A formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (called well-formed formulas in the case of a formal language) each of which is an axiom or follows from the preceding sentences in the sequence by a rule of inference. The last sentence in the sequence is a theorem of a formal system. The notion of theorem is not in general effective, therefore there may be no method by which we can always find a proof of a given sentence or determine that none exists. The concept of natural deduction is a generalization of the concept of proof.^[1]

The theorem is a syntactic consequence of all the well-formed formulas preceding it in the proof. For a well-formed formula to qualify as part of a proof, it must be the result of applying a rule of the deductive apparatus of some formal system to the previous well-formed formulae in the proof sequence.

Formal proofs often are constructed with the help of computers in interactive theorem proving. Significantly, these proofs can be checked automatically, also by computer. Checking formal proofs is usually simple, while the problem of finding proofs (automated theorem proving) is usually computationally intractable and/or only semi-decidable, depending upon the formal system in use.

Background[link]

Formal language[link]

A formal language is a set of finite sequences of symbols. Such a language can be defined without reference to any meanings of any of its expressions; it can exist before any interpretation is assigned to it – that is, before it has any meaning. Formal proofs are expressed in some formal language.

Formal grammar[link]

A formal grammar (also called formation rules) is a precise description of the well-formed formulas of a formal language. It is synonymous with the set of strings over the alphabet of the formal language which constitute well formed formulas. However, it does not describe their semantics (i.e. what they mean).

Formal systems[link]

A formal system (also called a logical calculus, or a logical system) consists of a formal language together with a deductive apparatus (also called a deductive system). The deductive apparatus may consist of a set of transformation rules (also called inference rules) or a set of axioms, or have both. A formal system is used to derive one expression from one or more other expressions.

Interpretations[link]

An interpretation of a formal system is the assignment of meanings to the symbols, and truth-values to the sentences of a formal system. The study of interpretations is called formal semantics. Giving an interpretation is synonymous with constructing a model.

See also[link]

• Proof (truth)

References[link]

External links[link]

• "A Special Issue on Formal Proof". Notices of the American Mathematical Society. December 2008. http://www.ams.org/notices/200811/. 
• 2πix.com: Logic Part of a series of articles covering mathematics and logic.

Dino Rossi
Member of the Washington Senate from the 5th district
In office 1997–2003
Preceded by	Kathleen Drew
Succeeded by	Cheryl Pflug
Chairman of the Senate Ways and Means Committee
In office 2003–2003
Personal details
Born	(1959-10-15) October 15, 1959 (age 52) Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Nationality	United States
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Terry
Children	4 children (2 sons, 2 daughters)
Residence	Sammamish, Washington
Alma mater	Seattle University (B.A.)
Occupation	Real estate salesman
Website	http://www.dinorossi.com

Dino Rossi (born October 15, 1959) is an American commercial real estate executive,^[1] former Washington State Senator, two-time Republican candidate for Governor of Washington, and former Republican candidate for United States Senate. His first run for the Governor's mansion in the 2004 election became the closest gubernatorial race in U.S. history; Rossi was certified as Governor-elect before losing a hand recount to Democrat Christine Gregoire.^[2] He ran for Governor of Washington again in 2008, losing to Gregoire 47% to 53%.

Rossi began his career in the commercial real estate industry and has continued to invest in and manage income properties. After the 2008 election, Rossi returned his full attention to real estate.^[3] During the spring of 2010 there was speculation that Rossi might enter the 2010 Senate race to challenge incumbent Patty Murray. Rossi entered the race on May 26, 2010.^[4] On August 17, 2010 Rossi defeated his Republican primary challengers, but lost to incumbent Senator Patty Murray (a Democrat) in the November 2 general election 47% to 52%.^[5]

Early life, education and career[link]

Rossi was the youngest of seven children brought up by his mother Eve, a beautician, and his father John Rossi, an Italian-American Seattle Public Schools teacher at Viewlands Elementary in North Seattle.^[6] Rossi was raised in Mountlake Terrace and graduated from Woodway High School in Edmonds. He earned a Bachelor’s degree in Business Management from Seattle University in 1982.

