A FW3/22 type pillbox near the Kennet and Avon Canal

The GHQ Line (General Headquarters Line) was a defence line built in the United Kingdom during World War II to contain an expected German invasion.

The British Army had abandoned most of its equipment in France after the Dunkirk evacuation. It was therefore decided to build a static system of defensive lines around Britain, all designed to compartmentalise the country and delay the Germans long enough for more mobile forces to counter-attack. Over 50 defensive lines were constructed around Britain, the GHQ Line being the longest and most important, designed to protect London and the industrial heart of Britain.

The GHQ Line ran from the northern end of the Taunton Stop Line near Highbridge in Somerset, along the River Brue and the Kennet and Avon Canal to Reading, around the south of London south of Guildford and Aldershot, to Canvey Island and Great Chesterford in Essex, before heading north to end in Yorkshire.

On the section of the line in Essex, between Great Chesterford and Canvey Island, the defences were made up of around 400 FW3 type concrete pillboxes, which were part of the British hardened field defences of World War II. Well over 100 pillboxes still exist on this section in 2012, with around 40 highly visible FW3 Type 22, 24, 26, 27 and 28 boxes between the Rettendon Turnpike and Howe Green, mostly alongside the recently constructed A130. Many more FW3s are still in place north of Chelmsford along the Chelmer Valley and towards Great Dunmow.

See also[link]

• Fortifications of London
• British anti-invasion preparations of World War II
• British military history of World War II
• British military history
• Outer London Defence Ring
• Coquet Stop Line
• Taunton Stop Line
• British hardened field defences of World War II

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: GHQ Line

• GHQ Line
• UK World War 2 Invasion Defences
• The Defence of Britain Project

Look up GHQ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

GHQ from General Headquarters, may refer to:

• a high level military command center, see headquarters
  • GHQ (Pakistan) - military headquarters of Pakistan Army in Rawalpindi.
  • GHQ India - headquarters of the British India Army
• In Japan, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (1945–1952), which occupied Japan after World War II.
• AFP General Headquarters & Headquarters Service Command (GHQ & HSC), in the Philippines

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up Line, line, or lines in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Line or lines may refer to:

Science and technology[link]

• Line (electrical engineering), a circuit or loop.
  • A power line for electric power transmission
  • line power or lines power, domestic mains electricity.
  • telephone line
  • RF transmission line
  • Line level, a common standard for audio signals.
• Line (video), a measure of video display resolution or image resolution
• line, former name of the unit of magnetic flux, the Maxwell
• Line (unit), an obsolete unit of length equal to one-twelfth or one-tenth of an inch.
• Line (geometry), an infinitely-extending one-dimensional figure that has no curvature.
• line: a medical catheter, particularly one used for intravenous treatment.
  • CVP line
  • PICC line
  • umbilical line
• Line (text file), a row of characters as a unit of organization within text files.
• A "line of longitude" or "line of latitude" in geography. "The Line" may refer to the equator.
• Relationships in genetics and genealogy, such as Lineage and kinship and descent.

Transport[link]

• Railway line
• Shipping line, a company engaged in sea transport.
• The International Load Line or Plimsoll line (Waterline), indicates the maximum safe draft for the vessel
• Airline
• A bus line, see List of bus operating companies

Business[link]

• Line function, a business activity.
• Product lining, in marketing.

Military[link]

• Line (formation), a standard tactical formation of forces.
  • Line infantry, a line formation of infantrymen who were part of the "Line Regiments".
• Line of battle, in naval warfare, a line of warships, hence "Ship of the line".

