• Almon Brown Strowger
• Alternating current
• Amplitude
• Analog signal
• Answering machine
• Antonio Meucci
• ARPANET
• Beacon
• Bell System
• BITNET
• Business
• Busy signal
• Call waiting
• Called party
• Calling party
• Camera phone
• Capacitor
• Carbon microphone
• Carbon transmitter
• Cellular network
• Central office
• Changeover switch
• Charles Bourseul
• Charles Wheatstone
• Claude Chappe
• Coaxial cable
• Colloquialism
• Computer network
• Consumer
• Cordless telephone
• Crosstalk
• Data packet
• Dependent territory
• Developed world
• Dial tone
• Digital loop carrier
• Digital Signal 1
• Digital signals
• Digital Telephony
• Direct current
• Drum (communication)
• DTMF
• Dynamic microphone
• Earphone
• Electrical telegraph
• Elisha Gray
• Ericsson
• Ethernet
• Fax
• Fiber optic
• Fiberoptic cable
• FidoNet
• Four-wire circuit
• Frequency
• Galvanic corrosion
• Geography
• Greek language
• Guglielmo Marconi
• Handset
• Harvard sentences
• Heliograph
• History of radio
• Hotspot (Wi-Fi)
• Human voice
• Hybrid coil
• Hydraulic telegraph
• Impedance matching
• Induction coil
• Innocenzo Manzetti
• Inside plant
• Internet
• Internet Archive
• Invention
• IP Phone
• Japan
• Johann Philipp Reis
• John Logie Baird
• L'Illustration
• Landline
• Lee De Forest
• Lineman's handset
• Liquid transmitter
• Local area network
• Local loop
• Long distance call
• Loudspeaker
• Magneto
• Magneto (electrical)
• Mass media
• Microphone
• Microwave
• Mobile browser
• Mobile phone
• Mobile telephony
• Model 102 telephone
• Multiplexing
• New York City
• Newsweek
• Nikola Tesla
• Numeric keypad
• Off hook
• Ohm
• Olivetti
• On hook
• Optical fiber
• Outside plant
• Packet switching
• Patent
• Patent caveat
• PCM
• Personal computer
• Philo Farnsworth
• Photophone
• Power outage
• PSTN
• Pulse dialing
• Push-button
• Radio
• Radio network
• Radio waves
• Radiotelephone
• Reginald Fessenden
• Reis telephone
• Richard R. John
• Ringer box
• Ringing signal
• Robert Sobel
• Rotary dial
• San Francisco
• Satellite phone
• Semaphore line
• Sidetone
• Signage
• Small appliance
• Smartphone
• Softphone
• SONET
• Sound
• Sound wave
• Sounds
• South Korea
• Sovereign state
• Sovereign territory
• Speakerphone
• Subscriber
• Sweden
• Switchboard operator
• Switching center
• Telecommunication
• Telecommunications
• Telegraph
• Telegraph key
• Telegraphy
• Telephone
• Telephone booth
• Telephone call
• Telephone company
• Telephone dial
• Telephone exchange
• Telephone keypad
• Telephone line
• Telephone network
• Telephone number
• Telephone plug
• Telephone tapping
• Telephony
• Television network
• Telex
• Template Asia topic
• Text messaging
• The Telephone Cases
• Thomas Edison
• Tim Berners-Lee
• Tip and ring
• Tivadar Puskás
• Touch-tone
• Transmission medium
• Transmitter
• Twisted pair
• Undersea cable
• Unicode
• Videophone
• Videotelephony
• Vint Cerf
• Vladimir K. Zworykin
• Voice coil
• Western Union
• Whistling
• Wide area network
• Wideband voice
• WiFi
• Wikipedia Link rot
• Wireless network
• World Wide Web
• 
  

