Horus
Horus was often the ancient Egyptians' national patron god. He was usually depicted as a falcon-headed man wearing the pschent, or a red and white crown, as a symbol of kingship over the entire kingdom of Egypt.
God of the king, the sky and vengeance
Major cult center	Nekhen, Behdet Edfu
Symbol	The wedjat eye
Parents	Osiris and Isis in some myths, and Nut and Geb in others.
Siblings	Anubis (in some accounts) or Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys
Consort	Hathor (in one version)

Horus is one of the oldest and most significant deities in ancient Egyptian religion, who was worshipped from at least the late Predynastic period through to Greco-Roman times. Different forms of Horus are recorded in history and these are treated as distinct gods by Egyptologists.^[1] These various forms may possibly be different perceptions of the same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes or syncretic relationships are emphasized, not necessarily in opposition but complementary to one another, consistent with how the Ancient Egyptians viewed the multiple facets of reality.^[2] He was most often depicted as a falcon, most likely a lanner or peregrine, or as a man with a falcon head.^[3]

The earliest recorded form of Horus is the patron deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt, who is the first known national god, specifically related to the king who in time came to be regarded as a manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death.^[1] The most commonly encountered family relationship describes Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris but in another tradition Hathor is regarded as his mother and sometimes as his wife.^[1] Horus served many functions in the Egyptian pantheon, most notably being the god of the sky, sun, war and protection.

Etymology[link]

ḥr "Horus" in hieroglyphs

Horus is recorded in Egyptian hieroglyphs as ḥr.w; the pronunciation has been reconstructed as *Ḥāru, meaning "falcon". Additional meanings are thought to have been "the distant one" or "one who is above, over".^[4] By Coptic times, the name became Hōr. It was adopted into Greek as Ὥρος Hōros. The original name also survives in later Egyptian names such as Har-si-ese literally "Horus, son of Isis".

Horus was also known as Nekheny, meaning "falcon". Some have proposed that Nekheny may have been another falcon-god, worshipped at Nekhen (city of the hawk), with which Horus was identified from early on. Horus may be shown as a falcon on the Narmer Palette dating from the time of unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Horus and the Pharaoh[link]

Pyramid texts ca. the 25th Century BC describe the nature of the Pharaoh in different characters as both Horus and Osiris. The Pharaoh as Horus in life became the Pharaoh as Osiris in death, where he was united with the rest of the gods. New incarnations of Horus succeeded the deceased pharaoh on earth in the form of new Pharaohs.

The lineage of Horus, the eventual product of unions between the children of Atum, may have been a means to explain and justify Pharaonic power; The gods produced by Atum were all representative of cosmic and terrestrial forces in Egyptian life; by identifying Horus as the offspring of these forces, then identifying him with Atum himself, and finally identifying the Pharaoh with Horus, the Pharaoh theologically had dominion over all the world.

The notion of Horus as the Pharaoh seems to have been superseded by the concept of the Pharaoh as the son of Ra during the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt.^[5]

Origin mythology[link]

Horus was born to the goddess Isis after she retrieved all the dismembered body parts of her murdered husband Osiris, except his penis which was thrown into the Nile and eaten by a catfish,^[6][7] and used her magic powers to resurrect Osiris and fashion a gold phallus^[8] to conceive her son. Once Isis knew she was pregnant with Horus, she fled to the Nile Delta marshlands to hide from her brother Set who jealously killed Osiris and who she knew would want to kill their son.^[9] There Isis bore a divine son, Horus.

Mythological roles[link]

rˁ-ḥr-3ḫty "Re-Harachte" in hieroglyphs

Horus relief in the temple of Edfu

Sky god[link]

Horus depicted as a falcon

Since Horus was said to be the sky, he was considered to also contain the sun and moon. It became said that the sun was his right eye and the moon his left, and that they traversed the sky when he, a falcon, flew across it. Later, the reason that the moon was not as bright as the sun was explained by a tale, known as the contestings of Horus and Set, originating as a metaphor for the conquest of Upper Egypt by Lower Egypt in about 3000 BC. In this tale, it was said that Set, the patron of Upper Egypt, and Horus, the patron of Lower Egypt, had battled for Egypt brutally, with neither side victorious, until eventually the gods sided with Horus (see below).

