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• Abdulino
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• 
  

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  Abdulino
  Coordinates: 53°42′0″N 53°40′0″E / 53.7°N 53.666667°E / 53.7; 53.666667
  Abdulino (Russian: Абду́лино) is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. Population: 20,183 (2010 Census preliminary results); 21,537 (2002 Census); 22,639 (1989 Census).
  
  
  vep:Abdulino
  
  wn.com/Abdulino
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  Abdulinsky District
  Abdulinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  
  
  wn.com/Abdulinsky_District
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  Adamovsky District
  Adamovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 51°30′58″N 59°56′12″E / 51.51611°N 59.93667°E / 51.51611; 59.93667
  
  wn.com/Adamovsky_District
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  Akbulaksky District
  Akbulaksky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 51°00′21″N 55°37′10″E / 51.00583°N 55.61944°E / 51.00583; 55.61944
  
  wn.com/Akbulaksky_District
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  Asekeyevsky District
  Asekeyevsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 53°34′N 52°48′E / 53.567°N 52.8°E / 53.567; 52.8
  
  wn.com/Asekeyevsky_District
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  Belyayevsky District
  Belyayevsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 51°24′37″N 55°27′32″E / 51.41028°N 55.45889°E / 51.41028; 55.45889
  
  wn.com/Belyayevsky_District
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  Buguruslan
  Buguruslan (Russian: Бугурусла́н) is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. Population: 49,737 (2010 Census preliminary results); 53,893 (2002 Census); 54,097 (1989 Census).
  It was founded in 1748.
  Administratively, along with six rural localities, it is incorporated as the Town of Buguruslan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the Town of Buguruslan is incorporated as Buguruslan Urban Okrug.
  vep:Buguruslan
  
  wn.com/Buguruslan
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  Buzuluksky District
  Buzuluksky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  
  
  wn.com/Buzuluksky_District
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  Dombarovsky District
  Dombarovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  
  
  wn.com/Dombarovsky_District
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  Gaysky District
  Gaysky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Village Starokhalilovo
  
  
  wn.com/Gaysky_District
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  Gazprom
  Open Joint Stock Company Gazprom (Открытое Акционерное Общество «Газпром», OAO Gazprom Russian: ОАО «Газпром», IPA: [ɡɐsˈprom]; traded as MICEX-RTS: GAZP, LSE: OGZD, FWB: GAZ) is the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company. Its headquarters are in Cheryomushki District, South-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow. Its name is a contraction of Russian: Газовая промышленность, tr. Gazovaya Promyshlennost, meaning "gas industry". Gazprom was created in 1989 when the Ministry of Gas Industry of the Soviet Union transformed itself into a corporation, keeping all its assets intact. The company was later privatized in part, but currently the Russian government holds a controlling stake.
  In 2008, the company produced 549.7 billion cubic metres (BCM) of natural gas, amounting to 17% of the worldwide gas production. In addition, the company produced 32 million tons of oil and 10.9 million tons of gas condensate. Gazprom's activities accounted for 10% of Russia's gross domestic product in 2008.
  
  wn.com/Gazprom
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  Ileksky District
  Ileksky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 51°31′30″N 53°22′50″E / 51.525°N 53.38056°E / 51.525; 53.38056
  
  wn.com/Ileksky_District
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  Kazakhstan
  Kazakhstan (ⁱ/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
  
  wn.com/Kazakhstan
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  Khanate of Khiva
  The Khanate of Khiva (Persian: خانات خیوه‎Uzbek: خیوه خانلیگی) was the name of an Uzbek state that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Persian occupation by Nadir Shah between 1740–1746. The Khans were the patrilineal descendants of Shayban (Shiban), the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Centered in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in Khiva City, the country was ruled by the Kungrads, a branch^{[citation needed]} of the Astrakhans, themselves a Genghisid dynasty. It covered present western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before Russian arrival at second half of 19th century.
  In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was much reduced in size and became a Russian protectorate. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic. In 1924, the area was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union and today is largely a part of Karakalpakstan and Xorazm Province in Uzbekistan.
  