After college, Rossi began in the commercial real estate business.^[1] He became a commercial real estate salesman, managing and owning real estate.^[7] Rossi was formerly an owner of the Everett Aquasox minor league baseball team.^[8] He is co-founder of the Bellevue, Washington-based Eastside Commercial Bank.^[9]

Rossi is married, with four children, and lives in Sammamish, Washington.^[10]

Political career[link]

State Senate tenure[link]

In 1992, Rossi ran for a Washington State Senate seat in a district representing suburbs east of Seattle, Washington in the Cascade foothills. After winning a divisive Republican Party primary, he lost the general election. In 1996, Rossi ran again for the State Senate and was elected.

Rossi served in the Washington State Senate from 1997 until December 2003, when he resigned to spend full time running for governor.^[11] During his time as senator, he gained a reputation for being a political consensus builder with a proven ability to build bipartisan coalitions.^[12] When the Senate Republicans gained the majority in 2002, Rossi became chair of the Senate Ways and Means Committee that writes the state’s two year operating budget. It was in this position that Rossi was widely credited for closing a $2.7 billion budget deficit without raising taxes.^[13] He passed this budget with bipartisan support,^[14] gaining praise from members of both parties, including the ranking Democrat on the budget committee. The budget chief for Democratic Governor Gary Locke said of Rossi in 2003, “The really good legislators move from one side to the other really effortlessly, and I think Dino did that.”^[12]

Rossi sponsored a number of bills as a state senator prior to his role as chair of the Senate Ways and Means Committee, including the Two Strikes bill that puts child molesters away for life after a second conviction.^[15] In 1998, he sponsored the Mary Johnsen Act,^[16] named for a Sammamish resident who was killed by a drunk driver. The bill required ignition interlock devices for certain convicted drunk drivers in the state of Washington. Rossi received the national finalist award from Mothers Against Drunk Driving for his work. He also sponsored the Dane Rempfer bill^[17] which boosted penalties for those who left the scene of a fatal accident, named after a 15-year-old boy from his district who was killed in a hit-and-run. It was his work on the 2003 budget that spurred others to recruit Rossi to run for governor.^[18]

2004 gubernatorial campaign[link]

Rossi decided to run in November 2003,^[19] but was already facing an uphill battle in terms of money raised, low name identification with voters and trends established by the two prior GOP candidates for governor. The sitting Washington State Attorney General and Rossi’s eventual opponent in the general election, Christine Gregoire, had already raised $1.15 million by December, only weeks after Rossi officially kicked off his campaign.^[20] Furthermore, the previous two GOP candidates for governor had lost their campaign bids by 16% and 18.7% in 1996 and 2000.^[21]

In the November 2 election, over 2.8 million votes were cast for Governor. After the initial vote count, Rossi led Democrat Christine Gregoire by 261 votes.^[22] Washington State law required a recount because of the small margin. After the second count, Rossi again led, but by a smaller margin of 42 votes. After a third count, done by hand, Gregoire took a 129 vote lead (expanded to a 133 vote lead after Justice Bridges' decision threw out 4 votes for Rossi).^[23]

King County's election department was sued by the Rossi campaign for its handling of ballots, including untracked use of a "ballot-on-demand" printing machine.^[24] Even before the election date, the U.S. Department of Justice threatened to sue Washington State for failing to mail military ballots overseas, generally assumed to be Republican votes.^[25]

Republican leaders in Washington claimed there were enough disputed votes to change the outcome of the election and sued. On May 25, 2005 the judge hearing the lawsuit ruled that the Party did not provide enough evidence that the disputed votes were ineligible, or for whom they were cast, to enable the court to overturn the election.^[26]

Rossi did not appeal to the state Supreme Court;^[27] Gregoire was declared governor, by a margin of 133 votes.^[23]

