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- Anthem, Arizona
- Arizona
- Arizona Strip
- Arizona Sun Corridor
- Arlington, Arizona
- Avondale, Arizona
- Barry Goldwater
- Buckeye, Arizona
- Carefree, Arizona
- Casa Grande, Arizona
- Cave Creek, Arizona
- Census
- Center of population
- Chandler, Arizona
- Circle City, Arizona
- Citrus Park, Arizona
- City (Arizona)
- Coconino Plateau
- Colorado Plateau
- Coolidge, Arizona
- County seat
- Culture of Arizona
- Economy of Arizona
- Education in Arizona
- El Mirage, Arizona
- Eloy, Arizona
- Flagstaff, Arizona
- Florence, Arizona
- Forbes
- Geography of Arizona
- Ghost town
- Gila Bend, Arizona
- Gila County, Arizona
- Gilbert, Arizona
- Glendale, Arizona
- Gold Canyon, Arizona
- Goodyear, Arizona
- Grand Canyon
- Guadalupe, Arizona
- Higley, Arizona
- History of Arizona
- Indian reservation
- Indian reservations
- Interstate 17
- Joe Arpaio
- Kaibab Plateau
- Kaka, Arizona
- Kingman, Arizona
- Komatke, Arizona
- Laveen, Arizona
- Liberty, Arizona
- Loop 101
- Loop 202
- Loop 303
- Luke Air Force Base
- Maricopa, Arizona
- Marinette, Arizona
- Marriage
- Mesa, Arizona
- Mobile, Arizona
- Mogollon Plateau
- Mogollon Rim
- Mojave Desert
- Monument Valley
- Morristown, Arizona
- Music of Arizona
- New River, Arizona
- Northeast Arizona
- Northern Arizona
- Oak Creek Canyon
- Outline of Arizona
- Palo Verde, Arizona
- Peoria, Arizona
- Per capita income
- Phoenix, Arizona
- Pima County, Arizona
- Politics of Arizona
- Population density
- Portal Arizona
- Poverty line
- Prescott, Arizona
- Queen Creek, Arizona
- Rio Verde, Arizona
- Scottsdale, Arizona
- Sonoran Desert
- Southern Arizona
- Sun City, Arizona
- Sun Lakes, Arizona
- Sunflower, Arizona
- Superior, Arizona
- Surprise, Arizona
- Tempe, Arizona
- Template Arizona
- Theba, Arizona
- Tolleson, Arizona
- Tonopah, Arizona
- Town (Arizona)
- Tucson, Arizona
- U.S. state
- Unincorporated area
- United States
- Verde Valley
- Vulture Mine
- Waddell, Arizona
- Wickenburg, Arizona
- Wintersburg, Arizona
- Wittmann, Arizona
- Youngtown, Arizona
- Yuma County, Arizona
- Yuma, Arizona
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Aguila, Arizona
Aguila is a CDP in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is located on U.S. Route 60 approximately 20 miles west of Wickenburg, or at approximately 50000 N. 510th Ave. Major economic activities include cantaloupe farming and formerly included mining. It uses the same street numbering system as Phoenix. As of the 2010 census, the population of Aguila was 798.
As of the census of 2010, there were 798 people residing in the CDP. The population density was 508.1 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 64.66% White, 1.00% Black or African American, 3.63% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.25% Pacific Islander, 28.07% from other races, and 2.01% from two or more races. 69.42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Anthem, Arizona
Anthem was developed by Del Webb in 1999 as a master-planned community. Situated in the north valley of Maricopa County, Arizona, the community has an estimated population of close to 25,000 with over 9,500 homes. Anthem has been described as one of the best places to live in Arizona and one of the best family friendly neighborhoods in the Valley by Phoenix Magazine. It was also named one of the best places to raise a family by Parenting Magazine.
Anthem is located in the northern foothills of Phoenix, approximately 34 miles north of downtown on Interstate 17. Centrally situated between downtown Phoenix and Flagstaff, the community enjoys easy access to both the sports venues and nightlife of Phoenix and the recreational destinations and cooler temperatures of northern Arizona cities like Prescott, Sedona and Flagstaff.
Nestled at the base of Daisy Mountain in the Sonoran desert, Anthem's temperatures are typically two to five degrees cooler than Phoenix. The average low temperature in January is 41.1 degrees and the average high temperature in July is 101.1 degrees. Anthem weather includes an 85% annual chance of sunshine, and an average annual precipitation of 13.28".
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Arizona Strip
The Arizona Strip is the part of the U.S. state of Arizona lying north of the Colorado River. The difficulty of crossing the Grand Canyon causes this region to have more natural connections with southern Utah and Nevada than with the rest of Arizona.
The Strip is very typical of the American West in its red-rock canyon country, and the aridity of the climate, which leads to the predominance of sagebrush vegetation. However, the first European settlers were witness to great stretches of grassland in such areas as House Rock Valley which are returning under better ranching practices. The land is also dotted with juniper trees, moving into pinyon pine and juniper forests, and eventually ponderosa pines, spruce, firs, and aspen in the higher elevations such as the Kaibab Plateau.
It has been divided between Coconino County in the east (west of Kanab Creek) and Mohave County in the west. The only significant settlements are Fredonia on Kanab Creek and Colorado City (the Strip's largest community) on the Utah border to the northwest (see also Hildale, Utah). In the extreme west on the Virgin River is the small settlement of Littlefield just off Interstate 15. However, the Strip provides the only route accessing the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, and numerous service communities catering to tourists exist along the Strip's main routes heading south from Jacob Lake.
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Arizona Sun Corridor
The Arizona Sun Corridor, shortened Sun Corridor, is a megaregion, or megapolitan area, in the southern area of the U.S. state of Arizona. The Sun Corridor is equivalent to Indiana in size and population; unlike Indiana, it will add another Indiana's worth of residents by 2040. The largest metropolitan areas are the Phoenix metropolitan area - Valley of the Sun - and the Tucson metropolitan area. The regions' populace is nestled in the valley of a desert environment. Like Southern California, the urban area extends into Mexico.
Its population is composed of a total of four metropolitan areas: Phoenix, Tucson, Prescott and Nogales. Out of these, two are metropolitan areas with over 1,000,000 residents: the Phoenix metropolitan area with 4,192,887 residents and the Tucson metropolitan area with 1,020,200 residents. The Arizona Sun Corridor is made up of all of Maricopa, Pinal and Pima counties, along with parts of Yavapai, Santa Cruz and Cochise counties. It is home to over 86 percent of Arizona's population.
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Arlington, Arizona
Arlington is a census-designated place in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, located about 40 miles west of Phoenix. It follows the street numbering system of Phoenix. As of the 2010 census, the population was 194.
As of the census of 2010, there were 194 people residing in the CDP. The population density was 82.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 69.07% White, 0.52% Black or African American, 1.55% Native American, 24.23% from other races, and 4.64% from two or more races. 29.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Avondale, Arizona
Avondale is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA, adjacent to Phoenix, Arizona. According to 2010 Census Bureau, the population of the city is 76,238.
Avondale is the home of Phoenix International Raceway, an auto racing facility. Westview High School, La Joya Community High School, and Agua Fria High School are high schools in Avondale.
Avondale is located at 33°26′01″N 112°20′59″W / 33.43361°N 112.34972°W / 33.43361; -112.34972 (33.435322, -112.349758).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 41.3 square miles (107 km2), of which, 41.3 square miles (107 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (0.15%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 35,883 people, 10,640 households, and 8,724 families residing in the city. The population density was 869.7 people per square mile (335.8/km²). There were 11,419 housing units at an average density of 276.8 per square mile (106.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 63.27% White, 5.20% Black or African American, 1.28% Native American, 1.89% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 24.32% from other races, and 3.89% from two or more races. 46.23% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Buckeye, Arizona
Buckeye is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States and is the westernmost suburb in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The population of the town as of Census 2010 was 50,876, a 678% increase from the 2000 population of 6,537.
Downtown Buckeye is located approximately 30 miles (48 km) west of Phoenix, Arizona and 350 miles (560 km) east of Los Angeles, California.
According to the Town of Buckeye Development Services Department, the Municipal Planning Area (MPA) is 591 square miles (1,530 km2). Approximately 400 square miles (1,000 km2) has been annexed into the town limits.
As of the census of 2010, there were 50,876 people residing in the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,158 households, and 1,624 families residing in the town. The population density was 44.8 people per square mile (17.3/km²). There were 2,344 housing units at an average density of 16.1 per square mile (6.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 72.54% White, 3.37% Black or African American, 1.71% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 19.34% from other races, and 2.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 36.65% of the population.
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Carefree, Arizona
Carefree is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the town is 3,799.
Characterised as an upscale residential area, Carefree was conceived in the mid-1950s by business partners K.T. Palmer and Tom Darlington as a master-planned community. Land sales commenced in 1955 and homebuilding followed shortly thereafter in 1958. Typical of Carefree's character are its street names—Tranquil Trail, Easy Street, Ho-and-Hum Roads and Long Rifle, Stagecoach and Bloody Basin—which reflect both its quiet, casual air as well as its Western heritage. The motto of Carefree is "Home of Cowboys and Caviar, Where the Old West Meets the New."
The Carefree sundial, designed by architect Joe Wong and solar engineer John I. Yellott, was erected in the Sundial Circle plaza in 1959 and is the "third largest sundial in the Western Hemisphere". The sundial, which points to the North Star, is made from a steel frame and covered in anodized copper. It measures 90 feet (27 m) in diameter. The metal gnomon, the shadow-casting portion of the dial, stands 35 feet (11 m) above the plaza and extends 72 feet (22 m).
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Casa Grande, Arizona
Casa Grande (Spanish for Big House) is a city in Pinal County, approximately halfway between Phoenix and Tucson in the U.S. state of Arizona. According to 2010 Census, the population of the city is 48,571. It is named after the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, which is actually located in Coolidge.
Casa Grande was founded in 1879 during the Arizona mining boom, specifically due to the presence of the Southern Pacific Railroad. In January 1880, the community of Terminus, meaning “end-of-the-line,” was established despite consisting of just five residents and three buildings. In September 1880, railroad executives renamed the settlement Casa Grande, after the Hohokam ruins at the nearby Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. Casa Grande grew slowly, and suffered several setbacks both in 1886 and 1893, when fires ravaged the town, destroying all wooden housing structures within it. When the mining boom slowed in the 1890's, the town was nearly abandoned, but with the advent of agriculture, the town remained alive and well, and was eventually incorporated in 1915.
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Cave Creek, Arizona
Cave Creek is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona in the United States. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the town was 4,951.
Cave Creek is a town located at 33°49′43″N 111°57′17″W / 33.82861°N 111.95472°W / 33.82861; -111.95472 (33.828657, -111.954855). in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, and the elevation is 2129 feet above sea level.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 28.2 square miles (73 km2). 28.2 square miles (73 km2) of it is land, all land. It is adjacent to the town of Carefree, and shares local landmark Black Mountain with Carefree.
In 2000, the state of Arizona, Maricopa County, and the town of Cave Creek bought Spur Cross Ranch, a 2,154-acre (8.72 km2) tract of Sonoran desert just north of Phoenix, for $21 million. It had unusual cacti, stone formations, and hundreds of Hopi Indian tribal artifacts, and is now a Maricopa County park.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,728 people, 1,571 households, and 1,101 families residing in the town. The population density was 132.0 people per square mile (51.0/km²). There were 1,753 housing units at an average density of 62.1 per square mile (24.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 94.98% White, 0.30% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.60% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.05% of the population.
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Chandler, Arizona
Chandler is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, and is a prominent suburb of the Phoenix, Arizona, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). It is bordered to the north and west by Tempe, to the north by Mesa, to the west by Phoenix, to the south by the Gila River Indian Community, and to the east by Gilbert. The population was 236,123 according to the Census Bureau 2010. It also has satellite locations for many technology companies, including Intel and Orbital Sciences Corporation.
In 1891, Dr. Alexander John Chandler, the first veterinary surgeon in Arizona Territory, settled on a ranch south of Mesa, studying irrigation engineering. By 1900, he had acquired 18,000 acres (73 km2) of land, and began drawing up plans for a townsite on what was then known as the Chandler Ranch. The townsite office opened on May 17, 1912, the same year that Chandler High School was established. By 1913, a town center had become established, featuring the luxurious Hotel San Marcos, the first golf resort in the state.
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Circle City, Arizona
Circle City is an unincorporated community in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. 14 miles northwest of Surprise, Arizona, on U.S. Route 60. As of 2000 it has a population of 1402, with 753 households.
The development was built in the late 1950s by the The Workmen's Circle, a Jewish fraternal and mutual aid society with roots in the Socialist movement of the early 20th century, as a retirement community for its aging members. Streets in the community are named for figures important to the Circle's membership, including Yiddish writer I.L. Peretz; Baruch Charney Vladeck, a labor leader and manager of the Jewish Daily Forward; New York Socialist politicians August Claessens, Morris Hillquit, and Meyer London; Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor; and, four-time Socialist Party presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs.
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Citrus Park, Arizona
Citrus Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 4,028 at the 2010 census.
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,028 people residing in the CDP. The population density was 695.1 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.31% White, 1.71% Black or African American, 0.77% Native American, 1.46% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 6.85% from other races, and 1.79% from two or more races. 17.92% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Coconino Plateau
The Coconino Plateau is found south of the Grand Canyon and north—northwest of Flagstaff, in northern Arizona of the Southwestern United States.
The Coconino Plateau lies south of Grand Canyon Village and the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Coconino County, and primarily north of Interstate 40 and east of Arizona State Route 64. Much of it is protected within the Kaibab National Forest.
