{{infobox| bodyclass	geography
title	Caribbean
label1	Area
data1
label2	Land Area
data2
label3	Population (2010)
data3	36,314,000
label4	Density
data4
label5	Ethnic groups
data5	Afro-Caribbean, Indo-Caribbean, Chinese Caribbean, Amerindians (Arawak, Caribs, Tainos), European
label6	Demonym
data6	West Indian, Caribbean person, Caribbean
label7	Languages
data7	Spanish, English, French, Dutch and many others
label8	Government
data8	13 sovereign states17 dependent territories
label9	Largest cities
data9	Santo DomingoHavanaSantiago de los CaballerosPort-au-PrinceKingstonSantiago de CubaSan JuanHolguin
label10	Internet TLD
data10	Multiple
label11	Calling code
data11	Multiple
label12	Time zone
data12	UTC-5 to UTC-4 }}

The Caribbean is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which are enclosed by the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America.

Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands, called the West Indies, generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea. These islands are called the ''West Indies'' because when Christopher Columbus landed there in 1492 he believed that he had reached to the west of The India (The Indian sub-continent).

The region consists of the Antilles, divided into the larger Greater Antilles which bound the sea on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), the Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos Islands or the Lucayan Archipelago, which are in fact in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba, not in the Caribbean Sea.

Geopolitically, the West Indies are usually regarded as a subregion of North America and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From January 3, 1958, to May 31, 1962, there was a short-lived country called the Federation of the West Indies composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories, all of which were then UK dependencies. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations.

Etymology

The region takes its name from that of the Carib, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of European contact.

Definition

The word "Caribbean" has multiple uses. Its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery, European colonisation and the plantation system.

Physiographically, the Caribbean region consists mainly of the Caribbean Sea to north, bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida, the Northern Atlantic Ocean which lies to the east and northeast, and a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea; the coastline of the continent of South America lies to the south.

Politically, "Caribbean" may be centred on socio-economic groupings found in the region. For example the block known as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) contains both the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname found in South America, along with Belize in Central America as full members. Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands which are found in the Atlantic Ocean are associate members of the Caribbean Community, and the same goes for the Commonwealth of the Bahamas which is a full member of the Caribbean Community.

Alternately the organisation known as the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) consists of almost every nation in the surrounding regions which lie on the Caribbean plus El Salvador which lies solely on the Pacific Ocean. According to the ACS the total population of its member states is some 227 million people.

Geography and climate

The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies. Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin. These islands include Aruba (possessing only minor volcanic features), Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, The Bahamas or Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Trinidad & Tobago.

The climate of the region is tropical but rainfall varies with elevation, size and water currents (cool upwellings keep the ABC islands arid). Warm, moist tradewinds blow consistently from the east creating rainforest/semidesert divisions on mountainous islands. Occasional northwesterlies affect the northern islands in the winter. The region enjoys year-round sunshine, divided into 'dry' and 'wet' seasons, with the last six months of the year being wetter than the first half.

The waters of the Caribbean Sea host large, migratory schools of fish, turtles, and coral reef formations. The Puerto Rico trench, located on the fringe of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea just to the north of the island of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point in all of the Atlantic Ocean.

Hurricanes, which at times batter the region, usually strike northwards of Grenada, and to the west of Barbados. The principal hurricane belt arcs to northwest of the island of Barbados in the Eastern Caribbean.

The region sits in the line of several major shipping routes with the man-made Panama Canal connecting the western Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean.

Island groups

Lucayan Archipelago (United Kingdom)

Greater Antilles

Hispaniola

(United Kingdom) (U.S. Commonwealth)

Lesser Antilles

Leeward Islands

** Saint Croix

** Saint Thomas

** Saint John

** Water Island

(United Kingdom)

** Tortola

** Virgin Gorda

** Anegada

** Jost Van Dyke

(United Kingdom)

** Antigua

** Barbuda

** Redonda

* Saint Martin

* (French Antilles, France)

* (Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Saba (BES islands, Netherlands)

Sint Eustatius (BES islands, Netherlands)

(French Antilles, France)

** Saint Kitts

** Nevis

(United Kingdom)

(French Antilles, France) including

**les Saintes

**Marie-Galante

**la Désirade

Windward Islands

(French Antilles, France)

** Saint Vincent

** The Grenadines

* Tobago

* Trinidad

Leeward Antilles

(Kingdom of the Netherlands)

(Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Bonaire (BES islands, Netherlands)

Historical groupings

All islands at some point were, and a few still are, colonies of European nations; a few are overseas or dependent territories:

