal Trade Commission)
- Vanishing Air (National Air Pollution Control Administration)
- The Chemical Feast (Food and Drug Administration)
- The Interstate Commerce Omission (Interstate Commerce Commission)
- Old Age (nursing homes)
- The Water Lords (water pollution)
- Who Runs Congress? (Congress)
- Whistle Blowing (punishment of whistle blowers)
- The Big Boys (corporate executives)
- Collision Course (Federal Aviation Administration)
- No Contest (corporate lawyers)
- Destroy the Forest (Destruction of ecosystems worldwide)
In 1971, Nader co-founded the nongovernmental organization (NGO) Public Citizen with fellow public interest lawyer Alan Morrison as an umbrella organization for these projects. Today, Public Citizen has over 225,000 members [28] and investigates congressional, health, environmental, economic and other issues. Nader wrote, "The consumer must be protected at times from his own indiscretion and vanity."[29]
In the 1970s and 1980s Nader was a key leader in the antinuclear power movement. "By 1976, consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who later became allied with the environmental movement, 'stood as the titular head of opposition to nuclear energy'."[30][31] The Critical Mass Energy Project was formed by Nader in 1974 as a national anti-nuclear umbrella group.[32] It was probably the largest national anti-nuclear group in the United States, with several hundred local affiliates and an estimated 200,000 supporters.[33] The organization's main efforts were directed at lobbying activities and providing local groups with scientific and other resources to campaign against nuclear power.[32][34] Nader advocates the complete elimination of nuclear energy in favor of solar, tidal, wind and geothermal, citing environmental, worker safety, migrant labor, national security, disaster preparedness, foreign policy, government accountability and democratic governance issues to bolster his position.[35]
Nader was also a prominent supporter of the Airline Deregulation Act.[36]
Ecology[link]
Nader spent much of 1970 pursuing a campaign to educate the public about ecology. Nader said that the rivers and lakes in America were extremely contaminated. He joked that "Lake Erie is now so contaminated you're advised to have a typhoid inoculation before you set sail on some parts of the lake."[37]
He also added that river's state of contamination affected humans because many residents get their water supply from these contaminated rivers and lakes. "Cleveland takes its water supply from deep in the center of Lake Erie. How much longer is it going to get away with that?"[37]
Nader told how some rivers are contaminated so badly that they can be lit on fire. "The Buffalo River is so full of petroleum residuals, it's been classified an official fire hazard by the City of Buffalo. We have the phenomenon now known as flammable water. The Cuyahoga River outside of Cleveland did catch fire last June, burning a base and some bridges. I often wonder what was in the minds of the firemen as they rushed to the scene of the action and pondered how to put this fire out. But we're heading in river after river: Connecticut River, Hudson River, Mississippi River, you name it. There's some rivers right outside of Boston, New Hampshire and Maine where if a person fell into 'em, I think he would dissolve before he drowned."[37]
Non-profit organizations[link]
Throughout his career, Nader has started or inspired a variety of nonprofit organizations,with most of which he has maintained close associations :
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In 1980, Nader resigned as director of Public Citizen to work on other projects, lecturing on the growing "imperialism" of multinational corporations and of a dangerous convergence of corporate and government power.[38]
Presidential campaigns[link]
Ralph Nader has been a frequent contender in U.S. presidential elections, always as an independent candidate or a third party nominee. His activism on behalf of third parties goes back to 1958, when he wrote an article for the Harvard Law Record critiquing U.S. electoral law's systemic discrimination against them.[39]
Presidential campaign history[link]
1972[link]
Ralph Nader's name appeared in the press as a potential candidate for president for the first time in 1971, when he was offered the opportunity to run as the presidential candidate for the New Party, a progressive split-off from the Democratic Party in 1972. Chief among his advocates was author Gore Vidal, who touted a 1972 Nader presidential campaign in a front-page article in Esquire magazine in 1971.[40] Psychologist Alan Rockway organized a "draft Ralph Nader for President" campaign in Florida on the New Party's behalf.[41] Nader declined their offer to run that year; the New Party ultimately joined with the People's Party in running Benjamin Spock in the 1972 Presidential election.[42][43][44] Spock had hoped Nader in particular would run, getting "some of the loudest applause of the evening" when mentioning him at the University of Alabama.[45] Spock went on to try to recruit Nader for the party among over 100 others, and indicated he would be "delighted" to be replaced by any of them even after he accepted the nomination himself.[46] Nader received one vote for the vice-presidential nomination at the 1972 Democratic National Convention.
1992[link]
Nader stood in as a write-in for "none of the above" in both the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic and Republican Primaries[47] and received 3,054 of the 170,333 Democratic votes and 3,258 of the 177,970 Republican votes cast.[48] He was also a candidate in the 1992 Massachusetts Democratic Primary, where he appeared at the top of the ballot (in some areas, he appeared on the ballot as an independent).