Sports[link]

• In water sports: small rope
• The point spread in spread betting
• In cricket, the direction of a delivery, see line and length.
• Offensive line or defensive line in American football.
• Racing line, in auto racing, a path taken through a corner.
• In kiting: kite line
• In fishing: fishing line

Arts[link]

• Line (play), a 1967 long-running play written by Israel Horovitz.
• Line (singer), a Danish singer and finalist in the Danish X Factor
• Lines (Emily Brontë poem), written in December 1837.
• Lines Review, a Scottish literary periodical published between 1952 and 1998.
• "Lines", abbreviation for "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour. July 13, 1798", a poem by William Wordsworth
• A line of text in writing or typography.
• Line (poetry), the fundamental unit of poetic composition.
• Line, or the melody in a musical composition.
• The dialogue to be spoken in a script or screenplay.

Sewing and fashion[link]

• To insert a Lining
• Fashion line
• Style line
• Empire line or Empire silhouette

The abbreviation LINE[link]

• LINE (combat system), a martial arts system
• Long interspersed nuclear element (LINE), a type of retrotransposon in genomics.

Other[link]

• Line (given name), a Danish and Norwegian female given name
• A length of rope, cable, or chain when put to use (such as a clothesline, anchor line)
• A line or queue of people waiting in a queue area
• A thin continuous length of ink or other marking in a drawing
• A geographical or political border that is clearly defined and demarcated
• A name given to some roads in Ontario, usually running perpendicular to concession roads
• Lines (punishment), punishment by forced writing of text
• Party line (politics), an idiom for a political party or social movement's canon agenda
• Lines of cocaine
• Lines (video game)
• A one-, two- or three-line whip, a notice issued by a Chief Whip in the UK parliament
• A "straight line" is used to set up a joke, while the punch line completes it
• Line Islands, an island group in the central Pacific
• Line, a drug in the video game Togainu no Chi

See also[link]

• Division of Lyne, Australian electoral district
• Lyne (surname)
• Lyne, Denmark (town)
• Liner (disambiguation)
• Lining (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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Faisal Sabzwari (born 4 August 1975) is a Pakistani politician from Karachi associated with the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), who has served as a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh and is currently the Minister of Youth Affairs of Sindh.

Background[link]

Syed Faisal Ali Subzwari belong to a middle class house hold in Karachi. Faisal Subzwari quickly made his mark in student’s politics in Karachi University by joining APMSO by his exceptional speech skills with leadership qualities and became Chairman of APMSO – one the most important wings of MQM.

Education[link]

Faisal Subzwari did his BBA in Finance from PIMSAT and MA in Economics from university of Karachi, CA Finalist and is one of the leading “young parliamentarian” of MQM and Pakistan.

Political career[link]

Faisal Subzwari currently holds the important portfolio of “Minister of Youth Affairs” Government of Sindh and is deputy parliamentary leader of MQM in Sindh Assembly apart from co-heading MQM(s) Communication and Media Management Wing and is a member of MQM(s) Diplomatic Committee.

Faisal Subzwari also happens to be one of the most tech-savvy politicians although he is humble enough to be tagged as a "political worker" in Pakistan and understands technology and implements it in his daily life.

Interest[link]

Faisal Subzwari interestingly has a nag of coming up with brilliant "Urdu poetry" and has interest in reading, writing, sports and socializing.

References[link]

• [1]

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ARM Holdings plc

Type	Public limited company
Traded as	LSE: ARM NASDAQ: ARMH
Industry	RISC Semiconductors Microprocessors
Founded	1990 (Cambridge)
Founder(s)	Robin Saxby, Jamie Urquhart, Mike Muller, Tudor Brown, Lee Smith, John Biggs, Harry Oldham, Dave Howard, Pete Harrod, Harry Meekings, Al Thomas, Andy Merritt, David Seal[1]
Headquarters	Cambridge, United Kingdom
Key people	Doug Dunn (Chairman) Warren East (CEO)
Products	Processor IP; Physical IP
Revenue	£491.8 million (2011)[2]
Operating income	£149.0 million (2011)[2]
Net income	£112.6 million (2011)[2]
Employees	2,000 (2012)[3]
Website	arm.com

