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Arm
The human arm
Cross-section through the middle of upper arm.
Latin	bracchium GraySubject =
MeSH	Arm

In human anatomy, the arm is the part of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow joints. In other animals, the term arm can also be used for analogous structures, such as one of the paired forelimbs of a four-legged animal or the arms of cephalopods. In anatomical usage, the term arm refers specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow,^[1][2] while the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in common, literary, and historical usage, arm refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist. This article uses the former definition; see upper limb for the wider definition.

In primates the arm is adapted for precise positioning of the hand and thus assist in the hand's manipulative tasks. The ball and socket shoulder joint allows for movement of the arms in a wide circular plane, while the structure of the two forearm bones which can rotate around each other allows for additional range of motion at that level.

Skeleton[link]

Bone structure of a human arm.

The humerus is the bone of the arm. It joins with the scapula above in the shoulder at the glenohumeral joint and with the ulna and radius below at the elbow. The elbow joint is the hinge joint between the distal end of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and ulna. The humerus cannot be broken easily. Its strength allows it to handle loading up to 300 pounds (140 kg).

Muscles[link]

The arm is divided by a fascial layer (known as lateral and medial intermuscular septa) separating the muscles into two osteofascial compartments: the anterior and the posterior compartments of the arm. The fascia merges with the periosteum (outer bone layer) of the humerus. The compartments contain muscles which are innervated by the same nerve and perform the same action.

Two other muscles are considered to be partially in the arm:

• The large deltoid muscle is considered to have part of its body in the anterior compartment. This muscle is the main abductor muscle of the upper limb and extends over the shoulder.
• The brachioradialis muscle originates in the arm but inserts into the forearm. This muscle is responsible for rotating the hand so its palm faces forward (supination).

Nerve and blood supply[link]

The cubital fossa (colloquially known as the elbow pit) is clinically important for venepuncture and for blood pressure measurement.

Innervation[link]

Cutaneous innervation of the right upper extremity.

The musculocutaneous nerve, from C5, C6, C7, is the main supplier of muscles of the anterior compartment. It originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus of nerves. It pierces the coracobrachialis muscle and gives off branches to the muscle, as well as to brachialis and biceps brachii. It terminates as the anterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm.

The radial nerve, which is from the fifth cervical spinal nerve to the first thoracic spinal nerve, originates as the continuation of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve enters the lower triangular space (an imaginary space bounded by, amongst others, the shaft of the humerus and the triceps brachii) of the arm and lies deep to the triceps brachii. Here it travels with a deep artery of the arm (the profunda brachii), which sits in the radial groove of the humerus. This fact is very important clinically as a fracture of the bone at the shaft of the bone here can cause lesions or even transections in the nerve.

Other nerves passing through give no supply to the arm. These include:

• The median nerve, nerve origin C5-T1, which is a branch of the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus. This nerve continues in the arm, travelling in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the cubital fossa, this nerve is deep to the pronator teres muscle and is the most medial structure in the fossa. The nerve passes into the forearm.
• The ulnar nerve, origin C8-T1, is a continuation of the medial cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve passes in the same plane as the median nerve, between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the elbow, this nerve travels posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. This means that condylar fractures can cause lesion to this nerve.

Arteries[link]

Main arteries of the arm.

The main artery in the arm is the brachial artery. This artery is a continuation of the axillary artery. The point at which the axillary becomes the brachial is distal to the lower border of teres major. The brachial artery gives off an important branch, the profunda brachii (deep artery of the arm). This branching occurs just below the lower border of teres major.

The brachial artery continues to the cubital fossa in the anterior compartment of the arm. It travels in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles, the same as the median nerve and basilic vein. It is accompanied by venae comitantes (accompanying veins). It gives branches to the muscles of the anterior compartment. The artery is in between the median nerve and the tendon of the biceps muscle in the cubital fossa. It then continues into the forearm.