1996[link]
Nader was drafted as a candidate for President of the United States on the Green Party ticket during the 1996 presidential election. He was not formally nominated by the Green Party USA, which was, at the time, the largest national Green group; instead he was nominated independently by various state Green parties (in some states, he appeared on the ballot as an independent). However, many activists in the Green Party USA worked actively to campaign for Nader that year. Nader qualified for ballot status in 22 states,[49] garnering 685,297 votes or 0.71% of the popular vote (fourth place overall),[50] although the effort did make significant organizational gains for the party. He refused to raise or spend more than $5,000 on his campaign, presumably to avoid meeting the threshold for Federal Elections Commission reporting requirements; the unofficial Draft Nader committee could (and did) spend more than that, but the committee was legally prevented from coordinating in any way with Nader himself.
Nader received some criticism from gay rights supporters for calling gay rights "gonad politics" and stating that he was not interested in dealing with such matters.[51] However, more recently, Nader has come out in support of same-sex marriage.[52]
His 1996 running mates included: Anne Goeke (nine states), Deborah Howes (Oregon), Muriel Tillinghast (New York), Krista Paradise (Colorado), Madelyn Hoffman (New Jersey), Bill Boteler (Washington, D.C.), and Winona LaDuke (California and Texas).[53]
2000[link]
Main article: Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2000
In the 2006 documentary An Unreasonable Man, Nader describes how he was unable to get the views of his public interest groups heard in Washington, even by the Clinton Administration. Nader cites this as one of the primary reasons that he decided to actively run in the 2000 election as candidate of the Green Party, which had been formed in the wake of his 1996 campaign.
In June 2000 The Association of State Green Parties (ASGP) organized the national nominating convention that took place in Denver, Colorado, at which Greens nominated Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke to be their parties` candidates for President and Vice President.[54][55]
On July 9, the Vermont Progressive Party nominated Nader, giving him ballot access in the state.[56] On August 12, the United Citizens Party of South Carolina chose Ralph Nader as its presidential nominee, giving him a ballot line in the state.[57]
In October 2000, at the largest Super Rally of his campaign,[58] held in New York City's Madison Square Garden, 15,000 people paid $20 each[59] to hear Mr. Nader speak. Nader's campaign rejected both parties as institutions dominated by corporate interests, stating that Al Gore and George W. Bush were "Tweedledee and Tweedledum". A long list of notable celebrities spoke and performed at the event including Susan Sarandon, Ani DiFranco, Ben Harper, Tim Robbins, Michael Moore, Eddie Vedder and Patti Smith. The campaign also had some prominent union help: The California Nurses Association and the United Electrical Workers endorsed his candidacy and campaigned for him.[60]
In 2000, Nader and his running mate Winona LaDuke received 2,883,105 votes, for 2.74 percent of the popular vote (third place overall),[61] missing the 5 percent needed to qualify the Green Party for federally distributed public funding in the next election, yet qualifying the Greens for ballot status in many states.
Nader's actual influence on the 2000 election is the subject of considerable discussion, and there is no consensus on Nader's impact on the outcome. Nader's votes in New Hampshire and Florida vastly exceeded the difference in votes between Gore and Bush, as did the votes of all alternative candidates.[62] Exit polls showed New Hampshire staying close, and within the margin of error without Nader[63] as national exit polls showed Nader's supporters choosing Gore over Bush by a large margin,[64] well outside the margin of error. Winning either state would have given Gore the presidency, and while critics claim this shows Nader tipped the election to Bush, Nader has called that claim "a mantra — an assumption without data."[65] Nader supporters argued that Gore was primarily responsible for his own loss.[66] Nader critic Eric Alterman disagreed, writing: "One person in the world could have prevented Bush's election with his own words on the Election Day 2000."[67] Nation columnist Alexander Cockburn cited Gore's failure to win over progressive voters in Florida who chose Nader, and congratulated those voters: "Who would have thought the Sunshine State had that many progressives in it, with steel in their spine and the spunk to throw Eric Alterman's columns into the trash can?"[68] Still others argued that even if Nader's constituents could have made the swing difference between Gore and Bush, the votes Nader garnered were not from the Democrats, but from Democrats, Republicans, and discouraged voters who would not have voted otherwise.[69]
The "spoiler" controversy[link]
In the 2000 presidential election in Florida, George W. Bush defeated Al Gore by 537 votes. Nader received 97,421 votes, which led to claims that he was responsible for Gore's defeat. Nader, both in his book Crashing the Party and on his website, states: "In the year 2000, exit polls reported that 25% of my voters would have voted for Bush, 38% would have voted for Gore and the rest would not have voted at all."[70] (which would net a 13%, 12,665 votes, advantage for Gore over Bush.) Michael Moore at first argued that Florida was so close that votes for any of seven other candidates could also have switched the results,[8] but in 2004 joined the view that Nader had helped make Bush president.[10][71] When asked about claims of being a spoiler, Nader typically points to the controversial Supreme Court ruling that halted a Florida recount, Gore's loss in his home state of Tennessee, and the "quarter million Democrats who voted for Bush in Florida."[72][73]
A study in 2002 by the Progressive Review found no correlation in pre-election polling numbers for Nader when compared to those for Gore. In other words, most of the changes in pre-election polling reflect movement between Bush and Gore rather than Gore and Nader, and they conclude from this that Nader was not responsible for Gore's loss.[74]
An analysis conducted by Harvard Professor B.C. Burden in 2005 showed Nader did "play a pivotal role in determining who would become president following the 2000 election", but that:
"Contrary to Democrats’ complaints, Nader was not intentionally trying to throw the election. A spoiler strategy would have caused him to focus disproportionately on the most competitive states and markets with the hopes of being a key player in the outcome. There is no evidence that his appearances responded to closeness. He did, apparently, pursue voter support, however, in a quest to receive 5% of the popular vote."[7]
However, Jonathan Chait of The American Prospect and The New Republic notes that Nader did indeed focus on swing states disproportionately during the waning days of the campaign, and by doing so jeopardized his own chances of achieving the 5% of the vote he was aiming for.