  wn.com/Khanate_of_Khiva
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  Khujand
  Khujand (Tajik: Хуҷанд,خجند) (Greek: Alexandria Eschate (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη)), also transliterated as Khudzhand, Russian: Худжанд, formerly Khodjend or Khodzhent until 1936 and Leninabad (Leninobod, Ленинобод, لنین‌آباد) until 1991, is the second-largest city of Tajikistan. It is situated on the Syr Darya River at the mouth of the Fergana Valley. The population of the city is 149,000 (2000 census), down from 160,000 in 1989. It is also the capital of the northernmost province of Tajikistan, now called Sughd.
  The population in the city and the countryside around it, are heavily Persian speaking. Except for the towns of [Kasan] and Akhsikat in the Uzbek northeastern Fergana Valley, and the town of Baghistan, northeast of Tashkent, city of Khujand is the most northerly Persian-speaking city in the world.
  This is the site of Cyropolis, or the City of Cyrus. In his last expedition against the Saka tribe of Massagetae and shortly before his death in that battle, king Cyrus the Great the founder of the Persian Empire founded a city here which he named after himself. Greek authors maintain that later in time, Alexander of Macedon built a Greek settlement near Cyropolis (Khujand) in 329 BC and named it Alexandria Eschate (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη) or "Alexandria The Furthest". It would have formed a bastion for the Greek settlers against the Scythian tribes to the north of the Syr Darya, which the Greeks called the Jaxartes River. It became a major staging point on the northern Silk Road. Some famous Persian poets and scientists come from this city. Khujand is an integral part of the Iranic world and culture.
  
  wn.com/Khujand
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  Kuvandyk
  Coordinates: 51°28′33.96″N 57°21′6.84″E / 51.4761°N 57.3519°E / 51.4761; 57.3519
  Kuvandyk (Russian: Кувандык) is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the Sakmara River at the point where that river turns from south to west and leaves the mountains, at the southern end of the Ural Mountains, 194 kilometers (121 mi) east of Orenburg. Population: 26,176 (2010 Census preliminary results); 28,679 (2002 Census); 28,339 (1989 Census).
  It was founded in the end of the 19th century as a migrants' village of Pokrovka (Покро́вка). It was granted town status in 1953.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Kuvandyk
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  Kuvandyksky District
  Kuvandyksky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  
  
  wn.com/Kuvandyksky_District
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  Kvarkensky District
  Kvarkensky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 51°57′N 59°53′E / 51.95°N 59.883°E / 51.95; 59.883
  
  wn.com/Kvarkensky_District
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  Legnica
  Legnica [lɛɡˈɲit​͡sa] ( listen) (former Lignica, German: Liegnitz, Czech: Lehnice, Latin: Lignitium) is a town in south-western Poland, in Silesia, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the plain of Legnica, riverside: Kaczawa (left tributy of the Oder) and Czarna Woda. Between 1 June 1975 and 31 December 1998 Legnica was the capital of the Legnica Voivodeship. It is currently the seat of the county. Since 1992 the city is the seat of the Diocese of Legnica.
  As of 31 December 2009 (2009 -12-31)^[update] Legnica has 104,178 inhabitants and is the third largest city in the voivodeship (after Wrocław and Wałbrzych) and 38th in Poland. It also constitutes the southernmost and the largest urban center of Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy with agglomeration of 448.617 inhabitants. Legnica is the largest city of the Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy conurbation. Legnica is a member of the Association of Polish Cities.
  The area of Legnica was at the intersection of travel routes of Celtic and East Germanic tribes. Tacitus in his Germania and Ptolemy recorded the Lugii (Lygii) in Magna Germania, and mentioned their town of Lugidunum, which has been attributed to both Legnica and Głogów. When the East Germanic tribes left for southern Europe, West Slavic tribes moved in and were the first group to settle it permanently.
  
