User's eye view of the “VCS 3”;^{[# 1]} top left, three main oscillators; bottom left, patch panel; bottom right, joystick. External keyboard not shown.
Note: it has printed logo “VCS 3”.

The VCS 3 (or VCS3; an initialism for Voltage Controlled Studio with 3 oscillators) is a portable analog synthesiser with a flexible semi-modular voice architecture, by Electronic Music Studios (London) Limited (EMS) in 1969. ^{[# 1]}

Note this product was called with various names, by EMS. For example, the printed logo written to the front left of products are: “VCS 3” on the earlier version, “The Synthi (VCS 3) II” or “The Putney (VCS 3) II” on the later version (Synthi VCS 3 II).^{[# 2]} (See details on below photographs)

Synthi VCS 3 II with printed logo “The Synthi (VCS 3) II”

Synthi VCS 3 II with printed logo “The Putney (VCS 3) II”

History[link]

It was created in 1969 by Peter Zinovieff's EMS company. The electronics were largely designed by David Cockerell and the machine's distinctive visual appearance was the work of electronic composer Tristram Cary. The VCS3 was more or less the first portable commercially available synthesiser—portable in the sense that the VCS 3 was housed entirely in a small, wooden case, unlike previous machines from American manufacturers such as Moog Music, ARP and Buchla which were housed in large cabinets and were known to take up entire rooms.

Significantly, it retailed for just under £330 in 1969 in the UK. Allegedly, (including the synthesiser enthusiast Gordon Reid in his articles on the EMS company for Sound on Sound magazine in 2000 ^[1]) many people considered it to be somewhat hopeless as a melodic instrument due to its inherent instability. This was a common attitude, due to the then-current electronic method of exponential conversion of voltage to oscillator frequency, and this included Moog synthesizers; however, the VCS 3 is renowned as an extremely powerful generator of electronic effects and processor of external sounds.

Artists looking to evoke a quaint, synthesised sound began to make the VCS3 popular, and thus, prices for the synthesiser reached as much as £3000 and even more for famous ones—higher even than when they were first released. ^{[note 1]}

The VCS3 was quite popular among progressive rock bands and was used on recordings by The Alan Parsons Project, Jean Michel Jarre, Hawkwind, Brian Eno (with Roxy Music), King Crimson, The Who, Gong, and Pink Floyd, among many others. Well-known examples of its use are on The Who tracks "Baba O' Riley" and "Won't Get Fooled Again" from Who's Next and Pink Floyd's "On the Run" from The Dark Side of the Moon.

The routing matrix on the VCS3

Description[link]

The VCS3 has three oscillators (in reality, the first 2 oscillators are normal oscillators and the 3rd an LFO or Low Frequency Oscillator), a noise generator, two input amplifiers, a ring modulator, a 18dB/octave (pre-1974) or 24dB/octave (after 1974) voltage controlled low pass filter (VCF),^{[citation needed]} a trapezoid envelope generator, joy-stick controller, voltage controlled spring reverb unit and 2 stereo output amplifiers. Unlike most modular synthesiser systems which use cables to link components together, the VCS3 uses a distinctive patch board matrix into which pins are inserted in order to connect its components together.

Keyboards controller

Keyboard controller connected to Synthi A

Although the VCS3 is often used for generating sound effects due to lack of built-in keyboard, there were external keyboard controllers for melodic play. The DK1 in 1969 was a earliest velocity sensitive monophonic keyboard for VCS3 with a extra VCO and VCA.^{[# 3]} Later it was extended for duophonic play, as DK2, in 1972.^{[# 4]} Also in 1972, Synthi AKS was released, and its digital sequencer with a touch-sensitive flat keyboard, KS sequencer^{[# 5]}, and its mechanical keyboard version, DKS,^{[# 6]} were also released.