Then there was the debate within the Nader campaign over where to travel in the waning days of the campaign. Some Nader advisers urged him to spend his time in uncontested states such as New York and California. These states – where liberals and leftists could entertain the thought of voting Nader without fear of aiding Bush – offered the richest harvest of potential votes. But, Martin writes, Nader – who emerges from this account as the house radical of his own campaign – insisted on spending the final days of the campaign on a whirlwind tour of battleground states such as Pennsylvania and Florida. In other words, he chose to go where the votes were scarcest, jeopardizing his own chances of winning 5 percent of the vote, which he needed to gain federal funds in 2004.[75]
When Nader, in a letter to environmentalists, attacked Gore for "his role as broker of environmental voters for corporate cash," and "the prototype for the bankable, Green corporate politician," and what he called a string of broken promises to the environmental movement, Sierra Club president Carl Pope sent an open letter to Nader, dated 27 October 2000, defending Al Gore's environmental record and calling Nader's strategy "irresponsible."[76] He wrote:
You have also broken your word to your followers who signed the petitions that got you on the ballot in many states. You pledged you would not campaign as a spoiler and would avoid the swing states. Your recent campaign rhetoric and campaign schedule make it clear that you have broken this pledge... Please accept that I, and the overwhelming majority of the environmental movement in this country, genuinely believe that your strategy is flawed, dangerous and reckless.[77]
2004[link]
Main article: Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2004
Nader announced on December 24, 2003, that he would not seek the Green Party's nomination for president in 2004, but did not rule out running as an independent candidate.
Meeting with John Kerry[link]
Ralph Nader and Democratic candidate John Kerry held a widely publicized meeting early in the 2004 Presidential campaign, which Nader described in An Unreasonable Man. Nader said that John Kerry wanted to work to win Nader's support and the support of Nader's voters. Nader then provided more than 20 pages of issues that he felt were important and he "put them on the table" for John Kerry. According to Nader the issues covered topics ranging from environmental, labor, healthcare, tax reform, corporate crime, campaign finance reform and various consumer protection issues. Nader reported that he asked John Kerry to choose any three of the issues and highlight them in his campaign and if Kerry would do this, he would refrain from the race. For example, Nader recommended taking up corporate welfare, corporate crime—which could attract many Republican voters, and labor law reform—which was felt Bush could never support given the corporate funding of his campaign.[78] Several days passed and Kerry failed to adopt any of Nader's issues as benchmarks of his campaign, so on February 22, 2004, Nader announced on NBC that he would indeed run for president as an independent, saying, "There's too much power and wealth in too few hands."
A Kerry aide who had attended the meeting had a different recollection. "He made more the point that he had the ability to go after Bush in ways that we could not, He did not at all say to Kerry, 'I'm here to make you better on things.' That was not his tone at all."
The New York Times quoted Nader saying after the meeting "Gore was petrified wood, He was stiff as a board, he didn't want to have these kinds of meetings. He didn't want to have meetings like this when he was vice president three years before the election. Kerry is much more open." Nader himself said he had deliberately steered clear of disagreement, telling the Times, "When you go in looking for common ground, it takes up most of the time, doesn't it?"[79]
The campaign[link]
Nader's 2004 campaign ran on a platform consistent with the Green Party's positions on major issues, such as opposition to the war in Iraq. He has detailed the legal reasons George W. Bush and Dick Cheney fit the criteria for war criminals, and why they should have been immediately impeached.[80]
Due to concerns about a possible spoiler effect as in 2000, many Democrats urged Nader to abandon his 2004 candidacy. The Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, Terry McAuliffe, stated that Nader had a "distinguished career, fighting for working families," and that McAuliffe "would hate to see part of his legacy being that he got us eight years of George Bush." Nader replied to this, in filmed interviews for An Unreasonable Man, by arguing that, "Voting for a candidate of one's choice is a Constitutional right, and the Democrats who are asking me not to run are, without question, seeking to deny the Constitutional rights of voters who are, by law, otherwise free to choose to vote for me." Nader's 2004 campaign theme song was "If You Gotta Ask" by Liquid Blue.
