Grand hotel is a term for a large and luxurious hotel, especially one built in a traditional architectural style. More specifically, Grand Hotel may refer to:

Hotels

Europe

Grand Hotel Esplanade, Berlin, Germany

Grand Hotel (Brighton), England

Grand Hotel Villa d'Este, Cernobbio, Italy

Grandhotel Pupp, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic

Grand Hotel (Leicester), England

Grand Hotel (Llandudno), Wales

Grand Hotel (Lund), Sweden

Grand Hotel (Oslo), Oslo, Norway

Grand Hotel Prishtina, Kosovo

The Grand Hotel Rimini, Italy

Grand Hotel Europe, St. Petersburg, Russia

Grand Hotel (Scarborough), England

Grand Hotel (Sopot), Poland

Grand Hôtel (Stockholm), Sweden

Grand Hotel (Torquay), England

Grand Hotel des Bains, Venice (lido), Italy

Grand Hotel, Vienna, Austria

Grand Hotel Dolder, Zurich, Switzerland

North America

Canada's grand railway hotels

The Grand, condominium and hotel skyscraper in Miami

Grand Hotel (Highmount, New York)

* Grand Hotel Railroad Station which served it

Grand Hotel (New York, New York)

MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, opened 1973

MGM Grand Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, opened 1993

Grand Hotel (Mackinac Island), Michigan, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Grand Hotel, or "The Grand", nickname in the 1980s for the Hotel/Casino that is now Bally's Atlantic City in New Jersey

Asia

Kaohsiung Grand Hotel, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Dariush Grand Hotel, Kish Island, Iran

Grand Hotel (Calcutta), Kolkata, India

Grand Hotel (Nuwara Eliya), Sri Lanka

Sapporo Grand Hotel, Sapporo, Japan

Grand Hotel (Taipei City), Taiwan

Africa

Grande Hotel Beira, a former luxury hotel in Beira, Mozambique

Australasia

Grand Hotel (Auckland), New Zealand

Windsor Hotel (Melbourne), originally known as The Grand Hotel

Arts

Grandhotel, a 2006 Czech film

Grand Hotel (play), a 1931 play by Edward Knoblock

Grand Hotel (book), a 1930 book by Vicki Baum

Grand Hotel (film), a 1932 film based on Baum's book

Grand Hotel (album), a 1973 album by Procol Harum

Grand Hotel (musical), a 1989 Broadway musical

Grand Hotel (Roadstar album), a 2006 album by Roadstar

See also

Grand Pacific Hotel (disambiguation)

The Grand (disambiguation)

Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel, a mathematical paradox related to set theory and countable infinities

cs:Grandhotel fr:Grand Hôtel it:Grand Hotel no:Grand Hotell pt:Grande Hotel ro:Grand Hotel ru:Гранд-отель fi:Grand Hotel

name	Joan Crawford
birth date	March 23, 1905
birth place	San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
death date	May 10, 1977
death place	New York City, New York, U.S.
birth name	Lucille Fay LeSueur
occupation	Actress
years active	1925–1972
spouse	Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.(1929–1933)Franchot Tone(1935–1939)Phillip Terry(1942–1946)Alfred Steele(1955–1959)
children	Christina, born on June 11, 1939Christopher (1943–2006)Cynthia (1947–2007)Cathy, born on January 13, 1947
relatives	Thomas E. LeSueur (father, 1868–1938)Anna Bell Johnson (mother, 1884–1958)Hal LeSueur (brother, 1901–1963)
signature	Joan Crawford Signature.svg }}

Joan Crawford (March 23, 1905 – May 10, 1977), born Lucille Fay LeSueur, was an American actress in film, television and theatre.

Starting as a dancer in travelling theatrical companies before debuting on Broadway, Crawford was signed to a motion picture contract by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925. Initially frustrated by the size and quality of her parts, Crawford began a campaign of self-publicity and became nationally known as a flapper by the end of the 1920s. In the 1930s, Crawford's fame rivalled MGM colleagues Norma Shearer, Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow. Crawford often played hardworking young women who find romance and financial success. These "rags-to-riches" stories were well-received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. Crawford became one of Hollywood's most prominent movie stars and one of the highest paid women in the United States, but her films began losing money and by the end of the 1930s she was labelled "box office poison", along with other such other actors as Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn and Fred Astaire.

After an absence of nearly two years from the screen, Crawford staged a comeback by starring in Mildred Pierce (1945), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. In 1955, she became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele. After his death in 1959, Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors but was forcibly retired in 1973. She continued acting in film and television regularly through the 1960s, when her performances became fewer; after the release of the British horror film Trog in 1970, Crawford retired from the screen. Following a public appearance in 1974, after which unflattering photographs were published, Crawford withdrew from public life and became more and more reclusive until her death in 1977.

Crawford married four times. Her first three marriages ended in divorce; the last ended with the death of husband Al Steele. She adopted five children, one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother. Crawford's relationships with her two older children, Christina and Christopher, were acrimonious. Crawford disinherited the two and, after Crawford's death, Christina wrote a "tell-all" memoir, Mommie Dearest, in which she alleged a lifelong pattern of physical and emotional abuse perpetrated by Crawford.

Crawford was voted the tenth greatest female star in the history of American cinema by the American Film Institute.

Early life

Crawford was born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, the third child of Tennessee-born Thomas E. LeSueur (1868–1938), a laundry laborer of French Huguenot and English ancestry, and Anna Bell Johnson (1884–1958), who was of Swedish and Irish descent. Her older siblings were Daisy LeSueur, who died very young, and Hal LeSueur. Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family a few months before Crawford's birth. He reappeared in Abilene, Texas in 1930 as a 62-year-old construction laborer on the George R. Davis House, built in Prairie School architecture.