• 
  Japan
  Japan ⁱ/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国  Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
  Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
  Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
  
  wn.com/Japan
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  New York City
  New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
  Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km²), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km²), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
  
  wn.com/New_York_City
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  San Francisco
  San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of about 46.9 square miles (121 km²) on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of about 17,179 people per square mile (6,632 people per km²). It is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 13th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 805,235 as of the 2010 Census. The San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan area has a population of 4,335,391.
  In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, increasing the population in one year from 1,000 to 25,000, and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
  
  wn.com/San_Francisco
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  South Korea
  South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk  listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
  Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
  Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
  
  wn.com/South_Korea
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  Sweden
  Sweden (ⁱ/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish:  Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
  At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
  Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
  
  wn.com/Sweden
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  World Wide Web
  The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web, or the "Information Superhighway"), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
  Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems like ENQUIRE, British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web. At CERN, a European research organization near Geneva situated on Swiss and French soil, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "... to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will", and they publicly introduced the project in December.
  In the May 1970 issue of Popular Science magazine Arthur C. Clarke was reported to have predicted that satellites would one day "bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to your fingertips" using a console that would combine the functionality of the Xerox, telephone, television and a small computer, allowing data transfer and video conferencing around the globe. Clarke also determined that geosyncronous orbit would be possible at the altitude of 22,000 miles, which is why that region is called the Clarke Belt.
  
  wn.com/World_Wide_Web

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  Alfred Vail
  Alfred Lewis Vail (September 25, 1807 – January 18, 1859) was a machinist and inventor. Vail was central, with Samuel F. B. Morse, in developing and commercializing the telegraph between 1837 and 1844. Vail and Morse were the first two telegraph operators on Morse's first experimental line between Washington, DC, and Baltimore, and Vail took charge of building and managing several early telegraph lines between 1845 and 1848. He was also responsible for several technical innovations of Morse's system, particularly the sending key and improved recording registers and relay magnets. Vail left the telegraph industry in 1848 because he believed that the managers of Morse's lines did not fully value his contributions. His last assignment, superintendent of the Washington and New Orleans Telegraph Company, paid him only $900 a year, leading Vail to write to Morse, "I have made up my mind to leave the Telegraph to take care of itself, since it cannot take care of me. I shall, in a few months, leave Washington for New Jersey, ... and bid adieu to the subject of the Telegraph for some more profitable business."
  
  wn.com/Alfred_Vail
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  Almon Brown Strowger
  Almon Brown Strowger (Penfield, New York, United States, Feb 11, 1839 – St. Petersburg, Florida, United States, May 26, 1902) gave his name to the electromechanical telephone exchange technology that his invention and patent inspired.
  Strowger was born in Penfield, near Rochester, New York. Little information is available about his early life, but it is known that he was the grandson of the second settler and first miller in Penfield. In her history of the Town of Penfield, Katherine Thompson reports that if his mother gave her children a task, he and his brothers would spend most of their time figuring out a machine that would do the task for them. He taught school in Penfield for a time, and served in the 8th New York Volunteer Cavalry during the American Civil War. It is believed that he fought in the Second Battle of Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia.
  After the Civil War, it appears he first became a country school teacher before he became an undertaker. He is variously attributed as living in El Dorado, Kansas or Topeka, Kansas, and finally Kansas City, Missouri. It is not clear where his idea of an automatic telephone exchange was originally conceived, but his patent application identifies him as being a resident of Kansas City, Missouri on March 10, 1891.
  
  wn.com/Almon_Brown_Strowger
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  Antonio Meucci
  Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci (Italian: [anˈtɔːnjo meˈuttʃi]; 1808–1889) was an Italian-American inventor and a friend of the revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was best known for developing a voice communication apparatus which several sources credit as the first telephone.
  Meucci set up a form of voice communication link in his Staten Island home that connected its second floor bedroom to his laboratory. He submitted a patent caveat for his telephonic device to the U.S. Patent Office in 1871, but there was no mention of electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound in his caveat. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for the electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound by undulatory electric current.
  Meucci was born at Via dei Serragli 44 in the San Frediano borough of Florence,Grand Duchy of Tuscany, (now in the Italian Republic), on 13 April 1808, as the first of nine children to Amatis and Domenica Meucci. Amatis was an officer of the local police and his mother was principally a homemaker. Four of Meucci's siblings did not survive childhood.
  
  wn.com/Antonio_Meucci
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  Busy signal
  A busy signal (or busy tone or engaged tone) in telephony is an audible or visual signal to the calling party that indicates failure to complete the requested connection of that particular telephone call.
  There are several distinctly different types of busy signals:
  Many different countries have different signalling tones that act as "busy signals".
  