Related models

The VCS3's basic design was reused by EMS in many other of their own products,^{[citation needed]} most notably in the EMS Synthi 100 (1971),^{[# 7]} and the Synthi A (1971)^{[# 8]} and AKS (1972) (essentially a VCS3 housed in a plastic briefcase). The AKS also has a sequencer built into the keyboard in the lid.^{[# 9]}

Also an earlier agent of EMS in the United States, Ionic Industries in the Morristown, Tennessee, have released portable-keyboard version of VCS3 clone. The Ionic Performer in 1973 was designed based on VCS3's circuit, replaced patch board matrix with over hundred of push-buttons, and added built-in keyboard and effects units. ^[2]

Development[link]

The original VCS No.1 was a hand-built rackmount unit with two oscillators, one filter and one envelope designed by Cockerell before the formation of EMS. When a benefactor, Don Banks, asked Zinovieff for a synthesiser, Zinovieff and Cockerell decided to work together on building an instrument that was small, portable, but very powerful and flexible. Thus came the VCS3, an entire new class of musical instrument.^{[citation needed]}

In popular culture[link]

A modified EMS VCS3 is presented as the "Harrington 1200" automatic song-writing machine in the "Music" episode of the British comedy Look Around You.

Notable users[link]

The embedded lists in this article may contain items that are not encyclopedic. Please help out by removing such elements and incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article. (September 2010)

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Note[link]

1. ^ In August 2010, VCS3 reached £6700 in an eBay auction.

References[link]

• Hinton, Graham (December 2002). "EMS: The Inside Story". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsstory.html. 
• Hinton, Graham (December 2002). "A Guide to the EMS Product Range - 1969 to 1979". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html. 
• Reid, Gordon (2000). "All About EMS, Part 1". Sound on Sound (November 2000). http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov00/articles/retrozone.htm. 
• Reid, Gordon (2000). "All About EMS, Part 2". Sound on Sound (December 2000). http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec00/articles/retrozone.asp. 

1. ^ Reid Nov. 2000.
2. ^ Dennis Bathory-Kitsz. "Killer - My Ionic "Performer" Synth (from Ionic Industories, made by Alfred Mayer)". http://www.maltedmedia.com/people/bathory/killer.html. 

models

1. ^ ^{a b} "VCS3 (aka The Putney) - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#vcs3. 
2. ^ "Synthi VCS3 II - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#vcs3ii. 
3. ^ "DK1 (aka The Cricklewood) - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#dk1. 
4. ^ "DK2 - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#dk2. 
5. ^ "KS - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#ks. 
6. ^ "DKS - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#dks. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "Synthi 100 (formerly Digitana, aka the Delaware) - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#synthi100. 
8. ^ ^{a b} "Synthi A (formerly Portabella) - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#synthia. 
9. ^ ^{a b} "Synthi AKS - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#synthiaks. 

External links[link]

official

• "Electronic Music Studios Home Page". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/. 
  • "An advertisement for the company, "every nun needs a Synthi"". Electronic Music Studios (London), Ltd. http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/snaps/everynun.jpg. 
• "EMS Home". EMS Rehberg (Germany). http://www.emsrehberg.de/. 

articles

• "THE EMS SYNTHI BLOG". http://www.thesynthi.de/. 

modification & resources

• Graham Hinton. "A Guide to EMS VCS3 & Synthi A/AKS Modifications & Servicing". Hinton Instruments. http://www.hinton-instruments.co.uk/ems/emsmods.html. 
• "An information on the EMS synthi A, KS and VCS3". http://www.nitrogen.myzen.co.uk/EMS/. 

software emulation

• "Synthi Avs Plug-In". EMS Rehberg. http://www.emsrehberg.de/SYNTHI__s/SYNTHI_Avs_plugin/synthi_avs_plugin.html.  — A (commercial) VST simulation of a VCS3/Synthi A
• "Cynthia". http://www.ninecows.dk/cynthia.  — A free VST based on the architecture of VCS3/Synthi A

