French Republic République française
← 1792–1804 →
Flag
Motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité, ou la mort! Liberty, equality, brotherhood, or the death!
Anthem La Marseillaise[1]
French First Republic (c. 1800)
Capital	Paris
Language(s)	French
Government	Republic
Assembly
- 1792–1795	National Convention with Maximilien Robespierre leading the Convention
- 1795–1799	Directory with Paul Barras leading the Directory
- 1799–1804	Consulate with Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul
Legislature	National Convention French Directory French Consulate
History
- Storming of the Bastille and French Revolution	14 July 1789
- Overthrow of Louis XVI	21 September 1792
- Committee of Public Safety and Reign of Terror	5 September 1793 to 28 July 1794 Abolishment of slavery 4 February 1794.
- Thermidorean Reaction	24 July 1794
- Coup of 18 Brumaire	9 November 1799
- Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed emperor by the Senate	18 May 1804
Currency	French Franc

Map of France by Louis Capitaine (1800)

The French First Republic (French: Première République française) was founded on 22 September 1792, by the newly established National Convention. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First French Empire in 1804 under Napoleon I. This period is characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the infamous Reign of Terror, the founding of the Directory and the Thermidorian Reaction, and finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon’s rise to power.

End of the monarchy in France[link]

Under the Legislative Assembly, which was in power before the proclamation of the First Republic, France was engaged in war with Prussia and Austria. In July 1792, the Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued his Brunswick Manifesto, in which he threatened the destruction of Paris should any harm come to King Louis XVI. The foreign threat exacerbated France's political turmoil amid the French Revolution and deepened the passion and sense of urgency among the various factions. In the violence of 10 August 1792, citizens stormed the Tuileries Palace, killing six hundred of the King’s Swiss guards and insisting on the removal of the king.^[2] A renewed fear of anti-revolutionary action prompted further violence, and in the first week of September 1792, mobs of Parisians broke into the city’s prisons, killing over half of the prisoners. This included nobles, clergymen, and political prisoners, but also numerous common criminals, such as prostitutes and petty thieves, many murdered in their cells—raped, stabbed, and slashed to death. This became known as the September Massacres.^[3]

History of France
This article is part of a series
Prehistory
Palaeolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Ancient history
Greek colonies
Celtic Gaul
Roman Gaul (50 BC–486 AD)
Early Middle Ages
The Franks
Merovingians (481 AD–751 AD)
Carolingians (751–987)
Middle Ages
Direct Capetians (987–1328)
Valois (1328–1498)
Early Modern
Valois-Orléans (1498–1515)
Valois-Angoulême (1515–1589)
House of Bourbon (1589–1792)
Kingdom of France (1492–1791)
Kingdom of France (1791–1792)
French Revolution (1789)
19th century
First Republic (1792–1804)
National Convention (1792–1795)
Directory (1795–1799)
Consulate (1799–1804)
First Empire (1804–1814)
Restoration (1814–1830)
July Revolution (1830)
July Monarchy (1830–1848)
1848 Revolution
Second Republic (1848–1852)
Second Empire (1852–1870)
Third Republic (1870–1940)
Paris Commune (1871)
20th century
French State (1940–1944)
Provisional Government (1944–1946)
Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
Fifth Republic (1958–present)
France Portal v t e

The National Convention[link]

As a result of the spike in public violence and the political instability of the constitutional monarchy, a party of six members of France’s Legislative Assembly was assigned the task of overseeing elections. The resulting Convention was founded with the dual purpose of abolishing the monarchy and drafting a new constitution. The Convention’s first act was to establish the French First Republic and officially strip the king of all political powers. The King, by then a private citizen bearing his family name of Capet, was subsequently put on trial for crimes of high treason starting in December 1792. On 16 January 1793 he was found guilty, and on 21 January, he was guillotined.^[4]

Throughout the winter of 1792 and spring of 1793, Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger. The new Convention did little to remedy the problem until late spring of 1793, occupied instead with matters of war. Finally, on 6 April 1793, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, headed by Maximilien Robespierre, and was given a monumental task: “To deal with the radical movements of the Enragés, food shortages and riots, the revolt in the Vendée and in Brittany, recent defeats of its armies, and the desertion of its commanding general.”^[5] Most notably, the Committee of Public Safety instated a policy of terror, and the guillotine began to fall on perceived enemies of the republic at an ever-increasing rate, beginning the period known today as the Reign of Terror.

Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body, in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793, which was ratified by popular vote in early August. However, the Committee of Public Safety was seen as an “emergency” government, and the rights guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the new constitution were suspended under its control. The Committee carried out thousands of executions against supposed enemies of the young Republic, to the point that the guillotine came to be known as “the national razor”—because it seemed to be falling on everybody’s neck.^[6] The Committee’s laws and policies took the revolution to unprecedented heights—they introduced the revolutionary calendar in 1793, closed churches in and around Paris as a part of a movement of dechristianization, tried and executed Marie Antoinette, and instituted the Law of Suspects, among others. Under Robespierre’s leadership, members of various revolutionary factions and groups were executed including the Hébertists and the Dantonists, many of whom had been Robespierre’s personal friends.^[5]

The war efforts were improving for France by 1794, due in part to the military excellence of Napoleon Bonaparte. Many in the National Convention were calling for a return to normalization, but Robespierre disagreed. Between the mass executions, the wild fear of the populace, and the institution of the Festival of Reason, by the middle of 1794 there was “a great deal of enthusiasm for ending the terror, [but] no one could figure out how to do it…The only thing that would end the terror, and apparently the only thing they could all agree upon, was the fall of Robespierre”.^[7] He was arrested on 27 July and executed on 28 July 1794 without trial.

The Directory[link]

After the fall of Robespierre, the Jacobin club was closed and the surviving Girondins were reinstated. In August, the National Convention adopted the Constitution of 1795. They reestablished freedom of worship, began releasing large numbers of prisoners, and most importantly, initiated elections for a new legislative body. On 3 November 1795, the Directory was established. Under this system, France was led by a bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper chamber called the Council of Elders (with 250 members) and a lower chamber called the Council of Five-Hundreds (with, accordingly, 500 members) and a collective Executive government of five members called the Directory (from which the historical period gets its name). Due to internal instability and French military disasters in 1798 and 1799, the Directory only lasted for four years.

The Consulate[link]

The period known as the French Consulate began with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799. Members of the Directory itself planned the coup, indicating clearly the failing power of the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte was a co-conspirator in the coup, and became head of the government as the First Consul. He would later proclaim himself emperor, effectively putting an end to the French First Republic and launching the age of the French First Empire.

References[link]

v t e  France topics Regimes Ancien Régime (Kingdom of France · Kingdom of the French) · French First Republic · First French Empire · Bourbon Restoration · July Monarchy · French Second Republic · Second French Empire · French Third Republic · German occupation during World War II / Vichy France · Provisional Government · French Fourth Republic · French Fifth Republic Historic periods Timeline · Prehistory · Celtic Gaul · Roman Gaul · Francia (West Francia) · Middle Ages · Early modern era · Long nineteenth century (French Revolution · Napoleonic era) · Twentieth century Geography Administrative divisions (Regions · Overseas collectivity · Departments · Arrondissements · Cantons · Communes) · Cities · Climate · Extreme points · Islands · Lakes · Mountains · Rivers Government and politics Constitution · Parliament (National Assembly · Senate) · Judiciary · Law · Law enforcement · President (List) · Prime Minister (List) · Cabinet · Foreign relations (Francophonie) · Elections · Political parties Military History · Wars · Air Force · Army · Navy · National Gendarmerie Economy Agriculture · Banque de France · Companies · Euro coins · Euronext Paris · Franc (CFP franc) · History · Taxation · Telecommunications · Tourism · Transport Culture Architecture (Architects) · Art (Artists) · Cinema (Actors) · Cuisine · Fashion · Gardens · Language · Literature (Writers) · Music (Composers) · Philosophy (Philosophers) · Public holidays · Sport · Theatre Media Internet · Newspapers · Radio · Television Society Demographics · Education · Health care · Human rights (LGBT rights) · People (List) · Poverty · Religion · Social class Symbols Marianne · Flag · Ensign · Emblem · Great Seal · "La Marseillaise" Category · Portal · WikiProject