The profunda brachii travels through the lower triangular space with the radial nerve. From here onwards it has an intimate relationship with the radial nerve. They are both found deep to the triceps muscle and are located on the spiral groove of the humerus. Therefore fracture of the bone may not only lead to lesion of the radial nerve, but also haematoma of the internal structures of the arm. The artery then continues on to anastamose with the recurrent radial branch of the brachial artery, providing a diffuse blood supply for the elbow joint.

Veins[link]

The veins of the arm carry blood from the extremities of the limb, as well as drain the arm itself. The two main veins are the basilic and the cephalic veins. There is a connecting vein between the two, the median cubital vein, which passes through the cubital fossa and is clinically important for venepuncture (withdrawing blood).

The basilic vein travels on the medial side of the arm and terminates at the level of the seventh rib.

The cephalic vein travels on the lateral side of the arm and terminates as the axillary vein. It passes through the deltopectoral triangle, a space between the deltoid and the pectoralis major muscles.

Additional images[link]

See also[link]

• Anatomical terms of location
• Anthropometry of the upper arm
• Humerus fracture

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arm

Look up arm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

v t e Human regional anatomy (TA A01.1) Head Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple Neck Throat · Adam's apple Trunk Chest (Breast) · Abdomen (Navel) · Back · Pelvis (Sex organs) Limbs Upper limb Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) Lower limb/ (see also leg) Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Long  • Third  • Fourth  • Fifth) · Sole General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

Sarah McLaughlin

Personal information
Full name	Sarah Jane McLaughlin
Date of birth	(1991-06-03) 3 June 1991 (age 21)
Place of birth	New Zealand
Height	1.66 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
Playing position	Striker
Club information
Current club	Claudelands Rovers
National team‡
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2008–	New Zealand U-17
2008–	New Zealand U-20	13	(2)
2009–	New Zealand	11	(0)
† Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 22 June 2011

Sarah Jane McLaughlin (born 3 June 1991) is an association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.^[1]

She was a member of the New Zealand squad in the inaugural FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup^[2] playing all 3 group games; a 0-1 loss to Canada,^[3] a 1-2 loss to Denmark^[4] and a 1-3 loss to Colombia.^[5]

McLaughlin also represented New Zealand at the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Chile,^[6] again playing all 3 group games; a 2-3 loss to Nigeria,^[7] a 4-3 win over hosts Chile^[8] and scored New Zealand's goal against England before England equalised late in injury time to eliminate New Zealand from the tournament.^[9] In 2010 she represented New Zealand at the 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, playing in two group games.^[10]

McLaughlin made her senior Football Ferns debut as a substitute in a 0-6 loss to China on 10 January 2009^[1][11]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sarah McLaughlin – FIFA competition record

v t e New Zealand squad – 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup 1 Wood 2 Fullerton 3 Brown 4 Gallie 5 Fisher 6 Armstrong 7 Campbell 8 McLaughlin 9 Wall 10 Longo 11 White 12 Crasborn 13 Pearl 14 Bowen 15 Esson 16 Shea 17 Rollings 18 Mathis 19 Murray 20 McFadyen 21 Nguyen

v t e New Zealand squad – 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup 1 Wood 2 Campbell 3 Green 4 Hoyle 5 Armstrong 6 Erceg 7 Percival 8 Hassett 9 Leota 10 Longo 11 Wall 12 Wood 13 Esson 14 Smith 15 Milne 16 Fisher 17 Stratford 18 Vincent 19 McLaughlin 20 White 21 Brook Coach: Herdman

v t e New Zealand squad – 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup 1 Esson 2 Milne 3 Green (c) 4 Wood 5 Fisher 6 Armstrong 7 Wilkinson 8 Hassett 9 Wall 10 Longo 11 White 12 Crasborn 13 Pearl 14 Leota 15 Cooper 16 Lynds 17 McLaughlin 18 Mathis 19 Carlson 20 Nayler 21 Kemp Coach: Readings

v t e New Zealand squad – 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup 1 Bindon 2 Percival 3 Green 4 Hoyle 5 Erceg 6 Smith 7 Riley 8 Moorwood 9 Hearn 10 Gregorius 11 Yallop 12 Hassett 13 White 14 McLaughlin 15 Kete 16 Longo 17 Wilkinson 18 Bowen 19 Hill 20 Clansey 21 Nayler Coach: Herdman