  wn.com/Legnica
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  Matveyevsky District
  Matveyevsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 53°30′34″N 53°28′44″E / 53.50944°N 53.47889°E / 53.50944; 53.47889
  
  wn.com/Matveyevsky_District
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  Mednogorsk
  Mednogorsk (Russian: Медного́рск) is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. Population: 27,290 (2010 Census preliminary results); 31,369 (2002 Census); 34,095 (1989 Census).
  It was founded in 1933 and was granted town status in 1939.^{[citation needed]}
  Administratively, along with six rural localities, it is incorporated as the Town of Mednogorsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the Town of Mednogorsk is incorporated as Mednogorsk Urban Okrug.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Mednogorsk
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  Moscow
  Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
  Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
  
  wn.com/Moscow
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  Novoorsky District
  Novoorsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 51°21′50″N 59°02′04″E / 51.36389°N 59.03444°E / 51.36389; 59.03444
  
  wn.com/Novoorsky_District
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  Novotroitsk
  Novotroitsk (Russian: Новотро́ицк) is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of and along the Ural River, 276 kilometers (171 mi) from Orenburg, on the border with Kazakhstan. In the east Novotroitsk almost borders Orsk: the distance between the two cities is less than 2 kilometers (1.2 mi). Population: 98,184 (2010 Census preliminary results); 106,315 (2002 Census); 106,084 (1989 Census).
  The history of Novotroitsk goes to the beginning of 20th century with a small farm much lost in the wilderness. Near it were the same farms Akkermanovsky, Beloshapochny, and the village of Khabarnoye. Several families of peasants—immigrants from Ukraine—settled near Silnova and named their settlement Novotroitsk.
  The 1930s were the time of large industrial buildings. Before Novotroitsk was founded, the villagers heard news of the construction of factories in Orsk, and the finding of minerals. Fersman, a well-known academician, spoke in his writings of the fabulous and wealthy Orsk region, and called Orsk-Khalilovsk area a "true gem of the Urals."
  
  wn.com/Novotroitsk
• Or River
  Or (Russian: Орь) is a river in Orenburg Oblast of Russia and Aktobe Province of Kazakhstan. It is a left tributary of the Ural River, and is 332 km long, with a drainage basin of 18 600 km². The river is formed by the confluence of the Shiyli and Terisbutak Rivers, which have their sources on the western slopes of the Mugodzhar Hills, and it joins the Ural River by the city of Orsk. Most of its discharge are from melting snow. The average discharge, 61 km from its mouth, is 21.3 m³/sek. The spring flooding lasts from April to mid-May. The rest of the year the waterlevel is very low. The river freezes in late October and is icebound until March - April. The river is used for irrigation and water supply.
  Coordinates: 51°11′08″N 58°32′28″E / 51.1856°N 58.5411°E / 51.1856; 58.5411
  
  wn.com/Or_River
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  Orenburg
  Orenburg (Russian: Оренбу́рг; IPA: [ərʲɪnˈburk]) is a transcontinental city on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies 1,478 kilometers (918 mi) southeast of Moscow, very close to the border with Kazakhstan. Population: 546,987 (2010 Census preliminary results); 549,361 (2002 Census); 546,501 (1989 Census). The highest point is at 154.4 m. As of 2012, the mayor of the city is Yury Mishcheryakov.
  The Russian Empire began plans for the expansion into Asia by construction of an eastern frontier fortress town in the southern Ural region to be named Orenburg in 1734. The colonists originally founded a settlement in 1735 at the confluence of the Ural River with the Or River. The town's name meant "fortress near the Or," as Burg is German for fortress. This settlement changed its name in 1739 to Orsk. An attempt was made to found another Orenburg about 175 kilometers (109 mi) west at a location called Krasnogor, or "Red Hill," in 1741, but this settlement failed. A third Orenburg was successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev at its present location approximately 250 kilometers (160 mi) west down the Ural from Orsk in 1743. This third Orenburg functioned as an important military outpost on the frontier with the nomadic Kazakhs. It became the center for the Orenburg Cossacks.
  
  wn.com/Orenburg
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  Orenburg Oblast
  Orenburg Oblast (Russian: Оренбу́ргская о́бласть, Orenburgskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name Chkalov Oblast (Чка́ловская о́бласть) in honor of Valery Chkalov. Population: 2,033,072 (2010 Census).
  The most important river of the oblast is the Ural.
  Orenburg is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
  Population: 2,033,072 (2010 Census); 2,179,551 (2002 Census); 2,174,459 (1989 Census).
  According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition of the oblast was as follows:
  The main religion is Orthodox Christianity, while a minority is Muslim.
  Orenburg Oblast is one of the major agricultural areas of Russia. Its climate is favorable for farming: humid spring, dry summer and a large number of sunny days make perfect conditions for cultivating hard wheat and rye, sunflowers, potatoes, peas, beans, corn, and gourds.
  The range of the oblast's export commodities includes: oil and oil products, gas and gas produced products, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, nickel, asbestos, chromium compounds, rough copper, electric engines, radiators, products of machine-building industry.
  