In May 2009, in a new book, Grand Illusion: The Myth of Voter Choice in a Two-Party Tyranny, Theresa Amato, who was Nader's national campaign manager in 2000 and 2004, alleged that McAuliffe offered to pay off Nader to stop campaigning in certain states in 2004. This was confirmed by Nader, and neither McAuliffe nor his spokeswoman disputed the claim.[81]
In the 2004 campaign, Democrats such as Howard Dean and Terry McAuliffe asked that Nader return money donated to his campaign by Republicans who were well-known Bush supporters, such as billionaire Richard Egan.[82][83] Nader's reaction to the request was to refuse to return any donations and he charged that the Democrats were attempting to smear him.[82] Nader's vice-presidential running mate, Peter Camejo, supported the return of the money if it could be proved that "the aim of the wealthy GOP donors was to peel votes from Kerry."[82] According to the San Francisco Chronicle, Nader defended his keeping of the donations by saying that wealthy contributors "are human beings too."[82]
Nader received 463,655 votes, for 0.38 percent of the popular vote, placing him in third place overall.[84]
2008[link]
Main article: Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2008
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In February 2007, Nader criticized Democratic front-runner Hillary Clinton as "a panderer and a flatterer."[85] Asked on CNN Late Edition news program if he would run in 2008, Nader replied, "It's really too early to say...."[86] Asked during a radio appearance to describe the former First Lady, Nader said, "Flatters, panders, coasting, front-runner, looking for a coronation ... She has no political fortitude."[87] Some Greens started a campaign to draft Nader as their party's 2008 presidential candidate.[88]
After some consideration, Nader announced on February 24, 2008, that he would run for President as an independent. His vice-presidential candidate was Matt Gonzalez.[89]
Nader received 738,475 votes, for 0.56 percent of the popular vote, earning him a third place position in the overall election results.[90]
Personal life[link]
Nader was raised in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[1] He has never married. Karen Croft, a writer who worked for Nader in the late 1970s at the Center for Study of Responsive Law, once asked him if he had ever considered getting married. She reports: "He said that at a certain point he had to decide whether to have a family or to have a career, that he couldn't have both. That's the kind of person he is. He couldn't have a wife—he's up all night reading the Congressional Record."[91]
Personal finances[link]
According to the mandatory fiscal disclosure report that he filed with the Federal Election Commission in 2000, Nader owned more than $3 million worth of stocks and mutual fund shares; his single largest holding was more than $1 million worth of stock in Cisco Systems, Inc. He also held between $100,000 and $250,000 worth of shares in the Magellan Fund.[92] Nader said he owned no car and owned no real estate directly in 2000, and said that he lived on US $25,000 a year, giving most of his stock earnings to many of the over four dozen non-profit organizations he had founded.[93][94]
Television appearances[link]
In 1988, Nader appeared on Sesame Street as "a person in your neighborhood." The verse of the song began "A consumer advocate is a person in your neighborhood." Nader's appearance on the show was memorable because it was the only time that the grammar of the last line of the song—"A person who you meet each day"—was questioned and changed in the show. Nader refused to sing the prescriptively improper line, and so a compromise was reached, resulting in Ralph Nader singing the last line as a solo with the modified words: "A person whom you meet each day."[95] In the same episode, Nader tests "Bob"'s sweater, with permission, and destroys it, telling Bob "Your aunt . . . knitted you a lemon!"
He hosted an episode of NBC's Saturday Night Live in 1977 and appeared in a 2000 episode.[citation needed]
He was interviewed on Da Ali G Show by Sacha Baron Cohen.[citation needed]
During his 2008 presidential campaign, Nader appeared on NBC's Meet The Press, CNBC with John Harwood, CNN with Rick Sanchez, PBS's The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, and Fox News Channel with Shepard Smith.[96] He was interviewed by Triumph the Insult Comic Dog on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in 2008. Also that year he appeared on Real Time with Bill Maher. In 2011, he appeared multiple times on the Fox Business Network primetime show Freedom Watch with Andrew Napolitano, including a January 19, 2011 joint appearance with Ron Paul.[citation needed]
Works[link]
Main article: Bibliography of Ralph Nader
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- An Unreasonable Man (2006). An Unreasonable Man is a documentary film about Ralph Nader that appeared at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.
- Burden, Barry C. (2005). Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election 2005, American Politics Research 33:672-99.
- Ralph Nader: Up Close This film blends archival footage and scenes of Nader and his staff at work in Washington with interviews with Nader's family, friends and adversaries, as well as Nader himself. Written, directed and produced by Mark Litwak and Tiiu Lukk, 1990, color, 72 mins. Narration by Studs Terkel. Broadcast on PBS. Winner, Sinking Creek Film Festival; Best of Festival, Baltimore Int'l Film Festival; Silver Plaque, Chicago Int'l Film Festival, Silver Apple, National Educational Film & Video Festival.
- Bear, Greg, "Eon" — the novel includes a depiction of a future group called the "Naderites" who follow Ralph Nader's humanistic teachings.
- Martin, Justin. Nader: Crusader, Spoiler, Icon. Perseus Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7382-0563-X
References[link]
- ^ a b c Graham, Kevin, Ralph Nader : Battling for Democracy, Denver, Colorodo, USA: Windom Publishing Company, ISBN 0-9700323-0-7
- ^ "Washingtonpost.com". Washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/politics/elections/2004/ralphnader/. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Ralph Nader Biography – Academy of Achievement". Achievement.org. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/nad0bio-1. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
- ^ "Ralph Nader Biography". Biography.com. http://www.biography.com/articles/Ralph-Nader-9419799. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
- ^ "Seth Gitell "The Green Party gets serious" ''The Providence Phoenix'' June 29, 2000". Providencephoenix.com. 2000-07-06. http://www.providencephoenix.com/archive/features/00/06/29/GREEN.html. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ Barringer, Felicity (1999-03-01). "MEDIA; Journalism's Greatest Hits: Two Lists of a Century's Top Stories". NY Times: p. 2. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E3D6123CF932A35750C0A96F958260.