Mike Chang
Glee character
Harry Shum, Jr. as Mike Chang during Glee Live! In Concert! wearing his "Can't Sing" T-shirt
First appearance	"Preggers"
Created by	Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Ian Brennan
Portrayed by	Harry Shum, Jr.
Information
Occupation	High school student
Family	Michael Chang, Sr. (father) Julia Chang (mother)
Significant other(s)	Tina Cohen-Chang

Michael "Mike" Robert Chang, Jr. is a fictional character from the Fox musical comedy-drama series Glee. The character is portrayed by actor and dancer Harry Shum, Jr., and has appeared on Glee since the fourth episode in the first season, "Preggers", first broadcast on September 23, 2009. Glee follows the trials of the New Directions glee club at the fictional William McKinley High School in the town of Lima, Ohio, of which Mike is a member. He is introduced as a football player who joins the club together with a few of his teammates, and quickly shows himself to be an excellent dancer.

Development[link]

Casting and creation[link]

Mike is played by Harry Shum, Jr. He has also been portrayed as a very young boy by Evan Kishiyama in the episode "The Substitute". When Shum was hired, he had been through the audition process, but as far as he knew "it was just like a regular acting gig where you go on for a day."^[1] In an interview with the New York Post, he elaborated, "I got hired as a day player and it turned into a week, and then a month and so on. I was just rolling with it—I mean, who would say no to that?"^[2]

Mike performed in the glee club's production numbers, but was given very little dialogue, staying mostly "in the background, doing some facial expressions." Shum noted, "It wasn’t until I came on the [Glee Live! In Concert!] tour and had this crazy reaction from the audience, and the producers were like, 'Wow, how do they know him?'"^[1]

Mike is a senior in the third season of the show.^[3] Glee co-creator Ryan Murphy has stated that, due to graduation, "more characters are leaving than are staying" at the end of the season.^[4] Mike's parents are dealing with his college plans and appear on the show in "Asian F" to this end, and may be recurring characters.^[5][6]

Characterization[link]

Mike very slowly developed from a football player who "was afraid to dance outside [his] room"^[7] to a confident and highly skilled dancer and performer. Little was revealed about him during the first season of Glee, though Shum described Mike halfway through that season as a "shy football player"^[8] with "dancing and singing abilities" who has "found a place where he can express himself and feel accepted."^[9]

He was given his first storylines in the show's second season. Mike began dating Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz),^[10] was revealed to lack confidence in his singing early in the season,^[11] and although his confidence gets a boost after that, he goes as far as to wear a t-shirt that says he "can't sing" in the episode "Born This Way".^[12] Although he sometimes fools around in academic classes,^[13] he is also very intelligent, and is a member of the school's academic decathlon team.^[14] Indeed, his grades are so good that his father becomes alarmed when Mike gets an "A−" on a chemistry exam, as that could harm his chances of getting into Harvard. Mike Chang is of Chinese American descent, and his great-grandmother was originally from Hubei province in China.^[6]

Storylines[link]

Season 1[link]

Mike first appears in the episode "Preggers" as a member of the McKinley High football team. He dances to "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" by Beyoncé with Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) and his fellow high school football players, and subsequently decides to join the New Directions glee club with his friends and teammates Matt (Dijon Talton) and Puck (Mark Salling).^[15] Mike is a very talented dancer, able to perform complicated lock-breakdown dance steps, and he is shown singing background vocals and performing short dance solos in the glee club's musical numbers.^[16] When Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) is briefly made co-director of New Directions along with usual director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), she recruits an "elite glee club" of all the minority students including Mike, whom she calls "Other Asian".^[17] Tina, herself called "Asian" by Sue, later calls Mike "Other Asian", to his consternation, when they partner for an assignment.^[18]