Crawford's mother subsequently married Henry J. Cassin. The family lived in Lawton, Oklahoma, where Cassin ran a movie theater. Crawford was unaware that Cassin was not her birth father until her brother Hal told her. The 1910 federal census for Comanche County, Oklahoma, enumerated on April 20, showed Henry and Anna living at 910 "D" Street in Lawton. Crawford was listed as five years old, thus showing 1905 as her likely year of birth. However, the state of Texas did not require the filing of birth certificates until 1908, allowing Crawford to claim she was born in 1908.

Crawford preferred the nickname "Billie" as a child and she loved watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfather's theater. The instability of her family life affected her education and her level of schooling never really progressed beyond the fourth grade. Her ambition was to be a dancer. However, in an attempt to escape piano lessons to run and play with friends, she leaped from the front porch of her home and cut her foot deeply on a broken milk bottle. Crawford had three operations and was unable to attend elementary school for a year and a half. She eventually fully recovered and returned to dancing.

Around 1916, Crawford's family moved to Kansas City, Missouri. Cassin was first listed in the City Directory in 1917, living at 403 East Ninth Street. While still in elementary school, Crawford was placed in St. Agnes Academy, a Catholic school in Kansas City. Later, after her mother and stepfather broke up, she stayed on at St. Agnes as a work student. She then went to Rockingham Academy, also as a work student. She later claimed the headmaster's wife there beat her and forged her grades to hide the fact that young Lucille spent far more time working, primarily cooking and cleaning, rather than being able to study academically. While attending Rockingham she began dating and had her first serious relationship, with a trumpet player named Ray Sterling. It was Sterling who reportedly inspired her to begin challenging herself academically. In 1922, she registered at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, giving her year of birth as 1906. Crawford attended Stephens for only four months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college.

Career

Early career

Under the name Lucille LeSueur, Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J. Shubert. Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show, Innocent Eyes, at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City. While appearing in Innocent Eyes Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton. The two were allegedly married in 1924 and lived together for several months, although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford. She wanted additional work and approached Loews Theaters publicist Nils Granlund. Granlund secured a position for her with producer Harry Richmond's act and arranged for her to do a screen test which he sent to producer Harry Rapf in Hollywood. Stories have persisted that Crawford further supplemented her income by appearing in one or more stag, or soft-core pornographic, films, although this has been disputed. Rapf notified Granlund on December 24, 1924 that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week. Granlund immediately wired the 19 year old LeSueur – who had returned to her mother's home in Kansas City – with the news; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses. The night after Christmas she left Kansas City and arrived in Culver City, California on January 1, 1925.

As Lucille LeSueur, her first film was Pretty Ladies in 1925, which starred ZaSu Pitts. Also in 1925 she appeared in small roles in the films The Only Thing and Old Clothes. MGM publicity head Pete Smith recognized her ability but felt that her name sounded fake; it also, he told studio head Louis B. Mayer, sounded like "Le Sewer". Smith organized a contest in conjunction with the fan magazine Movie Weekly to allow readers to select her new name. Initially the name "Joan Arden" was selected but, when another actress was found to have prior claim to that name, the alternate name "Crawford" became the choice. Crawford initially wanted her new first name to be pronounced "Jo-anne". She hated the name Crawford, saying it sounded like "crawfish". Her friend, actor William Haines, quipped, "They might have called you 'Cranberry' and served you every Thanksgiving with the turkey!" Crawford continued to dislike the name throughout her life but, she said, she "liked the security that went with it".

Self-promotion and early successes

Growing increasingly frustrated over the size and quality of the parts she was given, Crawford embarked on a campaign of self-promotion. As MGM screenwriter Frederica Sagor Maas recalled, "No one decided to make Joan Crawford a star. Joan Crawford became a star because Joan Crawford decided to become a star." She began attending dances in the afternoons and evenings at hotels around Hollywood, where she often won dance competitions with her performances of the Charleston and the Black Bottom. Her strategy worked, and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences, Edmund Goulding's Sally, Irene and Mary (1925). She played Irene, a struggling chorus girl. In the same year, Crawford worked on Lady of the Night, starring Norma Shearer. Crawford was made up and used as a double for Shearer and her face is briefly seen. Crawford coveted the roles that Shearer played but knew that Shearer's husband, producer Irving Thalberg, guaranteed Shearer first choice of roles in any MGM property. "How can I compete with Norma?" Crawford was quoted as saying. "She sleeps with the boss."

The following year, Crawford was named one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars, along with Mary Astor, Mary Brian, Dolores Costello, Dolores del Río, Janet Gaynor and Fay Wray. For the next two years, Crawford appeared in increasingly important films. In 1926, she made Paris, where she was able to show her sex appeal. She became the romantic interest for some of MGM's leading male stars, among them Ramón Novarro, William Haines, John Gilbert and Tim McCoy. Crawford appeared in The Unknown (1927), starring Lon Chaney, Sr. who played a carnival knife thrower with no arms. Crawford played his skimpily clad young carnival assistant whom he hopes to marry. She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anything else in her career. "It was then", she said, "I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera, and acting."

In 1928, Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore, but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters (1928) that catapulted her to stardom. The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity that rivaled the image of her friend Clara Bow, the original IT girl, who was Hollywood's foremost flapper. A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters, including two more flapper-themed movies, in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans (many of whom were women) an idealized vision of the free-spirited, all-American girl. F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote of her:

On June 3, 1929, Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. at Saint Malachy's Roman Catholic Church in New York City, although neither apparently was Catholic. Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford, who were considered Hollywood royalty. Fairbanks Sr. and Pickford were opposed to the marriage and did not invite the couple to their home, Pickfair, for eight months after the marriage. The relationship between Crawford and Fairbanks, Sr. eventually warmed; she called him "Uncle Doug" and he called her "Billie". Following that first invitation, Crawford and Fairbanks, Jr. became more frequent guests, which was hard on Crawford. While the Fairbanks men played golf together, Crawford was left either with Pickford or alone.

