Coordinates: 31°24′41″N 46°24′26″E / 31.41139°N 46.40722°E / 31.41139; 46.40722

At the time of Hammurabi, Lagash was located near the shoreline of the gulf.

Ur-Nanshe: top – creating the foundation for a shrine; bottom – presiding over the dedication (Louvre)

Entemena's inscribed Silver Vase (Louvre)

Gudea of Lagash, diorite statue found at Girsu (Louvre)

Lagash (Sumerian: Lagaš^ki; cuneiform logogram: 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠, [NU₁₁.BUR].LA^KI[1] or [ŠIR.BUR].LA^KI, "storehouse;"^[2] Akkadian: Nakamtu;^[3] modern Tell al-Hiba, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq) is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah. Lagash was one of the oldest cities of the Ancient Near East. The ancient site of Surghul/Nina is around 6 miles (9.7 km) away. Nearby Girsu, about 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Al-Hiba, was the religious center of the Lagash state. Lagash's temple was E-Ninnu, dedicated to the god Ningirsu.

History[link]

From inscriptions found at Girsu such as the Gudea cylinders, it appears that Lagash was an important Sumerian city in the late 3rd millennium BC. It was at that time ruled by independent kings, Ur-Nanshe (24th century BC) and his successors, who were engaged in contests with the Elamites on the east and the kings of "Kienĝir" and Kish on the north. Some of the earlier works from before the Akkadian conquest are also extremely interesting, in particular Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures and Entemena's great silver vase ornamented with Ningirsu's sacred animal Anzu: a lion-headed eagle with wings outspread, grasping a lion in each talon. With the Akkadian conquest Lagash lost its independence, its ruler or ensi becoming a vassal of Sargon of Akkad and his successors; but Lagash continued to be a city of much importance and above all, a centre of artistic development.

After the collapse of Sargon's state, Lagash again thrived under its independent kings (ensis), Ur-Bau and Gudea, and had extensive commercial communications with distant realms. According to his own records, Gudea brought cedars from the Amanus and Lebanon mountains in Syria, diorite from eastern Arabia, copper and gold from central and southern Arabia, while his armies were engaged in battles with Elam on the east. His was especially the era of artistic development. We even have a fairly good idea of what Gudea looked like, since he placed in temples throughout his city numerous statues or idols depicting himself with lifelike realism, (Statues of Gudea). At the time of Gudea, the capital of Lagash was actually in Girsu. The kingdom covered an area of approximately 1,600 square kilometres (620 sq mi). It contained 17 larger cities, eight district capitals, and numerous villages (about 40 known by name). According to one estimate, Lagash was the largest city in the world from ca. 2075 to 2030 BC.^[4]

Soon after the time of Gudea, Lagash was absorbed into the Ur III state as one of its prime provinces.^[5] There is some information about the area during the Old Babylonian period. After that it seems to have lost its importance; at least we know nothing more about it until the construction of the Seleucid fortress mentioned, when it seems to have become part of the Greek kingdom of Characene.

Dynasties of Lagash[link]

These dynasties are not found on the Sumerian King List, although one extremely fragmentary supplement has been found in Sumerian, known as the rulers of Lagash.^[6] It recounts how after the flood mankind was having difficulty growing food for itself, being dependent solely on rainwater; it further relates that techniques of irrigation and cultivation of barley were then imparted by the gods. At the end of the list is the statement "Written in the school", suggesting this was a scribal school production. A few of the names from the Lagash rulers listed below may be made out, including Ur-Nanshe, "Ane-tum", En-entar-zid, Ur-Ningirsu, Ur-Bau, and Gudea.

First Dynasty of Lagash[link]

Second Dynasty of Lagash[link]

Archaeology[link]

Lagash is one of the largest archaeological mounds in the region, measuring roughly 2 by 1 miles (3.2 by 1.6 km). Estimates of its area range from 400 to 600 hectares (990 to 1,500 acres). The site is divided by the bed of a canal/river, which runs diagonally through the mound. The site was first excavated, for six weeks, by Robert Koldewey in 1887.^[7] It was inspected during a survey of the area by Thorkild Jacobsen and Fuad Safar in 1953, finding the first evidence of its identification as Lagash. The major polity in the region of al-Hiba and Tello had formerly been identified as ŠIR.BUR.LA (Shirpurla).^[8] Tell Al-Hiba was again explored in five seasons of excavation between 1968 and 1976 by a team from the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University. The team was led by Vaughn E. Crawford, and included Donald P. Hansen and Robert D. Biggs. The primary focus was the excavation of the temple Ibgal of Inanna and the temple Bagara of Ningirsu, as well as an associated administrative area.^{[9][10][11][12]}

The team returned 12 years later in 1990 for a final season of excavation led by D. P. Hansen. The work primarily involved areas adjacent to an as yet unexcavated temple. The results of this season have apparently not yet been published.^[13]

See also[link]

Ancient Near East portal

• Cities of the ancient Near East
• Short chronology timeline

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Robert D. Biggs, Inscriptions from al-Hiba-Lagash : the first and second seasons, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. 3, Undena Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-89003-018-9
• E. Carter, A surface survey of Lagash, al-Hiba, 1984, Sumer, vol. 46/1-2,, pp. 60–63, 1990
• Donald P. Hansen, Royal building activity at Sumerian Lagash in the Early Dynastic Period, Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 55, pp. 206–11, 1992
• Vaughn E. Crawford, Lagash, Iraq, vol. 36, no. 1/2, pp. 29–35, 1974
• R. D. Biggs, Pre-Sargonic Riddles from Lagash, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 32, no. 1/2, pp. 26–33, 1973
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

• Lagash excavation site photographs at the Oriental Institute
• Lagash Digital Tablets at CDLI

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Alek Száhala (born Aleksi Sahala in Helsinki, Finland, 4 April 1982) is a Finnish electronic music producer.^[1] He's works in the Freeform Hardcore/NRG scene. His music often clocks over 180 BPM.

Biography[link]

Alek started producing music in 1993 using PC-running trackers. First of his tracks were uploaded into various BBSes under such nicks as BwD, Apofis, Apokala and Apofish. His tracks during early 90's were mainly humorous stuff with lots of samples from various cartoons. He also made lots of co-operations with jazz musician Teemu Vehkala.

He continued to produce music until 2003, where he was noticed by various Finnish harddance DJ's and promoters. Later that year, he performed his first live set at Säde club, and signed his first record contract from Electronica Exposed. He consistently continued to increase his reputation, through vinyl releases by Camel Records, Finrg and EE. His hit tracks, "Ngarnuuk" and "Man eaten", also appeared on one of DJ Proteus' mixtapes "The Hellfire Club" released by Teflon Bullet. Alongside with Carbon Based, Re-form, Epilim and Pain on Creation, he became one of the key members in the development of Finnish hard dance sound. His music varies from very melodic trance to dark, fast and evil freeform. He has performed at such events as Godspeed and Utopia (Sydney), Mayhem 2005, 2006 and 2007 (Brisbane), Pharmacy (Melbourne), Logic (London), NRGetic Romancer (Tokyo), Koneisto and Konemetsä, Finland's leading electronic music festivals.

Alek currently studies computational linguistics and computer science at the University of Helsinki.

Performing live[link]

When performing live, Alek uses a laptop running Microsoft Windows and one deck as a backup. He uses Reason to play synths and various other software to play synced loops over the tracks. Alek's black skirt he wears at his gigs has become one of his trademarks.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Site
• Alek Száhala at Discogs
• Alek Száhala discography

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