In "Mash-Up", Coach Ken Tanaka (Patrick Gallagher) tells the guys that are in both glee club and on the football team that they have to choose between the two activities. Mike decides to stay with his friends in New Directions, although he is later allowed to rejoin the team.^[19] In the episode "Sectionals", when the glee club is faced with having to create an entirely new setlist for Sectionals in an hour because their prepared songs had all just been sung by the competing clubs, Finn (Cory Monteith) asks the best dancers in the group—Mike, along with Matt, Brittany (Heather Morris) and Santana (Naya Rivera)—to come up with a dance routine for a new song on the spot. They do, and New Directions goes on to win the competition.^[20] In the episode "Dream On", Tina asks Mike to perform a special dance number with her, even though it was originally intended to be for her boyfriend, Artie (Kevin McHale), who is in a wheelchair.^[21] As the season ends, New Directions competes at Regionals, but they come in third and their director Will Schuester is forced to disband the group. When the club members thank Will and tell him how their lives have changed, Mike says that before New Directions he was too afraid to dance outside of his room. Sue later gets the glee club a one-year reprieve, and Mike and the rest of the members celebrate.^[22]

Season 2[link]

Over the summer, Mike and Tina are both arts counselors at "Asian Camp", where they kiss and start dating. By the beginning of the school year when season two begins, Tina has officially broken up with Artie, as she is more attracted to Mike and his abs.^[23] He gets his first vocal solo in the episode "Duets" when he performs "Sing!" from A Chorus Line with Tina, though he initially tries to tell her that she should sing and he should just dance around; the duet ultimately gets a great reception.^[24] This experience gives him the confidence to volunteer to play the lead when the glee club is planning a performance of The Rocky Horror Show, but he has to pull out when his parents object to him playing a transvestite.^[25] Tina and Mike's relationship continues to heat up—they are still a couple at the end of the school year—and in "Never Been Kissed" they try to cool themselves off by thinking of coach Shannon Beiste (Dot-Marie Jones), but this leads to Mike getting jealous and confronting Coach Beiste. When Mr. Schuester falls ill, he has a dream in which he and Mike perform a recreation of "Make 'Em Laugh" from Singin' in the Rain.^[26] Fellow football player Dave Karofsky (Max Adler) is relentlessly bullying glee club member Kurt, so Mike and Artie confront him in the locker room after practice, telling him to back off. In the ensuing fight, Sam (Chord Overstreet) jumps in to defend them, and all four of them are injured.^[27] Guidance counsellor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays) tells Will that there are more talented members in glee club than just Rachel, Finn and Mercedes (Amber Riley), so he picks Mike and Brittany to take the lead in a dance number for Sectionals. Their constant rehearsing worries Tina, who mistakenly fears that she is losing Mike to Brittany; she later apologizes to him for her doubts.^[28] In "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle", the glee club and non-glee factions of the football team initially rupture, imperiling the team's chances, but ultimately come together to wins the championship. In the episode "Born This Way", when everyone in New Directions wears T-shirts to describe the thing they dislike about themselves, Mike's T-shirt says "Can't Sing". Along with the rest of the glee club, Mike travels to New York City at the end of the season for the National show choir competition. New Directions finishes in twelfth place out of fifty teams.