To rid herself of her Southwestern accent, Crawford tirelessly practiced diction and elocution. She said:

Her first talkie was Untamed (1929), opposite Robert Montgomery, which was a box office success. Crawford made an effective transition to sound movies. One critic wrote, "Miss Crawford sings appealingly and dances thrillingly as usual; her voice is alluring and her dramatic efforts in the difficult role she portrays are at all times convincing."

From Queen of the Movies to box office poison

thumb|Crawford in [[Rain (1932 film)|Rain (1932)]] With the early sound film, Our Blushing Brides (1930), another financial success, MGM began to develop a more sophisticated image of Crawford, rather than continuing to promote her flapper girl persona of the silent era. In 1931, she starred opposite Clark Gable in Possessed. They began an affair during the production, resulting in an ultimatum from studio chief Louis B. Mayer to Gable that the affair end. Gable complied, although for many years their affair resumed sporadically and secretly. Upon release, Possessed was an enormous hit.

The studio then cast her in Grand Hotel, which starred the most famous actors of the 1930s and was MGM's most prestigious movie of 1932. Crawford later achieved continued success with Letty Lynton (1932). Soon after its release, a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it. It has never been shown on television or made available on home video, and is therefore considered the "lost" Crawford film. The film is mostly remembered because of the "Letty Lynton dress", designed by Adrian: a white cotton organdy gown with large ruffled sleeves, puffed at the shoulder. It was with this gown that Crawford's broad shoulders began to be accentuated by costume. Macy's copied the dress in 1932, and it sold over 500,000 replicas in the United States. In May 1933, Crawford divorced Fairbanks. Crawford cited "grievous mental cruelty"; "a jealous and suspicious attitude" toward her friends and "loud arguments about the most trivial subjects" lasting "far into the night". Following Possessed, Crawford starred opposite Gable in the hit Dancing Lady (1933), in which she received top billing. Crawford's next movies, Sadie McKee, Chained and Forsaking All Others (all 1934), were among the top money makers of the mid-1930s.

In 1935, Crawford married her second husband, Franchot Tone, a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film salary to finance his theatre group. Tone and Crawford appeared together in Today We Live (1933) and were immediately drawn to each other, although Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks. The couple built a small theatre at Crawford's Brentwood home and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends. Before and during their marriage, Crawford worked to promote Tone's Hollywood career but Tone was ultimately not interested in being a movie star and Crawford eventually wearied of the effort. Tone began drinking and physically abusing Crawford and she filed for divorce, which was granted in 1939. Crawford and Tone eventually reconciled their friendship and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry. When Tone died in 1968, Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes, Canada.

The Motion Picture Herald placed Crawford on its list of the top-ten moneymaking stars from 1932, the first year of the poll, through 1936 and Life magazine proclaimed her "First Queen of the Movies" in 1937. Later in 1937 she dropped out of the top ten for the first time. In 1938 the Independent Film Journal named her and several other stars as "box office poison" based on their supposed lack of popular appeal. However, Crawford made a comeback with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in director George Cukor's The Women in 1939. She broke from formula by taking the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo (1940), her eighth and final film with Gable. Crawford then starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Woman's Face (1941), a remake of a European film which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier. While the film was only a moderate box office success, her performance was hailed by many critics.

Crawford adopted her first child, a daughter, in 1940. Because she was single, California law prevented her from adopting within the state so she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas. The child was temporarily called Joan until Crawford changed her name to Christina. She married actor Phillip Terry on July 21, 1942 after a six-month courtship. Together the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher, but his birth mother reclaimed the child. They adopted another boy, whom they named Phillip Terry, Jr. After the marriage ended in 1946, Crawford changed the child's name to Christopher Crawford. After 18 years, Crawford's contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29, 1943. In lieu of one more movie owed under her contract, MGM bought her out for $100,000. During World War II she was a member of American Women's Voluntary Services.

Move to Warner Bros.

For $500,000, Crawford signed with Warner Bros. for a three movie deal and was placed on the payroll on July 1, 1943. She also made a cameo with many other stars in the G.I. morale-booster Hollywood Canteen (1944). Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Bros. was because she wanted to play the character "Mattie" in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Wharton's novel Ethan Frome (1911). However, Bette Davis wanted to play Mattie and reportedly told Jack Warner, "Joan's far too old, and besides, she can't act" – although Davis was only three years younger.

Crawford wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce (1945), but Davis was the studio's first choice. However, Davis turned the role down. Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford and told Jack Warner, "She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads... why should I waste my time directing a has-been?" Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test. After the test, Curtiz agreed to Crawford's casting. Crawford starred opposite Jack Carson, Zachary Scott, Eve Arden, Ann Blyth and Butterfly McQueen. Mildred Pierce was a commercial success. It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros. movies of the later 1940s, earning Crawford the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.

From 1945 to 1952, Crawford reigned as a top star and respected actress, appearing in such roles as Helen Wright in Humoresque (1946), Louise Howell Graham in Possessed (1947, for which she was nominated for a second Oscar for Best Actress) and the title role in Daisy Kenyon (also 1947). She did a critically well received sendup of her screen image in a cameo in the Doris Day-Jack Carson musical, It's a Great Feeling (1949). Other movie roles of the era include Lane Bellamy in Flamingo Road (1949), a dual role in the film noir The Damned Don't Cry (1950), and the title role of Harriet Craig (1950) at Columbia Pictures. After filming This Woman Is Dangerous (1952), Crawford asked to be released from her Warner Bros. contract. As she had done before, Crawford triumphed as Myra Hudson in Sudden Fear (1952) at RKO, which was the movie that introduced her co-star, Jack Palance, to the screen and earned Crawford a third and final Oscar nomination for Best Actress.