The native plant vegetation in the forest areas varies by elevation and exposure. Principal tree species are Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, Pinyon pine, and Juniper. They provide cover and food for a diversity of wildlife. As elevation decreases, trees give way to Bitter brush - Purshia tridentata and Sagebrush - Artemisia tridentata.
A view of the plateau can be seen from the top of Kendrick Peak, at 10,418 feet (3,175 m) above sea level, located northwest of Flagstaff.
The Coconino Plateau is home to the Kendrick Mountain Wilderness area. The plateau has many hiking trails, including the Beale Road Historic Trail and Bull Basin and Pumpkin Trails.
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Coolidge, Arizona
Coolidge is a city in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 8,154.
Arizona Highway 87 and Arizona Highway 287 pass through the town. Coolidge is 56 miles southeast of Phoenix, and 69 miles northwest of Tucson. It is 21 miles northeast of Casa Grande and 11 miles southwest of Florence. Picacho Reservoir is just 11 miles south of town.
Coolidge is home of the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. The monument was the first historic site to receive protected status by the United States Government in 1892. The ancient city was built about 1200 AD. by the Hohokam people.
Coolidge was incorporated as a city in 1945. It is named for Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President of the United States.
Coolidge is home to Central Arizona College.
Coolidge is located at 32°58′38″N 111°31′23″W / 32.97722°N 111.52306°W / 32.97722; -111.52306 (32.977105, -111.522933).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 square miles (13 km2), all of it land.
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El Mirage, Arizona
El Mirage is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. According to Census 2010, the population of the city is 31,767.
El Mirage is located at 33°36′32″N 112°19′29″W / 33.60889°N 112.32472°W / 33.60889; -112.32472 (33.608988, -112.324654).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.7 square miles (25 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,609 people, 2,121 households, and 1,737 families residing in the city. The population density was 786.8 people per square mile (303.8/km²). There were 3,162 housing units at an average density of 326.9 per square mile (126.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 66.26% White, 3.29% Black or African American, 0.85% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 26.18% from other races, and 2.98% from two or more races. 66.82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 2,121 households out of which 48.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.1% were non-families. 13.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.59 and the average family size was 3.87.
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Eloy, Arizona
Eloy is a city in Pinal County, Arizona, United States, about 50 miles northwest of Tucson and about 65 miles southeast of Phoenix. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 10,855.
According to the U.S. Census of 2000, the city has a total area of 98.9 square miles (256 km2). The city offers a varied range of community facilities for its citizens. Outside the city limits, the city has a planning area of almost 560 square miles (1,500 km2).
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,375 people, 2,492 households, and 1,988 families residing in Eloy. The population density was 144.8 people per square mile (55.9/km²). There were 2,734 housing units at an average density of 38.1 per square mile (14.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 74.38% Hispanic or Latino, 5.32% Black or African American, 5.27% White, 4.48% Native American, 1.20% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 31.48% from other races, and 4.71% from two or more races.
There were 2,492 households out of which 50.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 21.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.2% were non-families. 15.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57 and the average family size was 3.94.
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Flagstaff, Arizona
Flagstaff (Navajo: Kinłání Dookʼoʼoosłííd Biyaagi, Havasupai: Wii Hagnbaj or Wii Baggwa) is a city located in northern Arizona, in the southwestern United States. In 2009, the city's population was 60,611. It is the county seat of Coconino County. The city is named after a Ponderosa Pine flagpole made by a scouting party from Boston (known as the "Second Boston Party") to celebrate the United States Centennial on July 4, 1876.
Flagstaff lies near the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau, along the western side of the largest contiguous Ponderosa Pine forest in the continental United States. Flagstaff is located adjacent to Mount Elden, just south of the San Francisco Peaks, the highest mountain range in the state of Arizona. Humphreys Peak, the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet (3,850 m), is located about 10 miles (16 km) north of Flagstaff in Kachina Peaks Wilderness.
Flagstaff's early economy was based on the lumber, railroad, and ranching industries. Today, the city remains an important distribution hub for companies such as Nestlé Purina PetCare and Walgreens, and is home to Lowell Observatory, The U.S. Naval Observatory, the United States Geological Survey Flagstaff Station and Northern Arizona University. Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector, due to its proximity to Grand Canyon National Park, Oak Creek Canyon, the Arizona Snowbowl, Meteor Crater and historic Route 66. The city is also a center for medical device manufacturing, home to W. L. Gore and Associates.
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Florence, Arizona
Florence (O'odham: S-auppag) is a town in and the county seat of Pinal County, Arizona, United States. The population was 25,536 at the 2010 census.
The oldest functioning Arizona State Prison complex, the Florence complex, is located in the town, and its preserved Main Street and open desert scenery was the setting of the major motion picture Murphy's Romance.
There are a total of 9 prisons from the county, state, federal and two private prisons. There are 3 state prisons located in Florence.
Florence is home to the annual "Country Thunder" music festival.
Florence is located at 33°2′32″N 111°23′4″W / 33.04222°N 111.38444°W / 33.04222; -111.38444 (33.042204, -111.384521).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 8.3 square miles (21 km2), all land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,054 people, 2,226 households, and 1,540 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,056.2 people per square mile (794.3/km²). There were 3,216 housing units at an average density of 387.7 per square mile (149.8/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 57.12% White, 9.17% Black or African American, 4.42% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 26.79% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. 35.42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Gila Bend, Arizona
Gila Bend (
/ˌhiːlə ˈbɛnd/; O'odham: Hila Wi:n), founded in 1872, is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The town is named for an approximately 90-degree bend in the Gila River, which is close to but not precisely at the community's current location. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the town is 2,055.
Just outside the town is the San Lucy district (O'odham: Weco Cekṣanĭ) of the Tohono O'odham Nation, with a tiny settlement, San Lucy (O'odham: Si:l Mek) bordering the town itself.
On December 14, 2006, Volkswagen of America, Inc., leased 11,900 acres (48 km2) of land at a cost of $55 million for 25 years, ten miles (16 km) west of Gila Bend, on which they plan to develop a new automobile proving ground. Gila Bend enjoys a minor notability among tourists and aficionados of roadside attractions. Besides the quirky welcome sign (shown at right), the town boasts several roadside sculptures and the Space Age Lodge motel and restaurant (opened in 1963), named for its "Space Age" themed architecture and decor.
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Gila County, Arizona
Gila County is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2010 census its population was 53,597. The county seat is Globe.
Gila County contains parts of Fort Apache Indian Reservation and San Carlos Indian Reservation.
The county was formed from parts of Maricopa County and Pinal County on February 8, 1881. The boundary was then extended eastward to the San Carlos River by public petition in 1889. The original county seat was in the mining community of Globe City, now Globe, Arizona.
In the 1880s, a long range war broke out in Gila County that became the most costly feud in American history, resulting in an almost complete annihilation of the families involved. The Pleasant Valley War (also sometimes called the Tonto Basin Feud or Tonto Basin War) matched the cattle-herding Grahams against the sheep-herding Tewksburys. Once partisan feelings became tense and hostilities began, Frederick Russell Burnham, who later became a celebrated scout and the inspiration for the boy scouts, was drawn into the conflict on the losing side. Burnham shot many men in the feud, and was himself nearly killed by a bounty hunter.Tom Horn, a famous assassin, was also known to have taken part as a killer for hire, but it is unknown as to which side employed him, and both sides suffered several murders to which no suspect was ever identified. In the 1960s, it was home of Gerald Gault, who was the subject of the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, in re Gault, that stated juveniles have the same rights as adults when arrested to be notifyed of the charges against them, the rights to attorneys and to confront their accusers.
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Gilbert, Arizona
Gilbert is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, just southeast of Phoenix, within the Phoenix metropolitan area. Gilbert was recognized in 2010 as the "36th Best Place to Live in the nation", as well as among the nation's "top places to live and learn" by GreatSchools.org. Washington-based C.Q. Press rated Gilbert the "safest municipality in Arizona, and 24th safest in the nation," in their annual report released November 2009 using FBI statistics. Gilbert's Cosmo Dog Park has twice made Dog Fancy magazine's list of top dog parks in the nation since opening in 2006, including being named Dog Park of the Year in 2007. The Riparian Preserve at Water Ranch is recognized by the National Audubon Society as being an "Important Bird Area". Gilbert has been named as a "bicycle-" and "tree-friendly" community and receives "high satisfaction rates" from citizens in town surveys.
Today, Gilbert encompasses 76 square miles (197 km2) and has made a rapid transformation from an agriculture-based community to an economically diverse suburban center located in the southeast valley of the Phoenix metropolitan area. In the last two decades, Gilbert has grown at an extremely high rate, increasing in population from 5,717 in 1980 to 208,453 as of a 2010 Census Bureau estimate. Gilbert has evolved into a highly educated and affluent community supporting high-wage jobs in life science and health services, high technology, clean and renewable energy, and corporate and regional headquarters/offices in advanced business services.
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Glendale, Arizona
Glendale ( /ˈɡlɛndeɪl/) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA, located about nine miles (14 km) northwest from Downtown Phoenix. According to 2010 Census Bureau, the population of the city is 226,721.
The NHL's Phoenix Coyotes and NLL's Arizona Sting began playing in Glendale when Jobing.com Arena (formerly the Glendale Arena) opened in December 2003 in Westgate City Center. Also in Glendale is the new University of Phoenix Stadium, home of the NFL's Arizona Cardinals and the Tostitos Fiesta Bowl, which opened in August 2006 in Sportsmans Park. In 2008, Super Bowl XLII was played there when the Giants faced the Patriots. Both venues are part of the Glendale Sports and Entertainment District development plan, meant to spur growth in the sparsely inhabited Yucca district. The Chicago White Sox and Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball both moved to the city of Phoenix, Arizona in 2009 for spring training and share a facility, known as Camelback Ranch-Glendale, which is in Phoenix but owned and operated by the City of Glendale.
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Goodyear, Arizona
Goodyear (O'odham: Valin Thak) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city is 65,275. Goodyear was the third fastest-growing place among all cities and towns in Arizona of any size between 1990 and 2000.
On June 6, 2008, Goodyear won the All-America City Award, sponsored by the National Civic League.
Goodyear was established in 1917 with the purchase of 16,000 acres (65 km2) of land by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company to cultivate cotton for vehicle tire threads. Goodyear became a town in November 1946 and reached city status in 1985.
In the 1980s, the remaining 10,000 acres (40 km2) of the original Goodyear Tire acreage was sold for development.
Goodyear is located at 33°27′00″N 112°21′30″W / 33.45°N 112.35833°W / 33.45; -112.35833 (33.449917, -112.358382). Nearby cities include Avondale, Litchfield Park, Tolleson and Buckeye.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 116.5 square miles (302 km2), all of it land.
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Guadalupe, Arizona
Guadalupe is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the town is 5,258. The town is nestled between Phoenix and Tempe. Since its founding, it has been known as a center of Yaqui culture and it is home to many religious festivals. Respectful visitors are welcome to observe these ceremonies, although photography is forbidden.
Guadalupe was founded around 1900 by Yaqui Indians, who fled their homeland in Sonora to avoid oppression by the Mexican government of Porfirio Diaz.
Guadalupe is primarily a residential area; most residents commute to the Phoenix area to work.
Guadalupe is located at 33°22′0″N 111°57′45″W / 33.366667°N 111.9625°W / 33.366667; -111.9625 (33.366733, -111.962414).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,228 people, 1,110 households, and 961 families residing in the town. The population density was 6,813.9 people per square mile (2,621.5/km²). There were 1,184 housing units at an average density of 1,543.2 per square mile (593.7/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 72.34% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 44.19% Native American, 31.22% from other races, 17.46% White, 1.07% Black or African American 0.13% Asian, 0.21% Pacific Islander, and 5.72% from two or more races.
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Higley, Arizona
Higley was an unincorporated community in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. Higley's ZIP code was 85236 until 2007, when the U.S. Postal Service decided to abolish it. As of 2010[update], almost all of Higley has been annexed into Gilbert or the neighboring cities of Mesa and Queen Creek. All that remains of Higley as an independent community is the school district, Higley Unified School District.
Higley was located at 33°18′26″N 111°43′13″W / 33.30722°N 111.72028°W / 33.30722; -111.72028 (33.30729, -111.720314), in the vicinity of Higley Rd. and Williams Field Rd.
Higley was named after one of the community’s first landowners, Stephen Weaver Higley, and originated as a plot of 40 acres (160,000 m2) purchased in 1905-1906.
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Kaibab Plateau
The Kaibab Plateau is located in northern Arizona in the United States. The plateau, part of the larger Colorado Plateau, is bordered on the south by the Grand Canyon and reaches an elevation of 9241 feet (2817 m) above sea level. The plateau is divided between Kaibab National Forest and the "North Rim" portion of Grand Canyon National Park. The broad feature is heavily forested with aspen, spruce-fir, ponderosa pine, and Pinyon-juniper woodland, and stands in sharp contrast to the arid lowlands encircling it. Tributary canyons of the Colorado River form the plateau's eastern and western boundaries, and tiers of uplifted cliffs define the northern edges of the landform. The cool forests of the plateau are home to the Kaibab Squirrel, which is endemic to the area. There are other animals such as Deer, Wolves, and more. Winter snowfall is often heavy (sometimes exceeding 200 inches), and this creates good backcountry Nordic skiing and snow camping opportunities.
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Kaka, Arizona
Kaka (O'odham: Gagka) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, located in the Tohono O'odham Nation. The population was 141 at the 2010 census.