- ^ a b Burden, B. C. (September 2005). "Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy" (PDF). American Politics Research: 673–699. https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/bcburden/web/burden2005.pdf.
- ^ a b "Michael Moore message". Michaelmoore.com. http://www.michaelmoore.com/words/message/index.php?messageDate=2000-11-17. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ Greenhouse, Steven (2004-07-28). "The Constituencies: Liberals; From Chicago '68 to Boston, The Left Comes Full Circle". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E5DD133DF93BA15754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ a b Convictions Intact, Nader Soldiers On – New York Times[dead link]
- ^ Varadarajan, Tunku (2008-05-31). "Interview: Ralph Nader". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB121218925042534249.html.
- ^ "Nader on the Record". Grist. 2008-03-19. http://www.grist.org/feature/2008/03/19/nader/.
- ^ a b "Ralph Nader's Childhood Roots". http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Uir-eV2b51wJ:www.rjliban.com/communique8/ralph%2520nader's%2520childhood%2520roots.htm.
- ^ Mantel, Henriette (Director) (2006). An Unreasonable Man (DVD). IFC Films. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0492499/.
- ^ "2004 Presidential Candidates — Ralph Nader". CNN.com Specials. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/special/president/candidates/nader.html.
- ^ "Washington College of Law Faculty". http://www.wcl.american.edu/faculty/nader/.
- ^ Mickey Z. 50 American Revolutions You're Not Supposed To Know. New York: The Disinformation Company, 2005. p.87 ISBN 1-932857-18-4
- ^ Diana T. Kurylko. "Nader Damned Chevy's Corvair and Sparked a Safety Revolution." Automotive News (v.70, 1996).
- ^ Brent Fisse and John Braithwaite, The Impact of Publicity on Corporate Offenders. State University of New York Press, 1983. p.30 ISBN 0-87395-733-4
- ^ Ingrassia, Paul (2010). Crash Course: The American Automobile Industry's Road from Glory to Disaster. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6863-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=a-kG_hoAvQkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=crash+course+paul+ingrassia+nader#v=onepage&q=nader&f=false.
- ^ Wright, J. Patrick; De Lorean, John Z. (1979). On a clear day you can see General Motors. Grosse Pointe, Mich: Wright Enterprises. ISBN 0-9603562-0-7.
- ^ "Ralph Nader's museum of tort law will include relics from famous lawsuits—if it ever gets built". LegalAffairs.org. December 2005. http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/November-December-2005/scene_longhine_novdec05.msp.
- ^ "President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Federal Role in Highway Safety: Epilogue — The Changing Federal Role". Federal Highway Administration. 2005-05-07. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/safetyep.htm.
- ^ Nader v. General Motors Corp., 307 N.Y.S.2d 647 (N.Y. 1970)
- ^ Brent Fisse and John Braithwaite. The Impact of Publicity on Corporate Offenders. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1983.
- ^ Robert Barry Carson, Wade L. Thomas, Jason Hecht. Economic Issues Today: Alternative Approaches. M.E. Sharpe, 2005.
- ^ Stan Luger. Corporate Power, American Democracy, and the Automobile Industry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- ^ Weissman, Robert (2011-01-05), Letter to Darrell Issa, http://www.citizen.org/documents/Issa-Letter-20110105.pdf
- ^ Sowell, Thomas (2004-03-03), "Nader's Glitter", Jewish World Review, http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell030304.asp
- ^ Nuclear Power in an Age of Uncertainty (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-E-216, February 1984), p. 228, citing the following article:
- ^ Public Opposition to Nuclear Energy: Retrospect and Prospect, Roger E. Kasperson, Gerald Berk, David Pijawka, Alan B. Sharaf, James Wood, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 5, No. 31 (Spring, 1980), pp. 11–23
- ^ a b Wolfgang Rudig (1990). Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy, Longman, p. 402.
- ^ Steve Cohn (1997). Too cheap to meter: an economic and philosophical analysis of the nuclear dream SUNY Press, pp. 133-134.
- ^ Justin Martin (2002). Nader, Perseus Publishing, pp. 172-179.
- ^ "Ralph Nader interview transcript". Frontline. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/reaction/interviews/nader.html.
- ^ Thierer, Adam (2010-12-21) Who'll Really Benefit from Net Neutrality Regulation?, CBS News
- ^ a b c "Ecology: 1970 Year in Review", UPI.com.
- ^ "The Nader Page | History". Nader.org. http://www.nader.org/enbio.html. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
- ^ Two party ballot suppresses third party change, including an excerpt from Nader's 1958 article and analyzing the lack of change in ballot access law since. Published in the Harvard Law Record, December 2009
- ^ Vidal, Gore The Best Man/'72, Esquire
- ^ "Coalition Party Opens Conference". Spartanburg Herald-Journal: pp. 2A. October 2, 1971.