Crawford adopted two more children in 1947, fraternal twins whom she named Cindy and Cathy.

Radio and television

Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8, 1939; Good News; Baby, broadcast March 2, 1940 on Arch Oboler's Lights Out; The Word on Everyman's Theater (1941); Chained on the Lux Radio Theater and Norman Corwin's Document A/777 (1948). She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s and, in 1959, made a pilot for her series, The Joan Crawford Show, but the show was never picked up by a network.

Al Steele and Pepsi Cola Company

Crawford married her final husband, Alfred Steele, at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10, 1955. Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 when Steele was an executive with Coca-Cola. They renewed their acquaintance at a New Year's Eve party in 1954. Steele by that time had become the President of Pepsi Cola. Alfred Steele would later be named Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi Cola. Crawford traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage. She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company. Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959. Crawford was initially advised that her services were no longer required. After she told the story to Louella Parsons, Pepsi reversed its position and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors. Crawford, left near-penniless following Steele's death, accepted a supporting role in the film The Best of Everything (1959). It was her first non-starring role in her later career.

Crawford received the sixth annual "Pally Award", which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle. It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales. In 1973, Crawford was forcibly retired from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall, whom Crawford had referred to for years as "Fang."

Later career

After her triumph in RKO's Sudden Fear, Crawford appeared in films ranging from the camp western film Johnny Guitar (1954) to the drama Autumn Leaves (1956), opposite a young Cliff Robertson. By the early 1960s, however, Crawford's status in motion pictures had diminished.

Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson, a wheelchair bound former A-list movie star in conflict with her psychotic sister in the highly successful thriller What Ever Happened To Baby Jane? (1962). Despite the actresses' earlier tensions, Crawford suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane. The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them. However, Crawford accused Davis of kicking her during the filming of a scene in which Jane attacks Blanche, and reportedly retaliated by wearing weights under her clothes in a scene in which Davis had to carry her. The director, Robert Aldrich, explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers and commented, "It's proper to say that they really detested each other, but they behaved absolutely perfectly." After filming was completed, their public comments against each other allowed the tension to develop into a lifelong feud. The film became a huge success, recouping its costs in 11 days of nationwide release and temporarily reviving Crawford's career. Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Jane Hudson. Crawford secretly contacted the other Oscar nominees in the category (Katharine Hepburn, Geraldine Page and Anne Bancroft, all East Coast-based actresses), to let them know if they could not attend the ceremony, she would be happy to accept the Oscar on their behalf; all agreed. Both Davis and Crawford were backstage when the absent Anne Bancroft was announced as the winner, and Crawford accepted the award on her behalf. Davis claimed for the rest of her life that Crawford campaigned against her, a charge Crawford denied. That same year, Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castle's horror mystery Strait-Jacket (1964).

Director Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964). After a campaign of harassment by Davis while the film was on location in Louisiana, Crawford returned to Hollywood and entered a hospital. After a prolonged absence in which Crawford was accused of feigning illness, Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland. Crawford was devastated. "I heard the news of my replacement over the radio, lying in my hospital bed", Crawford said. "I wept for 39 hours." Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life, saying of Aldrich, "He is a man who loves evil, horrendous, vile things." (to which Aldrich replied, "If the shoe fits, wear it, and I am very fond of Miss Crawford.")

Upon her release from the hospital Crawford played the role of Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did (1965), another William Castle vehicle. She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohen's horror thriller film Berserk! (1967). After the film's release, Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show. The episode, "Lucy and the Lost Star", first aired on February 26, 1968. Crawford struggled during rehearsals and drank heavily on-set, leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson. Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show and received two standing ovations from the studio audience.

In October 1968, Crawford's 29-year-old daughter, Christina (who was then acting in New York on the CBS TV soap opera The Secret Storm), needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor. Until Christina was well enough to return, Crawford offered to play her role, to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed. Although Crawford did well in rehearsal, she lost her composure while taping and the director and producer were left to struggle to piece together the necessary footage.

Crawford's appearance in the 1969 TV film Night Gallery (which served as pilot to the series that followed), marked one of Steven Spielberg's earliest directing jobs. She starred on the big screen one final time, playing Dr. Brockton in Herman Cohen's science fiction horror film Trog (1970), rounding out a career spanning 45 years and over 80 motion pictures. Crawford made three more TV appearances, as Stephanie White in an episode of The Virginian (1970), entitled "The Nightmare"; as Allison Hayes in the made-for-TV movie Beyond the Water's Edge (1972); and as Joan Fairchild (her final performance) on an episode of the television series, The Sixth Sense, entitled, "Dear Joan: We're Going To Scare You To Death" (1972).

Final years and death

In 1970, Crawford was presented with the Cecil B. DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes, which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. She also spoke at her alma mater, Stephens College, from which she never graduated.

Crawford published her autobiography, A Portrait of Joan – written with Jane Kesner Ardmore – in 1962 through Doubleday. Crawford's next book, My Way of Life, was published in 1971 by Simon and Schuster. Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed, although Crawford's meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming, wardrobe, exercise, and even food storage.