  wn.com/Busy_signal
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  Charles Bourseul
  Charles Bourseul (28 April 1829 – 23 November 1912) was a pioneer in development of the "make and break" telephone about 20 years before Bell made a practical telephone.
  Bourseul was born in Brussels, Belgium, and grew up in Douai, France. His father was a French army officer. Charles worked for the telegraph company as a civil engineer and mechanic. He made improvements to the telegraph system of L. F. Breguet (a French instrument maker ) and Samuel F. B. Morse. Charles Bourseul experimented with the electrical transmission of the human voice and developed an electromagnetic microphone, but his telephone receiver was unable to convert electrical current back into clear human voice sounds.
  In 1854 Bourseul wrote a memorandum on the transmission of the human voice by electrical currents that was first published in a magazine L'Illustration (Paris), though no prototype was built. That is about the same time that Meucci later claimed to have created his first attempt at the telephone in Italy.
  
  wn.com/Charles_Bourseul
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  Charles Wheatstone
  Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS (6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development of the Wheatstone bridge, originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie, which is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance, and as a major figure in the development of telegraphy.
  Charles Wheatstone was born in Barnwood Gloucester Gloucester. His father was a music-seller in the town, who moved to 128 Pall Mall, London, four years later, becoming a teacher of the flute. Charles, the second son, went to a village school, near Gloucester, and afterwards to several institutions in London. One of them was in Kennington, and kept by a Mrs. Castlemaine, who was astonished at his rapid progress. From another he ran away, but was captured at Windsor, not far from the theatre of his practical telegraph. As a boy he was very shy and sensitive, liking well to retire into an attic, without any other company than his own thoughts.
  
  wn.com/Charles_Wheatstone
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  Claude Chappe
  Claude Chappe (December 25, 1763 – January 23, 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system that eventually spanned all of France. This was the first practical telecommunications system of the industrial age, making Chappe the first telecom mogul with his "mechanical internet."
  Chappe was born in Brûlon, Sarthe, France, the grandson of a French baron. He was raised for church service, but lost his sinecure during the French Revolution. He was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen.
  He and his four unemployed brothers decided to develop a practical system of semaphore relay stations, a task proposed in antiquity, yet never realized.
  Claude's brother, Ignace Chappe (1760–1829) was a member of the Legislative Assembly during the French Revolution. With his help, the Assembly supported a proposal to build a relay line from Paris to Lille (fifteen stations, about 120 miles), to carry dispatches from the war.
  The Chappe brothers determined by experiment that the angles of a rod were easier to see than the presence or absence of panels. Their final design had two arms connected by a cross-arm. Each arm had seven positions, and the cross-arm had four more permitting a 196-combination code. The arms were from three to thirty feet long, black, and counterweighted, moved by only two handles. Lamps mounted on the arms proved unsatisfactory for night use. The relay towers were placed from 12 to 25 km (10 to 20 miles) apart. Each tower had a telescope pointing both up and down the relay line. Chappe first called his invention the "tachygraph", which means fast writer. A friend suggested a name meaning a far writer, telegraph.
  
  wn.com/Claude_Chappe
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  Elisha Gray
  Elisha Gray (August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an American electrical engineer who co-founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Gray is best known for his development of a telephone prototype in 1876 in Highland Park, Illinois and is considered by some writers to be the true inventor of the variable resistance telephone, despite losing out to Alexander Graham Bell for the telephone patent.
  Gray is also considered to be the father of the modern music synthesizer, and was granted over 70 patents for his inventions.
  Born into a Quaker family in Barnesville, Ohio, Gray was brought up on a farm. He spent several years at Oberlin College where he experimented with electrical devices. Although Gray was not a graduate of Oberlin College, he taught electricity and science at Oberlin and built laboratory equipment for Oberlin science departments.
  In 1862 while at Oberlin, Gray met and married Delia Minerva Shepard.
  In 1865 Gray invented a self-adjusting telegraph relay that automatically adapted to varying insulation of the telegraph line.
  
  wn.com/Elisha_Gray
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  Guglielmo Marconi
  Guglielmo Marconi (Italian pronunciation: [ɡuʎˈʎɛːlmo marˈkoːni]; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, known as the father of long distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio, and indeed he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". Much of Marconi's work in radio transmission was built upon previous experimentation and the commercial exploitation of ideas by others such as Hertz, Maxwell, Faraday, Popov, Lodge, Fessenden, Stone, Bose, and Tesla. As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of the The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in 1897, Marconi succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists. In 1924, he was ennobled as Marchese Marconi.
  Marconi was born in Bologna on April 25, 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian landowner, and his Irish wife, Annie Jameson, daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in the County Wexford, Ireland and granddaughter of John Jameson, founder of whiskey distillers Jameson & Sons. Marconi was educated privately in Bologna in the lab of Augusto Righi, in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno. As a child Marconi did not do well in school.Baptized as a Catholic, he was also a member of the Anglican Church, being married into it; however, he still received a Catholic annulment.
  