  wn.com/Orenburg_Oblast
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  Orenburgsky District
  Orenburgsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  
  
  wn.com/Orenburgsky_District
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  Orsk
  Orsk (Russian: Орск) is the second largest city in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the steppe about 100 kilometers (62 mi) southeast of the southern tip of the Ural Mountains. The city straddles the Ural River. Since this river is considered a boundary between Europe and Asia, Orsk can be said to lie in two continents. It is served by the Orsk Airport. Population: 239,752 (2010 Census preliminary results); 250,963 (2002 Census); 270,711 (1989 Census).
  The city is located where the Ural River turns from south to west and where the Or River comes in from the southeast (whence the name). It was as part of the Orenburg Line of forts.
  The mayor of the city is Viktor Frants, who was elected in October 2010.
  Orsk was founded in 1735 in the process of the Russian colonization of Bashkiria and the Southern Ural region.^{[citation needed]} The first settlement was founded by an expedition headed by Ivan Kirilov as a military fortification at the Mount Preobrazhenskaya on the left bank of the Yaik River (presently Ural River). Originally called Orenburg, its name was changed to Orsk in 1739. In 1743, the name of Orenburg was transferred to the town which is now known under this name; it is located 250 kilometers (160 mi) west of Orsk. At its foundation it marked a southeastern projection of European Russia toward the steppes of Central Asia. It housed an exchange post and Russian customs that dealt with traders from Kazakhstan and Asia.
  
  wn.com/Orsk
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  Poland
  Poland ⁱ/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
  
  wn.com/Poland
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  Russia
  Russia ⁱ/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
  
  wn.com/Russia
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  Russian Empire
  The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская Империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the short-lived Russian Republic, which was succeeded by the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America.
  At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean and into North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe at the time of its demise.
  
  wn.com/Russian_Empire
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  Sakmarsky District
  Sakmarsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 51°59′30″N 55°19′53″E / 51.99167°N 55.33139°E / 51.99167; 55.33139
  
  wn.com/Sakmarsky_District
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  Sharlyksky District
  Sharlyksky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 52°55′32″N 54°45′13″E / 52.92556°N 54.75361°E / 52.92556; 54.75361
  
  wn.com/Sharlyksky_District
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  Siberia
  Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
  Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
  Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
  Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
  
  wn.com/Siberia
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  Sorochinsk
  Sorochinsk (Russian: Сорочинск) is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the Samara River (Volga's tributary), 170 kilometers (110 mi) northwest of Orenburg. Population: 29,260 (2010 Census preliminary results); 30,136 (2002 Census); 26,721 (1989 Census).
  It was founded in 1737 as the fortress of Sorochinskaya (Сорочинская).^{[citation needed]} It had been known as the village of Sorochinskoye (Сорочинское) since the 19th century. It was granted town status and renamed Sorochinsk in 1945.^{[citation needed]}
  Administratively, it is incorporated as the Town of Sorochinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the Town of Sorochinsk is incorporated as Sorochinsk Urban Okrug.
  
  wn.com/Sorochinsk
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  Sorochinsky District
  Sorochinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  
  
  wn.com/Sorochinsky_District
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  Svetlinsky District
  Svetlinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 50°48′25″N 60°50′49″E / 50.80694°N 60.84694°E / 50.80694; 60.84694
  
  wn.com/Svetlinsky_District
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  Tajikistan
  Tajikistan (ⁱ/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان‎ Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
  Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
  After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
  
  wn.com/Tajikistan
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  Tashlinsky District
  Tashlinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 51°46′12″N 52°45′00″E / 51.77°N 52.75°E / 51.77; 52.75
  
  wn.com/Tashlinsky_District
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  Totsky District
  Totsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  
  