As Horus was the ultimate victor he became known as Harsiesis, Heru-ur or Har-Wer (ḥr.w wr 'Horus the Great'), but more usually translated as Horus the Elder. In the struggle Set had lost a testicle, explaining why the desert, which Set represented, is infertile. Horus' left eye had also been gouged out, which explained why the moon, which it represented, was so weak compared to the sun.

Horus was occasionally shown in art as a naked boy with a finger in his mouth sitting on a lotus with his mother. In the form of a youth, Horus was referred to as Neferhor. This is also spelled Nefer Hor, Nephoros or Nopheros (nfr ḥr.w) meaning 'The Good Horus'.

Wedjat, eye of Horus

The Eye of Horus is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection and royal power from deities, in this case from Horus or Ra. The symbol is seen on images of Horus' mother, Isis, and on other deities associated with her.

In the Egyptian language, the word for this symbol was "Wedjat".^[10][11] It was the eye of one of the earliest of Egyptian deities, Wadjet, who later became associated with Bast, Mut, and Hathor as well. Wedjat was a solar deity and this symbol began as her eye, an all seeing eye. In early artwork, Hathor is also depicted with this eye.^[12] Funerary amulets were often made in the shape of the Eye of Horus. The Wedjat or Eye of Horus is "the central element" of seven "gold, faience, carnelian and lapis lazuli" bracelets found on the mummy of Shoshenq II.^[13] The Wedjat "was intended to protect the king [here] in the afterlife"^[13] and to ward off evil. Ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern sailors would frequently paint the symbol on the bow of their vessel to ensure safe sea travel.^[14]

God of war and hunting[link]

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Horus was also said to be a god of war and hunting. The Horus falcon is shown upon a standard on the predynastic Hunters Palette in the "lion hunt".

Thus he became a symbol of majesty and power as well as the model of the pharaohs. The Pharaohs were said to be Horus in human form.

Furthermore Nemty, another war god, was later identified as Horus.^[15]

Conqueror of Set[link]

Horus was told by his mother, Isis, to protect the people of Egypt from Set, the god of the desert, who had killed his father Osiris.^[16][17]

Horus had many battles with Set, not only to avenge his father, but to choose the rightful ruler of Egypt. In these battles, Horus came to be associated with Lower Egypt (where Horus was worshipped), and became its patron.

One scene stated how Horus was on the verge of killing Set; but his mother (and Set's sister), Isis, stopped him. Isis injured Horus, but eventually healed him.^[18]

According to Papyrus Chester-Beatty I, Set is depicted as trying to prove his dominance by seducing Horus and then having intercourse with him. However, Horus places his hand between his thighs and catches Set's semen, then subsequently throws it in the river, so that he may not be said to have been inseminated by Set. Horus then deliberately spreads his own semen on some lettuce, which was Set's favorite food. After Set had eaten the lettuce, they went to the gods to try to settle the argument over the rule of Egypt. The gods first listened to Set's claim of dominance over Horus, and call his semen forth, but it answered from the river, invalidating his claim. Then, the gods listened to Horus' claim of having dominated Set, and call his semen forth, and it answered from inside Set.^[19][20]

However, Set still refused to relent, and the other gods were getting tired from over eighty years of fighting and challenges. Horus and Set challenged each other to a boat race, where they each raced in a boat made of stone. Horus and Set agreed, and the race started. But Horus had an edge: his boat was made of wood painted to resemble stone, rather than true stone. Set's boat, being made of heavy stone, sank, but Horus's did not. Horus then won the race, and Set stepped down and officially gave Horus the throne of Egypt.^[18] But after the New Kingdom, Set still was considered Lord of the desert and its oases.^[21]

This myth, along with others, could be seen as an explanation of how the two kingdoms of Egypt (Upper and Lower) came to be united. Horus was seen as the God of Lower Egypt, and Set as the God of Upper Egypt. In this myth, the respective Upper and Lower deities have a fight, through which Horus is the victor. However, some of Horus (representing Lower Egypt) enters into Set (Upper Egypt) thus explaining why Lower Egypt is dominant over Upper Egypt. Set's regions were then considered to be of the desert.

Heru-pa-khered (Horus the Younger)[link]

Horus the Younger, Harpocrates to the Ptolemaic Greeks, is represented in the form of a youth wearing a lock of hair (a sign of youth) on the right of his head. In addition, he usually wears the united crowns of Egypt, the crown of upper Egypt and the crown of lower Egypt. He is a form of the rising sun, representing its earliest light.