British West Indies/Anglophone Caribbean – Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bay Islands, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Croix (briefly), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago ''(from 1797)'' and the Turks and Caicos Islands

Danish West Indies – present-day United States Virgin Islands

Dutch West Indies – Aruba, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Virgin Islands, Saint Croix (briefly), Tobago and Bay Islands (briefly)

French West Indies – Anguilla (briefly), Antigua and Barbuda (briefly), Dominica, Dominican Republic (briefly), Grenada, Haiti, Montserrat (briefly), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Eustatius (briefly), Sint Maarten, St. Kitts (briefly), Tobago (briefly), Saint Croix, the current French overseas ''départements'' of Martinique and Guadeloupe (including Marie-Galante, La Désirade and Les Saintes), and the current French overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin

Portuguese West Indies – present-day Barbados, known as ''Os Barbados'' in the 16th century when the Portuguese claimed the island en route to Brazil. The Portuguese left Barbados abandoned in 1533, nearly a century prior to the British arrival to the island.

Spanish West Indies – Cuba, Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic, Haiti'' (until 1609 to France)'', Puerto Rico, Jamaica ''(until 1655 to Great Britain)'', the Cayman Islands'' (until 1670 to Great Britain)'' Trinidad ''(until 1797 to Great Britain)'' and Bay Islands ''(until 1643 to Great Britain)'', coastal islands of Central America (minus Belize), and some Caribbean coastal islands of Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela.

Swedish West Indies – present-day French Saint-Barthélemy and Guadeloupe (briefly).

Courlander West Indies – Tobago ''(until 1691)''

The British West Indies were united by the United Kingdom into a West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1962. The independent countries formerly part of the B.W.I. still have a joint cricket team that competes in Test matches, One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. The West Indian cricket team includes the South American nation of Guyana, the only former British colony on that continent.

In addition, these countries share the University of the West Indies as a regional entity. The university consists of three main campuses in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, a smaller campus in the Bahamas and Resident Tutors in other contributing territories such as Trinidad.

Modern day island territories

(British overseas territory) (Constitutional monarchy) (Kingdom of the Netherlands) (Constitutional monarchy) (Constitutional monarchy) (special municipality of the Netherlands) (British overseas territory) (British overseas territory) (Republic) (Kingdom of the Netherlands) (Republic) (Constitutional monarchy) (overseas department of France) including

*les Saintes

*Marie-Galante

*la Désirade

(Republic) (Constitutional monarchy) (overseas department of France) (British overseas territory) (commonwealth of the United States) (special municipality of the Netherlands) (overseas collectivity of France) (Constitutional monarchy) (Constitutional monarchy) (overseas collectivity of France) (Constitutional monarchy) (special municipality of the Netherlands) (Kingdom of the Netherlands) (Republic) (British overseas territory) (territory of the United States)

Continental countries with Caribbean coastlines and islands

* Ambergris Caye

* Belize City

* Big Creek

* Caye Caulker

* Glover's Reef

* Dangriga

* Hicks Cays

* Hopkins

* Lighthouse Reef

* Placencia

* Punta Gorda

* St. George's Caye

* South Water Caye

* Turneffe Islands

* Archipelago of San Andres and Providencia

* Barranquilla

* Cartagena

* Riohacha

* Santa Marta

* Guanaja

* Roatán

* Útila

* Cayos Cochinos

* Swan Islands

* Quintana Roo

** Cancún

** Chetumal

** Cozumel

** Isla Contoy

** Isla Mujeres

* Corn Islands

* Cayos Miskitos

* Pearl Cays

* Kuna Yala Islands (comprising more than 1300 islands)

* Bocas del Toro Archipelago (archipelago with approximately 300 islands)

*Florida Keys

*Navassa Island

* Isla Margarita

*Coche Island

*Cubagua Island

*Los Monjes Archipelago

*Las Aves Archipelago

*Isla Aves

*Los Hermanos Archipelago

*Islas Los Frailes

*Los Roques Archipelago

*La Sola Island

*La Tortuga Island

*La Orchila

*Blanquilla Island

*Los Testigos Islands

*Isla de Patos

*Paraguana

Biodiversity

The Caribbean islands are remarkable for the diversity of their animals, fungi and plants, and have been classified as one of Conservation International's biodiversity hotspots because of their exceptionally diverse terrestrial and marine ecosystems, ranging from montane cloud forests to cactus scrublands. The region also contains about 8% (by surface area) of the world's coral reefs along with extensive seagrass meadows, both of which are frequently found in the shallow marine waters bordering island and continental coasts off the region.