Season 3[link]

In "Asian F", Mike has his first major story line. After he receives an "A−" on a chemistry exam, his father (Keong Sim) is upset by this "Asian F" and the danger it poses to his chances of attending Harvard, and insists that Mike focus more on his studies and give up glee club and his girlfriend, who has been helping him improve his singing. Mike begs for one more chance and promises to meet with a tutor, but later decides to follow his dreams and auditions for the role of Riff in West Side Story, performing "Cool". He misses a tutoring session and is confronted by his mother (Tamlyn Tomita), and when he admits he wants to be a dancer rather than a doctor, she reveals that she gave up dreams of becoming a dancer and doesn’t want her son to do the same.

Tina reveals in "The First Time" that she and Mike had sex over the summer and says how wonderful it was with the boy she loved. Also in that episode, Mike's father confronts him about his participation in West Side Story, and Mike tells him he wants to be a professional dancer, not a doctor. His father disowns him. However, in "Hold On to Sixteen", Mike tells Tina that he will not be applying to dance schools as planned, but has instead applied to Stanford's pre-med program to please his father. Tina, appalled, tries to intervene with Mike's father, but he remains convinced that dancing is too risky a path for Mike. His father later goes to see Mike perform with New Directions in Sectionals, and afterward tells him that he now understands that dancing is Mike's passion, and Mike should apply to the best dance schools.

Musical performances[link]

In the first season, Mike only appeared in numbers performed by the entire glee club. He had no solos or other vocal leads, though his dancing was featured in a few numbers. His only vocal lead in the second season was in the episode "Duets", when he performed "Sing!" from A Chorus Line with his girlfriend, Tina. Both Aly Semigran of MTV and Anthony Benigno of the Daily News named the piece as their favorite routine of the episode, though Benigno gave it only a "B" grade, as its appeal hinged on Mike's dancing, rather than his vocal performance.^[29][30] Vanity Fair's Brett Berk gave it four stars out of five, his highest rating of the episode; it was one of two songs to get that rating.^[31] Though Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal and the Houston Chronicle's Bobby Hankinson also commented positively on the song, the former thought that Tina's sung interjections became annoying and the latter called it "far from the best of the evening".^[32][33]

Harry Shum, Jr. as Mike during Glee Live! In Concert!

In the third season, Mike sings his first solo in the episode "Asian F" when he auditions for the school musical, West Side Story, by singing one of its song, "Cool". His performance of it has received positive reviews by critics. Billboard's Rae Votta wrote of "Cool" that "for Mike Chang's first solo it's impressive", and added, "maybe he should play Tony instead of Blaine"; Michael Slezak of TVLine also thought he should have been considered for Tony since it was "performed with such verve and swagger and charisma".^[34][35] Even so, he conceded that Mike (and Shum) was "not the strongest singer", an assessment echoed in the "decent singer" characterizations from Vicki Hyman of The Star-Ledger and BuddyTV's John Kubicek, and the former called the performance a fine job while the latter wrote that "Mike Chang is the total package".^[34][36][37] The Wall Street Journal's Raymund Flandez said Mike's singing "wasn't so terrible", but while Lee said his is "not, by any means, a wonderful voice" she also said "he still pirouettes with the kind of easy grace that makes each move a joy to watch."^[38][39] Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone wrote, "He's got the smooth dance moves down ... but, most impressively, his slick vocals are on point, hitting nice rises and falls at certain moments but mostly staying 'real cool', as the song calls for", and Berk gave the performance five of five stars.^[40][41]

In "Heart", he sings L-O-V-E with Tina, which received mostly positive reviews. The Washington Post's Jen Chaney characterized it as "cute and buoyant" and gave it an "A−", and HuffPost TV's Crystal Bell called it "absolute perfection".^[42][43] While Michael Slezak of TVLine praised their "sweet vocals", he wondered why their "rare moment in the spotlight had to serve as a backdrop to the Artie-Sugar-Rory triangle" and gave the performance a "B".^[44] Chaney thought the "quick edits actually gave the song a nice energy, but also prevented us from seeing more of Tina and Mike dancing", which she said "was a shame".^[43] Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal and Entertainment Weekly's Joseph Brannigan Lynch both praised Mike's singing; Lynch said his "voice sounded great", and Flandez declared that "Mike has really come into his own as a singer". ^[45][46]