In September 1973, Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to the smaller apartment 22-H in the Imperial House. Her last public appearance was September 23, 1974, at a party honoring her old friend Rosalind Russell at New York's Rainbow Room. Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time, and died two years later in 1976, aged 69. When Crawford saw the unflattering photos of both stars that appeared in the papers the next day, she said, "If that's how I look, then they won't see me anymore." Crawford cancelled all public appearances, began declining interviews and left her apartment less and less. Her dental-related issues, including surgery which left her in need of round the clock nursing care, also plagued her from 1972 until the middle of 1975. While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974, Crawford's drinking caused her to black out, slip and strike her face. This incident scared her enough to give up drinking and smoking, although in public she insisted it was due to her return to Christian Science. The whole incident is recorded in a series of letters sent to her insurance company held at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, as well as being documented by her friend, Carl Johnnes, in his book.

On May 8, 1977, Crawford gave away her beloved Shih Tzu "Princess Lotus Blossom", which she was too weak to care for properly. Crawford died two days later at her New York apartment from a heart attack, while also ill with pancreatic cancer. A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home, New York, on May 13, 1977. In her will, which was signed October 28, 1976, Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children, Cindy and Cathy, $77,500 each from her $2,000,000 estate. She explicitly disinherited the two eldest, Christina and Christopher, writing "It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son Christopher or my daughter Christina for reasons which are well known to them."

A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls' Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16, 1977, and was attended by, among others, her old Hollywood friend Myrna Loy. Another memorial service, organized by George Cukor, was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills, California. Crawford was cremated and her ashes placed in a crypt with her last husband, Alfred Steele, in Ferncliff Cemetery, Hartsdale, New York.

Crawford's hand and footprints are immortalized in the forecourt of Grauman's Chinese Theater on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood. She also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1750 Vine Street. In 1999, Playboy listed Crawford as one of the "100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century", ranking her #84.

Mommie Dearest

In November 1978, a year and a half after Crawford's death, Christina published Mommie Dearest, which contained allegations that Crawford was emotionally and physically abusive to Christina and her brother Christopher. Many of Crawford's friends and co-workers, including Van Johnson, Ann Blyth, Marlene Dietrich, Myrna Loy, Cesar Romero, and Crawford's other daughters, Cathy and Cindy, denounced the book, categorically denying any abuse. But others, including Betty Hutton, Helen Hayes, James MacArthur, June Allyson, Liz Smith, and Rex Reed witnessed abuse. Bette Davis supported Christina's version, saying that Christina could not have made it up (Davis, while still alive, would ironically later become the target of her own daughter B. D. Hyman's tell-all in 1985, My Mother's Keeper). Mommie Dearest became a bestseller and was made into the 1981 film Mommie Dearest, starring Faye Dunaway as Crawford. Dunaway would later express regret for her portrayal of Crawford in her autobiography, Looking for Gatsby, believing that her career had been damaged by the portrayal and at the hands of Crawford's friends.

Filmography

Notes

References

Bret, David (2006). Joan Crawford: Hollywood Martyr. Robson. ISBN 1861059310.

Considine, Shaun (1989). Bette and Joan: The Divine Feud. New York, E. P. Dutton, a division of Penguin Books. ISBN 052524770X.

Granlund, Nils T. (1957). Blondes, Brunettes, and Bullets. New York, David McKay Company.

Hoefling, Larry J. (2008). Nils Thor Granlund: The Swedish Showman Who Invented American Entertainment. Inlandia Press. ISBN 098223130X.

LaSalle, Mick (2000). Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood. New York, Thomas Dunne Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312252072.

Leese, Elizabeth (1991). Costume Design in the Movies. Dover Books. ISBN 048626548X.

Newquist, Roy, with introduction by John Springer (1980). Conversations with Joan Crawford. New Jersey, Citadel Press, a division of Lyle Stuart, Inc. ISBN 0806507209.

Skal, David J. (1993). The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140240020.

Thomas, Bob (1978). Joan Crawford: A Biography. New York, Bantam Books. ISBN 0553129422.

Dunaway, Faye (1998). Looking For Gatsby. Pocket. ISBN 0671675265.

Further reading

Just Joan: A Joan Crawford Appreciation by Donna Marie Nowak. Albany, BearManor Media 2010. ISBN 978-1-59393-542-9.

External links

The Best of Everything: A Joan Crawford Encyclopedia

Excerpt of 2008 biography from Vanity Fair

Category:1905 births Category:1977 deaths Category:Actors from Oklahoma Category:Actors from Texas Category:American Christian Scientists Category:American film actors Category:American people of English descent Category:American radio personalities Category:American radio actors Category:American silent film actors Category:American television actors Category:American women in business Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Converts to Christian Science Category:Cancer deaths in New York Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer Category:People from San Antonio, Texas Category:People of Huguenot descent Category:20th-century actors Category:Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery

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name	John Barrymore
birth name	John Sidney Blyth
birth date	February 15, 1882
birth place	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
death date	May 29, 1942
death place	Los Angeles, California, US
years active	1903–1941
occupation	Actor
spouse	Katherine Corri Harris (1910–1917)Blanche Oelrichs (1920–1925) 1 childDolores Costello (1928–1934) 2 childrenElaine Barrie (1936–1940) }}

John Sidney Blyth (February 15, 1882 – May 29, 1942), better known as John Barrymore, was an acclaimed American actor. He first gained fame as a handsome stage actor in light comedy, then high drama and culminating in groundbreaking portrayals in Shakespearean plays Hamlet and Richard III. His success continued with motion pictures in various genres in both the silent and sound eras. Barrymore's personal life has been the subject of much writing before and since his passing in 1942. Today John Barrymore is mostly known for his roles in movies like Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde (1920), Grand Hotel (1932), Dinner at Eight (1933), Twentieth Century (1934), and Don Juan (1926), the first ever movie to use a Vitaphone soundtrack.

A member of a multi-generation theatrical dynasty, he was the brother of Lionel Barrymore and Ethel Barrymore, and was the paternal grandfather of Drew Barrymore.