As of the census of 2010, there were 141 people residing in the CDP. The population density was 545.0 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.29% Native American and 0.71% from some other race. 6.38% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Kingman, Arizona
Kingman (Huwaalyapay Nyava in the Mojave language) is a city in Mohave County, Arizona, and is also the county seat. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 28,068. The nearby communities of Butler and Golden Valley bring the Kingman area total population to over 66,000. Kingman is located 33 miles east of Bullhead City, Arizona.
Lt. Edward Fitzgerald Beale, a U.S. Navy officer in the service of the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, was ordered by the U.S. War Department to build a federal wagon road across the 35th Parallel. His secondary orders were to test the feasibility of the use of camels as pack animals in the southwestern desert. Beale traveled through the present day Kingman in 1857 surveying the road and in 1859 to build the road. The road became part of Highway 66 and Interstate Highway 40. Remnants of the wagon road can still be seen in White Cliffs Canyon in Kingman.
Kingman, Arizona, was founded in 1882, when Arizona was only Arizona Territory. Situated in the Hualapai Valley between the Cerbat and Hualapai mountain ranges, Kingman is known for its very modest beginnings as a simple railroad siding near Beale’s Springs in the Middleton Section along the newly-constructed route of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The city of Kingman was named for Lewis Kingman, who surveyed along the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad's right-of-way between Needles, Calif., and Albuquerque, N.M. Lewis Kingman supervised the building of the railroad from Winslow, Ariz. to Beale's Springs, which is near the present location of the town of Kingman.
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Komatke, Arizona
Komatke (O'odham: Komaḍk) is an census-designated place in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The area currently comprising the CDP had a population of 1,174 at the 2000 census.
Komatke is located at 33°18′22″N 112°10′41″W / 33.30611°N 112.17806°W / 33.30611; -112.17806 (33.306204, -112.178107), directly south of Laveen, Arizona.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 5.2 square miles (13.4 km²), all land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,174 people, 241 households, and 218 families residing in Komatke. The population density was 227.3 people per square mile (87.8/km²). There were 256 housing units at an average density of 49.6/sq mi (19.1/km²). The racial makeup of Komatke is 1.62% White, 0.09% Black or African American, 93.60% Native American, 0% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, and 2.30% from other races, and 2.39% from two or more races. 15.84% of the population were Hispanic of any race.
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Laveen, Arizona
Laveen ( /ləˈviːn/) is a suburban community in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, situated eight miles (13 km) southwest of Downtown Phoenix near the confluence of the Gila and Salt rivers. Parts of Laveen constitute an unincorporated area in Maricopa County, while the remainder falls within the city limits of Phoenix, constituting the city's "Laveen Village". Although Laveen has been home to "pastoral alfalfa, cotton, and dairy farms" since the 1880s, housing and commercial developments have been increasingly urbanizing the area.
The Laveen area was first settled by farmers and dairymen in 1884. Despite its proximity to Phoenix, the community was isolated from its larger neighbor by the Salt River, which until the Roosevelt Dam was completed in 1911 carried water year-round. The only bridged crossing was at Central Avenue, more than six miles (10 km) away. Because of its isolation, early Laveen was autonomous of Phoenix and became relatively self-sufficient, supporting two general stores, a barbershop, repair garage, two pool halls, and a building for the Laveen Women's Club.
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Maricopa, Arizona
Maricopa is a city in the Gila River Valley in the U.S. state of Arizona. Incorporated in 2003, it is the nineteenth largest city in the state with a population of 43,482 as of April 2010. Maricopa is the second most populous incorporated city in Pinal County and forms part of the Phoenix metropolitan area, the 12th largest metropolitan area in the United States.
Maricopa has had three locations over the years: Maricopa Wells, Maricopaville and Maricopa Junction which gradually became known as Maricopa. Each stage of its life has contributed greatly to the growth and development of the Southwest. Its conception took place at a series of watering holes eight miles north of present day Maricopa, and about a mile west of Pima Butte. It was called Maricopa Wells. Several of Arizona’s rivers, the Gila, Santa Cruz, Vekol and Santa Rosa provided this oasis in the desert with an ample supply of water during this period of time.
Maricopa Wells was one of the most important relay stations along the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and the later more famous Butterfield Overland Mail Route during the 1800s. Although little remains of this once bustling community, it played an important part in the progress and development of the southwest. It was one of the best known spots in Arizona during this period of time because it not only had a reliable source of water, but offered an abundance of food thanks to the peaceful Pima and Maricopa farmers who lived and farmed nearby.
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Marinette, Arizona
Marinette was a ghost town in Maricopa County, Arizona located just northwest of Peoria, Arizona along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. At some point in the mid-20th Century it was abandoned. The place where Marinette once was later became the site of Del Webb Corporation's Sun City, Arizona.
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Mesa, Arizona
Mesa ( /ˈmɛsə/ MES-ə) is a city in Maricopa County, in the U.S. state of Arizona and is a suburb located about 20 miles (32 km) east of Phoenix. Mesa is in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south, and Apache Junction on the east. As of the 2010 Census Mesa became Arizona's center of population.
Mesa is the third-largest city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson, the 38th-largest city and largest suburb in the US[clarification needed]. Despite being home to 439,041 as of 2010, reported by the Census Bureau, making its population larger than more recognizable cities such as Atlanta, Miami, Minneapolis, St. Louis, and Cleveland, Note that the city of Mesa 132.93 sq mi whereas the cities of Miami (35.68 sq mi), Minneapolis (54.9 sq mi), St. Louis (61.9 sq mi), and Cleveland (77.6 sq mi) are much smaller in terms of land area. If these cities were 133 sq. miles, their populations would be much larger. Minneapolis, for example, would have a population of over 761,000 in 132.9 sq. miles. Mesa is decidedly a bedroom community. Mesa is home to the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University.
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Mobile, Arizona
Mobile is a community in Goodyear, Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is situated about 35 miles southwest of Phoenix, Arizona, and has a population of less than 100. Mobile is also home to a number of solid-waste landfills. Lufthansa operates a private airport to the north of Mobile, used for pilot training by student pilots spending a semester in Goodyear. Its ICAO airport code is 1AZ0, and features ILS on runway 9.
Mobile was founded in the 1930s as an area for African-Americans to live. Local lore has it that some of its early residents were African-Americans from Mobile, Alabama. However, researchers have found that railroad companies referred to the area as "Mobile" almost a decade before the first permanent settler in the area in the 1920s. In the 1930s, two railroad cars were used for two separate schoolhouses (one black and one for whites), and the population of local homesteaders reached about 100. By the 1950s the town was booming with almost 400 inhabitants, but the lack of employment, running water and educational facilities (no education past 8th grade) led to the exodus of most of the original residents and their descendants.
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Mogollon Plateau
The Mogollon Plateau or Mogollon Mesa ( /mʌɡɨˈjoʊn/ or /moʊɡəˈjoʊn/) is a pine-covered southern plateau section of the larger Colorado Plateau in east-central Arizona. The southern boundary of the plateau is the Mogollon Rim. The Mogollon Plateau is 2,135-2,440 meters high. The plateau lends its name to the Mogollon tribe, part of the Cochise-Mogollan peoples who inhabited this and nearby areas from 5,000 to 2,500 years ago. Their descendants are believed to include the Anasazi.
At the south and southwest of the plateau, bordering the Mogollon Rim numerous lakes occur. At the east near Show Low, Arizona, is Little Mormon Lake, Whipple Lake, Long Lake, and Fool Hollow Lake. At the western plateau region, are Soldier Lake, Tremaine Lake, Soldier Annex Lake, and Stoneman Lake further west. Just south is Blue Ridge Reservoir on East Clear Creek. Eastwards, just west of the center of the plateau, and southwards, adjacent the Rim are: Knoll Lake, Bear Canyon Lake, Woods Canyon Lake, Willow Springs Lake, and Black Canyon Lake; just north of this lake group, on Chevelon Creek (Chevelon Canyon), is Chevelon Canyon Lake. Numerous washes, or creeks trend north on the plateau from the Mogollon Rim; at the west they trend more northeast, towards the Painted Desert region.
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New River, Arizona
New River is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 14,952 at the 2010 census.
New River is named after the seasonal wash of the same name, part of the Agua Fria River system which drains into the Salt River.[citation needed] It was founded by Lord Darrell Duppa in 1868 as a stagecoach stop.[citation needed] For many years it was the terminus of the old Black Canyon Highway (now Interstate 17).[citation needed] The pavement ended in New River and continued as a dirt road to the city of Prescott.
New River has largely retained its rural character; however, its future[neutrality is disputed] as a rural community is uncertain as the city of Phoenix expands into the region.
In the mid 1990s, the Del Webb Corporation proposed a residential development roughly as large as Flagstaff, Arizona's eleventh largest city (2000 census). This instigated a short-lived self-incorporation campaign which failed due to lack of popular support. Phoenix in 1995 and again in 2003 annexed in the region[citation needed] and Del Webb in 1998 opened the newly built Anthem.
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Northern Arizona
Northern Arizona is an unofficial, colloquially-defined region of the U.S. state of Arizona. It is dominated by the Colorado Plateau, the southern border of which in Arizona is called the Mogollon Rim. In the West lies the Grand Canyon, which was cut by the flow of the Colorado River while the land slowly rose around it. In the central portion lies the Painted Desert, consisting of sedimentary rocks eroded by water and wind, exposing thick, brightly colored layers. In the East are the very large Hopi and Navajo reservations, parts of which overlap, leading to occasional territorial disputes. In this area travelers may tune their radios to hear native-language broadcasts. Flagstaff is the largest and main city of the Northern Arizona region. Kingman, located in the northwest of the state, in Mohave County, may or may not be considered part of Northern Arizona, depending on local opinions. Flagstaff is home to Northern Arizona University and the Lowell Observatory. Much of the territory is parkland, reservations, or other BLM-administered lands. Major attractions in addition to the Grand Canyon include the cliff dwellings of Canyon de Chelly, and Meteor Crater. Northern Arizona also goes by the name Alta Arizona, which means "Upper Arizona" in Spanish.
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Peoria, Arizona
Peoria (/piˈɔːriə/) is a city in Maricopa and Yavapai counties in the U.S. state of Arizona. Located primarily in Maricopa County, it is a major suburb of Phoenix. According to 2010 Census Bureau releases, the population of the city is 154,065. Peoria is currently the sixth largest city in Arizona for land area, and the ninth largest for population. It was named after Peoria, Illinois. (The word peoria is a corruption of the Illini word for “prairie fire”.) Peoria is now larger in population than its namesake. It is the spring training home of the San Diego Padres and Seattle Mariners who share the Peoria Sports Complex. In July 2008, Money magazine listed Peoria in its "Top 100 Places to Live".
Peoria sits on flat gently sloping desert terrain in the Salt River Valley, and extends into the foothills of the mountains to the north. Seasonal rainfall and runoff from mountain snowmelt filled the Salt River, at times flooding the valley and wiping out months of backbreaking labor. If the area was to become habitable and productive all year, the cycle of flood and drought had to be replaced with a reliable supply of water that could be controlled year-round. The pioneers turned to irrigation. In 1868 John W. “Jack” Swilling organized a group of men to dig the first modern irrigation ditch in the Salt River Valley. Their success enticed more people to settle in the area and reap the benefits of a revitalized irrigation system.
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Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix ( /ˈfiːnɪks/ FEE-niks; O'odham: Ski:kigk; Yavapai: Wathinka or Wakatehe; Western Apache: Fiinigis; Navajo: Hoozdoh; Mojave: Hachpa 'Anya Nyava) is the capital, and largest city, of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the sixth most populous city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,445,632 people according to the official 2010 U.S. Census Bureau data. It is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area (also known as the Valley of the Sun), and is the 12th largest metro area by population in the United States with about 4.2 million people in 2010. In addition, Phoenix is the county seat of Maricopa County, and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area. Phoenix is the largest capital city in the United States and the only state capital with over 1,000,000 people.
Phoenix was incorporated as a city in 1881, after being founded in 1861 near the Salt River, close to the confluence with the Gila River. The city has a notable and famous political culture and has been home to numerous influential American politicians and other dignitaries, including Barry Goldwater, William Rehnquist, John McCain, Carl Hayden, and Sandra Day O'Connor. Residents of the city are known as Phoenicians.
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Pima County, Arizona
Pima County (/ˈpiːmə/) is a county in the south central region of the U.S. state of Arizona. The county is named after the Pima American Indian tribe which is indigenous to the area. The population was 980,263 at the 2010 census. The county seat is Tucson, where nearly all of the population is centered.
Pima County contains parts of the Tohono O'odham Nation, as well as all of the San Xavier Indian Reservation, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Ironwood Forest National Monument and Saguaro National Park.
The vast majority of the county population lies in and around the city of Tucson (2005 city population: 529,770), filling much of the eastern part of the county with urban development. Tucson, Arizona's second largest city, is a major commercial and academic center. Other urban areas include the Tucson suburbs of Oro Valley (population 39,400), Marana (population 26,725), Sahuarita (population 25,259), and South Tucson (population 5,630), a large ring of unincorporated urban development, and the growing satellite town Green Valley. The rest of the county is sparsely populated; the largest towns are Sells, the capital of the Tohono O'odham Nation, and Ajo in the far western region of the county.
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Prescott, Arizona
Prescott (Yavapai: ʼWi:kwatha Ksikʼita; English pronunciation: /ˈprɛskɪt/ PRES-kot or PRES-kit) is a city in Yavapai County, Arizona, USA. According to 2010 Census, the population of the city is 39,843. The city is the county seat of Yavapai County. In 1864 Prescott was designated as the capital of the Arizona Territory, replacing the temporary capital at Fort Whipple. The Territorial Capital was moved to Tucson in 1867. Prescott again became the Territorial Capital in 1877, until Phoenix became the capital in 1889.