- ^ Gore Vidal. "The Best Man /'72: Ralph Nader Can Be President of the US." Esquire, June, 1971.
- ^ Peter Barnes. "Toward '72 and Beyond: Starting a Fourth Party". The New Republic, July 24–31, 1971:9–21
- ^ Justin Martin. "Nader: Crusader, Spoiler, Icon". Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7382-0563-X.
- ^ Smithey, Waylon (September 23, 1971). "Spock Shares Youths' Views". The Tuscaloosa News: pp. 2.
- ^ "People's Party Nominates Dr. Spock for President". Spartanburg Herald-Journal: pp. B5. November 29, 1971.
- ^ The 1992 Campaign: Write-In; In Nader's Campaign, White House Isn't the Goal February 18, 1992
- ^ "1992 Presidential Primary". Sos.nh.gov. 1992-02-18. http://www.sos.nh.gov/presprim1992/index.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Politics1.com". Politics1.com. 1934-02-27. Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080316082743/http://politics1.com/nader04.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Uselectionatlas.org". Uselectionatlas.org. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1996. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Leftbusinessobserver.com". Leftbusinessobserver.com. 1984-06-28. http://www.leftbusinessobserver.com/Nader.html. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Votenader.org". Votenader.org. 2001-09-11. http://www.votenader.org/issues/social/civil-liberties/#72580. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ Ecological Politics: Ecofeminists and the Greens By Greta Gaard, page 240.
- ^ Common Dreams Progressive Newswire (July 11, 2001). Green Meeting Will Establish Greens as a National Party. Retrieved 8-28-2009.
- ^ Nelson, Susan. Synthesis/Regeneration 26 (Fall 2001).The G/GPUSA Congress and the ASGP Conference: Authentic Grassroots Democracy vs. Packaged Public Relations. Retrieved 8-28-2009.
- ^ Ballot Access News (Aug. 1, 2000). PROGRESSIVES NOMINATE NADER
- ^ (2000-08-01) United Citizens Party Picks Nader, Ballot Access News.
- ^ "Nader 'Super Rally' Draws 12,000 To Boston's FleetCenter". Commondreams.org. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/100200-02.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ CNN.com – Loyal Nader fans pack Madison Square Garden – October 14, 2000[dead link]
- ^ "Nader, the Greens and 2008". Socialistworker.org. 2008-01-25. http://www.socialistworker.org/2008-1/659/659_07_Nader.shtml. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=2000
- ^ U.S. Federal Election Commission. 2000 Official Presidential General Election Results.
- ^ MSNBC. Decision 2000
- ^ Rosenbaum, David E. (2004-02-24). "THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE INDEPENDENT; Reelax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E4D6173CF937A15751C0A9629C8B63.
- ^ Vedantam, Shankar (2004-02-23). "Democrats Upset at 'Spoiler' in 2000 Race". Washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61902-2004Feb2.html. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "S/R 25: Gore's Defeat: Don't Blame Nader (Marable)". Greens.org. http://www.greens.org/s-r/25/25-03.html. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Ralph Nader on Jon Stewart". Huffingtonpost.com. 2007-02-08. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-alterman/ralph-nader-on-jon-stewar_b_40758.html?view=screen. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ Alexander Cockburn. "The Best of All Possible Worlds." The Nation.November 9, 2000.
- ^ "Don't Believe The Hype: Nader Did Not Cost Gore The Election". Sobriquetmagazine.com. 2008-06-19. http://www.sobriquetmagazine.com/mc/2008/06/dont-believe-hype-nader-did-not-cost.html. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Dear Conservatives Upset With the Policies of the Bush Administration". Nader for President 2004. http://www.votenader.org/why_ralph/index.php?cid=14.
- ^ Greenhouse, Steven (2004-07-28). "The Constituencies: Liberals; From Chicago '68 to Boston, The Left Comes Full Circle". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E5DD133DF93BA15754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ Varadarajan, Tunku (2008-05-31). "Interview: Ralph Nader". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB121218925042534249.html.
- ^ "Nader on the Record". Grist. 2008-03-19. http://www.grist.org/feature/2008/03/19/nader/.
- ^ "Poll Analysis: Nader not responsible for Gore's loss". http://www.prorev.com/green2000.htm.
- ^ "Books in Review: | The American Prospect". Prospect.org. http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=books_in_review_110402. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
- ^ knowthecandidates.org.The Nader Debate with the Sierra Club about Gore and the Environment
- ^ Pope, Carl (October 27, 2000)"Ralph Nader Attack On Environmentalists Who Are Supporting Vice-President Gore." CommonDreams.org.