The entrance to ARM1, one of the buildings on ARM's campus in Cambridge, England (52°10′54″N 0°10′42″E / 52.18177°N 0.17824°E / 52.18177; 0.17824)

Stitched panorama of building ARM I by architects Barber – Casanovas – Ruffles at Peterhouse Technology Park, Cambridge.^[4]

ARM Holdings plc (LSE: ARM, NASDAQ: ARMH) is a British multinational semiconductor and software design company headquartered in Cambridge. Its largest business is in processors, although it also designs software development tools under the RealView and Keil brands, systems and platforms, system-on-a-chip infrastructure and software. It is considered to be market dominant in the field of mobile phone chips and is arguably the best-known of the 'Silicon Fen' companies.^[5]

The company was founded as Advanced RISC Machines, ARM, a joint venture between Acorn Computers, Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) and VLSI Technology. The new company intended to further the development of the Acorn RISC Machine's RISC chip, which was originally used in the Acorn Archimedes and had been selected by Apple for their Newton project. The design was flexible and is now the processing core for many custom application-specific integrated circuits.

ARM Holdings has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a secondary listing on NASDAQ.

Name[link]

The acronym ARM, first used in 1983, originally stood for "Acorn RISC Machine." However, when the company was incorporated in 1990, the acronym was changed to stand for "Advanced RISC Machines" in the company name "Advanced RISC Machines Ltd." Then, at the time of the IPO in 1998, the company name was changed to "ARM Holdings".^[6]

History[link]

The Company was founded in November 1990 as Advanced RISC Machines Ltd and structured as a joint venture between Acorn Computers, Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) and VLSI Technology.^[7][8][9] Its first profitable year was 1993. The Company's Silicon Valley and Tokyo offices were opened in 1994. In 1997, ARM Holdings invested in Palmchip Corporation to provide a system on chip platforms and to enter into the disk drive market.^[10] In 1998 the Company changed its name from Advanced RISC Machines Ltd to ARM Ltd.^[11] The Company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ in 1998.^[12] Apple's shareholding had fallen to 14.8% by February 1999.^[13]

In 1999, ARM acquired Micrologic Solutions, a software consulting company based in Cambridge.^[14] Further expansion followed in 2000 when ARM acquired Allant Software, a developer of debugging software;^[15] Infinite Designs, a design company based in Sheffield^[16] and EuroMIPS a smart card design house in Sophia Antipolis, France.^[17] In 2001, ARM acquired the engineering team of Noral Micrologics, a debug hardware and software company based in Blackburn, UK.^[18] The Company's China office was opened in 2002. In 2003, ARM acquired Adelante Technologies of Belgium, creating its OptimoDE data engines business, a form of lightweight DSP engine.^[19]

In 2004, ARM acquired Axys Design Automation, a developer of ESL design tools;^[20] and Artisan Components, a designer of Physical IP (standard cell libraries, Memory Compilers, PHYs etc.), the building blocks of integrated circuits.^[21] Further acquisitions followed in 2005 when ARM acquired KEIL Software, a leading developer of software development tools for the microcontroller market, including 8051 and C16x platforms.^[22] ARM also acquired the engineering team of PowerEscape. In 2006, ARM acquired Falanx (now called ARM Norway), a developer of 3D graphics accelerators,^[23] and SOISIC, who specialise in developing silicon-on-insulator physical IP.^[24] In 2010, ARM joined with IBM, Texas Instruments, Samsung, ST-Ericsson and Freescale Semiconductor in forming a Not For Profit Open Source engineering company, Linaro.^[25] In 2011, ARM bought Obsidian Software Inc., a privately held company that creates processor verification products.^[26] In November 2011, ARM acquired Prolific, a developer of automated layout optimisation software tools, and the Prolific team will join the ARM physical IP team.^[27]

Business model[link]