Butch Cassidy
Fort Worth, Texas, 1900
Born	Robert LeRoy Parker (1866-04-13)April 13, 1866 Beaver, Utah, United States
Died	November 3, 1908 (Aged 42)
Cause	Uncertain, one theory: gunshot by Bolivian militia
Alias(es)	Butch Cassidy, Mike Cassidy, George Cassidy, Jim Lowe, Santiago Maxwell,
Charge(s)	Horse thief, cattle rustling, train and bank robbery
Conviction(s)	Imprisoned in the state prison in Laramie, Wyoming for horse theft
Penalty	Served 18 months of 2-year sentence; released January 1896
Occupation	Thief (train robber)
Spouse	None
Parents	Maximillian Parker and Ann Campbell Gillies
Children	none

Robert LeRoy Parker (April 13, 1866 – November 3, 1908), better known as Butch Cassidy,^[1] was a notorious American train robber, bank robber, and leader of the Wild Bunch Gang in the American Old West. After pursuing a career in crime for several years in the United States, the pressures of being pursued, notably by the Pinkerton Detective Agency, forced him to flee with an accomplice, Harry Alonzo Longabaugh, known as the Sundance Kid, and Longabaugh's girlfriend, Etta Place, first to Argentina and then to Bolivia, where he and Longabaugh were allegedly killed in a shootout in November 1908.

Early life[link]

Parker was born in Beaver, Utah, to Maximillian Parker and Ann Campbell Gillies, English and Scottish immigrants, respectively, who came to the Utah Territory in the late 1850's.^[2] Ann Gillies, the mother of Butch Cassidy was born and lived on Tyneside, Newcastle, North East England, before moving to America with her parents in the 1850s, where she married Butch’s father, Maximilian Parker, in Utah.^[3] Parker's parents had lived in Victoria Road in Preston, Lancashire, England and emigrated to escape religious persecution of their Mormon faith.^{[citation needed]}

He was the first of their 13 children. He grew up on their ranch near Circleville, Utah, 346 km (215 mi) south of Salt Lake City, Utah. He left home during his early teens, and while working at a dairy farm, looked up to, and was mentored by Mike Cassidy, a horse thief and cattle rustler. He subsequently worked at several ranches, in addition to a brief stint as a butcher in Rock Springs, Wyoming, when he acquired the nickname "Butch", to which he soon appended the surname Cassidy in honor of his old friend and mentor.

Life as a criminal[link]

1880-1887 — first incidents, becoming a robber[link]

Parker's first offense was minor. Around 1880, he journeyed to a clothier's shop in another town only to find the shop closed. He entered the shop and took a pair of jeans and some pie, leaving an IOU promising to pay on his next visit. However, the clothier pressed charges. Parker was acquitted at a jury trial.

He continued to work on ranches until 1884, when he moved to Telluride, Colorado, ostensibly to seek work but perhaps to deliver stolen horses to buyers. He led a cowboy's life in Wyoming and in Montana, before returning to Telluride in 1887. There he met Matt Warner, the owner of a race horse. The men raced the horse at various events, dividing the winnings between them .

1889-1895 — Early robberies, going to prison[link]

Parker, Warner and two of the McCarty Brothers were responsible for the robbery, on June 24, 1889, of the San Miguel Valley Bank in Telluride in which they stole approximately $21,000, after which they fled to the Robbers Roost, a remote hideout in southeastern Utah.

In 1890, Parker purchased a ranch near Dubois, Wyoming. This location is across the state from the notorious Hole-in-the-Wall, a natural geological formation which afforded outlaws much welcomed protection and cover, so it is possible that Parker's ranching, at which he was never economically successful, was in fact a façade for clandestine activities, perhaps with Hole-in-the-Wall outlaws.^[4]

In early 1894, Parker became involved romantically with Old West outlaw and rancher Ann Bassett. Bassett's father, rancher Herb Bassett, did business with Parker, supplying him with fresh horses and beef. That same year, Parker was arrested at Lander, Wyoming, for stealing horses and possibly for running a protection racket among the local ranchers there. Imprisoned in the state prison in Laramie, Wyoming, he served 18 months of a two-year sentence and was released in January 1896, having promised Governor William Alford Richards that he would not again offend in that state in return for a partial remission of his sentence. Upon his release, he became involved briefly with Ann Bassett's older sister, Josie, and then returned to his involvement with Ann.