  wn.com/Totsky_District
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  Tyulgansky District
  Tyulgansky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  Coordinates: 52°20′37″N 56°09′15″E / 52.34361°N 56.15417°E / 52.34361; 56.15417
  
  wn.com/Tyulgansky_District
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  Ufa
  Ufa (Russian: Уфа́; IPA: [ʊˈfa]; Bashkir: Өфө) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is the industrial, economic, scientific and cultural center of the republic. Population: 1,062,300 (2010 Census preliminary results); 1,042,437 (2002 Census); 1,082,052 (1989 Census).
  The newspaper English Russia and the President of Bashkortostan coined Ufa as the Muslim centre of Russia.
  The city began as a fortress built on the orders of Ivan the Terrible in 1574, and originally bore the name of the hill it stood on, Tura-Tau. It was granted town status in 1586.
  In the 18th century Ufa evolved into an administrative, trading, manufacturing and cultural center of Russia. Ufa Municipal Public Bank was established on December 15, 1876.
  In 1918, Ufa was the residence of the Provisional All-Russian Government.
  On June 14, 1922, the Decree of the All-Union Central Executive Committee abolished Ufa Governorate, and Ufa became the capital of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
  
  wn.com/Ufa
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  United States
  The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
  At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
  
  wn.com/United_States
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  Yasnensky District
  Yasnensky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the 35 in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
  
  
  wn.com/Yasnensky_District

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  Alexander Pushkin
  Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин, tr. Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin; IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr sʲɪˈrɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn] ( listen); 6 June [O.S. 26 May] 1799 – 10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1837) was a Russian author of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature.
  Born into the Russian nobility in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen, and was widely recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo.
  While under the strict surveillance of the Tsar's political police and unable to publish, Pushkin wrote his most famous play, the drama Boris Godunov. His novel in verse, Eugene Onegin, was serialized between 1825 and 1832.
  Notoriously touchy about his honour, Pushkin fought a total of twenty-nine duels, and was fatally wounded in such an encounter with Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès. D'Anthès, a French officer serving with the Chevalier Guard Regiment, had been attempting to seduce the poet's wife, Natalya Pushkina. Pushkin's early death at the age of 37 is still regarded as a catastrophe for Russian literature.
  
  wn.com/Alexander_Pushkin
• Alexander Schmorell
  Saint Alexander Schmorell (16 September 1917 in Orenburg, Russia; – 13 July 1943 in Munich) was one of five Munich University students who formed a resistance group known as White Rose (Weiße Rose) which was active against Germany's Nazi regime from June 1942 to February 1943. In 2012, he was glorified as a New Martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.
  Schmorell's father, a medical doctor, was a German born and raised in Russia. Schmorell's mother was Russian, the daughter of a Russian Orthodox priest. Schmorell was baptised in the Russian Orthodox Church. His mother died of typhus during the Russian Civil War when he was two years old. In 1920 his widowed father married a German woman who, like him, grew up in Russia. Fleeing from the Bolsheviks they left Russia and moved to Munich, Germany, in 1921, when Schmorell was four years old. His Russian nanny came along with them and she took his late mother's place in his upbringing. Alexander Schmorell grew up bilingual, speaking both German and Russian. He was an Eastern Orthodox Christian who considered himself both German and Russian.
  
  wn.com/Alexander_Schmorell
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  Denis Istomin
  Denis Istomin (born September 7, 1986 in Orenburg, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a professional Uzbekistani tennis player. His career high rank is #39, achieved on August 30, 2010. He is coached by his mother.
  Born in Orenburg, Istomin, whose father is Uzbekistani, moved to Tashkent at age 3 months old. His tennis playing mother introduced him to the sport at an early age.
  Istomin broke into the top–200 late in 2005 and finished the year at #196. This year, he also wins his first Challenger tournament, in Bukhara.
  Istomin received the Asian Wildcard into the 2006 Australian Open where he played world number one Roger Federer. Federer won in three straight sets, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2. He spent much of 2006 in the top–200, reaching a career-high of #186 on May 1, and finished the year at #200 in singles.
  Istomin was slightly less successful in 2007, spending the entire year outside the top–200 in singles, but rallying towards the end of the year to finish at #230, again claiming the Asian Wild Card entry spot for the 2008 Australian Open. In any case, he won two Challenger titles, namely Karshi and, for a second time, Bukhara.
  