  wn.com/Guglielmo_Marconi
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  Innocenzo Manzetti
  Innocenzo Vincenzo Bartolomeo Luigi Carlo Manzetti (17 March 1826 – 17 March 1877) was an Italian inventor born in Aosta. Following his primary school studies he went to the Jesuit-run Saint Bénin Boarding School and then on to Turin where he was awarded a diploma in land surveying before returning to Aosta.
  In 1849 he constructed a flute-playing automaton, in the shape of a man, life-size, seated on a chair. Hidden inside the chair were levers, connecting rods and compressed air tubes, which made the automaton's lips and fingers move on the flute according to a program recorded on a cylinder similar to those used in player pianos. The automaton was powered by clockwork and could perform 12 different arias. As part of the performance it would rise from the chair, bow its head, and roll its eyes.
  Later he managed to get his automaton to play any piece performed by a musician on an organ by muting the organ's keys and connecting them to the automaton's fingers. A complex automaton was described in the same 1865 news article that described Manzetti's telephone. He also built, as a toy for his daughter, a wooden flying parrot which would beat its wings then, reportedly, rise into the air and hover for two or three minutes before settling on a shelf.
  
  wn.com/Innocenzo_Manzetti
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  Johann Philipp Reis
  Johann Philipp Reis (January 7, 1834 – January 14, 1874) was a self-taught German scientist and inventor. In 1861, he constructed the first make-and-break telephone, today called the Reis telephone.
  Reis was born in Gelnhausen, Germany. Reis's mother died while he was an infant, and he was raised by his paternal grandmother, a well-read, intelligent woman. At the age of six Reis was sent to the common school of his home town of Gelnhausen. Here his talents attracted the notice of his instructors, who advised his father to extend his education at a higher college. His father died before Reis was ten years old. His grandmother and guardians placed him at Garnier's Institute, in Friedrichsdorf, where he showed a taste for languages, and acquired both French and English, as well as a stock of miscellaneous information from the library.
  At the end of his fourteenth year, Reis was accepted to a Hassel Institute, at Frankfurt am Main, where he learned Latin and Italian. A love of science became apparent, and his guardians were recommended to send him to the Polytechnic School of Karlsruhe. His uncle wished him to become a merchant, and on March 1, 1850, Reis was apprenticed as a paints dealer in the establishment of J. F. Beyerbach, of Frankfurt, against his will. He told his uncle that he would learn the business chosen for him, but would continue his preferred studies as he could.
  
  wn.com/Johann_Philipp_Reis
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  John Logie Baird
  John Logie Baird FRSE (13 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottishengineer and inventor of the world's first practical, publicly demonstrated television system, and also the world's first fully electronic colour television tube. Although Baird's electromechanical system was eventually displaced by purely electronic systems (such as those of Vladimir Zworykin, Marconi-EMI and Philo Farnsworth), Baird's early successes demonstrating working television broadcasts and his colour and cinema television work earn him a prominent place in television's invention. In 2002, Logie Baird was ranked number 44 in the list of the "100 Greatest Britons" following a UK-wide vote. In 2006, Logie Baird was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history, having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. The "Baird" brand name was first owned by Thorn-EMI and was sold off to a small Chinese manufacturer when Thorn-EMI was dissolved.
  Baird was born in [[Helensburgh], Argyll and Bute (then Dunbartonshire). He was educated at Larchfield Academy (now part of Lomond School) in Helensburgh; the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (which later became the University of Strathclyde); and the University of Glasgow. His degree course was interrupted by World War I and he never returned to graduate.
  
  wn.com/John_Logie_Baird
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  Lee De Forest
  Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor with over 180 patents to his credit. De Forest invented the Audion, a vacuum tube that takes relatively weak electrical signals and amplifies them. De Forest is one of the fathers of the "electronic age", as the Audion helped to usher in the widespread use of electronics. He is also credited with one of the principal inventions that brought sound to motion pictures.
  He was involved in several patent lawsuits and he spent a substantial part of his income from his inventions on the legal bills. He had four marriages and 25 companies, he was defrauded by business partners (as well as defrauding business partners himself), and he was once indicted for mail fraud, but was later acquitted.
  He typically signed his name "Lee de Forest."
  He was a charter member of the Institute of Radio Engineers, one of the two predecessors of the IEEE (the other was the American Institute of Electrical Engineers).
  DeVry University was originally named DeForest Training School, after Lee De Forest, by its founder Dr. Herman A. DeVry, who was a friend and colleague of De Forest's.
  