The towns of Prescott Valley (7 miles east) and Chino Valley (16 miles north), Dewey-Humboldt (13 miles east) and Prescott, together comprise what is locally known as the "Quad-City" area. This also sometimes refers to central Yavapai County in general, which would include the towns of: Mayer, Paulden, Wilhoit, and Williamson Valley. Combined with these smaller communities the area had a population of 103,260 as of 2007. Prescott is the center of the Prescott Metropolitan Area, defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as all of Yavapai County . In 2010 Yavapai County had 211,073 residents according to the U.S. Census Bureau, making Metro Prescott the third-largest metropolitan area in Arizona, after Phoenix (4.2 million) and Tucson (1 million).
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Queen Creek, Arizona
Queen Creek is a town in Maricopa and Pinal counties in the U.S. state of Arizona. The population was 26,361 at the 2010 census.
Queen Creek is located at 33°15′47″N 111°38′05″W / 33.26306°N 111.63472°W / 33.26306; -111.63472 (33.263101, -111.634685).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 25.8 square miles (66.8 km²), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,316 people, 1,218 households, and 1,074 families residing in the town. The population density was 167.3 people per square mile (64.6/km²). There were 1,281 housing units at an average density of 49.6 per square mile (19.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 82.14% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 6.53% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 14.30% from other races, and 2.29% from two or more races. 29.98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,218 households out of which 50.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.9% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.8% were non-families. 8.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.54 and the average family size was 3.77.
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Rio Verde, Arizona
Rio Verde is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is a gated, master planned community. The population was 1,811 at the 2010 census.
The area surrounding the Rio Verde community, northeast of Scottsdale, was settled by small farmers in the 1880s, who grew hay and alfalfa to provide for the nearby Fort McDowellUS Army camp (1865-1890) (now the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation). In the late 1890s, William W. Moore acquired several of the small farm plots on the Verde River, combining them into what became the Box Bar Ranch. After his death in 1929, Moore's sons, Glenn and Lin Moore, operated the Box Bar as a partnership, under the name "Moore Bros Cattle Co.", with grazing leases both east and west of the Verde River. Lin Moore also ran the X2 Ranch, 12 miles (19 km) to the west, where he and his wife, Ada Lucille, had homesteaded in the 1920s. William Moore's father, Ranse B. Moore, had emigrated to Arizona from California in 1883 and ranched for many years on the Reno Ranch, just west of the community of Punkin Center, Arizona.
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Scottsdale, Arizona
Scottsdale (O'odham Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ; Yaqui Eskatel) is a city in the eastern part of Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, adjacent to Phoenix. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2010 the population of the city was 217,385.The New York Times described downtown Scottsdale as "a desert version of Miami's South Beach" and as having "plenty of late night partying and a buzzing hotel scene".
Scottsdale is bordered to the west by Phoenix and Paradise Valley, to the north by Carefree, to the south by Tempe, and to the east by Fountain Hills and the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community.
The Scottsdale area was originally inhabited by the Hohokam, one of the four major prehistoric archeological cultures in the region that is now the American Southwest. From 800 AD to 1400 AD, this ancient civilization farmed the area and built irrigation canals, constructing more than 125 miles (201 km) of canals, much of which remains extant today.
Before European settlement, Scottsdale was a Pima village known as Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ, meaning "rotting hay." Some Pima remained in their original homes well into the 20th century. For example, until the late 1960s, there was a still-occupied traditional dwelling on the southeast corner of Indian Bend Road and Hayden Road. Currently, those Pima who live within Scottsdale reside in newer homes rather than traditional dwellings. Many Pima and Maricopa people continue to reside on the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, which borders Scottsdale directly to the east.
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Sonoran Desert
The Sonoran Desert is a North American desert which covers large parts of the Southwestern United States in Arizona, California, Northwest Mexico in Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur. It is one of the largest and hottest deserts in North America, with an area of 311,000 square kilometers (120,000 sq mi). The western portion of the United States-Mexico border passes through the Sonoran Desert.
In phytogeography, the Sonoran Desert is within the Sonoran Floristic Province of the Madrean Region in southwestern North America, part of the Holarctic Kingdom of the northern Western Hemisphere. The desert contains a variety of unique and endemic plants and animals, such as the Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) and Organ Pipe cactus (Stenocereus thurberi).
The Sonoran desert wraps around the northern end of the Gulf of California, from Baja California Sur (El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve in central and Pacific west coast, Central Gulf Coast subregion on east to southern tip), north through much of Baja California, excluding the central northwest mountains and Pacific west coast, through southeastern California and southwestern and southern Arizona to western and central parts of Sonora.
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Southern Arizona
Southern Arizona is a region of the United States comprising the southernmost portion of the State of Arizona. It sometimes goes by the name Baja Arizona, which means "Lower Arizona" in Spanish.
Although Southern Arizona's boundaries are not well-defined, it is generally considered to include all areas south of the Gila River but sometimes only Cochise County, Pima County and Santa Cruz County, anchored by the city of Tucson. Other cities and large towns in Southern Arizona include Ajo, Casa Grande, Gila Bend, Sierra Vista, Yuma, and the border cities of Nogales and Douglas
Furthermore, the populated areas of Southern Arizona include the major U.S. Army post of Fort Huachuca and Davis-Monthan Air Force Base of the U.S. Air Force.
The most major scientific site of Southern Arizona is the set of several astronomical observatories of the Kitt Peak National Observatory, a reasonable distance west-southwest of Tucson.
Southern Arizona is the location of several large National Monuments protecting the scenery, wildlife, and archaeological sites of Southern Arizona, and the Saguaro National Park, which stands on two large sections of land, one west of the Tucson metropolitan area and the other one east of Tucson.
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Sun City, Arizona
Sun City is a census-designated place and unincorporated town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, that is within the Phoenix metropolitan area. The population was 38,309 at the 2000 census. Its adjoining sister city is Sun City West both of which are retirement communities popular with snowbirds.
Sun City was launched January 1, 1960, with five home models, a shopping center, a recreation center, and a golf course. The opening weekend drew 100,000 people, ten times more than expected, and resulted in a Time magazine cover story. The future retirement community was built on the site of the former ghost town of Marinette. Developer Del E. Webb expanded Sun City over the years, and his company went on to build other retirement communities in the Sun Belt. Sun City West was built in the late-1970s, Sun City Grand in the late-1990s, Sun City Anthem in 1999 and Sun City Festival in July 2006.
The community is well known to law students, as it is featured in the case Spur Industries v. Del E. Webb Development Co., 494 P.2d 700 (Ariz. 1972), commonly used in first year property law courses to illustrate nuisance law.
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Sun Lakes, Arizona
Sun Lakes is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 11,936 at the 2000 census. Sun Lakes is an active adult community comprising five active adult country club communities in three homeowner associations. These include the gated communities of Oakwood, IronWood, and Palo Verde, and the non gated communities of CottonWood, and Sunlakes1 country clubs. Sun Lakes is a masterplanned community developed by a single builder, Robson Communities. Robson Communities was founded by Ed Robson.
Sun Lakes is located at 33°12′53″N 111°52′12″W / 33.21472°N 111.87°W / 33.21472; -111.87 (33.214686, -111.869966).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.2 square miles (13.6 km²), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,936 people, 6,683 households, and 4,798 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,278.7 people per square mile (879.5/km²). There were 7,746 housing units at an average density of 1,478.8 per square mile (570.8/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.37% White, 0.78% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 0.29% from two or more races. 0.94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Superior, Arizona
Superior (Western Apache: Yooʼ Łigai) is a town in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the town is 3,158.
Such films as U Turn by Oliver Stone, Eight Legged Freaks, How the West Was Won, Blind Justice, The Prophecy, Skinwalkers, The Gauntlet with Clint Eastwood, and Young Billy Young are set in Superior. In 2005, a Sci-fi film named The Salena Incident, also called Alien Invasion Arizona, was filmed in Superior.
Superior is located at 33°17′20″N 111°6′14″W / 33.28889°N 111.10389°W / 33.28889; -111.10389 (33.288943, -111.103931).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.9 square miles (5.0 km²), all land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,254 people, 1,237 households, and 847 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,684.6 people per square mile (651.0/km²). There were 1,470 housing units at an average density of 761.0 per square mile (294.1/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 72.68% White, 0.46% Black or African American, 1.63% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 23.05% from other races, and 1.75% from two or more races. 69.08% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
wn.com/Superior,_Arizona -
Surprise, Arizona
Surprise is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. The population was 30,848 at the 2000 census; however, rapid growth has boosted the city's population to 117,517 at the 2010 census, an increase of 281%. As such, it is the second fastest-growing municipality in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area (after Gilbert) and, between 1990 and 2000, it was the sixth fastest-growing place among all cities and towns in Arizona.
The city has a 10,562-square-foot (981.2 m2) Aquatics Center, Maricopa County's northwest regional library, a $5.5 million, 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m2) library, and a 100.3 cost of living index.
The city was founded in 1938 by Flora Mae Statler, who named it Surprise as she "would be surprised if the town ever amounted to much". Surprise officials previously thought the city was founded by Statler's husband, real estate developer and state legislator Homer C. Ludden, but in 2010 property records were discovered which listed Statler owning the land before she met Ludden. Although there were only a few houses and a gas station on the one-mile (1.6 km)-square parcel of land when it was subdivided to build inexpensive houses for agricultural workers, Surprise has experienced tremendous growth in the years since. It incorporated into a city in 1960.
wn.com/Surprise,_Arizona -
Tempe, Arizona
Tempe ( /tɛmˈpiː/, US dict: tem-ˈpē;Oidbaḍ in Pima), also known as Hayden's Ferry during the territorial times of Arizona, is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA, with the Census Bureau reporting a 2010 population of 161,719. The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece. Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west, Scottsdale on the north, Chandler on the south, and Mesa on the east. Tempe is the location of US Airways Group's corporate headquarters, and of Arizona State University's oldest and largest "Tempe" campus.
The Hohokam initially lived in this area and built canals to support their agriculture. They abandoned their settlements during the 15th century, with a few individuals and families remaining nearby.
Fort McDowell was established approximately 25 miles northeast of present downtown Tempe on the upper Salt River in 1865 allowing for new towns to be built further down the Salt River. US military service members and Hispanic workers were hired to grow food and animal feed to supply the fort, and less than a year later, had set up small camps near the river that were the first permanent communities in the Valley after the fall of the Hohokam. (Phoenix was settled shortly afterward, by 1867-68.) The two settlements were 'Hayden's Ferry', named after a ferry service operated by Charles T. Hayden, and 'San Pablo', and were located west and east of Hayden Butte respectively. The ferry became the key river crossing in the area. The Tempe Irrigating Canal Company was soon established by William Kirkland and James McKinney to provide water for alfalfa, wheat, barley, oats, and cotton.
wn.com/Tempe,_Arizona -
Theba, Arizona
Theba is a census-designated place in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. Its elevation is 728 feet (222 m). Theba is located along Interstate 8 and is served by Exit 106.
The Rowley Mine, a private copper mine known as a source of the mineral Wulfenite, is located near the settlement. The large Paloma Ranch is located near Theba; many residents are employed on the ranch, and the area is frequently marked as Paloma on maps.
The area, which is in the Sonoran desert, was a farming area into the 1960s, and once had significant crops of melons, jojoba, and guar in the 1970s, which is used in the oil industry. The Southern Pacific Company once had a railroad station there, served by Wells Fargo. The population was estimated at 200 in 1960.
Theba is listed by the U.S. National Register of Historic Places as the nearest community to Painted Rocks, a site of ancient petroglyphs that was listed on the National Register in 1977.
As of the census of 2010, there were 158 people residing in the CDP. The population density was 254.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 36.71% White, 0.63% Black or African American and 62.66% from other races. 95.57% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
wn.com/Theba,_Arizona -
Tolleson, Arizona
Tolleson ( /ˈtɒlɨsən/) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 6,812.
Tolleson is located at 33°27′01″N 112°15′18″W / 33.45028°N 112.255°W / 33.45028; -112.255 (33.450354, -112.255106).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.6 square miles (15 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,974 people, 1,432 households, and 1,151 families residing in the city. The population density was 894.1 people per square mile (345.4/km²). There were 1,485 housing units at an average density of 266.9 per square mile (103.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 52.21% White, 1.43% Black or African American, 1.23% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 40.79% from other races, and 3.72% from two or more races. 77.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,432 households out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 19.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.47 and the average family size was 3.83.
wn.com/Tolleson,_Arizona -
Tonopah, Arizona
Tonopah /ˈtoʊnɵpɑː/ is a census-designated place in western Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, approximately 50 miles west of downtown Phoenix off Interstate 10. The community is near the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, the largest power producer in the country, nuclear or otherwise.
The name Tonopah derives from the word Tú Nohwá, meaning "Hot Water Under a Bush",[citation needed] referring to its location on the Tonopah Desert, underneath which there is an extensive subterranean aquifer so that wells dug in the area never lack water. Some agricultural wells pump at the rate of 2,500 gallons per minute for days at a time. Many wells in Tonopah are warm, in the 70 to 95 degree F range and many are hot; 110 to 120 F wells are common. Prior to being called Tonopah, the settlement was known as Lone Peak.
The area is also known to have been inhabited by the Yavapai.
As of the census of 2010, there were 60 people residing in the CDP. The population density was 43.9 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 86.67% White, 1.67% Native American, 3.33% Asian, and 8.33% from other races. 23.33% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
wn.com/Tonopah,_Arizona -
Tucson, Arizona
Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn/ TOO-son) is the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and is the home to University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116, while the 2011 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan area was 989,569. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, which both anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.
Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Tanque Verde, Tortilita, New Pascua, Sahuarita and Vail. Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green Valley to the south.
wn.com/Tucson,_Arizona -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Wickenburg, Arizona
Wickenburg is a town primarily located in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, with a portion in neighboring Yavapai County. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of the town is 6,363.
Wickenburg is located at 33°57′54″N 112°44′53″W / 33.965°N 112.74806°W / 33.965; -112.74806 (33.964881, -112.747936).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 11.5 square miles (29.8 km²), all of it land.
According to the Maricopa Association of Governments Municipal Planning Areas and Incorporated Areas Map[dead link]PDF, the municipal planning area for Wickenburg includes a much larger area of land than any other planning area in the Phoenix metro area. If the city were to annex the entire area within its planning area, it would become the largest city by area in Arizona, surpassing Phoenix.
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,082 people, 2,341 households, and 1,432 families residing in the town. The population density was 441.7 people per square mile (170.5/km²). There were 2,691 housing units at an average density of 233.9 per square mile (90.3/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 91.76% White, 0.28% Black or African American, 1.18% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 4.53% from other races, and 1.77% from two or more races. 11.02% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
wn.com/Wickenburg,_Arizona -
Wittmann, Arizona
Wittmann is a census-designated place in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is located along U.S. Route 60 in the central part of Arizona, about 35 miles northwest of central Phoenix, and while technically located within the city's metropolitan area it is generally regarded by locals to be just outside of it. As of the 2010 census, there were 763 people living in the CDP.
Wittmann is located in an area of rapid growth and the locale has suffered from numerous growing pains. The Nadaburg Elementary School District located in Wittmann, which had long been considered a small, rural school, was forced to construct a larger, modernized school in 2004 to accommodate the influx of students and the district is already planning for a second school nearby. Increased traffic along Highway 60 necessitated a widening of the highway. The highway's location parallel to the BNSF railway unfortunately meant that the widening would claim a number of homes and local businesses, including the only prominent service station between Phoenix and Wickenburg, as well as the community's landmark overpass footbridge servicing the elementary school.
wn.com/Wittmann,_Arizona -
Youngtown, Arizona
Youngtown is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. According to 2008 Census Bureau and Arizona Department of Commerce estimates, the population of the town is 6,522. Youngtown is the nation's oldest retirement community. In 1954, two developers bought 320 acres (1.3 km2) of farmland & built the USA's first master-planned, adult community dedicated exclusively to retirees.
Youngtown is located at 33°35′41″N 112°17′56″W / 33.59472°N 112.29889°W / 33.59472; -112.29889 (33.594603, -112.298776), on the east bank of the Agua Fria River, just south of US 60, & bordered on the west by El Mirage, Arizona & on the east by the much larger retirement community of Sun City, Arizona.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,010 people, 1,641 households, and 746 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,296.1 people per square mile (887.2/km²). There were 1,783 housing units at an average density of 1,360.1 per square mile (525.5/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 88.90% White, 1.36% Black or African American, 0.50% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.27% Pacific Islander, 7.24% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. 12.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
wn.com/Youngtown,_Arizona -
Yuma County, Arizona
Yuma County is a county located in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2010, its population was 195,751, an increase of 35,725 people since the 2000 census count of 160,026. The county seat is Yuma.
Yuma County is part of the Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The county's southwestern Colorado River border forms a 4-state division between southeast California and southwest Arizona, and northeast Baja California state, Mexico with northwest Sonora state.
Yuma County was the one of four original Arizona Counties created by the 1st Arizona Territorial Legislature. The county territory was defined as being west of longitude 113° 20' and south of the Bill Williams River. Its original boundaries remained the same until 1982, when La Paz County was created from its northern half.
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of 5,518.96 square miles (14,294.0 km2), of which 5,514.09 square miles (14,281.4 km2) (or 99.91%) is land and 4.87 square miles (12.6 km2) (or 0.09%) is water. The lowest point in the state of Arizona is located on the Colorado River in San Luis in Yuma County, where it flows out of Arizona and into Sonora in Mexico.
wn.com/Yuma_County,_Arizona -
Yuma, Arizona
Yuma (Cocopah: Yuum) is a city in and the county seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States. It is located in the southwestern corner of the state, and the population of the city was 93,064 at the 2010 census, increased from the 2000 Census Bureau population of 77,515.
Yuma is the principal city of the Yuma, Arizona Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of Yuma County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the 2008 estimated population of the Yuma MSA is 194,322, though more than 85,000 retirees make Yuma their winter residence.
The area's first settlers were Native American tribes whose descendants now occupy the Cocopah and Quechan reservations. In 1540, expeditions under Hernando de Alarcon and Melchior Diaz visited the area and immediately saw the natural crossing of the Colorado River as an ideal spot for a city, as the Colorado River narrows to slightly under 1000 feet wide in one small point. Later military expeditions that crossed the Colorado River at the Yuma Crossing include Juan Bautista de Anza (1774), the Mormon Battalion (1848) and the California Column (1862).
wn.com/Yuma,_Arizona
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Barry Goldwater
Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party's nominee for President in the 1964 election. An articulate and charismatic figure during the first half of the 1960s, he was known as "Mr. Conservative".
Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.
Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition to defeat the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican primaries. Goldwater's right-wing campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the largest landslides in history, bringing down many Republican candidates as well. The Johnson campaign and other critics painted him as a reactionary, while supporters praised his crusades against the Soviet Union, labor unions, and the welfare state. His defeat allowed Johnson and the Democrats in Congress to pass the Great Society programs, but the defeat of so many older Republicans in 1964 also cleared the way for a younger generation of American conservatives to mobilize. Goldwater was much less active as a national leader of conservatives after 1964; his supporters mostly rallied behind Ronald Reagan, who became governor of California in 1967 and the 40th President of the United States in 1981.
wn.com/Barry_Goldwater -
Joe Arpaio
Joseph M. "Joe" Arpaio (born June 14, 1932) is the elected Sheriff of Maricopa County in the U.S. state of Arizona. First voted into office in 1992, Arpaio is responsible for law enforcement in Maricopa County. This includes management of the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, county jail, courtroom security, prisoner transport, service of warrants, and service of process. Arpaio styles himself as "America's Toughest Sheriff." He is well known for his outspoken stance against illegal immigration. Arpaio has become a flashpoint for controversy surrounding Arizona's SB1070 anti-illegal immigration act. He is also known for his investigation of President Barack Obama's citizenship.
Arpaio was once widely popular among voters in Arizona. His popularity has waned since 2007, notably by independent and Republican voters but still has a 57% positive job rating among Republicans; he has been re-elected five times.
Arpaio was born Joseph M. Arpaio in Springfield, Massachusetts on June 14, 1932, to Italian parents both from Lacedonia, Italy. Arpaio's mother died while giving birth to him, and Arpaio was raised by his father, a grocery store owner. Arpaio completed high school and worked in his father's business until age 18 when he enlisted in the United States Army.
wn.com/Joe_Arpaio -
Monument Valley
Monument Valley (Navajo: Tsé Biiʼ Ndzisgaii, meaning valley of the rocks) is a region of the Colorado Plateau characterized by a cluster of vast sandstone buttes, the largest reaching 1,000 ft (300 m) above the valley floor. It is located on the Arizona-Utah state line (around 36°59′N 110°6′W / 36.983°N 110.1°W / 36.983; -110.1), near the Four Corners area. The valley lies within the range of the Navajo Nation Reservation, and is accessible from U.S. Highway 163.
The area is part of the Colorado Plateau. The floor is largely siltstone of the Cutler Formation, or sand derived from it, deposited by the meandering rivers that carved the valley. The valley's vivid red color comes from iron oxide exposed in the weathered siltstone. The darker, blue-gray rocks in the valley get their color from manganese oxide.
The buttes are clearly stratified, with three principal layers. The lowest layer is Organ Rock shale, the middle de Chelly sandstone and the top layer is Moenkopi shale capped by Shinarump siltstone. The valley includes large stone structures including the famed Eye of the Sun.
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Police Women of Maricopa County (1/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Police_Women_of_Maricopa_County_1_3
Maricopa County Sheriff's employee takes documents from defense attorney
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
A detention officer with the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office is caught on tape swiping a document from a defense attorney's files behind her back. Officer Adam Stoddard then hands the document to Deputy Francisco Campillo to make photocopies. This is the original video, as obtained by freelance journalist Nick Martin. Visit his site at www.heatcity.org.
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County_Sheriff's_employee_takes_documents_from_defense_attorney
A detention officer with the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office is caught on tape swiping a document from a defense attorney's files behind her back. Officer Adam Stoddard then hands the document to Deputy Francisco Campillo to make photocopies. This is the original video, as obtained by freelance journalist Nick Martin. Visit his site at www.heatcity.org.
- published: 31 Oct 2009
- views: 146335
- author: nrmarti1
Police Women of Maricopa County.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:29
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Police_Women_of_Maricopa_County
- published: 01 May 2010
- views: 49608
- author: EduardoLC81
Sheriff Joe Arpaio's Chain Gang Tent City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Sheriff Joe Arpaio uses chain gangs at the Tent City Jail in Phoenix, Maricopa County Arizona
http://wn.com/Sheriff_Joe_Arpaio's_Chain_Gang_Tent_City
Sheriff Joe Arpaio uses chain gangs at the Tent City Jail in Phoenix, Maricopa County Arizona
- published: 23 May 2007
- views: 276601
- author: azhome2007
Lockup - Maricopa County Jail Extended Stay - Chain Reaction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:05
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Lockup_Maricopa_County_Jail_Extended_Stay_Chain_Reaction
- published: 12 Sep 2012
- views: 16275
- author: MsMeadsifyV4
Maricopa County Latinos Get False Voting Information
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
"For the second time in as many weeks, election officials in Maricopa County, Arizona are in hot water for providing Hispanic voters with false information about when election day is. Last week, ThinkProgress reported on how Maricopa County Elections Department officials attached a document to voter registration forms that gave the wrong date for anyone reading it in Spanish. The English version of the same document provides the correct date — November 6 — next to "8 de Noviembre." At the time, county officials dismissed the error as a clerical mistake, saying that only 50 people received the incorrect document. But a local ABC News affiliate has uncovered at least one more incident of the wrong date being disseminated in Spanish by Maricopa's Elections Department. Paper bookmarks found in three separate election counters throughout the county again give November 8th as election day, and again the mistake is reserved to just the Spanish version of the document."* Cenk Uygur, Ana Kasparian, and Ben Mankiewicz (Host, Turner Classic Movies) break down this egregious error that seems a little more than coincidental. *Read more from Adam Peck/Think Progress: thinkprogress.org Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Support The Young Turks by Shopping bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: bit.ly Buy TYT Merch: theyoungturks.spreadshirt.com Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County_Latinos_Get_False_Voting_Information
"For the second time in as many weeks, election officials in Maricopa County, Arizona are in hot water for providing Hispanic voters with false information about when election day is. Last week, ThinkProgress reported on how Maricopa County Elections Department officials attached a document to voter registration forms that gave the wrong date for anyone reading it in Spanish. The English version of the same document provides the correct date — November 6 — next to "8 de Noviembre." At the time, county officials dismissed the error as a clerical mistake, saying that only 50 people received the incorrect document. But a local ABC News affiliate has uncovered at least one more incident of the wrong date being disseminated in Spanish by Maricopa's Elections Department. Paper bookmarks found in three separate election counters throughout the county again give November 8th as election day, and again the mistake is reserved to just the Spanish version of the document."* Cenk Uygur, Ana Kasparian, and Ben Mankiewicz (Host, Turner Classic Movies) break down this egregious error that seems a little more than coincidental. *Read more from Adam Peck/Think Progress: thinkprogress.org Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Support The Young Turks by Shopping bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: bit.ly Buy TYT Merch: theyoungturks.spreadshirt.com Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com
- published: 27 Oct 2012
- views: 30091
- author: TheYoungTurks
Are people treated differently in Maricopa County because of the color of their skin?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Because of the authority given to Sheriff Joe Arpaio by the Federal Government and the 287(g) Agreement, Sheriff Joe is able to conduct Crime Suppression Sweeps these tactics often result in Abuse of Power and Racial Profiling A crime suppression sweep is an operation conducted by the Maricopa County Sheriffs Department, which consist of flooding an area with Sheriff Deputies and armed volunteer posse members. The objective of these operations is to detain as many undocumented immigrants as possible. The strategy is to detain anyone and everyone with any sort of small fault, for example, broken taillights, cracked windshield, a headlight out and any other reason they can come up with. The result of crime suppression sweeps, as you see in this video, is US citizen and US permanent residents being racially profiled and unnecessarily harassed.
http://wn.com/Are_people_treated_differently_in_Maricopa_County_because_of_the_color_of_their_skin?
Because of the authority given to Sheriff Joe Arpaio by the Federal Government and the 287(g) Agreement, Sheriff Joe is able to conduct Crime Suppression Sweeps these tactics often result in Abuse of Power and Racial Profiling A crime suppression sweep is an operation conducted by the Maricopa County Sheriffs Department, which consist of flooding an area with Sheriff Deputies and armed volunteer posse members. The objective of these operations is to detain as many undocumented immigrants as possible. The strategy is to detain anyone and everyone with any sort of small fault, for example, broken taillights, cracked windshield, a headlight out and any other reason they can come up with. The result of crime suppression sweeps, as you see in this video, is US citizen and US permanent residents being racially profiled and unnecessarily harassed.