1896-1897 — Leaving prison and forming the Wild Bunch[link]

Cassidy's mugshot from the Wyoming Territorial Prison in 1894.

Cassidy is seated on the far right Click a person for more information.

Upon his release he associated himself with a circle of criminals, most notably his closest friend Elzy Lay, Harvey "Kid Curry" Logan, Ben Kilpatrick, Harry Tracy, Will "News" Carver, Laura Bullion, and George Curry, who, together with others, formed a gang known as the Wild Bunch, and with this his criminal activity increased considerably. Although there is some controversy as to how violent the Wild Bunch may or may not have been, there is no definitive historical record of any member of The Wild Bunch being charged with murder ^[5].

On August 13, 1896, Parker, Lay, Harvey Logan and Bob Meeks^[6] robbed the bank at Montpelier, Idaho, escaping with approximately $7,000. Shortly thereafter he recruited Harry Longabaugh, alias "The Sundance Kid", a native of Pennsylvania, into the Wild Bunch.

In early 1897, Parker was joined at Robbers Roost by his off and on girlfriend Ann Bassett, Elzy Lay, and Lay's girlfriend Maude Davis. The four hid out there until early April, when Lay and Parker sent the women home so that they could plan their next robbery. On April 21, 1897, in the mining town of Castle Gate, Utah, Parker and Lay ambushed a small group of men carrying the payroll of the Pleasant Valley Coal Company from the railroad station to their office, stealing a sack containing $7,000 in gold, with which they again fled to the Robbers Roost.

On June 2, 1899, the gang robbed a Union Pacific overland flyer near Wilcox, Wyoming, a robbery that became famous and which resulted in a massive man hunt.^[7][8] Many notable lawmen of the day took part in the hunt for the robbers, but they were not found.

During one shootout with lawmen following that robbery, both Kid Curry and George Curry shot and killed Sheriff Joe Hazen. Noted killer for hire and contract employee of the Pinkerton Agency, Tom Horn, obtained information from explosives expert Bill Speck that revealed that they had shot Hazen, which Horn passed on to Pinkerton detective Charlie Siringo. The gang escaped into the Hole-In-The-Wall. Siringo was assigned the task of capturing the outlaw gang. He became friends with Elfie Landusky, who was by then going by the last name Curry alleging that Lonny Curry, Kid Curry's brother, had gotten her pregnant. Through her, Siringo intended to locate the gang.

On July 11, 1899, Lay and others were involved in a train robbery near Folsom, New Mexico, which Parker may have planned and may have been directly involved in, which led to a shootout with local law enforcers in which Lay, arguably Parker's best friend and closest confidante, killed Sheriff Edward Farr and posseman Henry Love, leading to his imprisonment for life in the New Mexico State Penitentiary.

The Wild Bunch would usually split up following a robbery, heading in different directions, and later reunite at a set location, such as the Hole-in-the-Wall hideout, "Robbers Roost", or Madame Fannie Porter's brothel, in San Antonio, Texas. The Hole-in-the-Wall hideout has been assembled at Old Trail Town in Cody, Wyoming. It was built in 1883 by Alexander Ghent.^[9]

Failed attempt at amnesty[link]

Perhaps as a consequence of the loss of Lay, Parker appears to have approached Governor Heber Wells of Utah, which had joined the Union in 1896, to negotiate an amnesty, but Wells appears to have recoiled from this, advising Parker to instead approach the Union Pacific Railroad to persuade them to drop their criminal complaints against him. This meeting never took place, however, possibly because of bad weather. The Union Pacific Railroad, under chairman E. H. Harriman, subsequently attempt to meet with Parker, through Parker's old ally Matthew Warner, who had been released from prison. On August 29, 1900, however, Parker, Longabaugh and others robbed a Union Pacific train near Tipton, Wyoming, violating Parker's earlier promise to the governor of Wyoming not to offend again in that state, and effectively ending the prospects for amnesty.

