Meuse
The Meuse in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands
Origin	France
Mouth	Hollands Diep 51°42′54″N 4°40′4″E / 51.715°N 4.66778°E / 51.715; 4.66778 (Hollands Diep-Meuse)Coordinates: 51°42′54″N 4°40′4″E / 51.715°N 4.66778°E / 51.715; 4.66778 (Hollands Diep-Meuse)
Basin countries	France,  Belgium,  Netherlands
Length	925 km (575 mi)
Source elevation	409 m (1,342 ft)
Avg. discharge	350 m³/s (12,36 ft³/s)[1]
Basin area	34,548 km² (13,900 mi²)

Meuse river seen from SPOT satellite

The Maas (Dutch: Maas; IPA: [ˈmaːs];) or Meuse ( /ˈmjuːz/; French: [møz]; Walloon Mouze /muːs/) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. It has a total length of 925 km (575 mi).

From 1301 the upper Meuse roughly marked the western border of the Holy Roman Empire with the Kingdom of France, after Count Henry III of Bar had to receive the western part of the County of Bar (Barrois mouvant) as a French fief from the hands of King Philip IV. The border remained stable until the annexation of the Three Bishoprics Metz, Toul and Verdun by King Henry II in 1552 and the occupation of the Duchy of Lorraine by the forces of King Louis XIII in 1633. Its lower Belgian (Walloon) portion, part of the sillon industriel, was the first fully industrialized area in continental Europe.^[2]

Etymology[link]

The name Meuse is derived from the French name of the river, which evolved from the Latin name Mosa. The Dutch name Maas descends from Middle Dutch Mase, which comes from the presumed but unattested Old Dutch form *Masa, from Proto-Germanic *Masō. Only modern Dutch preserves this Germanic form, however.

Despite its appearance, the Germanic name is not derived from the Latin name, judging from the change from earlier o into a, which is characteristic of the Germanic languages. Therefore, both the Latin and Germanic names were probably derived from a Celtic source, which would have been *Mosā.

Geography[link]

The Meuse rises in Pouilly-en-Bassigny, commune of Le Châtelet-sur-Meuse on the Langres plateau in France from where it flows northwards past Sedan (the head of navigation) and Charleville-Mézières into Belgium.^[3]

At Namur it is joined by the River Sambre. Beyond Namur the Meuse winds eastwards, skirting the Ardennes, and passes Liège before turning north. The river then forms part of the Belgian-Dutch border, except that at Maastricht the border lies further to the west. In the Netherlands it continues northwards through Venlo closely along the border to Germany, then turns towards the west, where it joins the Waal river and forms part of the extensive Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, together with the Scheldt river in its south and the Rhine river in the north. The river has divided near Heusden into the Afgedamde Maas on the right and the Bergse Maas on the left. The Bergse Maas continues under the name of Amer, which is part of the Biesbosch, and finally joins the main stem of the Rhine. It's local name is Nieuwe Merwede, which continues the Waal and the Boven Merwede and then flows on under the name of Hollands Diep and Haringvliet, before finally flowing into the North Sea. The Meuse is crossed by railway bridges between the following stations (on the left and right banks respectively):

• Netherlands:
  • Hasselt (Belgium) – Maastricht (currently being put back online)
  • Roermond – Weert
  • Blerick – Venlo
  • Cuijk – Nijmegen Heyendaal
  • Ravenstein – Wijchen
  • 's-Hertogenbosch – Zaltbommel

There are also numerous road bridges and around 32 ferry crossings.

The Meuse is navigable over a substantial part of its total length: In the Netherlands and Belgium, the river is part of the major inland navigation infrastructure, connecting the Rotterdam-Amsterdam-Antwerp port areas to the industrial areas upstream: Hertogenbosch, Venlo, Maastricht, Liège, Namur. Between Maastricht and Maasbracht, an unnavigable section of the Meuse is bypassed by the 36 km Juliana Canal. South of Namur, further upstream, the river can only carry more modest vessels, although a barge as long as 100 m. can still reach the French border town of Givet.