For the fungi, there is a modern checklist based on nearly 90,000 records derived from specimens in reference collections, published accounts and field observations. That checklist includes more than 11250 species of fungi recorded from the region. As its authors note, the work is far from exhaustive, and it is likely that the true total number of fungal species already known from the Caribbean is higher. The true total number of fungal species occurring in the Caribbean, including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered. Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to some Caribbean islands. For Cuba, 2200 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the island; for Puerto Rico, the number is 789 species; for the Dominican Republic, the number is 699 species; for Trinidad and Tobago, the number is 407 species.

Many of the ecosystems of the Caribbean islands have been devastated by deforestation, pollution, and human encroachment. The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of giant owls and dwarf ground sloths. The hotspot contains dozens of highly threatened animals (ranging from birds, to mammals and reptiles), fungi and plants. Examples of threatened animals include the Puerto Rican Amazon, two species of solenodon (giant shrews) in Cuba and the Hispaniola island, and the Cuban crocodile.

The region's coral reefs, which contain about 70 species of hard corals and between 500-700 species of reef-associated fishes have undergone rapid decline in ecosystem integrity in recent years, and are considered particularly vulnerable to global warming and ocean acidification.

Demographics

The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been around 750,000 immediately before European contact, although lower and higher figures are given. After contact, genocide and disease led to a decline in the Amerindian population. From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from West Africa such as the Kongo, Igbo, Akan, Fon and Yoruba as well as military prisoners and captured slaves from Ireland, who were deported during the Cromwellian reign in England. Immigrants from Britain, Italy. France, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and Denmark also arrived, although the mortality rate was high for both groups.

The population is estimated to have reached 2.2 million by 1800. Immigrants from India, China, and other countries arrived in the 19th century. After the ending of the Atlantic slave trade, the population increased naturally. The total regional population was estimated at 37.5 million by 2000.

The majority of the Caribbean has populations of mainly Africans in the French Caribbean, Anglophone Caribbean and Dutch Caribbean, there are minorities of mixed-race and European peoples of Dutch, English, French, Italian and Portuguese ancestry. Asians, especially those of Chinese and Indian descent, form a significant minority in the region and also contribute to multiracial communities. All of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers.

The Spanish-speaking Caribbean have primarily mixed race, African, or European majorities. Puerto Rico and Cuba (largest Caribbean island) have a European majority with a mixture of Spaniards–European, Amerindians, and some West African. One third of Cuba's population is of African descent, with a sizable Mulatto (mixed African–European) population. The Dominican Republic has a largely mixed majority who are primarily descended from West Africans and Spaniards, with some Amerindians.

Larger islands such as Jamaica, have a large African population in addition to a very large mixed race, Chinese, Europeans, Indian, Lebanese, Latin American, and Syrian populations. This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured labourers, and migration. Most multi-racial Jamaicans refer to themselves as either mixed race or simply Black. The situation is similar for the Caricom states of Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago has a multi-racial cosmopolitan society due to the arrival of the Africans, Indians, Chinese, Syrians, Lebanese, Native Amerindians and Europeans. This multi-racial mix has created sub-ethnicities that often straddle the boundaries of major ethnicities and include Chindian and Dougla.

Indigenous tribes

Taíno

Kalinago

Ciboney

Ciguayo

Galibi

Garifuna

Igneri

Lucayan

Macorix

Language

Spanish, English, French, Dutch, Haitian Creole and Papiamento are the predominant official languages of various countries in the region, though a handful of unique Creole languages or dialects can also be found from one country to another.

Religion

The largest religious groups in the region are: Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Rastafari, Santería, and Voodoo among others.

Politics

Regionalism

Caribbean societies are very different from other Western societies in terms of size, culture, and degree of mobility of their citizens. The current economic and political problems which the states face individually are common to all Caribbean states. Regional development has contributed to attempts to subdue current problems and avoid projected problems. From a political economic perspective, regionalism serves to make Caribbean states active participants in current international affairs through collective coalitions. In 1973, the first political regionalism in the Caribbean Basin was created by advances of the English-speaking Caribbean nations through the institution known as the Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM).

Certain scholars have argued both for and against generalizing the political structures of the Caribbean. On the one hand the Caribbean states are politically diverse, ranging from communist systems such as Cuba toward more capitalist Westminster-style parliamentary systems as in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Other scholars argue that these differences are superficial, and that they tend to undermine commonalities in the various Caribbean states. Contemporary Caribbean systems seem to reflect a "blending of traditional and modern patterns, yielding hybrid systems that exhibit significant structural variations and divergent constitutional traditions yet ultimately appear to function in similar ways." The political systems of the Caribbean states share similar practices.