Meanwhile, on February 28, 1900, lawmen attempted to arrest Kid Curry's brother, Lonny Curry, at his aunt's home. Lonny was killed in the shootout that followed, and his cousin Bob Lee was arrested for rustling and sent to prison in Wyoming. On March 28, Kid Curry and Bill Carver were pursued by a posse out of St. Johns, Apache County, Arizona, after being identified as passing notes possibly from the Wilcox, Wyoming, robbery. The posse caught up with them and engaged them in a shootout, during which Deputy Andrew Gibbons and Deputy Frank LeSueur were killed. Carver and Curry escaped. On April 17, George Curry was killed in a shootout with Grand County, Utah, Sheriff John Tyler and Deputy Sam Jenkins. On May 26, Kid Curry rode into Moab, Utah, and killed both Tyler and Jenkins in a brazen shootout, in retaliation for their killing of George Curry, and for the death of his brother Lonny.

Parker, Longabaugh, and Bill Carver traveled to Winnemucca, Nevada, where on September 19, 1900, they robbed the First National Bank of Winnemucca, Nevada of $32,640. In December, Parker posed in Fort Worth, Texas for the now-famous Fort Worth Five Photograph,^[10] which depicts Parker, Longabaugh, Harvey Logan (alias Kid Curry), Ben Kilpatrick and William Carver. The Pinkerton Detective Agency obtained a copy of the photograph and began to use it for its latest wanted posters.

Kid Curry rejoined the gang, and together with Parker and Longabaugh they robbed a Great Northern train near Wagner, Montana. This time, they took over $60,000 in cash. Again the gang split up, and gang member Will Carver was killed by one pursuing posse led by Sheriff Elijah Briant. On December 12, 1901, gang member Ben Kilpatrick was captured in Knoxville, Tennessee, along with Laura Bullion. On December 13, during a shootout with lawmen, Kid Curry killed Knoxville policemen William Dinwiddle and Robert Saylor, and escaped. Curry, despite being pursued by Pinkerton agents and other law enforcement officials, returned to Montana, where he shot and killed rancher James Winters, responsible for the killing of his brother Johnny years before.^[11]

1901 — travel to South America[link]

Parker and Longabaugh then fled east to New York City, and on February 20, 1901, with Ethel "Etta" Place, Longabaugh's female companion, they departed to Buenos Aires, Argentina, aboard the British steamer Herminius, Parker posing as James Ryan, Place's fictional brother. There he settled with Longabaugh and Place in a four-room log cabin on a 15,000 acres (61 km²) ranch that they purchased on the east bank of the Rio Blanco near Cholila, Chubut province in west-central Argentina, near the Andes.

1905 and his last years — his biggest robbery, evading the law[link]

On February 14, 1905, two English-speaking bandits, who may have been Parker and Longabaugh, held up the Banco de Tarapacá y Argentino in Río Gallegos, 700 miles (1,100 km) south of Cholila, near the Strait of Magellan. Escaping with a sum that would be worth at least US $100,000 today, the pair vanished north across the bleak Patagonian steppes.

On May 1, the trio sold the Cholila ranch because the law was beginning to catch up with them. The Pinkerton Agency had known their location for some time, but the rainy season had prevented their assigned agent, Frank Dimaio, from traveling there and making an arrest. Governor Julio Lezana had then issued an arrest warrant, but before it could be executed Sheriff Edward Humphreys, a Welsh Argentine who was friendly with Parker and enamored of Etta Place, tipped them off.

The trio fled north to San Carlos de Bariloche where they embarked on the steamer Condor across Nahuel Huapi Lake and into Chile. However by the end of that year they were again back in Argentina; on December 19, Parker, Longabaugh, Place and an unknown male took part in the robbery of the Banco de la Nacion in Villa Mercedes, 400 miles (640 km) west of Buenos Aires, taking 12,000 pesos. Pursued by armed lawmen, they crossed the Pampas and the Andes and again reached the safety of Chile.

On June 30, 1906, Etta Place decided that she had had enough of life on the run and was escorted back to San Francisco by Longabaugh. Parker, under the alias James "Santiago" Maxwell, obtained work at the Concordia Tin Mine in the Santa Vera Cruz range of the central Bolivian Andes, where he was joined by Longabaugh upon his return. Ironically, their main duties included guarding the company payroll. Still wanting to settle down as a respectable rancher, Parker, late in 1907, made an excursion with Longabaugh to Santa Cruz, a frontier town in Bolivia's eastern savannah.