  wn.com/Lee_De_Forest
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  Nikola Tesla
  Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, and futurist. He was an important contributor to the use of commercial electricity, and is best known for developing the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. His many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were based on the theories of electromagnetic technology discovered by Michael Faraday. Tesla's patents and theoretical work also formed the basis of wireless communication and the radio.
  Born in the village of Smiljan (now part of Gospić, present day Croatia), Tesla was a subject of the Austrian Empire by birth and later became an American citizen. Because of his 1894 demonstration of short range wireless communication through radio and as the eventual victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America. He pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. In the United States during this time, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture. Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transfer to power electronic devices in 1891, and aspired to intercontinental wireless transmission of industrial power in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.
  
  wn.com/Nikola_Tesla
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  Philo Farnsworth
  Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor and television pioneer. Although he made many contributions that were crucial to the early development of all-electronic television, he is perhaps best known for inventing the first fully functional all-electronic image pickup device (video camera tube), the "image dissector", the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system, and for being the first person to demonstrate such a system to the public. Farnsworth developed a television system complete with receiver and camera, which he produced commercially in the form of the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, from 1938 to 1951.
  In later life, Farnsworth invented a small nuclear fusion device, the Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor, or simply "fusor", employing inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC). Although not a practical device for generating nuclear energy, the fusor serves as a viable source of neutrons. The design of this device has been the acknowledged inspiration for other fusion approaches including the Polywell reactor concept in terms of a general approach to fusion design. Farnsworth held 165 patents, mostly in radio and television.
  
  wn.com/Philo_Farnsworth
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  Reginald Fessenden
  Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (October 6, 1866 – July 22, 1932), a naturalized American citizen born in Quebec, Canada, was an inventor who performed pioneering experiments in radio, including early—and possibly the first—radio transmissions of voice and music. In his later career he received hundreds of patents for devices in fields such as high-powered transmitting, sonar, and television.
  Reginald Aubrey Fessenden was born October 6, 1866, in East-Bolton, Quebec, Canada, the eldest of the Reverend Joseph Elisha Fessenden and Clementina Trenholme Fessenden's four children. Joseph Fessenden was a priest of the Church of England in Canada, and through the years the family moved to a number of postings within the Province of Ontario. While growing up, Reginald was an accomplished student. In 1877, at the age of eleven, he attended Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario for two years. At the age of fourteen, Bishop's College School in Lennoxville, Quebec granted Fessenden a mathematics mastership. At this time, Bishop's College School was a feeder school of Bishop's University and shared the same campus and buildings. In June 1878, the school had an enrollment of only 43 boys. Thus, while Fessenden was only a teenager, he was teaching mathematics to the young children at the school while simultaneously studying with the older students at Bishop's University. Total enrollment at the university for the school year 1883-84 was twenty-five students. At the age of eighteen, Fessenden left Bishop's without having been awarded a degree, even though he had "done substantially all the work necessary." (This lack of a degree may have hurt Fessenden's employment opportunities; when McGill University established an electrical engineering department, Fessenden was turned down on an application to be the chairman, in favor of an American.)
  
  wn.com/Reginald_Fessenden
• Robert Sobel
  Robert Sobel (February 19, 1931 — June 2, 1999) was an American professor of history at Hofstra University, and a well-known and prolific writer of business histories.
  Sobel was born in the Bronx, in New York City, New York. He completed his B.S.S. (1951) and M.A. (1952) at City College of New York, and after serving in the U.S. Army, obtained a Ph.D. from New York University in 1957. He started teaching at Hofstra in 1956. Sobel eventually became Lawrence Stessin Distinguished Professor of Business History at Hofstra. After his death, the university established the Robert Sobel Endowed Scholarship for Excellence in Business History and Finance.
  Sobel's first business history, published in 1965, was The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market. It was the first history of the stock market written in over a generation. The book was met with favorable reviews, and solid sales, and Sobel's writing career was launched. Several of his subsequent books were best sellers.
  Besides writing more than 30 books, Sobel authored many articles, book reviews, and scripts for television documentaries and mini-series. From 1972 to 1988, Sobel's weekly investment column, "Knowing the Street," was nationally syndicated through New York Newsday. He was also regularly published in national periodicals, including The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. At the time of his death, Sobel was also a contributing editor to Barron's Magazine. He was a regular guest on financial and other news shows, such as Wall Street Week and Crossfire.
  