From Givet, the river is canalized over a distance of 272 kilometres. The canalized Meuse used to be called the "Canal de l'Est — Branche Nord" but was recently rebaptized into "Canal de la Meuse". The waterway can be used by the smallest barges that are still in use commercially (almost 40 metres long and just over 5 metres wide). Just upstream of the town of Commercy, the Canal de la Meuse connects with the Canal de la Marne au Rhin by means of a short diversion canal. (Source: NoorderSoft Waterways database).

The Cretaceous sea reptile Mosasaur is named after the river Meuse. The first fossils of it were discovered outside Maastricht 1780.

A view of the Meuse in the French Ardennes

Basin area[link]

Basin of the River Meuse

The Meuse and the Rochers de Freÿr, in front of the Castle of Freÿr south of Dinant

The Meuse at Dinant

The Meuse river at Namur capital of Wallonia

The Meuse at Liège, third river port of Europe

The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht

Meuse near Grave

Meuse near Appeltern

An international agreement was signed in 2002 in Ghent, Belgium about the management of the river amongst France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Also participating in the agreement were the Belgian regional governments of Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels (which is not in the basin of the Meuse but pumps running water into the Meuse).

Most of the basin area (approximately 36.000 km²) is in Wallonia (12.000 km²), followed by France (9.000 km²), the Netherlands (8.000 km²), Germany (2.000 km²), Flanders (2.000 km²) and Luxembourg (a few km²).

An International Commission on the Meuse has the responsibility of the implementation of the treaty.

The costs of this Commission are met by all these countries, in proportion of their own territory into the basin of the Meuse: The Netherlands and Wallonia 30%, France 15%, Germany 14.5%, Flanders 5%, Brussels 4.5%, Kingdom of Belgium and Luxemburg 0.5%.

The map of the basin area of Meuse was joined to the text of the treaty.^[4]

On the cultural plan, the river Meuse, as a major communication route, is the origin of the Mosan art, principally (Wallonia and France).

The first landscape painted in the Middle-Age was the landscape of Meuse. For instance Joachim Patinir ^[5] He was likely the uncle of Henri Blès who is sometimes defined as a Mosan landscape painter active during the second third of the 16th century (i.e., second generation of landscape painters) ^[6]

Tributaries[link]

The main tributaries of the river Meuse are listed below in downstream-upstream order, with the town where the tributary meets the river:

• • Dieze (near 's-Hertogenbosch)
    • Aa (in 's-Hertogenbosch)
    • Dommel (in 's-Hertogenbosch)
      • Gender (in Eindhoven)
  • Raam (river in North Brabant) (in Grave)
  • Niers (in Gennep)
  • Swalm (in Swalmen)
  • Rur/Roer (in Roermond)
    • Wurm (in Heinsberg, Germany)
    • Merzbach (in Linnich, Germany)
    • Inde (in Jülich, Germany)
  • Geleenbeek (near Maasbracht)
  • Geul (near Meerssen)
  • Geer/Jeker (in Maastricht)
  • Voer/Fouron (in Eijsden)
  • Berwinne/Berwijn (near Moelingen, part of Voeren)
  • Ourthe (in Liège)
    • Weser/Vesdre (near Liège)
    • Amel/Amblève (in Comblain-au-Pont)
      • Salm (in Trois-Ponts)
      • Warche (near Malmedy)
  • Hoyoux (in Huy)
  • Mehaigne (in Wanze)
  • Sambre (in Namur)
  • Bocq (in Yvoir)
  • Molignée (in Anhée)
  • Lesse (in Anseremme, part of Dinant)
  • Viroin (in Vireux-Molhain)
  • Semois or Semoy (in Monthermé)
  • Sormonne (in Warcq)
  • Bar (near Dom-le-Mesnil)
  • Chiers (in Bazeilles)
    • Othain (in Montmédy)

Distributaries[link]

The mean annual discharge rate of the Meuse has been relatively stable over the last few thousand years. One recent study estimates that average flow has increased about 10% since 2000 BC.^[7] The hydrological distribution of the Meuse changed during the later Middle Ages, when a major flood forced it to shift its main course northwards towards the Merwede river. From then on, several stretches of the original Merwede were named "Maas" (i.e. Meuse) instead and served as the primary outflow of that river. Those branches are currently known as the Nieuwe Maas and Oude Maas.