Between 2004 and 2008[link]

After the election and the ensuing court battle, Rossi returned to his work in real estate and wrote a book, Dino Rossi: Lessons in Leadership, Business, Politics and Life.^[28][29] Along with former Seattle Mariner baseball star Jay Buhner, he also purchased a minority share in the Seattle Mariners' single A minor league baseball team, the Everett Aquasox.^[30] Rossi also established Forward Washington Foundation, a 501(c)(4) non-profit lobbying entity dedicated to promoting changes to Washington's small business climate.^[31] In 2007, the state Democratic Party filed a complaint with the Washington Public Disclosure Committee (PDC) asserting that the Forward Washington Foundation was too similar to a campaign to be exempt from campaign finance laws.^[32] Prior to her party’s formal complaint, Gregoire stated to donors that he was “campaigning aggressively".^[33] The PDC dismissed in totality the allegations made by the Washington State Democrats, deeming each accusatory claim as “insufficient” and stating that the organization was indeed acting consistent with its mission statement, making it “a social welfare organization ... and not a political committee”.^[34]

2008 gubernatorial campaign[link]

On October 25, 2007, Dino Rossi announced his intention to seek the office of Governor of Washington in 2008. Rossi's campaign was centered on many of the same issues he ran under in the 2004 election, namely controlling the spending of the state's legislature, tax cuts, and improving the business environment within the state.^[35]

In 2004, Rossi was listed on the ballot as a Republican. In 2008, his affiliation was listed as "Prefers G.O.P. Party" as he had filed with the Washington Secretary of State.^{[36][37][38][39][40]} Washington law allows candidates to identify their party affiliation or preference in any way they please, provided that it is not profane.^[41][42]

Rossi has said pharmacists should not be required to dispense a drug that is against their conscience or religious beliefs when asked about the Plan B oral contraceptive.^[43] Following a ruling by the State Supreme Court that an initiative that limited property tax increases to 1% a year was unconstitutional, Rossi urged Governor Gregoire to call a special session of the State's legislature to re-instate the restriction.^[44] As of September 2008, the Rossi campaign was reported to have raised $9 million while the Gregoire campaign took in $10 million overall.^[45] A poll in early October showed Rossi tied with Governor Gregoire in the race for Governor.^[46] A later poll by the Elway Group showed Rossi trailing Gov. Gregoire by 12 percent.^[47][48][49]

On October 7, a lawsuit was filed against the Building Industry Association of Washington, for allegedly coordinating fundraising activities with Rossi in violation of Washington's public finance laws. Rossi's campaign spokeswoman dismissed the suit as a desperate attempt by Gregoire's supporters to win an election through frivolous legal maneuvering, a claim that was denied by the lawyer that filed the suit.^[50] Rossi was endorsed on October 18, 2008 by The Seattle Times.^[51]

Dino Rossi was defeated by Governor Christine Gregoire in the 2008 election and formally conceded at noon on November 5, 2008.^[52] Her margin of victory was 53.2% to 46.8%.^[53]

Between 2008 and 2010[link]

Following his defeat in the 2008 gubernatorial election, Rossi "unplugged from almost everything political" and became a principal at a commercial real estate firm called Coast Equity Partners in Everett, Washington. Rossi's role at the firm is to find investors for income producing properties in Washington and four other Western U.S. states.^[54]

2010 U.S. Senate campaign[link]

On May 26, 2010, he officially announced his candidacy run.^[4] He conceded defeat on November 4, after two days' worth of ballot counting indicated that he would not have enough votes to defeat Sen. Murray.

Political positions[link]

Spending earmarks[link]

Rossi has said he will not use earmarks if elected as a United States senator from Washington.^[55]

Electoral history[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikinews has related news: Washington politician Dino Rossi to announce US Senate bid

• Dino Rossi for U.S. Senate official campaign site
• Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
• Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
• Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
• Campaign contributions at the National Institute for Money in State Politics
• Appearances on C-SPAN programs
• Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org