  wn.com/Denis_Istomin
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  Ivan Krylov
  Ivan Andreyevich Krylov (Russian: Ива́н Андре́евич Крыло́в) (February 13, 1769 – November 21, 1844) is Russia's best known fabulist. While many of his earlier fables were loosely based on Aesop and Jean de La Fontaine, later fables were original work, often satirizing the incompetent bureaucracy that was stifling social progress in his time.
  Ivan Krylov was born in Moscow, but spent his early years in Orenburg and Tver. His father, a distinguished military officer, died in 1779, leaving the family destitute. A few years later Krylov and his mother moved to St.Petersburg in the hope of securing a government pension. There, Krylov obtained a position in the civil service, but gave it up after his mother's death in 1788. His literary career began in 1783, when he sold a comedy he had written to a publisher. He used the proceeds to obtain the works of Molière, Racine, and Boileau. It was probably under the influence of these writers that he produced Philomela, which gave him access to the dramatic circle of Knyazhnin.
  
  wn.com/Ivan_Krylov
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  Ivan Neplyuyev
  Ivan Ivanovich Neplyuyev (15 November 1693 – 22 November 1773) was a Russian diplomat and administrator prominent in the service of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. His memoirs were published posthumously and his statue may be seen in Orenburg, the city he founded.
  Neplyuev was born into an impoverished noble family in Poddubye near Novgorod. He enrolled at the local mathematical school in 1714, transferred to the Petersburg Naval Academy and then furthered his education in the naval service of Venice and Spain. He returned to Russia in 1720, winning accolades from Peter I for his learning and wit. As a reward, he was asked to supervise the wharves of Saint Petersburg.
  In 1721, the Tsar dispatched Neplyuev as a secret envoy to Constantinople, where he would remain until 1734. He took part in the abortive Congress of Nemirov in 1737 and in the negotiations leading to the Belgrade Peace Treaty (1739). After Elizaveta Petrovna ascended the throne, Neplyuev was accused of irregularities and fell into disgrace, as many other dignitaries of the previous reign did.
  
  wn.com/Ivan_Neplyuyev
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  Joseph Kessel
  Joseph Kessel (10 February 1898 – 23 July 1979) was a French journalist and novelist.
  Kessel was born in Villa Clara, Entre Ríos, Argentina, because of the constant journeys of his father, a Lithuanian doctor of Jewish origin. Joseph Kessel lived the first years of his childhood in Orenburg, Russia, before the family moved to France. He studied in Nice and Paris, and took part in the First World War as an aviator.
  Kessel wrote several novels and books that were later represented in the cinema, notably Belle de Jour (by Luis Buñuel in 1967). He was also a member of the Académie française from 1962 to 1979. In 1943 he and his nephew Maurice Druon translated Anna Marly's song Chant des Partisans into French from its original Russian. The song became one of the anthems of the Free French Forces.
  Joseph Kessel died in Avernes, Val-d'Oise. He is buried in the Cimetière de Montparnasse in Paris.
  
  wn.com/Joseph_Kessel
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  Kazakhs
  The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар [qɑzɑqtɑ́r]; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and Mongolia).
  Kazakhs are descendants of the Turkic tribes - Argyns, Khazars, Qarluqs; and of the Kipchaks and Cumans (the Kipchaks and Cumans being one of their major ancestors) Proto-Tatar groups (Kiyat, Dughlat, Naimans, Kerait, Onggirat, Manghud, Jalayir) and other Proto Turkic tribes such as the Kankalis, origin and Iranian tribes like the Sarmatians, Saka and Scythians. Kazakhs populated the territory between Siberia and the Black Sea and remained in Central Asia when the Turkic and Turko-Tatar groups started to invade and conquer the area between the 5th and 13th centuries AD.
  The Kazakhs began using this name during either the 15th or 16th centuries. There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Some speculate that it comes from the Turkish verb qaz (to wander), because the Kazakhs were wandering steppemen; or that it derives from the prototurk word khasaq (a wheeled cart used by the Kazakhs to transport their yurts and belongings).
  