Death[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010)

The facts surrounding Parker's death are uncertain. On November 3, 1908, near San Vicente in southern Bolivia, a courier for the Aramayo Franke and Cia Silver Mine was conveying his company's payroll, worth about 15,000 Bolivian pesos, by mule when he was attacked and robbed by two masked American bandits who were believed to be Parker and Longabaugh. The bandits then proceeded to the small mining town of San Vicente where they lodged in a small boarding house owned by a local resident miner named Bonifacio Casasola. When Casasola became suspicious of his two foreign lodgers, as well as a mule they had in their possession which was from the Aramayo Mine, identifiable from the mine company logo on the mule's left flank, Casasola left his house and notified a nearby telegraph officer who notified a small Bolivian Army cavalry unit stationed nearby, which was the Abaroa Regiment. The unit dispatched three soldiers, under the command of Captain Justa Concha, to San Vicente where they notified the local authorities. On the evening of November 6, the lodging house was surrounded by three soldiers, the police chief, the local mayor and some of his officials, who intended to arrest the Aramayo robbers.

When the three soldiers approached the house the bandits opened fire, killing one of the soldiers and wounding another. A gunfight then ensued. At around 2 a.m., during a lull in the firing, the police and soldiers heard a man screaming from inside the house. Soon, a single shot was heard from inside the house, whereupon the screaming stopped. Minutes later, another shot was heard.

The standoff continued as locals kept the place surrounded until the next morning when, cautiously entering, they found two dead bodies, both with numerous bullet wounds to the arms and legs. One of the men had a bullet wound in the forehead and the other had a bullet hole in the temple. The local police report speculated that, judging from the positions of the bodies, one bandit had probably shot his fatally wounded partner-in-crime to put him out of his misery, just before killing himself with his final bullet.

In the following investigation by the Tupiza police, the bandits were identified as the men who robbed the Aramayo payroll transport, but the Bolivian authorities didn't know their real names, nor could they positively identify them. The bodies were buried at the small San Vicente cemetery, where they were buried close to the grave of a German miner named Gustav Zimmer. Although attempts have been made to find their unmarked graves, notably by the American forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow and his researchers in 1991, no remains with DNA matching the living relatives of Parker and Longabaugh have yet been discovered.

Claims of post-1908 survival[link]

However, there were claims, such as by Parker's sister Lula Parker Betenson, that he returned alive to the United States and lived in anonymity for years. In her biography Butch Cassidy, My Brother, Betenson cites several instances of people familiar with Parker who encountered him long after 1908, and she relates a detailed impromptu "family reunion" of Butch, their brother Mark, their father Maxi, and Lula, in 1925.

In 1974 or 1975, Red Fenwick, a columnist at The Denver Post, told writer Ivan Goldman, then a reporter at the Post, that he was acquainted with Parker's physician, a woman. Fenwick said she was a person of absolute integrity. She told Fenwick that she had continued to treat Parker for many years after he supposedly was killed in Bolivia.

There is anecdotal and circumstantial evidence that Longabaugh also returned to the United States and died in 1936.^[12]

In his Annals of the Former World, John McPhee repeats a story told to geologist David Love (1913–2002) in the 1930s by Love's family doctor, Francis Smith, M.D., when Love was a doctoral student. Smith stated that he had just seen Parker, that Parker told Smith that his face had been altered by a surgeon in Paris, and that he showed Smith a repaired bullet wound that Smith recognized as work he had previously done on Parker.^[13]

In an interview with Josie Bassett, sister to Ann Bassett, in 1960, she claims that Butch came to visit her in the 1920s "after returning from South America" and that "Butch died in Johnnie, Nevada, about 15 years ago."^[14] Another interview with locals of Parker's hometown of Circleville, Utah also finds claims of Parker working in Nevada until his death.^[15]

Western historian Charles Kelly closed the chapter "Is Butch Cassidy Dead?" in his 1938 book, Outlaw Trail, by observing that if Parker "is still alive, as these rumors claim, it seems exceedingly strange that he has not returned to Circleville, Utah, to visit his old father, Maximillian Parker, who died on July 28, 1938, at the age of 94 years." Kelly is thought to have interviewed Parker's father, but no known transcript of such an interview exists.