  wn.com/Robert_Sobel
• 
  Thomas Edison
  Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
  Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
  
  wn.com/Thomas_Edison
• 
  Tivadar Puskás
  Tivadar Puskás (English: Theodore Puskás b. 17 September 1844, Pest - d. 16 March 1893, Budapest) was a Hungarian inventor, telephone pioneer, and inventor of the telephone exchange He was also the founder of Telefon Hírmondó.
  The Puskás family from Ditró was part of the Transylvanian Hungarian nobility. Puskás studied law and later engineering sciences. After living in England and working for the Warnin Railway Construction Company he returned to Hungary. In 1873, on the occasion of the World Exhibition in Vienna, he founded the Puskás Travel Agency, the fourth-oldest in the world^{[citation needed]} and the first travel agency in Central Europe. After this, Puskás moved to Colorado and became a gold miner. It was while he was in America that Puskás exposed the American "energy machine" inventor Keley as a fraud.^{[citation needed]}
  Puskás was working on his idea for a telegraph exchange when Alexander Graham Bell co-invented the telephone. This led him to take a fresh look at his work and he decided to get in touch with the American inventor Thomas Edison.
  
  wn.com/Tivadar_Puskás
• 
  Vint Cerf
  Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf (/ˈsɜrf/; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn. His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology, the Turing Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and membership in the National Academy of Engineering.
  In the early days, Cerf was a program manager for the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology. When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s,^{[citation needed]} Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system (MCI Mail) connected to the Internet.
  Vinton Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start. Cerf waited in the wings for a year before he stepped forward to join the ICANN Board. Eventually he became the Chairman of ICANN. Cerf was elected as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery in May 2012.
  
  wn.com/Vint_Cerf

• Hygiaphone
• Métro (c'est trop)
• Flipper
• Crache ton venin
• Fait divers
• La bombe humaine
• Tu vas me manquer
• Au cœur de la nuit
• Argent trop cher
• 2000 nuits
• Fleur de ma ville
• Dure limite
• Ça (c'est vraiment toi)
• Le chat
• Cendrillon
• Un autre monde
• New York avec toi
• Electric cité
• Le jour s'est levé

• Crache ton venin
• Fait divers
• Parti de chez mes parents
• Facile
• La bombe humaine
• J'sais pas quoi faire
• Ne me regarde pas/ Regarde-moi
• Un peu de ton amour
• Tu vas me manquer

• Au cœur de la nuit
• Ploum ploum
• Pourquoi n'essaies-tu pas ?
• Seul
• Laisse tomber
• Un homme + un homme
• Les ils et les ons
• Argent trop cher
• Ordinaire
• 2000 nuits
• Fleur de ma ville
• La laisse
• Le silence

• Anna
• Sur la route
• Dans ton lit
• La vaudou (est toujours debout)
• Téléphomme
• Hygiaphone
• Métro (c'est trop)
• Prends ce que tu veux
• Flipper
• Crache ton venin
• Fait divers
• J'suis parti de chez mes parents
• Facile
• La bombe humaine
• J'sais pas quoi faire
• Ne me regarde pas
• Regarde-moi
• Un peu de ton amour
• Tu vas me manquer
• Téléphomme (live 81)

• New York avec toi
• Dure Limite
• Ex-Robin des bois
• 66 Heures
• Ce soir est ce soir
• T'as qu'ces mots
• La Bombe humaine
• Le vaudou est toujours debout
• Prends ce que tu veux
• Laisse tomber
• Le Silence
• J'sais pas quoi faire

• Crache ton venin
• Fait divers
• Au cœur de la nuit
• Ploum-ploum
• Fleur de ma ville
• Argent trop cher
• Ordinaire
• La Bombe humaine
• Laisse tomber
• Seul
• Telephomme
• Hygiaphone
• Tu vas me manquer
• Le Silence