Reception[link]

Mike has received generally positive reviews from critics mainly for his dancing. In the second season episode "Special Education", when he and Brittany (Heather Morris) are given featured dance roles in the song "Valerie", sung by Santana (Naya Rivera), Flandez wrote that "Brittany and Mike's pas de deux rocked".^[47] Benigno stated, "Brittany and Mike Chang handle the moves (extraordinarily well), but the vocals here are what steal it", and gave the song an "A".^[48] Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack was slightly less generous with an "A−", and wrote that it was a "great song choice for Santana"; he gave "bonus points for the phenomenal Mike/Brittany choreography", while Jen Harper of BuddyTV said that their dancing "totally made the song".^[49][50] Zap2it's Hanh Nguyen liked the dancing, but she was critical of how the song sounded, as she felt "it lacked something and didn't really feel worthy of the standing O", while Futterman said "Santana's sassy vocals are a perfect echo of Winehouse's, but the rest of the song feels a bit like a circus".^[51][52] Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times felt the entire song "seemed kind of tacked on", both the dancing and Santana's solo.^[53] In the episode "A Night of Neglect", when Mike performs the show's first solo dance routine—to the song "Bubble Toes" by Jack Johnson—he garnered some rave reviews, including from Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly, who gave it an "A" and called it "one of the best [performances] of the season."^[54] Semigran concurred, and characterized Mike's dancing in the number as "awesome".^[55]

In the season three episode "Asian F", Mike Chang has his first major storyline which became the most widely praised storyline of the episode. Abby West of Entertainment Weekly said Shum "really showed his acting chops", and Samantha Urban of The Dallas Morning News thought the "plot worked well", though she heaped scorn on the notion that "any college would consider glee club a detriment" in an application.^[56][57] Mike's "Cool" performance was very well received. Berk called it a "spectacular audition" and Bell said it was "one of the highlights of the episode"; she also noted that the episode "really solidified" Mike and Tina's relationship, though she also pointed out that Tina was "the most neglected member of the entire cast".^[41][58] Mike's scenes in the dance studio were even more highly praised than "Cool". The first, when Mike "dances alone and imagines Tina and his dad in the room with him" was described as "really beautiful" by Benigno for The Faster Times.^[59] The Atlantic's Kevin Fallon characterized it as "a standout scene": "the performer dances out his life frustrations, pirouetting-as-catharsis until he realizes that the only place he feels happy is on stage. It's a trademark Glee moment."^[60] Hyman agreed, and wrote, "When he ducked into the studio and started dancing by himself, without music, it reminded me of how special a show Glee can be".^[36] Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the subsequent scene in the studio with his mother as the "most touching part" of the storyline, and more than one reviewer admitted shedding tears, including Reiter.^[61][62]

Critics reacted less positive towards his scenes in The First Time. The scene where he is disowned by his father was characterized as "weird" and "tonally off" by Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club and "abrupt and unlikely" by Hyman. ^[63][64] Kubicek was even more critical: "the most over-the-top, terribly cliched scene ever". ^[65] However, Votta gave "kudos to Glee for sticking with Mike's story this season as he figures out his path", and West wrote that Shum "played it well", while Robert Canning of IGN said it and the later scene with his mother "were mighty effective, if a bit stereotypical". ^[66][67][68] Hyman and West also approved of the latter scene. ^[67][64]

After Hold On to Sixteen, Sullivan, who was enthusiastic about Shum, who he said had "emerged as a crux of the show", was not happy with Mike's "forced storyline" in the episode.^[69] Canning noted that Mike's storyline had "been a bit cliched all season", though it had been "fun to root for him", but he was puzzled by the lack of a "Mike Chang dance showcase" at the competition to justify his father's change of heart.^[70]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Mike Chang at the Internet Movie Database