  wn.com/Kazakhs
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  Musa Cälil
  Musa Cälil (pronounced [muˈsɑ ʑæˈlil]; Arabic: موسا ﺟﮫليل; Jaŋalif: Musa Çəlil; Cyrillic: Муса Җәлил; full name: Musa Mostafa ulı Cälilev, Cyrillic: Муса Мостафа улы Җәлилев; Russian: Муса Джалиль, Муса Мустафович Залялов, Musa Dzhalil, Musa Mustafovich Zalyalov, also anglicized as Mussa Jalil [muˈsɑ dʒæˈlil]; February 15, 1906 – August 25, 1944) was a Soviet Tatar poet and resistance fighter. He is the only poet of the Soviet Union who was simultaneously awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union award for his resistance fighting, and the Lenin Prize for authoring The Moabit Notebooks; both the awards were awarded to him posthumously.
  Musa Cälil was born in Mustafino, a village in the Orenburg guberniya in the family of Junkman. He graduated Xösäyeniämadrassah in Orenburg. His first published works were revolutionary verses. The Turkic poetic tradition of aruz traced in Cälil's early works, which attributed to Ghisyanism, a style of revolt, found in the Tatar poetry of early 1920s. In 1919, he entered the underground Komsomol cell of Orenburg, which was under the control Whites that time. Then, Musa participated in the Russian Civil War against pro-White gangs, but due to his nonage he didn't fight at the front, but in a Red Army unit. In 1920, Cälil returned to his native village, establishing the pro-Communist youth organization The Red Flower there. He also became a Komsomol activist in Mustafino. He represented his village at the governorate Komsomol conference.
  
  wn.com/Musa_Cälil
• Paul Nazaroff
  Paul Nazaroff (Pavel Stepanovich Nazarov) (died 1942) was a Russian geologist and writer who was caught up in the Russian Revolution, and became the leader of a plot to overthrow Bolshevik rule in Central Asia.
  He was born in Orenburg about 1890, the son of the local mayor and mine owner. He qualified as a geologist at the University of Moscow. In August 1918 he was living openly at Tashkent under the local Soviet, while aiding both White and British Forces in Central Asia with information and assistance to help forestall the spread of Bolshevik power in the region. Arrested by the CHEKA in October 1918, he was one of the main organisers of a coup which temporarily overthrew the Tashkent Soviet on 6 January 1919, and incidentally freed him from prison. This was defeated when the railway workers changed sides when they learned that the new government was royalist and reactionary. Nazaroff himself managed to evade the pursuing Bolsheviks and escaped through the mountains to Kashgar in China in early 1920, as he tells in his book Hunted Through Central Asia (translated into English in 1932 and reissued is 2002).
  
  wn.com/Paul_Nazaroff
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  Valery Chkalov
  Valery Pavlovich Chkalov (Russian: Валерий Павлович Чкалов; IPA: [vɐˈlʲerʲɪj ˈpavləvʲɪt͡ʃ ˈt͡ʃkaləf]) (February 2, 1904 – December 15, 1938) was a Russian aircraft test pilot and a Hero of the Soviet Union (1936).
  Chkalov was born in the town of Vasilyevo, near Nizhni Novgorod, the son of a boiler maker. His mother died when he was six years old. Chkalov studied in the technical school in Cherepovets but later returned to work as an apprentice with his father and as a stoker on river boats. He saw his first plane in 1919 and decided to join the Red Army's air force. He trained as a pilot and graduated in 1924 joining a fighter squadron. Chkalov married Olga Orekova in 1927. In the early 1930s he became a test pilot.
  Chkalov developed several new figures of aerobatics. In 1936 and 1937, he participated in several ultra long flights, including a 63-hour flight from Moscow, Soviet Union to Vancouver, Washington, United States via the North Pole on an Tupolev ANT-25 plane (June 18–20, 1937), a non-stop distance of 8,811 kilometres (5,475 mi). The flight pioneered the polar air route from Europe to the American Pacific Coast.
  