The influence of regionalism in the Caribbean is often marginalized. Some scholars believe that regionalism cannot not exist in the Caribbean because each small state is unique. On the other hand, scholars also suggest that there are commonalities amongst the Caribbean nations that suggest regionalism exists. "Proximity as well as historical ties among the Caribbean nations has led to cooperation as well as a desire for collective action." These attempts at regionalization reflect the nations' desires to compete in the international economic system.

Furthermore, a lack of interest from other major states promoted regionalism in the region. In recent years the Caribbean has suffered from a lack of U.S. interest. "With the end of the Cold War, U.S. security and economic interests have been focused on other areas. As a result there has been a significant reduction in U.S. aid and investment to the Caribbean." The lack of international support for these small, relatively poor states, helped regionalism prosper.

Following the Cold War another issue of importance in the Caribbean has been the reduced economic growth of some Caribbean States due to the United States and European Union's allegations of special treatment toward the region by each other.

United States effects on regionalism

The United States under President Bill Clinton launched a challenge in the World Trade Organization against the EU over Europe's preferential program, known as the Lomé Convention, which allowed banana exports from the former colonies of the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific states (ACP) to enter Europe cheaply. The World Trade Organization sided in the United States' favour and the beneficial elements of the convention to African, Caribbean and Pacific states has been partially dismantled and replaced by the Cotonou Agreement.

During the US/EU dispute the United States imposed large tariffs on European Union goods (up to 100% on some imports) from the EU in order to pressure Europe to change the agreement with the Caribbean nations in favour of the Cotonou Agreement.

Farmers in the Caribbean have complained of their falling profits and rising costs as the Lomé Convention weakens. Some farmers have faced increased pressure to turn towards the cultivation of illegal drugs, which has a higher profit margin and fills the sizable demand for these illegal drugs in North America and Europe.

European Union effects on regionalism

The European Union has also taken issue with US based taxation extended to US companies via the Caribbean countries. The EU instituted a broad labeling of many nations as tax havens by the France-based OECD. The United States has not been in favor of shutting off the practice yet, mainly due to the higher costs that would be passed on to US companies via taxation. Caribbean countries have largely countered the allegations by the OECD by signing more bilateral information sharing deals with OECD members, thus reducing the dangerous aspects of secrecy, and they have strengthened their legislation against money laundering and on the conditions under which companies can be based in their nations. The Caribbean nations have also started to more closely cooperate in the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and other instruments to add oversight of the offshore industry.

One of the most important associations that deal with regionalism amongst the nations of the Caribbean Basin has been the Association of Caribbean States (ACS). Proposed by CARICOM in 1992, the ACS soon won the support of the other countries of the region. It was founded in July 1994. The ACS maintains regionalism within the Caribbean on issues which are unique to the Caribbean Basin. Through coalition building, like the ACS and CARICOM, regionalism has become an undeniable part of the politics and economics of the Caribbean. The successes of region-building initiatives are still debated by scholars, yet regionalism remains prevalent throughout the Caribbean.

Regional institutions

Here are some of the bodies that several islands share in collaboration:

Association of Caribbean States (ACS), Trinidad and Tobago

Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce (CAIC), Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Association of National Telecommunication Organizations (CANTO), Trinidad and Tobago

Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Guyana

Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), Barbados

Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDERA), Barbados

Caribbean Educators Network, Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC), Saint Lucia

Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC), Barbados and Jamaica

Caribbean Food Crop Society

Caribbean Football Union (CFU)

Caribbean Hotel Association (CHA), Puerto Rico

Caribbean Initiative (Initiative of the IUCN)

Caribbean Programme for Economic Competitiveness (CPEC), Saint Lucia

Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme (CREP), Barbados Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM), Belize Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM), Barbados and Dominican Republic Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU), Trinidad and Tobago

Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO), Barbados

Inter-American Economic Council (IAEC), Washington, D.C.

Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Saint Lucia

Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC), Brazil and Uruguay

United Nations - Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Chile and Trinidad and Tobago

University of the West Indies, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, the fourth campus, the Open Campus was formed in June 2008 as a result of an amalgamation of the Board for Non-Campus Countries and Distance Educationn, Schools of Continuing Studies, the UWI Distance Education Centres and Tertiary Level Units. The Open Campus has 42 physical sites in 16 Anglophone caribbean countries. West Indies Cricket Board, Antigua and Barbuda

Cuisine

Favorite or national dishes

Anguilla - Rice and Peas and Fish

Antigua and Barbuda - Fungee & Pepperpot

Bahamas - Crack Conch with Peas and Rice

Barbados - Cou-Cou and Flying fish

British Virgin Islands - Fish and fungee

Cayman Islands - Turtle Stew

Colombian Caribbean - Rice with Coconut Milk, arroz con pollo, Sancocho, Arab cuisine due to large Arab immigration

Cuba - Platillo Moros y Cristianos, Ropa Vieja, Yuca, Maduros, Ajiaco

Dominica - Mountain chicken

Dominican Republic - arroz con pollo topped with stewed red kidney beans, pan fried or braised beef, and side dish of green salad or ensalada de coditos, shrimp, empanadas and/or tostones, or the ever popular Dominican dish known as Mangú which is mashed plantains. The ensemble is usually called ''bandera nacional'', which means "national flag", a term equivalent to the Venezuelan ''pabellón criollo''.

Grenada - Oil-Down

Guyana - pepperpot, coookup rice, Roti and curry, methem

Haiti - Griot (Fried pork) served with Du riz a pois or Diri ak Pwa (Rice and beans)

Jamaica - ackee and saltfish, callaloo

Montserrat - Goat Water

Puerto Rico - Arroz con gandules with roasted pork shoulder, arroz con pollo, Mofongo, and Many Fried Food, Commonly made In the Beaches and Coast like, Alcapurrias, bacalaito, piononos.

Saint Kitts and Nevis - Coconut dumplings, Spicy plantain, saltfish, breadfruit

Saint Lucia - Green Bananas & Dried and salted cod

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Roasted Breadfruit & Fried Jackfish

Trinidad and Tobago - Doubles, Roti and Curry, Crab and dumpling, Pelau

United States Virgin Islands - Stewed goat, oxtail or beef, seafood, callaloo, fungee

See also

African diaspora

Anchor coinage

British Afro-Caribbean community

Caribbean Countries

Caribbean English

Caribbean Spanish

History of the Caribbean

Indo-Caribbean

Music of the Caribbean

Piracy in the Caribbean

Politics of the Caribbean

Tourism in Caribbean

NECOBELAC Project

Geography:

Americas (terminology)

Caribbean Sea

Islands of the Caribbean

List of indigenous names ofeastern Caribbean islands

Middle America (Americas)

Mountain peaks of the Caribbean

Organisations:

Caribbean Community

CONCACAF

Council on Hemispheric Affairs

West Indies Federation

References

"Diversity Amid Globalization" 4th edition. Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff.

Further reading

Develtere, Patrick. 1994. "Co-operation and development: With special reference to the experience of the Commonwealth Caribbean" ACCO, ISBN 90-334-3181-5

Gowricharn, Ruben. Caribbean Transnationalism: Migraton, Pluralization, and Social Cohesion. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006.

Henke, Holger, and Fred Reno, eds. Modern Political Culture in the Caribbean. Kingston: University of West Indies Press, 2003.

Heuman, Gad. The Caribbean: Brief Histories. London: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2006

Hillman, Richard S., and Thomas J. D'agostino, eds. Understanding the Contemporary Caribbean. London: Lynne Rienner, 2003.

de Kadt, Emanuel, (editor). ''Patterns of foreign influence in the Caribbean'', Oxford University Press, 1972

Knight, Franklin W.. The Modern Caribbean. na: The University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. ''A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny''. Addison-Wesley Publishing. ISBN 0-201-52396-5

Langley, Lester D. The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century. London: University of Georgia Press, 1989.

Maingot, Anthony P. The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship. Westview P, 1994.

Ramnarine, Tina K., "Beautiful Cosmos: Performance and Belonging in the Caribbean Diaspora". London, Pluto Press, 2007

Serbin, Andres. "Towards an Association of Caribbean States: Raising Some Awkward Questions." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs (2004): 1-19. (This scholar has many articles referencing the politics of the Caribbean)

External links

Wikitravel - The Caribbean

Digital Library of the Caribbean

Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress: Caribbean Islands (1987)

Library of Congress definition of the West Indies

West Indies papers Miscellaneous personal and estate records, 1663–1929, University of Bristol Library Special Collections

LANIC Caribbean country pages

Latineos Latin America, Caribbean, arts and culture

Category:Biodiversity hotspots Category:Regions of the Americas

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Name	Central American and Caribbean Games ''Juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe''
Formation	October 30 - November 2, 1926
Recurrence	4 years
Last	July 17 - August 1, 2010
Purpose	Sports for Central American and Caribbean people
Website	2010 Official Website
Remarks	}}

The Central American and Caribbean Games (CAC or CACGs) are a multi-sport regional championships event, held quadrennial (every 4 years), typically in the middle (even) year between Summer Olympics. The Games are for countries in Central America, the Caribbean, Mexico, Bermuda, and the South American countries of Surinam, Guyana, Colombia and Venezuela.