However, during another series of severe floods the Meuse found an additional path towards the sea, resulting in the creation of the Biesbosch wetlands and Hollands Diep estuaries. Thereafter, the Meuse split near Heusden into two main distributaries, one flowing north to join the Merwede, and one flowing directly to the sea. The branch of the Meuse leading directly to the sea eventually silted up, (and now forms the Oude Maasje stream), but in 1904 the canalised Bergse Maas was dug to take over the functions of the silted-up branch. At the same time, the branch leading to the Merwede was dammed at Heusden, (and has since been known as the Afgedamde Maas) so that little water from the Meuse entered the old Maas courses, or the Rhine distributaries. The resulting separation of the rivers Rhine and Meuse is considered to be the greatest achievement in Dutch hydraulic engineering before the completion of the Zuiderzee Works and Delta Works. In 1970 the Haringvlietdam has been finished. Since then the reunited Rhine and Meuse waters reach the North Sea either at this site or, during times of lower discharges of the Rhine, at Hoek van Holland.^[8]

One recent study ^[9] notes that the difference between summer and winter flow volumes has increased significantly in the last 100–200 years. These workers point out that the frequency of serious floods (i.e. flows > 1000% of normal) has increased markedly. They predict that winter flooding of the Meuse may become a recurring problem in the coming decades.

Départements, provinces and towns[link]

The Meuse flows through the following departments of France, provinces of Belgium, provinces of the Netherlands and towns:

• Haute-Marne
• Vosges: Neufchâteau
• Meuse: Commercy, Saint-Mihiel, Verdun, Stenay
• Ardennes: Sedan, Charleville-Mézières, Givet
• Namur: Dinant, Namur
• Liège: Huy, Liège, Visé
• Limburg: Maastricht, Stein, Maasbracht, Roermond, Venlo, Gennep
• Limburg: Maaseik
• North Brabant: Boxmeer, Cuijk, Grave, Ravenstein, Lith, Heusden, Aalburg, Woudrichem
• Gelderland: Maasdriel
• South Holland: Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Maassluis

Deutschlandlied[link]

The Meuse (Maas) is mentioned in the (nowadays not sung) first stanza of the Deutschlandlied German national anthem. The lyrics written in 1841 describe a then–disunited Germany with the river as its western boundary, where King William I of the Netherlands had joined the German Confederation with his Duchy of Limburg in 1839. Though the duchy's territory officially became an integral part of the Netherlands by the 1867 Treaty of London, the text passage remained unchanged when the Deutschlandlied was declared the national anthem of the Weimar Republic in 1922.

See also[link]

• 1930 Meuse Valley fog

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Meuse River

• Peace Palace Library's Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law regarding Meuse River

Meuse
—  Department  —
Coat of arms
Location of Meuse in France
Coordinates: 49°00′N 05°20′E / 49°N 5.333°E / 49; 5.333Coordinates: 49°00′N 05°20′E / 49°N 5.333°E / 49; 5.333
Country	France
Region	Lorraine
Prefecture	Bar-le-Duc
Subprefectures	Commercy Verdun
Government
• President of the General Council	Christian Namy
Area1
• Total	6,211 km2 (2,398 sq mi)
Population (1999)
• Total	192,198
• Rank	88th
• Density	31/km2 (80/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Department number	55
Arrondissements	3
Cantons	31
Communes	498
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

Meuse (French pronunciation: [møz]) is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.

History[link]

Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former provinces of Barrois (area of Bar-le-Duc) and Three Bishoprics (area of Verdun).

The department was one of the great battlefields of World War I; an important battle was fought in 1916 at Verdun.

Geography[link]

Spring in Meuse

Meuse is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.

The important rivers are the following:

• Meuse
• Aire
• Chiers
• Ornain
• Saulx
• Orge
• Ognon
• Vaise

Demographics[link]

The population has decreased sharply since the 19th century, with the rural exodus to the cities.

See also[link]

• Cantons of the Meuse department
• Communes of the Meuse department
• Arrondissements of the Meuse department

External links[link]

• (French) Prefecture website
• (French) General council website
• (English) Meuse Tourism Guide
• (French) Official Tourist Board website
• (English) Rhine-Meuse delta studies
• Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library