  wn.com/Valery_Chkalov
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  Vladimir Dal
  Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (alternatively transliterated as Dahl; Russian: Влади́мир Ива́нович Даль; Ukrainian: Володимир Іванович Даль, Volodymyr Ivanovych Dal; November 10, 1801 – September 22, 1872) was one of the greatest Russian language lexicographers. He was a founding member of the Russian Geographical Society. He knew at least six languages including Turkic and is considered to be one of the early Turkologists. During his lifetime he compiled and documented the oral history of the region that was later published in Russian and became part of modern folklore.
  His father was a Danish physician named Johan Christian von Dahl (1764 – October 21, 1821). He was a linguist versed in German, English, French, Russian, Yiddish, Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages. His mother, Maria Freitag, was of German and French descent (Huguenots). She spoke at least five languages and came from a family of scholars.
  The future lexicographer was born in the town of Lugansky Zavod, in Novorossiya under the jurisdiction of Yekaterinoslav Governorate, part of Russian Empire, which is now Luhansk, Ukraine.
  
  wn.com/Vladimir_Dal
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  Yemelyan Pugachev
  Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachov (e. 1742 – 21 January [O.S. January 10] 1775) (Russian: Емелья́н Ива́нович Пугачёв) was a pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II. Alexander Pushkin wrote a remarkable history of the rebellion, The History of Pugachov, and he recounted some of the events in his novel The Captain's Daughter (1836).
  Pugachov, the son of a small Don Cossack landowner, was the youngest son of four children. Born in the stanitsa Zimoveyskaya, he signed on to military service at the age of 17. One year later, he married a Cossack girl, Sofya Nedyuzheva, with whom he had a total of five children, two of whom died in infancy. Shortly after his marriage, he joined the Russian Second Army in Prussia during the Seven Years' War under the command of Count Zakhar Chernyshov. He returned home in 1762, and for the next seven years would divide his time between his home village and several service assignments. During this period, he was recognized for his military skill and achieved the Cossack rank of khorunzhii, which would be roughly equivalent to the post of company commander. It was also during this period, in 1770 at the siege of Bender, that he first displayed a flair for impersonation, boasting to his fellow comrades that his sword was given to him by his "godfather", Peter I.
  
  wn.com/Yemelyan_Pugachev
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  Yevgraf Fyodorov
  Yevgraf Stepanovich Fyodorov, sometimes spelled Evgraf Stepanovich Fedorov (Russian: Евгра́ф Степа́нович Фёдоров) (December 22, 1853–May 21, 1919), was a Russian mathematician, crystallographer, and mineralogist.
  Fyodorov was born in the Russian city of Orenburg into a family of engineers. The family later moved to Saint Petersburg.
  From the age of fifteen he was deeply interested in the theory of polytopes, which later became his main research interest.
  He was a distinguished graduate of the Gorny Institute, which he joined at the age of 26.
  He contributed to the identification of conditions under which a group of Euclidean motions must have a translational subgroup whose vectors span the Euclidean space.
  In 1895, he became a professor of geology at the Moscow Agricultural Institute (now the Timiryazev Academy).
  Fyodorov died from starvation in 1919 during the Russian Civil War in Petrograd, RSFSR.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Yevgraf_Fyodorov
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  Yuri Gagarin
  Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин,Russian pronunciation: [ˈjurʲɪj ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ɡɐˈɡarʲɪn]; 9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into outer space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961.
  Gagarin became an international celebrity, and was awarded many medals and honours, including Hero of the Soviet Union, the nation's highest honour. Vostok 1 marked his only spaceflight, but he served as backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission (which ended in a fatal crash). Gagarin later became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre outside Moscow, which was later named after him. Gagarin died in 1968 when a MiG 15 training jet he was piloting crashed.
  Yuri Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino near Gzhatsk (now in Smolensk Oblast, Russia), on 9 March 1934. The adjacent town of Gzhatsk was renamed Gagarin in 1968 in his honour. His parents, Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina, worked on a collective farm. While manual labourers are described in official reports as "peasants", his mother was reportedly a voracious reader, and his father a skilled carpenter. Yuri was the third of four children, and his elder sister helped raise him while his parents worked. Like millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World War II. After a German officer took over their house, the family constructed a small mud hut where they spent a year and nine months until the end of the occupation. His two older siblings were deported to Nazi Germany for slave labour in 1943, and did not return until after the war. In 1946, the family moved to Gzhatsk.
  
  wn.com/Yuri_Gagarin

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