Unlike other microprocessor corporations such as AMD, Intel, Freescale (formerly Motorola) and Renesas (formerly Hitachi and Mitsubishi Electric),^[28] ARM only licenses its technology as intellectual property (IP), rather than manufacturing its own CPUs. Thus, there are a few dozen companies making processors based on ARM's designs. Intel, Samsung,^[29] Texas Instruments, Atmel, Freescale, Nvidia, Qualcomm and Renesas have all licensed ARM technology. In the fourth quarter of 2010, 1.8 billion chips based on an ARM design were manufactured.^[30]

ARM Holdings' strategy is by 2015 to have ARM-based processors in more than half of all tablets, mini-notebooks and other mobile PCs sold.^[31]

Operations[link]

The company has offices and design centres across the world, including San Jose, California, United States; Austin, Texas, United States; Olympia, Washington, United States; Trondheim, Norway; Sophia Antipolis, France; Munich, Germany; Taiwan; Yokohama, Japan; China; India; and Slovenia.^[32]

An ARM processor in a Hewlett-Packard PSC-1315 printer.

Technology[link]

A characteristic feature of ARM processors is their low electric power consumption, which makes them particularly suitable for use in portable devices.^[33] In fact, almost all modern mobile phones and personal digital assistants contain ARM CPUs, making them the most widely used 32-bit microprocessor family in the world. Today ARMs account for over 75% of all 32-bit embedded CPUs.^[34]

ARM processors are used as the main CPU for most mobile phones, including those manufactured by Apple, HTC, Nokia, Sony Ericsson and Samsung;^[35] many PDAs and handhelds, like the Apple iPod and iPad,^[36][37] Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS, Game Park GP32 and GamePark Holdings GP2X; as well as many other applications, including GPS navigation devices, digital cameras, digital televisions, network devices and storage.^[38] The WLAN processor of Sony's PlayStation Portable is an ARM9^[39]

Sales and market share[link]

This section requires expansion.

In 2010, over 6.1 billion ARM-based chips were sold, with a 55% unit increase from 2009.^[40] Here are ARM-based products' market share in different market segments in 2010: over 95% in smartphone market; 10% in mobile computers; 35% in digital TVs and set-top boxes; however, ARM did not have any market share in servers and desktop PCs.^[40]

With Microsoft's new ARM-based Windows 8 OS coming in 2012, market research firm IHS predicted that in 2015 23% of all the PCs in the world will use ARM processors.^[41]

In 2011, ARM's total revenue was $192 million in the third quarter, an increase of 22% compared to the same quarter of 2010, due to 28 new chip licensing revenue.^[42] ARM extends to server markets. HP will start producing servers using ARM-based chips in 2012.^[43] Also, Calxeda introduced the first ARM-based server chip in November 2011.^[44]

Partnerships[link]

Microsoft[link]

In 2011, Microsoft demonstrated Internet Explorer 10 at the MIX11 show in Las Vegas. For around 30 seconds of the 90-minute talk, they mentioned that some of the demos were running on an ARM computer.^[45] At 2011 CES, Microsoft revealed that Windows 8 operating system will break the x86 shackles and run on ARM architecture platforms.^[46] During Microsoft's presentation of Windows 8, a handful of the company's hardware partners showed off tablets and notebooks running the OS, including ARM Holdings instead of Intel and AMD.^[47]

University of Michigan[link]

In 2011, ARM renewed a five-year, $5 million research partnership with University of Michigan, which extended their existing research partnership to 2015. This partnership will focus on ultra-low energy and sustainable computing.^[48][49]

Senior management[link]

Warren East was appointed Chief Executive Officer of ARM Holdings in October 2001. In the 2011 financial year East received a total compensation of £1,187,500 from ARM, comprising a salary of £475,000 and a bonus of £712,500.^[50][51] President and co-founder, Tudor Brown, announced in November 2011 his planned retirement from ARM in 2012.^[52]

See also[link]

• ARM architecture

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: ARM Limited

• Official website

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