The Games are overseen by the Central American and Caribbean Sports Organization (CASCO) (the organization also goes by the acronym "ODECABE" (pronounced ) from its full Spanish name: ''Organización Deportiva Centroamericana y del Caribe''). They are designed to provide a step between sub-CACG-region Games held the first year following a Summer Olympics (e.g. Central American Games) and the Continental Championships, the Pan American Games, held the year before the Summer Olympics.

The most recent CACGs occurred in July 2010 in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. The next edition will take place in July 2014 in Veracruz, Mexico.

History

The CACGs are the oldest continuing regional games in the world, and only the Olympics have run longer. Mexico, Cuba and Guatemala were the three countries present at the first games, which were then called the ''Central American Games''. In 1935 their name was changed to ''Central American and Caribbean Games'' to reflect expanding participation. Thirty one nations took part in the 1993 games in Puerto Rico and the 1998 games in Venezuela. The 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games ended on July 30, 2006.

A "Central American Games" does exist today, Juegos Centroamericanos, involving just Central American countries.

Editions

!Year	!Event	Host city	!Duration	!Countries	!Sports	!Athletes
1926			October 30November 2	3	9	269
1930			March 15April 15	9	9	606
1935			March 16April 5	9	13	741
1938			February 5February 24	10	16	1216
1946			March 5March 25	13	17	1540
1950			February 28March 12	14	19	1390
1954			March 5March 20	12		1356
1959			January 6January 15	12	17	1150
1962			August 15August 28	15		1559
1966			July 11July 25	18		1689
1970			February 28March 13	21		2095
1974			February 27March 13	23	18	1928
1978			July 7July 28	21	18	2605
1982			August 7August 18	19		2420
1986			June 24July 5	26	25	2963
1990			November 20December 3	29		4206
1993			November 19November 30	32		3570
1998			August 8August 22	31		5200
2002			November 19November 30	31	37	7000
2006			July 15July 30	32	37	4,865
2010			July 17August 1	31	42	5,204
2014

Sports

!Sport

1926 Central American and Caribbean Games>1926

1930 Central American and Caribbean Games>1930

1935 Central American and Caribbean Games>1935

1938 Central American and Caribbean Games>1938

1946 Central American and Caribbean Games>1946

1950 Central American and Caribbean Games>1950

1954 Central American and Caribbean Games>1954

1959 Central American and Caribbean Games>1959

1962 Central American and Caribbean Games>1962

1966 Central American and Caribbean Games>1966

1970 Central American and Caribbean Games>1970

1974 Central American and Caribbean Games>1974

1978 Central American and Caribbean Games>1978

1982 Central American and Caribbean Games>1982

1986 Central American and Caribbean Games>1986

1990 Central American and Caribbean Games>1990

1993 Central American and Caribbean Games>1993

1998 Central American and Caribbean Games>1998

2002 Central American and Caribbean Games>2002

2006 Central American and Caribbean Games>2006

2010 Central American and Caribbean Games>2010

align=left

|

Archery at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Bowling at the 1950 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Bowling at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Canoeing at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Cycling at the 1938 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Equestrian at the 1935 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Equestrian at the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Field hockey at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Golf at the 1938 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

align=left

|

Artistic gymnastics at the 1946 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Artistic gymnastics at the 1970 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Rhythmic gymnastics at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Handball at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Judo at the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Karate at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Modern pentathlon at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Racquetball at the 1938 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Racquetball at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Roller skating at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Rowing at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Sailing at the 1962 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Softball at the 1946 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Softball at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Squash at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Synchronized swimming at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Table tennis at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Taekwondo at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Triathlon at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Water polo at the 1938 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Water skiing at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Weightlifting at the 1938 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Nations