A Masonic Lodge, in Spokane, Washington, claims to be Butch Cassidy's lodge. They claim he entered the lodge and was active until he died. He owned and operated The Phillips manufacturing company. In conversations with historians, this account is disputed, as he was never trained in machine work. Further, the claim cannot be backed up as the lodge had indicated the records were missing. This account was, however, used by his sister claiming him to be William Phillips.^[16]

While Kelly said that all correspondence from both Parker and Longabaugh ceased after the San Vicente incident, some correspondence has been published that is dated 1930, 1937 and 1938 and said to have been written by Parker.^[17]

In popular culture[link]

• The Three Outlaws, starring Neville Brand as Butch Cassidy and Alan Hale Jr as the Sundance Kid, is a 1956 western film of the famed outlaws' lives with Wild Bunch member William "News" Carver as the third outlaw in the title.^[18]
• Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford, is a 1969 fictional film of the duo's exploits.
• In the 1951 film, The Texas Rangers, Cassidy is played by John Doucette and the Sundance Kid is played by Ian MacDonald. In a gang composed of real-life outlaws John Wesley Hardin and Dave Rudabaugh, led by Sam Bass, they square off against two convicts recruited by John B. Jones to bring them to justice.
• In the 1965 comedy Western Cat Ballou, Cassidy is played by Arthur Hunnicutt as a washed-up old outlaw tending a bar at Hole-in-the Wall.
• A 2006 film, Outlaw Trail: The Treasure of Butch Cassidy is an action-adventure with a twist of romance. Ryan Kelley, Arielle Kebbel, Dan Byrd, Brent Weber, with James Gammon and Bruce Mcgill star in the movie. Roy Parker (Ryan Kelley) is determined to find the treasure of his great uncle Leroy (Butch Cassidy) and prove that Cassidy lived on and went right and stopped robbing. With his best friend, arch complaining rival, and a girl who has stolen his heart, they make the trip through Utah to find the lost treasure and stop a villain from getting it first.
• In the 4kids version of the Pokémon anime there are two Team Rocket members named Butch and Cassidy who work in one of the numerous field teams.
• Butch and Sundance: The Early Days, starring Tom Berenger and William Katt, is a 1979 prequel to the 1969 Newman-Redford film
• Mr. American, a novel by George MacDonald Fraser, is the story of a mysterious wealthy American who comes to England in the first decade of the Twentieth Century. It is revealed that Mr Franklin had ridden with Cassidy, though his money was made honestly. Kid Curry also appears as a character.
• A TV movie called The Legend of Butch & Sundance was released in 2006. David Clayton Rogers plays as Butch, Ryan Browning plays as Sundance, and Rachelle Lefevre plays as Etta Place.
• Blackthorn, starring Sam Shepard. The film tells the story as if Cassidy had survived living out his years under the name James Blackthorn.

Aliases[link]

• Butch Cassidy
• George Parker^[19]
• George Cassidy^[1]
• Lowe Maxwell^[1]
• James "Santiago" Maxwell^[20]
• James Ryan^[20]
• Butch Casady^[1]
• Santiago Lowe

Alleged friends[link]

• William T. Phillips claimed to have known Butch Cassidy since childhood.^[21] Some have speculated that Phillips was Butch Cassidy, but no evidence supports the claims.

See also[link]

Biography portal

• Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
• Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch
• Sundance Kid
• Outlaw Trail: The Treasure of Butch Cassidy

References[link]

External links[link]

• http://diggingupbutchandsundance.wordpress.com/ Website of articles, chiefly about Butch & Sundance in South America.
• History of Butch Cassidy, LeRoy Parker
• Wanted Notice for Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid, and Camilla Hanks, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
• Butch Cassidy's Surrender Offer article by Richard Patterson