- published: 27 Apr 2009
- views: 12216
- author: 287gGots2go
John McCain Recall filed and Personal Meeting WIth Maricopa county elect. dir. Karen Osborne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
John McCain Recall filed and Personal Meeting WIth Maricopa county elect. dir. Karen Osborne
http://wn.com/John_McCain_Recall_filed_and_Personal_Meeting_WIth_Maricopa_county_elect_dir_Karen_Osborne
John McCain Recall filed and Personal Meeting WIth Maricopa county elect. dir. Karen Osborne
- published: 28 Nov 2012
- views: 28
- author: leonardclark
A Drive Through White Tank Mountain Regional Park. Waddel, Maricopa County, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:30
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
White Tank Mountain Regional Park is located near Waddel, Arizona just a little northwest of Luke AFB in West Maricopa County. It has hiking, camping, picnic areas and lots more.
http://wn.com/A_Drive_Through_White_Tank_Mountain_Regional_Park_Waddel,_Maricopa_County,_AZ
White Tank Mountain Regional Park is located near Waddel, Arizona just a little northwest of Luke AFB in West Maricopa County. It has hiking, camping, picnic areas and lots more.
- published: 25 Nov 2012
- views: 35
- author: coldwellbanker17
Maricopa County, AZ: Energy Success Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 04 Apr 2011
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County,_AZ_Energy_Success_Story
- published: 02 Mar 2011
- views: 467
- author: NACoVideo
Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio says President Barack Obama's birth certificate is not authentic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio said President Barack Obama's birth certificate is not authentic. Arpaio revealed the findings of a investigation into the president's birth certificate at a 1 hour and 20 minute news conference Thursday, calling the certificate "suspect." Arpaio's team of investigators said they found that the long-form birth certificate was created electronically and never existed in paper form. The president's Selective Service card was also questioned. Arpaio's investigators claimed the document has "failed every test we put it through." At Thursday's news conference, investigators said they will request a criminal investigation. They also said they have identified a person of interest in the forgery of the birth certificate. Arpaio said he is not accusing the president of the crime. He said they will investigate who is behind the "possible forgery and fraud." "I haven't decided where to go with this yet," Arpaio said. "I just wanted to get the facts of this situation. We haven't accused anyone of anything." The controversy over the certificate has been widely debunked, but it remains alive in the eyes of some conservatives, namely members of the Tea Party who urged Arpaio to look into the matter. For the past six months, Arpaio's "Cold Case Posse" has been investigating the authenticity of those documents to see if there's been any fraud or forgery involved. "We conducted a very professional investigation; we have come up with I feel some probable ...
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County_Sheriff_Joe_Arpaio_says_President_Barack_Obama's_birth_certificate_is_not_authentic
Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio said President Barack Obama's birth certificate is not authentic. Arpaio revealed the findings of a investigation into the president's birth certificate at a 1 hour and 20 minute news conference Thursday, calling the certificate "suspect." Arpaio's team of investigators said they found that the long-form birth certificate was created electronically and never existed in paper form. The president's Selective Service card was also questioned. Arpaio's investigators claimed the document has "failed every test we put it through." At Thursday's news conference, investigators said they will request a criminal investigation. They also said they have identified a person of interest in the forgery of the birth certificate. Arpaio said he is not accusing the president of the crime. He said they will investigate who is behind the "possible forgery and fraud." "I haven't decided where to go with this yet," Arpaio said. "I just wanted to get the facts of this situation. We haven't accused anyone of anything." The controversy over the certificate has been widely debunked, but it remains alive in the eyes of some conservatives, namely members of the Tea Party who urged Arpaio to look into the matter. For the past six months, Arpaio's "Cold Case Posse" has been investigating the authenticity of those documents to see if there's been any fraud or forgery involved. "We conducted a very professional investigation; we have come up with I feel some probable ...
- published: 08 Mar 2012
- views: 12538
- author: FederalJacktube6
Maricopa County Elections Office in 'Apartheid' Arizona Issues Deceptive Voter Reg. Cards in Spanish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:54
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
White Supremacy: 'Apartheid' Arizona's SB 1070 Immigration Law is All About Maintaining a White Majority: www.politicalarticles.net =========================================== ** Visit PoliticalArticles.NET: www.politicalarticles.net ** Like Us on FaceBook: goo.gl ** Follow Us on Twitter: twitter.com ** Add Us To Your Circles In Google: goo.gl ** Racism, Prejudice & Hate: tinyurl.com ** Politics USA: goo.gl ** Points To Ponder: goo.gl ===========================================
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County_Elections_Office_in_'Apartheid'_Arizona_Issues_Deceptive_Voter_Reg_Cards_in_Spanish
White Supremacy: 'Apartheid' Arizona's SB 1070 Immigration Law is All About Maintaining a White Majority: www.politicalarticles.net =========================================== ** Visit PoliticalArticles.NET: www.politicalarticles.net ** Like Us on FaceBook: goo.gl ** Follow Us on Twitter: twitter.com ** Add Us To Your Circles In Google: goo.gl ** Racism, Prejudice & Hate: tinyurl.com ** Politics USA: goo.gl ** Points To Ponder: goo.gl ===========================================
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 304
- author: politicalarticles
55 Days in Maricopa County Jail Preview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 04 Apr 2012
This is a preview of "55 Days In Maricopa County Jail." The Tempe (Arizona) Police are slowly gaining on their top competition - LAPD, NYPD, Cincinnati PD - for, well "SUPREMACY"!! See the full video at: www.operation-nation.com or on Google Videos The publishing of the "55 Days..." blog, which is my journal while I was there, will be published over the next 55 days, starting on Wednesday, Nov. 12. If you think the video is disturbing, wait until you read the blogs!!
http://wn.com/55_Days_in_Maricopa_County_Jail_Preview
This is a preview of "55 Days In Maricopa County Jail." The Tempe (Arizona) Police are slowly gaining on their top competition - LAPD, NYPD, Cincinnati PD - for, well "SUPREMACY"!! See the full video at: www.operation-nation.com or on Google Videos The publishing of the "55 Days..." blog, which is my journal while I was there, will be published over the next 55 days, starting on Wednesday, Nov. 12. If you think the video is disturbing, wait until you read the blogs!!
- published: 12 Nov 2008
- views: 8600
- author: dabeesta17
Impeach Obama!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Kuhner: Arpaio probe could dwarf Watergate: j.mp America may be facing a constitutional crisis. Sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Ariz., has made a startling declaration: President Obama's birth certificate is fraudulent. If true — and I stress if — then this scandal dwarfs Watergate. In fact, it would be the greatest political scandal in US history...
http://wn.com/Impeach_Obama!
Kuhner: Arpaio probe could dwarf Watergate: j.mp America may be facing a constitutional crisis. Sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Ariz., has made a startling declaration: President Obama's birth certificate is fraudulent. If true — and I stress if — then this scandal dwarfs Watergate. In fact, it would be the greatest political scandal in US history...
- published: 21 Jul 2012
- views: 2019
- author: 88kmitchell
Police Women of Maricopa County audition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
Didn't make the cut of Police Women of Maricopa County
http://wn.com/Police_Women_of_Maricopa_County_audition
Didn't make the cut of Police Women of Maricopa County
- published: 19 Mar 2010
- views: 16479
- author: Fernando Escovar
Maricopa County, Arizona Sheriff's Office on Trial for Death of Diabetic Inmate Denied Insulin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Everyone agrees: Deborah Braillard did not have to die. Her daughter is now taking her mother's death to court, suing Maricopa County and the Sheriff's Office in a case that opens this week in Pinal County Superior Court. Read more: www.abc15.com
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County,_Arizona_Sheriff's_Office_on_Trial_for_Death_of_Diabetic_Inmate_Denied_Insulin
Everyone agrees: Deborah Braillard did not have to die. Her daughter is now taking her mother's death to court, suing Maricopa County and the Sheriff's Office in a case that opens this week in Pinal County Superior Court. Read more: www.abc15.com
- published: 16 Sep 2012
- views: 154
- author: Dprippa
Maricopa County Jail: Tent City Food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:43
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Exclusive video inside Maricopa County Jails, with an up-close-and-personal view of the food Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio forces pre-trial, non-convicted detainees to eat. The boxes in which this "food" comes from all have written, in red letters, "not for human consumption." There are also 3-inch long sewer roaches swimming around in the "slop" as it is prepared. "The Eighth Amendment (of the US Constitution) requires that prison [jail] officials provide inmates with adequate food. Farmer, 511 US at 832. Food provided to inmates must not only be "nutritionally adequate," but also "prepared and served under conditions which do not present an immediate danger to the health and well being of the inmates who consume it." Ramos v. Lamm, 639 F.2d 559, 570-71 (10th Cir. 1980). www.operation-nation.com http Keeping US Government and Media Honest.
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County_Jail_Tent_City_Food
Exclusive video inside Maricopa County Jails, with an up-close-and-personal view of the food Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio forces pre-trial, non-convicted detainees to eat. The boxes in which this "food" comes from all have written, in red letters, "not for human consumption." There are also 3-inch long sewer roaches swimming around in the "slop" as it is prepared. "The Eighth Amendment (of the US Constitution) requires that prison [jail] officials provide inmates with adequate food. Farmer, 511 US at 832. Food provided to inmates must not only be "nutritionally adequate," but also "prepared and served under conditions which do not present an immediate danger to the health and well being of the inmates who consume it." Ramos v. Lamm, 639 F.2d 559, 570-71 (10th Cir. 1980). www.operation-nation.com http Keeping US Government and Media Honest.
- published: 11 Oct 2010
- views: 7903
- author: dabeesta17
Police Women of Maricopa County (2/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:22
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Police_Women_of_Maricopa_County_2_3
- published: 07 Jun 2011
- views: 49859
- author: MilitaryDocu
Marty Atencio: A Casualty of the Maricopa County Jails
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Earnest "Marty" Atencio, 44 years old, died on December 20, 2011. His dead body was covered with bruises, lacerations and puncture marks -- wounds that made him look like the victim of a vicious attack by criminals. But Marty Atencio wasn't attacked on the street; the attack that cost him his life took place at the Maricopa County Jails (MCJ) in Phoenix, run by the self-styled "toughest sheriff in America," Joe Arpaio, and the assailants wore badges and uniforms. Marty's death is the latest in a string of highly-publicized fatalities at the Maricopa County Jail during Sheriff Arpaio's tenure. To date, the County has had to pay out more than $40 million to settle wrongful injury and death lawsuits brought on behalf of Maricopa County inmates and their families.
http://wn.com/Marty_Atencio_A_Casualty_of_the_Maricopa_County_Jails
Earnest "Marty" Atencio, 44 years old, died on December 20, 2011. His dead body was covered with bruises, lacerations and puncture marks -- wounds that made him look like the victim of a vicious attack by criminals. But Marty Atencio wasn't attacked on the street; the attack that cost him his life took place at the Maricopa County Jails (MCJ) in Phoenix, run by the self-styled "toughest sheriff in America," Joe Arpaio, and the assailants wore badges and uniforms. Marty's death is the latest in a string of highly-publicized fatalities at the Maricopa County Jail during Sheriff Arpaio's tenure. To date, the County has had to pay out more than $40 million to settle wrongful injury and death lawsuits brought on behalf of Maricopa County inmates and their families.
- published: 28 Aug 2012
- views: 5466
- author: acluvideos
Maricopa County Inmate Search - Maricopa County Jail
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
The Maricopa County Jail Inmate Search and Information page is made for quick reference. www.jailexchange.com JailExchange.com makes your hunt for phone numbers, booking, visitation information, mail and inmate money even simpler by putting in all in one place, alphabetically. This video will help show you how easy it is to find information about the Maricopa County Jail, the inmates, the most wanted, the gangs and the law. www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County_Inmate_Search_Maricopa_County_Jail
The Maricopa County Jail Inmate Search and Information page is made for quick reference. www.jailexchange.com JailExchange.com makes your hunt for phone numbers, booking, visitation information, mail and inmate money even simpler by putting in all in one place, alphabetically. This video will help show you how easy it is to find information about the Maricopa County Jail, the inmates, the most wanted, the gangs and the law. www.youtube.com
- published: 01 May 2012
- views: 4316
- author: InmateSearches
Maricopa County Sheriffs Speak Out On Accusations Of Racial Profiling
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 19 Aug 2012
The Maricopa County Sheriff's Deputies spoke out harshly against Phoenix Mayor Phil Gordon and all of those who accuse them of racial profiling. Including one telling the mayor to shut up because he doesn't know what he is talking about. It's about time.
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County_Sheriffs_Speak_Out_On_Accusations_Of_Racial_Profiling
The Maricopa County Sheriff's Deputies spoke out harshly against Phoenix Mayor Phil Gordon and all of those who accuse them of racial profiling. Including one telling the mayor to shut up because he doesn't know what he is talking about. It's about time.