Heru-ur (Horus the Elder)[link]

Horus, (Louvre Museum), 'Shen rings' in his grasp

In this form he represented the god of light and the husband of Hathor. He was one of the oldest gods of ancient Egypt. He became the patron of Nekhen (Hierakonpolis) and the first national god (God of the Kingdom). Later, he also became the patron of the pharaohs, and was called the son of truth.^[22] – signifying his role as an important upholder of Maat. He was seen as a great falcon with outstretched wings whose right eye was the sun and the left one was the moon. In this form, he was sometimes given the title Kemwer, meaning (the) great black (one).

The Greek form of Heru-ur (or Har wer) is Haroeris. Other variants include Hor Merti 'Horus of the two eyes' and Horkhenti Irti.^[23]

See also[link]

• Egyptian pantheon
• Heru-ra-ha
• Jesus Christ in comparative mythology – contains a study of similarities between Horus and Jesus.
• Myth of Osiris and Isis

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Horus

• UCAR educational article about Horus

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Dan Abnett
Abnett at the Midtown Comics booth at the New York Comic Con in Manhattan, 10 October 2010.
Born	(1965-10-12) 12 October 1965 (age 46)
Occupation	comic book writer, novelist
Nationality	British
Period	1988 –
Genres	comic book, science fiction
www.danabnett.com

Dan Abnett (born 12 October 1965) is a British comic book writer and novelist. He is a frequent collaborator with fellow writer Andy Lanning, and is known for his work on books for both Marvel Comics, and their UK imprint, Marvel UK, since the 1990s, including 2000 AD. He has also contributed to DC Comics titles, and his Warhammer Fantasy and Warhammer 40,000 novels and graphic novels for Games Workshop's Black Library now run to several dozen titles and have sold over 1,150,000 copies as of May 2008.^[1] In 2009 he released his first original fiction novels through Angry Robot books.^[2]

Early life[link]

Abnett graduated from St Edmund Hall, Oxford in 1984.^[3]

Career[link]

As one of the more prolific 2000 AD writers, Abnett was responsible for the creation of one of the comic's better known, and longest-running, strips of the last decade, Sinister Dexter. Other original stories include Black Light, Badlands, Atavar, Downlode Tales, Sancho Panzer, Roadkill and Wardog, based on the game of the same name. Abnett has also contributed to some of the comic's major ongoing series, including Judge Dredd, Durham Red and Rogue Trooper.

His work for Marvel includes runs on Death's Head 2, Battletide, Knights of Pendragon (all of which he co-created), The Punisher, War Machine, Annihilation: Nova and various X-Men titles.

At DC he is probably best known for his 2000 relaunch of Legion of Super-Heroes as the limited series Legion Lost and then the ongoing series The Legion.^{[4][5][6][7][8]} His work for DC is usually co-written with Andy Lanning and they are often referred to as DnA. The two co-created the Resurrection Man character with artist Jackson Guice in 1997.^[9]

For Dark Horse Comics he co-wrote Planet of the Apes: Blood Lines with Ian Edginton, as well a penning Lords of Misrule and HyperSonic.

He has written novels set in Games Workshop's Military science fiction-themed Warhammer 40,000 universe. They include the Gaunt's Ghosts series, the Eisenhorn and Ravenor trilogies, and more recently, as part of the Horus Heresy series, the SF best-sellers Horus Rising, Legion, Prospero Burns and Know No Fear. He has also authored four comic strip series, later collected as graphic novels, for Games Workshop's black Library imprint: Damnation Crusade, Lone Wolf, Inquisitor Ascendant and Titan.

Having written two Doctor Who audio dramas – The Harvest and Nocturne – for Big Finish's series, as well as Torchwood: Everyone Says Hello for BBC Audio, Dan was also the author of two novels based on the BBC's revived science-fiction series: The Story of Martha and Torchwood: Border Princes.

In 1994, he wrote a promotional comic to promote the opening of the Nemesis roller coaster at Alton Towers.^[10]

2000s work[link]

Abnett and frequent collaborator Andy Lanning at the Midtown Comics booth at the New York Comic Con, 10 October 2010.

At 2000 AD he finished the final book of The V.C.s and started Black Atlantic in the Judge Dredd Megazine, which was drawn by Steve Roberts (seen working on Bec & Kawl) in black and white.