Early life

Barrymore was born in the Philadelphia home of his maternal grandmother. His parents were Maurice Barrymore and Georgie Drew Barrymore. His maternal grandmother was Louisa Lane Drew (aka Mrs Drew), a prominent and well-respected 19th-century actress and theater manager, who instilled in him and his siblings the ways of acting and theatre life. His uncles were John Drew, Jr. and Sidney Drew.

Barrymore fondly remembered the summer of 1896 in his youth, spent on his father's rambling estate on Long Island. He and Lionel lived a Robinson Crusoe-like existence, attended by a black servant named Edward. John was expelled from Georgetown Preparatory School in 1898 after being caught entering a bordello.

Barrymore studied to be an artist and worked on New York newspapers before deciding to go into the family business as an actor. He made his stage debut in 1903. He first appeared on the London stage two years later.

While still a teenager, he courted showgirl Evelyn Nesbit in 1901 and 1902. For years, rumors swirled that Nesbit had become pregnant and that Barrymore had arranged an abortion, disguised as an operation for "appendicitis". In 1906, another Nesbit lover, famed architect Stanford White, was murdered by Nesbit's husband, Pittsburgh millionaire Harry K. Thaw. Barrymore was subpoenaed to testify at Thaw's trial in defense hopes of showing that Nesbit had a history of "immorality." Both Barrymore and Nesbit denied the abortion story under oath.

Barrymore was staying at the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco when the 1906 earthquake struck. He had starred in a production of The Dictator and was booked to tour Australia with it. Since he loathed this prospect, he hid, spending the next few days drinking at the home of a friend on Van Ness Avenue. During this drinking jag, he worked out a plan to exploit the earthquake for his own ends. He decided to present himself as an on-the-scene "reporter", making up virtually everything he claimed to have witnessed. Twenty years later, Barrymore finally confessed to his deception, but by then, he was so famous that the world merely smiled indulgently at his admission." His account was written as a "letter to my sister Ethel". He was sure the letter would be "worth at least a hundred dollars." In terms of publicity it earned Barrymore a thousand times that amount.

He was buried in East Los Angeles, at Calvary Cemetery, on June 2. Surviving family members in attendance were his brother Lionel and his daughter Diana. Ex wife Elaine also attended. Among his active pallbearers were Gene Fowler, John Decker, W.C. Fields, Herbert Marshall, Eddie Mannix, Louis B. Mayer, and David O. Selznick. Years later, Barrymore's son John had the body reinterred at Philadelphia's Mount Vernon Cemetery.

Legacy

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, John Barrymore has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6667 Hollywood Boulevard.

Barrymore had been a friend and contemporary (and drinking buddy) of his fellow Philadelphian W. C. Fields. In the 1976 film W.C. Fields and Me, Barrymore was played by Jack Cassidy. Cassidy, like Flynn and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. idolized Barrymore. Barrymore was also portrayed by Christopher Plummer (who was a friend of Diana Barrymore) in the 1996 two-man show Barrymore, and by Errol Flynn in the 1958 film Too Much, Too Soon.

He is mentioned in the lyrics of the song "I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful)" by Harry Sullivan and Harry Ruskin, written in 1929, which became the theme song of the Apollo Theater in New York, and which was recorded by many artists including Doris Day in 1950.

In addition, his ghost is a major character in Paul Rudnik's comedy I Hate Hamlet.

Marriages

# Katherine Corri Harris (1890–1927), an actress who starred in the 1918 film The House of Mirth, on September 1, 1910 and divorced in 1917. # Blanche Marie Louise Oelrichs (1890–1950), aka "Michael Strange," on August 5, 1920 and divorced her in 1925. They had one child: #* Diana Blanche Barrymore (1921–1960), who died at age 38 of an overdose of alcohol and sleeping pills. A semi-autobiographical story of her life was depicted in Too Much, Too Soon, starring Errol Flynn as John Barrymore # Dolores Costello (1903–1979), actress and model best known for Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936) and The Magnificent Ambersons (1941); they married on November 24, 1928 and divorced in 1935. They had two children: #* Dolores Ethel Mae Barrymore (born 1930) #* John Drew Barrymore (1932–2004) (father of Drew Barrymore) # Elaine Barrie (née Elaine Jacobs), (1916–2003), an actress; married November 9, 1936 and divorced 1940

Stage appearances

A Man of the World (1900) (Cincinnati)

Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines (1901) (Philadelphia)

Madga (1903) (Chicago)

Leah the Foresaken (1903)

Glad of It (December 28, 1903 - January 1904) (Broadway)

The Dictator (April 4 - May 30, 1904; return engagement August 24 - September 1904) (Broadway and San Francisco)

Yvette (1904) (benefit performance for Actors Fund)

Pantaloon / Alice Sit-by-the-Fire (December 25, 1905 - March 1906) (Broadway)

Sunday (1905) (national tour)

His Excellency the Governor (Revival) (April 4 - May 1907) (Broadway)

The Boys of Company B (April 8 - July 1907) (replacement for Arnold Daly) (Broadway)

Toddles (March 16 - April 1908) (Broadway)

The Candy Shop (1908)

A Stubborn Cinderella (January 25 - April 10, 1909) (Broadway)

The Fortune Hunter (September 4, 1909 - July 1910) (Broadway and national tour)

Uncle Sam (October 30 - December 1911) (Broadway)

Princess Zim-Zim (1911) (national tour)

A Slice of Life (January 29 - March 1912) (Broadway and national tour)

Half a Husband/On the Quiet/The Honor of the Family/The Man from Home (1912) (summer repertory; Rochester, New York and Los Angeles)

The Affairs of Anatol (Revival) (October 14 - December 1912) (Broadway and national tour)

A Thief for a Night (1913) (Chicago)