- published: 08 Apr 2009
- views: 9592
- author: DanAmato
KDFW Interviews Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:42
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
Also shows talent montage and some of graphics package
http://wn.com/KDFW_Interviews_Maricopa_County_Sheriff_Joe_Arpaio
Also shows talent montage and some of graphics package
- published: 30 Dec 2007
- views: 7793
- author: elpablo69
Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio To Investigate Obama's Birth Certificate - 8/18/2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
MORE DETAILS AT LINKS: Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio To Investigate Obama's Birth Certificate - 8/18/2011 - www.BirtherReport.com - http - www.wnd.com
http://wn.com/Maricopa_County_Sheriff_Joe_Arpaio_To_Investigate_Obama's_Birth_Certificate_8_18_2011
MORE DETAILS AT LINKS: Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio To Investigate Obama's Birth Certificate - 8/18/2011 - www.BirtherReport.com - http - www.wnd.com
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 11162
- author: BirtherReportDotCom
photo: AP / Sepahnews
27 Nov 2012
WASHINGTON -- The drone wars are here. While President Obama ponders new legal and moral guidelines to govern America's growing use of armed robot aircraft, the world outside the White House is engaged in a revolutionary frenzy of building, arming and flying killer drones ... More than 50 countries operate surveillance drones and, increasingly, are fitting them with weapons. The U.S ... spy drone was shot down last December ... On Oct ... 988 miles ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
29 Nov 2012
Just before she leapt from her roof into the streets of Kabul, Farima thought of the wedding that would never happen and the man she would never marry. Her fiance would be pleased to see her die, she later recalled thinking. It would offer relief to them both. Farima, 17, had resisted her engagement to Zabiullah since it was ordained by her grandfather when she was 9 ... He ran outside. His daughter's torso was contorted ... Her skin was pallid....(size: 12.8Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
27 Nov 2012
M23 rebels controlling the eastern city of Goma in the DR Congo have said they are not about to withdraw as demanded by regional leaders. The rebels said on Tuesday there were still in charge of Goma, just hours after General Aronda Nyakairima, the head of the Ugandan military, was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying that their leader, Sultani Makenga, had told him he would pull out of Goma and Sake ... 276 Source. ... Share ... News ... ;">....(size: 17.7Kb)
photo: UN / Jan Golinski
27 Nov 2012
Doha conference is warned that climate models do not yet take account of methane in thawing permafrost. Frozen ground in Siberia. Permafrost covers nearly a quarter of the northern hemisphere. Photograph. Francis Latreille/Corbis. The United Nations sounded a stark warning on the threat to the climate from methane in the thawing permafrost as governments met for the second day of climate change negotiations in Doha, Qatar ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
photo: UN / Rick Bajornas
28 Nov 2012
By Victor Kotsev. Thursday is shaping up as a big day in Palestinian history. Exactly 65 years after the United Nations resolution partitioning British Mandatory Palestine was adopted (and rejected at the time by the Arabs), the General Assembly will vote on Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas's proposal for non-member state status for Palestine within the borders of the period between the 1948 and the 1967 wars ... Â. Palestinian horizon....(size: 16.8Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
29 Nov 2012
Huffington Post
29 Nov 2012
Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio recently won reelection to a sixth term. (AP Photo/Dave Seibert, The Arizona Republic). In the wake of his reelection to a sixth term as sheriff of Maricopa County in Arizona, Joe Arpaio is ready to reach out to "the Hispanics" in the local community -- who have generally not been a fan of the controversial official's policies on immigration ... But they need to understand that I enforce the laws ... Like ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
29 Nov 2012
The suit claims false arrest, assault and battery and emotional distress. Newman, his wife, Pamela, and their 13-year-old grandson filed the lawsuit in Maricopa County Superior Court on Nov....(size: 0.9Kb)
The Examiner
29 Nov 2012
PHOENIX – With a mom who works for Child Protective Services and a step-dad who is a Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office district commander, Hunter Markusen, a Mountain Trail Middle School student has heard numerous horror stories about what some children are exposed to when his parents have had to respond to calls for service ... Donations may be dropped off at the MCSO district office located at 37622 N ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
The Examiner
29 Nov 2012
A few witnesses in the city of Scottsdale, in Maricopa County, Arizona, have reported sighting a hovering object on 26 November, 2012 at 10.20 PM. This report has been obtained from a testimony included in the database of Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), and today published in The Canadian. The witnesses describe the time of the sighting, the condition of the sky and what they were doing at that time ... The moon was so bright last night (Mon ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
Rick Browns joins Valley Metro as Chief Engineer. Phoenix, AZ (Nov ... Other members of the Valley Metro leadership team include.. Ray Abraham, Chief Operations Officer. Hillary Foose, Director, Communication and Marketing ... About Valley Metro. Valley Metro provides eco-friendly public transit options to residents of greater Phoenix and Maricopa County including the planning and operations of the regional bus, rail and paratransit system....(size: 4.3Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
Janice K. Brewer. State of Arizona. Office of the Governor. Main Phone. 602-542-4331. Governor. 1700 West Washington Street, Phoenix, AZ 85007. Facsimile. 602-542-7601 ... CONTACT. ... Ms ... Ms ... Earlier, she was Assistant Attorney General for the Arizona Attorney General's Office (1992-1997); worked in private practice for Platt & Westby (1990-1992); and served as a law clerk and bailiff for Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Robert Myers (1989-1990)....(size: 5.1Kb)
Bloomberg
29 Nov 2012
foreclosure rate ... “I was wrong.” ... U.S ... Re-sale prices rose 14.6 percent in the 12 months through October to $179,570 in San Joaquin County, where Stockton is the county seat, according to the California Association of Realtors ... In Arizona’s Maricopa County, home of Phoenix, investors accounted for a third of home purchases, including those at auctions, said Michael Orr, director of real estate research at Arizona State University’s W.P ... ....(size: 20.0Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
County of Simcoe, Office of the Warden and CAO ... FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Connect and Share with the County of Simcoe. Midhurst/ November 28, 2012 - The County of Simcoe is getting social and wants to connect and share with you. Join in the conversation as we provide the latest County news, events, photos, videos, and information on County services, job postings, and much more on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and LinkedIn ... County of Simcoe....(size: 5.3Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
Grey County Council endorsed the recommendation for a new county logo and tag line at the ... Over the past several months, the County of Grey Branding Committee has worked in conjunction with consulting firm YFactor and community partners (including municipalities, business owners, residents and visitors) to develop a new brand identity for the County ... The new tagline is "Grey County ... to Grey County Council and the people of Grey County....(size: 10.5Kb)
Tulsa World
29 Nov 2012
A series of tax protests filed in 2011 against Tulsa County, the Tulsa City-County Library, the Tulsa City-County Health Department and Tulsa Technology Center have been dismissed, court records show. The protests, filed by Don Wyatt of Broken Arrow, alleged that the county budget board did not follow proper procedure in allocating property tax revenue for the last budget year ... Tax protests against county tossed....(size: 4.0Kb)
The News Tribune
29 Nov 2012
After a little more than a month on the job, Franklin County's new public works director already is working on changes to bring the department in line with how other counties operate ... On Wednesday, he came to commissioners with a request for new AutoCAD design software that he said will save the county money over time. Franklin County is one of only ......(size: 1.8Kb)
North Jersey
29 Nov 2012
As a lifelong resident and proud World War II Veteran, I feel that Essex County is in need of a Veteran’s Memorial Home for elderly and sick veterans ... Census data there are 30,285 veterans living in Essex County. The veteran’s population of Essex County clearly provides a justification for ......(size: 9.1Kb)
| Maricopa County, Arizona | |||
|
Maricopa County Courthouse in Phoenix
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|
|||
 Location in the state of Arizona |
|||
 Arizona's location in the U.S. |
|||
| Founded | February 14, 1871 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Seat | Phoenix | ||
| Largest city | Phoenix | ||
| Area - Total - Land - Water |
9,224.27 sq mi (23,891 km²) 9,203.14 sq mi (23,836 km²) 21.13 sq mi (55 km²), 0.23% |
||
| PopulationEst. - (2011) - Density |
3,880,244 415/sq mi (160.1/km²) |
||
| Website | www.maricopa.gov | ||
Maricopa County ( /ˌmærɨˈkoʊpə/ MARR-i-KOH-pə) is located in the south-central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,817,117, the most populous in the state,[1] which ranks fourth among the nation's counties and is greater than the population of 23 states.[2] Maricopa County is also one of the largest counties in the United States by area having a land area greater than that of seven states. The county seat is Phoenix,[3] which is Arizona's largest city and capital. The center of population of Arizona is located in Maricopa County, in the town of Gilbert.[4] It is by far Arizona's most populous county, encompassing well over half of the state's residents. It is also the largest county in the United States to contain a capital city.
The population explosion is evident in a 2007 Forbes study which ranked four of Maricopa County's municipalities in the top ten fastest-growing cities in the nation. Those included Buckeye as the second-fastest-growing city, Surprise and Goodyear as 3rd and 4th, and Avondale as 9th.[5] All four of these cities are located in the growing "West Valley", which is the area of Maricopa County to the west of the city of Phoenix.
There are five Indian reservations located in the county.[6] The largest of these are the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (east of Scottsdale) and the Gila River Indian Community (south of Phoenix).
Contents |
Geography[link]
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of 9,224.27 square miles (23,890.7 km2), of which 9,203.14 square miles (23,836.0 km2) (or 99.77%) is land and 21.13 square miles (54.7 km2) (or 0.23%) is water.[7]
Major Highways[link]
Interstate 8
Interstate 10
Interstate 17
U.S. Route 60
Loop 101
Loop 202
Loop 303
State Route 51
State Route 71
State Route 74
State Route 85
State Route 87
State Route 143
State Route 347
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.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Other roads
- MC-85 (Buckeye Road) Runs from the Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport to Buckeye, AZ
- Historic Route 80 runs from Buckeye to Gila Bend
- Salome Highway connects Old US 80 travelers to I-10 and US 60
- Sun Valley Parkway runs from Buckeye to Surprise, Arizona. Buckeye Residents use this highway to avoid 1-10/Loop 303 traffic.
Adjacent counties[link]
- La Paz County, Arizona - west
- Yuma County, Arizona - west
- Pima County, Arizona - south
- Pinal County, Arizona - southeast
- Gila County, Arizona - east
- Yavapai County, Arizona - north
National protected areas[link]
- Sonoran Desert National Monument (part)
- Tonto National Forest (part)
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1880 | 5,689 |
|
|
| 1890 | 10,986 | 93.1% | |
| 1900 | 20,457 | 86.2% | |
| 1910 | 34,488 | 68.6% | |
| 1920 | 89,576 | 159.7% | |
| 1930 | 150,970 | 68.5% | |
| 1940 | 186,193 | 23.3% | |
| 1950 | 331,770 | 78.2% | |
| 1960 | 663,510 | 100.0% | |
| 1970 | 971,228 | 46.4% | |
| 1980 | 1,509,175 | 55.4% | |
| 1990 | 2,122,101 | 40.6% | |
| 2000 | 3,072,149 | 44.8% | |
| 2010 | 3,817,117 | 24.2% | |
| Est. 2011 | 3,880,244 | 1.7% | |
| source:[8][9] | |||
2000[link]
As of the census[10] of 2000, there were 3,072,149 people, 1,132,886 households, and 763,565 families residing in the county. The population density was 334 people per square mile (129/km²). There were 1,250,231 housing units at an average density of 136/sq mi (52/km²). There were 1,132,886 households out of which 33.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.60% were married couples living together, 10.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.60% were non-families. 24.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.21.
The population was spread out with 27.00% under the age of 18, 10.20% from 18 to 24, 31.40% from 25 to 44, 19.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 100.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $45,358, and the median income for a family was $51,827. Males had a median income of $36,858 versus $28,703 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,251. About 8.00% of families and 11.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.40% of those under age 18 and 7.40% of those age 65 or over.
Politics[link]
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 54.4% 746,448 | 43.9% 602,166 |
| 2004 | 57.0% 679,455 | 42.3% 504,849 |
| 2000 | 53.2% 479,967 | 42.9% 386,683 |
| 1996 | 47.2% 386,015 | 44.5% 363,015 |
| 1992 | 41.4% 360,049 | 32.6% 285,457 |
| 1988 | 64.9% 442,337 | 33.9% 230,952 |
| 1984 | 72.0% 411,902 | 27.1% 154,833 |
| 1980 | 65.0% 316,287 | 34.5% 119,752 |
| 1976 | 61.7% 258,262 | 35.3% 144,613 |
| 1972 | 69.3% 244,593 | 27.0% 95,135 |
| 1968 | 59.1% 161,262 | 31.4% 86,204 |
| 1964 | 53.9% 143,114 | 46.0% 122,042 |
Maricopa County has a long history of being a Republican Party stronghold. While the city of Phoenix leans towards the Democratic Party, along with some other small areas within the county, the rest of the county tends to vote heavily Republican. Every Republican presidential candidate has carried Maricopa County since 1948. This includes the 1964 presidential run of native son Barry Goldwater; who would not have even carried his own state had it not been for a 21,000-vote margin in Maricopa County.
Despite its political leanings, Maricopa County voted against Proposition 107 in the 2006 election. This referendum, designed to ban gay marriage and restrict domestic partner benefits, was rejected by a slim 51.6%-48.4% margin within the county, and statewide by a similar margin. Two years later, however, a majority of county residents voted to pass the ultimately successful state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage.
The County Board of Supervisors consists of five members chosen by popular vote within their own districts. Currently, the Board consists of four Republicans, each representing districts in the more affluent or conservative districts of the county, and one Democrat, representing the largest district.[citation needed] Each member serves for a period of four years, and may be continuously reelected. The Board of Supervisors acts in the capacity of executive authority for the county within the statutes and powers prescribed by Arizona state law. In this respect the Legislature of the State of Arizona is, in effect, the legislative body of the county, with limited discretion granted to the Board of Supervisors on minor ordinance and revenue collection issues. Chair of the Board is held by one member for a period of one year, and is selected by the Board members themselves through public hearing. Unlike cities and towns in Arizona, each county is not a chartered government and is considered both politically and legally a sub-division of the state.
The election of the County Sheriff, County Attorney, County Assessor, County Treasurer, Superintendent of Schools, County Recorder, Constables, Justices of the Peace, Clerk of the Superior Court, and retention of Superior Court Judges are also determined by popular vote.