• Anna
• Sur la route
• Dans ton lit
• Le vaudou (est toujours debout)
• Téléphomme
• Hygiaphone
• Métro (c'est trop)
• Prends ce que tu veux
• Flipper

• Au cœur de la nuit
• Fait divers
• Dure limite
• Un peu de ton amour
• La Bombe humaine
• Cendrillon
• New York avec toi
• Electric cité
• Le Taxi las
• Juste un autre genre
• Ce que je veux
• Argent trop cher
• Ça (c'est vraiment toi)
• Un autre monde
• Hygiaphone
• Fleur de ma ville

• Les Dunes
• New York avec toi
• Loin de toi (un peu trop loin)
• 66 heures
• Ce que je veux
• Le Garçon d'ascenseur
• Oublie ça
• T'as qu'ces mots
• Le Taxi las
• Electric cité
• Un autre monde

• Anna
• Sur la route
• Dans ton lit
• Le vaudou (est toujours debout)
• Téléphomme
• Hygiaphone
• Métro (c'est trop)
• Prends ce que tu veux
• Flipper

• Tout ça c'est du cinéma
• La bombe humaine (live)
• Hygiaphone
• Argent trop cher
• Crache ton venin
• Au cœur de la nuit
• Dure limite
• Ça (c'est vraiment toi)
• Un autre monde
• Oublie ça
• New York avec toi
• Electric cité
• Jour contre jour
• Le chat
• Le jour s'est levé
• Cendrillon (live)

• Anna
• Le vaudou (est toujours debout)
• Hygiaphone
• Métro (c'est trop)
• Flipper
• Crache ton venin
• Faits divers
• La Bombe humaine
• J'sais pas quoi faire
• Un peu de ton amour
• Au cœur de la nuit
• Ploum Ploum
• Un homme + un homme
• Argent trop cher
• Ordinaire
• Fleur de ma ville

• La Bombe humaine (live)
• Argent trop cher
• Un autre monde
• Le Vaudou (est toujours debout)
• Sur la route
• Au cœur de la nuit
• Oublie ça
• Jour contre jour
• Electric Cité
• Les Dunes
• Ce que je veux
• Loin de toi (un peu trop loin)
• Ce soir est ce soir
• Un peu de ton amour

• Le vaudou (est toujours debout)
• Sur la route
• Les Dunes
• Ce que je veux
• Ex-Robin des bois
• Tu vas me manquer
• Faits divers
• Ce soir est ce soir
• Un peu de ton amour
• Fleur de ma ville
• Métro (C'est trop)
• Loin de toi (Un peu trop loin)
• Flipper
• Au bout du rouleau (acoustique)
• Au bout du rouleau (électrique)

• La Bombe humaine (live)
• Hygiaphone
• Argent trop cher
• Crache ton venin
• Au cœur de la nuit
• Dure Limite
• Ça, c'est vraiment toi
• Un autre monde
• Oublie ça
• New-York avec toi
• Electric cité
• Jour contre jour
• Le Chat
• Le jour s'est levé
• Cendrillon (live)

• Anna
• Sur la route
• Hygiaphone
• Métro (C'est trop)
• Flipper
• Crache ton venin
• Fait divers
• J'suis parti de chez mes parents
• La Bombe humaine
• Ne me regarde pas
• Regarde-moi
• Un peu de ton amour
• Au coeur de la nuit
• Pourquoi n'essaies-tu pas ?
• Argen trop cher
• Ordinaire
• Fleur de ma ville

• Argent trop cher
• Ça c'est vraiment toi
• Cendrillon
• Le Chat
• Tu vas me manquer
• Un peu de ton amour
• Fleurs de ma ville
• Faits divers
• Oublie ça
• Les Dunes
• Flipper
• Loin de toi (un peu trop loin)

• Metro (c'est trop)
• Ordinaire
• Pourquoi n'essaies-tu pas
• Seul
• Ploum, ploum
• Fleur de ma ville
• Telephomme
• Dans ton lit
• J'suis parti de chez mes parents
• Le silence
• Prends ce que tu veux
• Le vaudou (est toujours debout)
• J'sais pas quoi faire

• Dure limite
• Ça (c'est vraiment toi)
• Jour contre jour
• Ex-Robin des Bois
• Le chat
• Serrez
• Le temps
• Cendrillon
• Juste un autre genre
• Ce soir est ce soir

Born: 1976-11-12

Died: 1986-04-21

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• timeline:
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