Believe Me Xantippe (August 19 - October 1913) (Broadway)

The Yellow Ticket (January 20 - June 1914) (Broadway)

Kick In (October 15, 1914 - March 1915) (Broadway)

Justice (April 3 - July 1916) (Broadway)

Peter Ibbetson (April 17 - June 1917) (Broadway)

Redemption (October 3, 1918 - March 1919) (Broadway)

The Jest (April 9 - June 14, 1919; return engagement September 19, 1919 - February 28, 1920) (Broadway)

King Richard III (Revival) (March 6 - April 1920) (Broadway and London)

Clair de Lune (April 18 - June 1921) (Broadway)

Hamlet (Revival) (November 16, 1922 - February 1923; return engagement November 26 - December 1923; 1925) (Broadway, national tour, and London)

My Dear Children (1939; January 31 - May 18, 1940) (Broadway)

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Film ! Role ! Notes |- | rowspan=2|1914 || An American Citizen || Beresford Kruger|| Lost film |- | The Man from Mexico || Fitzhugh|| Lost film |- | rowspan=3|1915 || Are You a Mason? || Frank Perry|| Lost film |- | The Dictator || Brooke Travers|| Lost film |- | The Incorrigible Dukane || James Dukane|| Extant |- | rowspan=3|1916 || Nearly a King || Jack Merriwell, Prince of Bulwana|| Lost film |- | The Lost Bridegroom || Bertie Joyce|| Lost film |- | The Red Widow || Cicero Hannibal Butts|| Lost film (due to nitrate fire to negative this film was shot a second time with the actors accepting no salary.) |- | rowspan=2|1917 || Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman || A. J. Raffles|| Extant |- | National Red Cross Pageant || The Tyrant (Russian episode)|| Lost film |- | 1918 || On the Quiet || Robert Ridgeway|| Lost film |- | rowspan=2|1919 || Here Comes the Bride || Frederick Tile|| Lost film |- | The Test of Honor || Martin Wingrave|| Lost film |- | 1920 || Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde || Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde|| Extant |- | 1921 || The Lotus Eater || Jacques Leroi||Lost film |- | 1922 || Sherlock Holmes || Sherlock Holmes|| Extant |- | 1924 || Beau Brummel || Gordon Bryon "Beau" Brummel||Extant |- | rowspan=2|1926 || The Sea Beast || Captain Ahab Ceeley||Extant |- | Don Juan || Don Jose de Marana / Don Juan de Marana||Extant |- | rowspan=2|1927 || When a Man Loves || Chevalier Fabien des Grieux||Extant |- | The Beloved Rogue || François Villon|| Extant |- | 1928 || Tempest || Sgt. Ivan Markov|| Extant |- | rowspan=2|1929 || Eternal Love || Marcus Paltran|| Extant |- | The Show of Shows || Richard III in Henry VI Part III|| Extant |- | rowspan=3|1930 || General Crack || Duke of Kurland / Prince Christian|| Extant (*only silent version) |- | The Man from Blankley's || Lord Strathpeffer|| Lost film(*Vitaphone discs survive) |- | Moby Dick || Captain Ahab Ceely|| Extant |- | rowspan=2|1931 || Svengali || Svengali|| Extant |- | The Mad Genius || Vladimar Ivan Tsarakov || Extant |- | rowspan=5|1932 || Arsène Lupin || Arsène Lupin|| Extant |- | Grand Hotel || The Baron|| Extant |- | State's Attorney || Tom Cardigan || Extant |- | A Bill of Divorcement || Hilary Fairfield|| Extant |- | Rasputin and the Empress || Prince Paul Chegodieff|| Extant |- | rowspan=5|1933 || Topaze || Prof. Auguste A. Topaze|| Extant |- | Reunion in Vienna || Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg|| Extant |- | Dinner at Eight || Larry Renault|| Extant |- | Night Flight || Riviere || Extant |- | Counsellor at Law || George Simon|| Extant |- | rowspan=2|1934 || Long Lost Father || Carl Bellairs|| Extant |- | Twentieth Century || Oscar Jaffe|| Extant |- | 1936 || Romeo and Juliet || Mercutio||Extant |- | rowspan=5|1937 || Maytime || Nicolai Nazaroff|| Extant |- | Bulldog Drummond Comes Back || Colonel Neilson|| Extant |- | Night Club Scandal || Dr. Ernest Tindal|| Extant |- | Bulldog Drummond's Revenge || Col. J.A. Nielson|| Extant |- | True Confession || Charles "Charley" Jasper|| Extant |- | rowspan=5|1938 ||Bulldog Drummond's Peril|| Col. Neilson ||Extant |- | Romance in the Dark || Zoltan Jason|| Extant |- | Marie Antoinette || King Louis XV||Extant |- | Spawn of the North || Windy Turlon||Extant |- | Hold That Co-ed || Governor Gabby Harrigan|| Extant |- | rowspan=2|1939 || The Great Man Votes || Gregory Vance|| Extant |- | Midnight || Georges Flammarion||Extant |- | rowspan=2|1940 || The Great Profile || Evans Garrick|| Extant |- | The Invisible Woman || Professor Gibbs|| Extant |- | rowspan=3|1941 || World Premiere || Duncan DeGrasse|| Extant |- | Playmates || John Barrymore || Extant |- | Screen test: The Man Who Came to Dinner || Sheridan Whiteside || Extant |}