!Nation

1926 Central American and Caribbean Games>1926

1930 Central American and Caribbean Games>1930

1935 Central American and Caribbean Games>1935

1938 Central American and Caribbean Games>1938

1946 Central American and Caribbean Games>1946

1950 Central American and Caribbean Games>1950

1954 Central American and Caribbean Games>1954

1959 Central American and Caribbean Games>1959

1962 Central American and Caribbean Games>1962

1966 Central American and Caribbean Games>1966

1970 Central American and Caribbean Games>1970

1974 Central American and Caribbean Games>1974

1978 Central American and Caribbean Games>1978

1982 Central American and Caribbean Games>1982

1986 Central American and Caribbean Games>1986

1990 Central American and Caribbean Games>1990

1993 Central American and Caribbean Games>1993

1998 Central American and Caribbean Games>1998

2002 Central American and Caribbean Games>2002

2006 Central American and Caribbean Games>2006

2010 Central American and Caribbean Games>2010

align=left

|

Netherlands Antilles at the 1946 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Aruba at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Antigua and Barbuda at the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Bahamas at the 1962 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Bermuda at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Belize at the 1970 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

British Virgin Islands at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Cayman Islands at the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Colombia at the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Dominica at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Dominican Republic at the 1946 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Grenada at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Guyana at the 1959 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Haiti at the 1950 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Haiti at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Honduras at the 1950 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Honduras at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Honduras at the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

U.S. Virgin Islands at the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Saint Lucia at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Nicaragua at the 1935 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Saint Kitts and Nevis at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Suriname at the 1970 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Trinidad and Tobago at the 1946 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Trinidad and Tobago at the 1962 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

|

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games

X

Historical Medal Count

{| |- |1||align=left|||1490||737||554||2781 |- |2||align=left|||1019||1031||888||2938 |- |3||align=left|||457||611||688||1756 |- |4||align=left|||376||445||481||1302 |- |5||align=left|||284||444||594||1322 |- |6||align=left|||105||184||312||601 |- |7||align=left|||93||110||116||319 |- |8||align=left|||83||144||158||385 |- |9||align=left|||69||141||295||495 |- |10||align=left|||41||98||173||312 |- |11||align=left|||40||55||82||187 |- |12||align=left|||34||37||70||141 |- |13||align=left|||29||30||47||106 |- |14||align=left|||20||15||27||62 |- |15||align=left|||12||4||7||23 |- |16||align=left|||9||16||16||41 |- |17||align=left|||8||12||32||52 |- |18||align=left|||6||14||34||54 |- |19||align=left|||3||13||40||56 |- |20||align=left|||3||6||18||27 |- |21||align=left|||3||3||6||12 |- |22||align=left|||2||8||21||31 |- |23||align=left|||2||4||13||19 |- |24||align=left|||2||0||0||2 |- |25||align=left|||1||2||2||5 |- |26||align=left|||1||1||2||4 |- |27||align=left|||1||1||0||2 |- |28||align=left|||0||4||4||8 |- |29||align=left|||0||1||4||5 |- |30||align=left|||0||1||5||6 |- |31||align=left|||0||0||2||2 |- |32||align=left|||0||0||1||1 |- !colspan=2|Total !!4118!!4101!!4575!!12794 |}

See also

:es:Juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe--''Central American and Caribbean Games'' entry on Spanish Wikipedia

Athletics at the Central American and Caribbean Games

Pan American Games

References

2006 Official Website

2010 Official Website

Official Results

Category:Central American and Caribbean Games Category:Multi-sport events

ca:Jocs Centreamericans i del Carib cs:Středoamerické a karibské hry de:Zentralamerika- und Karibikspiele es:Juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe eu:Ertamerika eta Karibeko Jokoak fr:Jeux d'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes it:Giochi centramericani e caraibici nl:Centraal-Amerikaanse en Caraïbische Spelen ja:中央アメリカ・カリブ海競技大会 no:Sentralamerikanske og karibiske leker pl:Igrzyska Ameryki Środkowej i Karaibów pt:Jogos Centro-Americanos e do Caribe ru:Игры Центральной Америки и Карибского бассейна sv:Centralamerikanska och karibiska spelen zh:中北美洲及加勒比海運動會

name	Tanya Roberts
birth date	October 15, 1955
birth place	The Bronx, New York City, United States
birth name	Victoria Leigh Blum
yearsactive	1975–present
occupation	Actress
spouse	Barry Roberts (1974-2006) }}

Tanya Roberts (born Victoria Leigh Blum; October 15, 1955) is an American actress best known for her roles in ''Charlie's Angels'', ''The Beastmaster'', ''A View to a Kill'', ''Sheena'' and ''That '70s Show''. Roberts was regarded as one of Hollywood's most popular sex symbols during the early 1980s.