- ^ An Unreasonable Man, Ral
- ^ "Kerry Woos Nader, Who Declares Him 'Very Presidential' – New York Times". Nytimes.com. 2004-05-20. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/20/politics/campaign/20KERR.html. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
- ^ Kugel, Allison (October 22, 2009). "Howard Dean Talks Healthcare Reform in the Age of Hardcore Party Politics". PR.com. http://www.pr.com/article/1135. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ Kumar, Anita; Helderman, Rosalind S. (2009-05-29). "Nader: McAuliffe Offered Money To Avoid Key States in '04 Race". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/28/AR2009052803823.html. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ a b c d "Nader defends GOP Cash". Carla Marinucci (San Francisco Chronicle). July 10, 2004. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/07/10/MNG9J7JMDK1.DTL. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ "Nader Republicans". Nathan Littlefield (Atlantic Monthly). September 2004. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/littlefield2. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. "2004 Presidential General Election Results". Retrieved February 24, 2009.
- ^ Winter, Michael (February 5, 2007). "Nader in '08? Stay tuned". USA Today (Online). http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2007/02/nader_in_08_sta.html. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
- ^ Nader Leaves '08 Door Open, Slams Hillary Reuters, February 5, 2007.
- ^ Ralph Nader: Hillary's Just a 'Bad Version of Bill Clinton' Feb. 16, 2007
- ^ "DraftNader.org". DraftNader.org. http://www.draftnader.org/. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Nader names running mate in presidential bid". CBC News. 2008-02-28. http://www.cbc.ca/world/usvotes/story/2008/02/28/nader-ticket.html. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
- ^ "2008 Official Presidential General Election Results". FEC. 2008-11-04. http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2008/2008presgeresults.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
- ^ "Candidate Nader", Mother Jones. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
- ^ Tapper, Jake (28 October 2000). "Inside Nader's stock portfolio". Salon. http://www.salon.com/politics/feature/2000/10/28/stocks/index.html. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
- ^ "Nader Reports Big Portfolio In Technology". New York Times. 2000-06-19. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502E3DC1531F93AA25755C0A9669C8B63. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Ralph Nader: Personal Finances". Center for Responsive Politics. http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/candlook.php?txtName=nader. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ David Borgenicht, Sesame Street Unpaved: Scripts, Stories, Secrets, and Songs, 1998 and 2002 reprint, ISBN 1-4028-9327-2
- ^ "Nader on CNN, FOX, CNBC and PBS NewsHour Tuesday". Nader for President 2008. 2008-10-13. http://www.votenader.org/blog/2008/10/13/nader-on-cnn-fox/. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
Further reading[link]
- What Was Ralph Nader Thinking? by Jurgen Vsych, Wroughten Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9749879-2-7
- Abuse of Trust: A Report on Ralph Nader's Network by Dan Burt, 1982. ISBN 978-0-89526-661-3
- Citizen Nader by Charles McCarry Saturday Review Press, 1972 ISBN 0-8415-0163-7
- The Investigation of Ralph Nader by Thomas Whiteside 1972.
External links[link]
 |
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2012) |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ralph Nader |
- Nader.org official website
- Nader / Gonzalez '08 campaign website
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Ralph Nader on Charlie Rose
- Ralph Nader at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Ralph Nader in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Ralph Nader collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Ralph Nader at the Notable Names Database
- Articles and interviews
- Kugel, Allison (May 14, 2008). "Ralph Nader Goes to Washington... Again – The PR.com Interview". PR.com. http://www.pr.com/article/1100.
- "How Winstedites Kept Their Integrity," article by Nader in the September 1963 issue of The Freeman
- Ralph Nader Goes to Washington... Again – The PR.com Interview
- Digital History Ralph Nader
- Nader, Rare Among Candidates May 5, 2008
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| Preceded by Pat Buchanan |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Nader, Ralph |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American attorney and political activist |
| Date of birth | February 27, 1934 |
| Place of birth | Winsted, Connecticut, United States |
| Date of death | living |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named David Wilkins, see David Wilkins (disambiguation).
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| David Wilkins | |
|---|---|
| 140px | |
| American Ambassador to Canada | |
| In office June 29, 2005 – January 20, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Paul Cellucci |
| Succeeded by | David Jacobson |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-10-12) October 12, 1946 (age 65) Greenville, South Carolina, United States |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Susan Clary |
| Children | James Robert |
| Alma mater | Clemson University University of South Carolina |
| Profession | Attorney |
| Religion | Baptist |
David Horton Wilkins (born October 12, 1946) is an American attorney and a former U. S. Ambassador to Canada[1] during the administration of President George W. Bush. Prior to the appointment, he practiced law for 30 years while serving in the South Carolina House of Representatives for 25 of those years. He was speaker of the South Carolina House for 11 years. Wilkins presently chairs the public policy and international law practice department of a large South Carolina law firm.
Contents |
Family life and education[link]
A life-long resident of South Carolina, Wilkins graduated from Greenville High School, attended Clemson University on a tennis scholarship, and graduated cum laude with a bachelor's degree in 1968. He earned his law degree from the University of South Carolina and then served in the Army as a first lieutenant. In the early 1970s, he returned to Greenville, where he and his wife, Susan, raised their two sons.
Public service[link]
State legislature[link]
Wilkins, a Republican, was first elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1980. He quickly rose through the ranks of the Democratically-controlled House, serving six years as chairman of the Judiciary Committee and two years as speaker pro tem before being elected speaker, a position he held for 11 years. He was the first Republican to elected speaker of any legislative body in the South since Reconstruction and when he retired on June 2, 2005, he was the third longest serving speaker in South Carolina history.