See also

Barrymore family

Drew Barrymore

Lionel Barrymore

Ethel Barrymore

John Drew Barrymore

Alumni of Jesuit schools

References

Bibliography

Good Night, Sweet Prince (1944) by Gene Fowler

The New Book of Lists by David Wallechinsky & Amy Wallace

The First Male Stars: Men of the Silent Era by David W. Menefee

Damned in Paradise: The Life of John Barrymore (1977), by John Kobler

External links

John Barrymore Quotes ISearchQuotations

Photo of Barrymore age 9 1891

Photographs of John Barrymore

Young John Barrymore aged 15 in 1897 and other Broadway related material from the Billy Rose collection of the New York Public Library

NY Times article from 1913 outlining proposed book Barrymore was writing about his early life as an actor

Constance Binney in lost film TEST OF HONOR(1919)">Still of Barrymore and Constance Binney in lost film TEST OF HONOR(1919) (painting of Barrymore as Peter Ibbetson hangs over the fireplace)

Barrymore in the lost film MAN FROM BLANKLEYS

Barrymore (doing his Mr Hyde routine) and old friend W.C. Fields

Errol Flynn">Barrymore and Errol Flynn

Barrymore appearing in bankruptcy court in 1940

Life Magazine photo gallery of Barrymore and his daughter Diana taken on his 60th birthday

Rudolph Valentino. Valentino has created his own special acting award for excellence">Barrymore receiving an award from Rudolph Valentino. Valentino has created his own special acting award for excellence

John Barrymore with Jane Grey in "Kick In"(1915)

Recording sample of Barrymore with Rudy Vallee and Orson Welles on Vallee's radio show

John Barrymore and other Shakespearean stars read selections from Shakespearean plays

Barrymore in pose as Hamlet 1923

Category:Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category:American film actors Category:American silent film actors Category:American stage actors Category:Deaths from cirrhosis Category:American people of English descent Category:1906 San Francisco earthquake Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics Category:Shakespearean actors Category:Vaudeville performers Category:Alcohol-related deaths in California Category:People educated at King's College School, Wimbledon Category:1882 births Category:1942 deaths Category:1906 San Francisco Earthquake survivors Category:20th-century actors Category:Children of Entertainers

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name	Carlo Verdone
birth date	November 17, 1950
birth place	Rome, Italy
occupation	Actor, screenwriter, director
yearsactive	1975–present
parents	}}

Carlo Verdone (born 17 November 1950) is an Italian actor, screenwriter and film director.

Early life

Carlo Verdone was born in Rome to Mario Verdone, an important Italian film critic, and during his youth he earned a degree in Modern Literature at Sapienza University of Rome and a degree in Film Direction at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia. During 1970s he started a television career highlighting his innovative and varied comic style.

Movie career

Verdone made his debut as director in 1980 with the movie Fun is beautiful, in which he played three different characters. He used the same formula of the first work in 1981, when he directed Bianco, rosso e Verdone, a funny movie about three men during the election day. The movie, produced by Sergio Leone, was a great success in Italy, thanks to his brilliant comic energy and to his odd characters. Carlo Verdone, in a long directing career, has refined very well his style, using very much the typical standard of the commedia all'italiana and paying attention to social themes and to pondering stories. In 2005 he took part in the Italian blockbuster romantic comedy named Manuale d'amore, and in the sequels named Manuale d'amore 2 - Capitoli successivi (2007) and Manuale d'amore 3 (2011), both directed by Giovanni Veronesi.

Filmography

Director

Un sacco bello (1980)

Bianco, rosso e Verdone (1981)

Borotalco (1982)

Acqua e sapone (1983)

I due carabinieri (1984)

Troppo forte (1986)

Io e mia sorella (1987)

Compagni di scuola (1988)

Il bambino e il poliziotto (1989)

Stasera a casa di Alice (1990)

Maledetto il giorno che t'ho incontrato (1991)

Al lupo, al lupo (1992)

Perdiamoci di vista (1994)

Viaggi di nozze (1995)

Sono pazzo di Iris Blond (1996)

Gallo cedrone (1998)

C'era un cinese in coma (2000)

Ma che colpa abbiamo noi (2003)

L'amore è eterno finché dura (2004)

Il mio miglior nemico (2006)

Grande, grosso e Verdone (2008)

Io, loro e Lara (2010)

Actor

Quel movimento che mi piace tanto (1975 - not credited)

Una settimana come un'altra (1978 - not credited)

La luna (1979)

Un sacco bello (1980)

Bianco, rosso e Verdone (1981)

In viaggio con papà (1982)

Borotalco (1982)

Grand Hotel Excelsior (1982)

Acqua e sapone (1983)

I due carabinieri (1984)

Cuori nella tormenta (1984)

Sogni e bisogni (1985)

Troppo forte (1986)

7 chili in 7 giorni (1986)

Io e mia sorella (1987)

Compagni di scuola (1988)

Il bambino e il poliziotto (1989)

Stasera a casa di Alice (1990)

Maledetto il giorno che t'ho incontrato (1991 - David di Donatello for best actor)

Al lupo, al lupo (1992)

Perdiamoci di vista (1994)

Viaggi di nozze (1995)

Sono pazzo di Iris Blond (1996)

Gallo cedrone (1998)

Pillole, capsule e supposte (1999)

C'era un cinese in coma (2000)

Zora la vampira (2000)

Ma che colpa abbiamo noi (2003)

L'amore è eterno finché dura (2004)

Manuale d'amore (2005 - David di Donatello and Nastro d'Argento as Best Actor)

Il mio miglior nemico (2006)

Manuale d'amore 2 - Capitoli successivi (2007)

Grande, grosso e Verdone (2008)

Italians (2009)

Io, loro e Lara (2010)

Manuale d'amore 3 (2011)

External links

Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:People from Rome (city) Category:Italian actors Category:Italian film directors Category:Italian screenwriters Category:Italian television personalities

fr:Carlo Verdone it:Carlo Verdone la:Carolus Verdone ja:カルロ・ヴェルドーネ