Early life

Roberts was born in Bronx, New York City of Irish and Jewish descent. Her father sold ink pens. Tanya lived with her mother in Toronto for several years where she started formulating a photo portfolio and laying plans for a career. She moved to New York City and became a highly sought-after fashion and cover model.

Acting career

1970s

Roberts began as a model in television advertisements for Ultra Brite, Clairol and Cool Ray sunglasses. She played serious roles in the Off Broadway productions ''Picnic'' and ''Antigone''. In between TV ads and theater gigs, she supported herself as an Arthur Murray dance instructor. Her film debut was the 1975 thriller ''Forced Entry''. This was followed in 1976 by the comedy ''The Yum-Yum Girls''.

In 1977, as her husband was securing his own screenwriting career, the couple moved to Hollywood. The following year, Roberts participated in the drama ''Fingers''. A role in the 1979 cult-movie ''Tourist Trap'' followed. Also in 1979, she appeared in the films ''Racket'' and ''California Dreaming''.

Roberts also featured in several television pilots that were never picked up: ''Pleasure Cove'', the 1978 comedy ''Zuma Beach'' and ''Waikiki'' (1980).

1980s

In 1980, Roberts was chosen among 2,000 candidates to replace Shelley Hack in the television series ''Charlie's Angels'' for what would be the last season of the series. In the show, Roberts interpreted her character Julie Rogers as a streetwise fighter who used her fists more than her gun. She was featured on the cover of ''People'' magazine (February 9, 1981) and offered more ambitious projects.

In 1982, she played Kiri in ''The Beastmaster''. She appeared in a nude pictorial in ''Playboy'' to help promote the movie, appearing on that issue's cover (October 1982).

In 1983, Roberts filmed the Italian-made and little-known adventure ''Paladini-storia d'armi e d'amori'' ("Paladins—the story of love and arms"), also known as ''Hearts and Armour'', based on the medieval novel ''Orlando Furioso''. It also starred Ronn Moss of ''The Bold and the Beautiful''.

She played the role of Velda, a buxom secretary to private detective Mike Hammer in the television movie ''Murder Me, Murder You'', the first of two pilots that spawned the syndicated television series ''Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer''. Roberts declined to continue the role in the Mike Hammer series so she could film her next project, ''Sheena: Queen of the Jungle''. The 1984 film was based on a character adapted from a Will Eisner's comic book. Dressed in scantily clad costumes, ''Sheena'' also introduced a new blonde hairstyle that Roberts would keep for the rest of her career. The movie became a box office disaster and was mauled by critics. Her subsequent appearance as Bond girl Stacey Sutton in ''A View to a Kill'' (1985) provided many scenes with Roger Moore as an articulate and educated geologist.

After a brief break, Roberts career took a downturn. Her films included ''Body Slam'' (1987), an action movie set in the professional wrestling world. Roberts closed out the decade with ''Purgatory'', a movie about a woman wrongly imprisoned in Africa.

1990s - 2000s

In 1991, she starred in the soft porn thriller ''Inner Sanctum'' alongside Margaux Hemingway. In 1992, she played Kay Egan in ''Sins of Desire''.

Roberts also appeared on the cable TV series ''Hot Line'' (1994) and the video game ''The Pandora Directive'' (1996).

In 1998, she became familiar to younger audiences when she took on the role of Midge Pinciotti on the television sitcom ''That '70s Show''. In an interview on ''E! True Hollywood Story'' discussing ''That '70s Show'', Roberts said she left the series in 2001 because her husband, Barry Roberts, had become terminally ill. He died in 2006.

In 2008, Roberts wrote the foreword to the book, ''The Q Guide to Charlie's Angels'' by Mike Pingel.

Personal life

At age 15, she abandoned her studies to get married and lived for a while hitch-hiking across the United States until her mother-in-law annulled the union.

After meeting psychology student Barry Roberts while waiting in line for a movie, she soon married again, having proposed to him in a subway station. While Barry started a career as a screenwriter, Tanya began to study at the Actors Studio with Lee Strasberg and Uta Hagen.

References

External links

Official website

Category:1955 births Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from the Bronx Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Jewish descent

cs:Tanya Roberts de:Tanya Roberts es:Tanya Roberts fr:Tanya Roberts fy:Tanya Roberts it:Tanya Roberts nl:Tanya Roberts ja:タニア・ロバーツ pl:Tanya Roberts pt:Tanya Roberts ru:Робертс, Таня sr:Тања Робертс sh:Tanya Roberts sv:Tanya Roberts th:ทันย่า โรเบิตส์ zh:譚雅·羅拔絲