In his 25 years in the state legislature, Wilkins played a role in major reform legislation including South Carolina’s historic ethics bill and the Education Accountability Act. Wilkins was also a central figure in the relocation of the Confederate battle flag from atop the State Capitol Building to its present location behind the Confederate Memorial.[2] Under his watch, the state adopted the Martin Luther King holiday. As speaker, Wilkins also played a role in banning video gambling from South Carolina and in delaying the establishment of the South Carolina Education Lottery. During the economic recession of the 1990s, Wilkins successfully fought tax increases, and as a result, South Carolina was one of only a handful of states that did not raise its taxes.
Throughout his legislative career, Wilkins received numerous awards including the prestigious 2004 Excellence in State Legislative Leadership Award from the National Conference of State Legislatures which cited his steadfast position for relocating the Confederate flag and his refusal to cancel a national conference in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Wilkins was also named Outstanding Legislator of the Year by a wide range of organizations, and he served as President of the National Speakers' Association and as chair of the Southern Legislative Conference.
Political activities and appointment as Ambassador to Canada[link]
Wilkins was state chair of the Bush–Cheney '04 campaign and co-chair of the campaign in 2000. He was appointed by President George W. Bush to the Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy at West Point in 2002. He was nominated by President Bush for the post of U.S. Ambassador to Canada on April 27, 2005, and the Senate confirmed him by voice vote on May 26, 2005.[3] Wilkins formally presented his credentials to the Governor General of Canada Adrienne Clarkson on June 29, 2005.
Tenure as Ambassador[link]
Upon his arrival in Canada, Wilkins pledged his commitment to "strengthening the ties that bind our two great nations." In an April 2008 interview, Wilkins reiterated that sentiment stating, “we have the largest trading relationship the world's ever known, and I think the best relationship. To just remind ourselves on both sides of the border how important we are to each other and keep trying to make it stronger -- that's certainly my goal.”
Before his appointment, Wilkins had only been to Canada once, when he was in the U.S. Army Reserve three decades prior. However, by the time he been on the job for nine months, he had traveled to every province and territory in Canada.
In his first 20 months as ambassador, the top irritant between the nations – softwood lumber – was resolved, with the support of most of the Canadian lumber industry. In addition to the softwood lumber dispute, Wilkins addressed a number of other issues including the Northwest Passage, Rendition, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Canada’s role in Afghanistan.
Wilkins resigned his post in early 2009, at the end of President Bush’s second term.
Clemson University activities[link]
Wilkins has served on Clemson University's board of visitors, was awarded an honorary doctorate of humanities from Clemson in 2003, and has earned the Alumni Association's Distinguished Service Award. He was elected by the University to a lifetime seat on its 13 member board of trustees on March 28, 2007. On July 17, 2009, he was unanimously elected to a two year term as chair.
Post government career[link]
Wilkins was frequently named as a potential candidate for governor of South Carolina in 2010. However in August 2008, he announced that he would not seek the post.
In February, 2009, Wilkins became a partner at Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP and chairs the Public Policy and International Law practice group, which focuses primarily on representing businesses on both sides of the U.S.-Canadian border and offers experience on a range of strategic bilateral issues.[4]
References[link]
- ^ "Ambassador David H. Wilkins"[dead link]
- ^ The Confederate Memorial is located in front of the State House, and the placement of the flag there is still being disputed by civil rights groups.NAACP fighting to put flag in historical context, The State, Oct 8, 2009
- ^ Thomas Library of Congress. [1] Nomination: PN455-109
- ^ Ambassador David H. Wilkins joins Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP, Reuters, February 1, 2009.
External links[link]
- Clemson News Release 2007[dead link]
- Biography from South Carolina House of Representatives[dead link]
- CBC Canada News Background
- U.S. ambassador to Canada named
- CBC News David Wilkins: America's next ambassador to Canada
- presentation of Letters of Credence to the Governor General of Canada
- David Wilkins Interview
- Interview from Calgary Herald
- National Post story
- Interview with David Wilkins (includes audio)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wilkins, David |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Ambassador and politician |
| Date of birth | October 12, 1946 |
| Place of birth | Greenville, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/David_Wilkins
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/David Wilkins
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wilkins
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States and is home to the largest academic law library in the world.
The current Dean of Harvard Law School is Martha Minow, who assumed the role on July 1, 2009. Harvard Law has 246 faculty members. Many are preeminent legal scholars; Harvard Law School faculty were responsible for more downloaded papers on the Social Science Research Network than any other law school, a fact only partially explained by the school's size.
Harvard Law School has produced a large number of luminaries in law and politics including Barack Obama, Mitt Romney, and Rutherford B. Hayes. World leaders counted among its graduates include the current President of the Republic of China, Ma Ying-jeou; former Chief Justice of the Republic of the Philippines, Renato Corona; the current President of the World Bank Group, Robert Zoellick; the current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay; and the former President of Ireland, Mary Robinson. Some 149 sitting United States federal judges are Harvard Law School graduates; six of the nine sitting justices of the Supreme Court of the United States attended the law school (Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Antonin Scalia and Elena Kagan). Seven sitting U.S. Senators graduated from the school.