In 2008 Abnett and Lanning took over The Authority as part of the World's End relaunch of the core Wildstorm titles.^[11]

In addition, Abnett has done a lot of work on Marvel's "cosmic" characters. They expanded on their work in Annihilation: Nova^[12] and Nova,^[13][14] and piloted the next big event Annihilation: Conquest. They said "we were approached by Andy Schmidt, who edited the first 'Annihilation' event, and asked to pilot the next event, which Bill Rosemann is editing." They ended up writing the Prologue, the Nova series crossover and the main Annihilation: Conquest limited series.^[15] The characters then became the core of a new Guardians of the Galaxy.^[16]

In June 2008, that Abnett and Lanning had signed an exclusive deal with Marvel, which they hope will give them time to work on the "cosmic" characters they have been dealing with, as well as more earth-based ones. The contract allows them to finish existing commitments, so they will be able to finish their fifteen issue run on The Authority.^[17] In addition Marvel has allowed the contract to include "a couple of exceptions that are not direct competition, for example, Dan's 2000AD work in the UK and his Games Workshop novels."^[18] The first major work to emerge after this deal will be War of Kings, a crossover storyline, emerging from Secret Invasion, that pitches Black Bolt (and the Inhumans) against Gabriel Summers (and the Shi’ar Empire) but also draws in other teams and characters, including Nova, the Guardians of the Galaxy and the Starjammers.^[19][20] This then led straight into "Realm of Kings" which deals with how the different groups deal with the fallout from the events in War of Kings^[21][22][23] and this, in turn, was followed by The Thanos Imperative.^{[24][25][26][27][28]} DnA have also written an Iron Man/Thor limited series.^[29]

He and Lanning have also written Fusion, a crossover series between Marvel and Top Cow.^[30]

He has also started Insurrection, a series in Judge Dredd Megazine that aims "to bring to the Dredd Universe something of the epic war-in-space scale of the stuff I write for Warhammer 40K."^[31]

Abnett wrote the screenplay for Games Workshop and Codex Pictures's CGI film Ultramarines^[32] which was originally due for release on 29 November 2010.^[33] The actual release date of the movie was 13 December 2010.

Original fiction[link]

On 19 March 2009, HarperCollins' science fiction, fantasy and horror imprint, Angry Robot, announced the acquisition of three original fiction titles by Abnett. The press release from Angry Robot announced:

Bibliography[link]

Dan Abnett has been writing comics and novels since the mid-1980s, producing hundreds of comic stories and dozens of novels.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dan Abnett

• Official website
• Dan Abnett's blog
• Dan Abnett at the Grand Comics Database
• Dan Abnett at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Dan Abnett at the Internet Book List

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dan Abnett

• "Dan Abnett joins our robot horde", Angry Robot, 19 March 2009
• Lexicanum page
• Loose Cannons, a 4 part mini-series (drawn by Mark Harrison) for Marvel which was never published but has been put online.

Interviews[link]

• New DnA, Sequential Tart, December 2001
• 2004 interview with 2000ADReview
• Interview: Dan Abnett on The Real Ghostbusters, Proton Charging, 17 December 2005
• Dan Abnett talks Boom’s "Warhammer 40K" Comic, Comic Book Resources, 11 September 2006
• Bringing The Warhammer Down: Dan Abnett on Warhammer 40K: The Damnation Crusade, Newsarama, 22 December 2006
• Droid Interrogations: An Exclusive interview with Dan Abnett, Thrillpower Thursday, Hypergeek, 31 July 2009
• Comic Geek Speak Podcast (December, 2009)
• "Exclusive: interview with "Legion Lost" writers Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning!", Legione dei Super-Eroi. 26 July 2011

Ignacio "Nacho" Torres Olvera (born September 25, 1983) is a Mexican football player currently playing as a midfielder for San Luis.. Nacho Torres was launched in the Club América youth system of which once included future players such as Germán Villa, Cuauhtémoc Blanco, and José Antonio Castro.

Career[link]

He was a member of the Mexican National Team which participated in the FIFA U-20 World Cup hosted by the United Arab Emirates the year 2003.

Previously he played in the Jaibos Tampico Madero (2005–2006) on loan from América. San Luis F.C. took him back after his loan contract with América ended.

References[link]

Fifa U-20 World Cup 2003 [1] Femexfut Profile [2]

External links[link]

• Profile and Statistics (Spanish)

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