The current sheriff is Joe Arpaio, who has labeled himself "America's Toughest Sheriff" due to his flamboyant and often controversial management of office.[11]
As Maricopa County is home to almost 60 percent of the state's population, it dominates Arizona's politics. Six of the state's eight congressional districts take in significant portions of the county, and most of the state's most prominent elected officials live there.
Transportation[link]
Main article: Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways
The county is served by three interstates (Interstate 8, Interstate 10, and Interstate 17), one U.S. Highway (US 60), and several state highways (SR 51, SR 74, SR 85, SR 87, SR 143, Loop 101, Loop 202, and Loop 303).
Communities[link]
Cities[link]
- Apache Junction (most of Apache Junction is in Pinal County)
- Avondale
- Chandler
- El Mirage
- Glendale
- Goodyear
- Litchfield Park
- Mesa
- Peoria (part of Peoria is in Yavapai County)
- Phoenix
- Scottsdale
- Surprise
- Tempe
- Tolleson
Towns[link]
- Buckeye
- Carefree
- Cave Creek
- Fountain Hills
- Gila Bend
- Gilbert
- Guadalupe
- Paradise Valley
- Queen Creek (part of Queen Creek is in Pinal County)
- Wickenburg (part of Wickenburg is in Yavapai County)
- Youngtown
Census-designated places[link]
Other communities[link]
Education[link]
Maricopa County Library District operates the county libraries in Maricopa County.
See also[link]
- Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Maricopa County, Arizona
- USS Maricopa County (LST-938)
- White Tank Mountain Regional Park
References[link]
- ^ "Maricopa County 2010 US Census Bureau". Quickfacts.census.gov. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
- ^ US county census
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ Arizona Center of Population Ceremony, Arizona Geographic Information Council, 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
- ^ Woolsey, Matt. - "America's Fastest-Growing Suburbs". - Forbes. - July 16, 2007.
- ^ Indian Reservations in the Continental United States, Bureau of Indian Affairs on National Park Service website. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ "Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Counties". United States Census. http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/county2k.txt. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
- ^ Gibson, Campbell. "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990." United States Census Bureau. June, 1998. Retrieved on October 7, 2006.
- ^ 2011 estimate
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ Joseph M. Arpaio, Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, 2005. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
Coordinates: 33°30′50″N 112°28′33″W / 33.51389°N 112.47583°W / 33.51389; -112.47583
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- Motorcycle cop redirects here.
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Policeman (disambiguation), Police Woman (disambiguation), Coppers (disambiguation), and Police Officer (film).
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| Occupation | |
|---|---|
| Activity sectors | Law enforcement |
| Description | |
| Competencies | Physical fitness, sense of justice |
| Education required | Secondary or tertiary education |
A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman, and constable in some forces, particularly in the United Kingdom[1][2] and other Commonwealth nations) is a warranted employee of a police force. In the United States, "officer" is the formal name of the lowest police rank; in many other countries "officer" is a generic term not specifying a particular rank, and the lowest rank is often "constable". Police officers are generally charged with the apprehension of criminals and the prevention and detection of crime, and the maintenance of public order. Police officers may be sworn to an oath, and have the power to arrest people and detain them for a limited time, along with other duties and powers.
Some police officers may also be trained in special duties, such as counter-terrorism, surveillance, child protection, VIP protection, and investigation techniques into major crime, including fraud, rape, murder and drug trafficking.
Contents |
Duties and functions[link]
Responsibilities of a police officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property, and the investigation of crimes. Officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, and in many contexts restrictions are placed on what the uniformed officer wears. In some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Police officers in nearly all countries retain their lawful powers, while off duty.[3]
In the community[link]
In the majority of Western legal systems, the major role of the police is to maintain order, keeping the peace through surveillance of the public, and the subsequent reporting and apprehension of suspected violators of the law. They also function to discourage crimes through high-visibility policing, and most police forces have an investigative capability. Police have the legal authority to arrest, usually granted by magistrates. Police officers also respond to emergency calls, along with routine community policing.
Police are often used as an emergency service and may provide a public safety function at large gatherings, as well as in emergencies, disasters, search and rescue situations, and Road Traffic Collisions. To provide a prompt response in emergencies, the police often coordinate their operations with fire and emergency medical services. In some countries, individuals serve jointly as police officers as well as firefighters (creating the role of Fire Police) or paramedics. In many countries, there is a common emergency service number that allows the police, firefighters, or medical services to be summoned to an emergency. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom have outlined command procedures, for the use in major emergencies or disorder. The Gold Silver Bronze command structure is a system set up to improve communications between ground based officers and the control room, typically, Bronze Commander would be a senior officer on the ground, coordinating the efforts in the center of the emergency, Silver Commanders would be positioned in an 'Incident Control Room' erected to improve better communications at the scene, and a Gold Commander who would be in the Control Room.
Police are also responsible for reprimanding minor offenders by issuing citations which typically may result in the imposition of fines, particularly for violations of traffic law. Traffic enforcement is often and effectively accomplished by police officers on motorcycles—called motor officers, these officers refer to the motorcycles they ride on duty as simply motors. Police are also trained to assist persons in distress, such as motorists whose car has broken down and people experiencing a medical emergency. Police are typically trained in basic first aid such as CPR.
In addition, some park rangers are commissioned as law enforcement officers and carry out a law-enforcement role within national parks and other back-country wilderness and recreational areas, whereas Military police perform law enforcement functions within the military.
Entry and promotion qualifications[link]
In most countries, candidates for the police force must have completed some formal education.[citation needed] Increasing numbers of people are joining the police force who possess tertiary education[citation needed] and in response to this many police forces have developed a "fast-track" scheme whereby those with university degrees spend two to three years as a Constable before receiving promotion to higher ranks, such as Sergeants or Inspectors. (Officers who work within investigative divisions or plainclothes are not necessarily of a higher rank but merely have different duties.)[citation needed] Police officers are also recruited from those with experience in the military or security services. In the United States state laws may codify state-wide qualification standards regarding age, education, criminal record, and training but in other places requirements are set by local police agencies. Each local Police agency has different requirements.
Promotion is not automatic and usually requires the candidate to pass some kind of examination, interview board or other selection procedure. Although promotion normally includes an increase in salary, it also brings with it an increase in responsibility and for most, an increase in administrative paperwork. There is no stigma attached to this, as experienced line patrol officers are highly regarded.
Dependent upon each agency, but generally after completing two years of service, officers may also apply for specialist positions, such as detective, police dog handler, mounted police officer, motorcycle officer, water police officer, or firearms officer (in countries where police are not routinely armed).
In some countries such as in Singapore, police ranks may also be supplemented through conscription, similar to national service in the military. Qualifications may thus be relaxed or enhanced depending on the target mix of conscripts. In Singapore, for example, conscripts face tougher physical requirements in areas such as eyesight, but are less stringent with minimum academic qualification requirements. Some police officers join as volunteers, who again may do so via differing qualification requirements.
Police pay[link]
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This section requires expansion. |
In some societies, police officers are paid relatively well compared to other occupations; their pay depends on what rank they are within their police force and how many years they've served.[4]
Occupational hazards[link]
Line of duty deaths[link]
Line of duty deaths are deaths which occur while an officer is conducting his or her appointed duties. Despite the increased risk of being a victim of a homicide, automobile accidents are the most common cause of officer deaths. Officers are more likely to be involved in traffic accidents because of their large amount of time spent conducting vehicle patrols, or directing traffic, as well as their work outside their vehicles alongside or on the roadway, or in dangerous pursuits. Officers killed by suspects make up a smaller proportion of deaths. In the U.S. in 2005, 156 line of duty deaths were recorded of which 44% were from assaults on officers, 35% vehicle related (only 3% during vehicular pursuits) and the rest from other causes: heart attacks during arrests/foot pursuits, diseases contracted either from suspects' body fluids or, more rarely, from emergency blood transfusions received after being in motor vehicle accidents, shot or stabbed, accidental gun discharges, falls, and drownings.[6]
Police officers who die in the line of duty, especially those who die from the actions of suspects or in accidents or heart attacks, are often given elaborate funerals, attended by large numbers of fellow officers. Their families may also be entitled to special pensions. Fallen officers are often remembered in public memorials, such as the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in the U.S., the National Police Memorial in the U.K. and the Scottish Police Memorial, at the Scottish Police College.
In the United Kingdom, in the 10 years from April 2000 there were 143 line of duty deaths: 54 in road accidents travelling to or from duty, 46 in road accidents on duty, 23 from natural causes on duty, 15 from criminal acts, and 5 in other accidents.[7] (In the United Kingdom, police do not normally carry firearms.)
The Singapore Police Force registered just over 100 deaths in a century up to the year 2000. There have been 28 New Zealand police officers killed by criminal act since 1890.[8] Despite perceived dangers, policing has never been listed above number ten as one of the most dangerous jobs in the U.S. In terms of deaths per capita, driver-sales work such as food delivery is a more dangerous profession than being a police officer[9].
Work stress[link]
Indicators[link]
The actual presence of stress in police work is well documented and evidenced by certain statistics. Researchers typically use suicide, divorce and alcoholism rates as three key indexes of stress in a group of people.[10] These factors paint a compelling picture of police officers demonstrating signs of significant stress, for example:
- A study in the United States, by National Surveillance of Police Suicide Study (NSOPS), showed 141 suicides in 2008 and 143 in 2009. This yields a suicide rate of 17/100,000, a figure that holds up under scrutiny and is consistent with CDC/NOMS data.[11] The overall suicide rate in the United States was 11.3 suicide deaths per 100,000 people.[12] There is some speculation or controversy that this official rate may understate the actual rate as it is often other police officers that report facts that lead to a cause of death determination, and death benefits, institutional image, and other factors may be incentives to misreport incident facts. It is speculated that some suicides are reported by fellow officers as accidents or as deaths in the line of duty perpetrated by unknown assailants. Also, many jurisdictions simply don't keep suicide statistics. Even though the information is incomplete, the available statistics suggest that police officers are more likely to commit suicide than the general population. However there is still controversy in the interpretation of these statistics. When comparisons are made within age, gender, and racial cohorts, the differences are much less dramatic.[13][14] Although suicides may be notably more prevalent among police, it is not clear whether police suicides are the result of work stress or the consequence of other variables, such as the influence of a subculture of violence[15]
- Police officers are much more likely to experience interpersonal relationship problems. Relationship problems are most dramatically demonstrated by the divorce rate among police officers, which is usually reported as being the second highest of all occupations. However in a 2009 study, the divorce rates of law enforcement personnel were compared with the rates for other occupations, where data was analyzed from the 2000 U.S. Census. The results of the analysis indicate that the divorce rate for law enforcement personnel is lower than that of the general population, even after controlling for demographic and other job-related variables.[16] The propensity to domestic violence is also thought to be higher for police officers than the general population, though the statistics are very fuzzy and controversial. Police officers also seem to have relationship problems at work, typically with superiors or with political oversight, though the evidence is largely anecdotal and controversial.
- Alcoholism is considered another aberrant statistic for police officers. Although the statistics are fuzzy, clinically treated alcohol addiction rates are usually calculated to be about twice as high for police officers than for the general population in the United States. In contrast, statistics documenting alcohol abuse are less precise. Rates for arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol, or DUI or DWI, are somewhat higher for police officers than for other drivers, but the statistics are not widely trusted outside of the insurance industry since it is other police officers that make DUI arrests. Some departments and even some individual officers tend to hold police officers to a higher behavioral and ethical standard while others will recognize a 'blue line' behind which those within the 'brotherhood' are not held to the same standards as the rest of society. Despite the controversies in the interpretation of the statistics, it is generally considered evident that police officers are more susceptible to alcohol abuse than other occupations. The same conclusions are usually made regarding the police abuse of other substances, though the statistics are even less accurate, and even though the higher rates of substance abuse may be due in part to the more ready access to drugs and the more permissive atmosphere 'behind the blue line' rather than to occupational stresses.
Hans Selye, the foremost researcher in stress in the world, said that police work is "the most stressful occupation in America even surpassing the formidable stresses of air traffic control."[10]
Other researchers, though, claim that police officers are more psychologically healthy than the general population. Police officers are increasingly more educated, more likely to engage in a regular program of exercise and to consume less alcohol and tobacco, and increasingly family-oriented. Healthy behavior patterns typically observed at entry training usually continue throughout the career of an officer. Even though the presence of occupation related stress seems to be well documented, it is highly controversial. Many within the law enforcement industry claim the propagation of incorrect suicide, divorce, and substance abuse statistics comes from people or organizations with political or social agendas, and that the presence of these beliefs within the industry makes it hard for health workers to help police officers in need of treatment to deal with the fear of negative consequences from police work which is necessary to enable police officers to develop a healthy expectancy of success in treatment.[17]
Sources[link]
Even though the presence of occupational stresses appear to be well documented, though not without controversy, the causes of workplace stress are comparatively unclear or even a matter of conjecture.
Although individual policemen and institutional public relations typically cite the risks of being killed in the line of duty as the predominant source of stress for individual policemen, there is significant controversy regarding the causes of personal workplace stress due to the fact that the actual risk of being killed is so small relative to other occupations.
It is charged that the myth of the high risks of occupational mortality connected with police work is often propagated by the law enforcement community as part of its institutional advancement and a central element in its public relations. Actual homicides of police are comparatively rare, but the reports of such incidents are typically reported in the press along with quotes by police officials or police officer family members stressing the notion that police officers 'put their lives on the line for the public' or 'risk their lives everyday', making it look like individual policemen routinely place themselves in mortal danger for low pay and little recognition, and that the view of police work as 'combat' is the source of police occupational stress indications.
Another explanation often advanced is the idea that police officers will undergo some traumatic experience in their police work that they never recover from, leading to suicide, divorce, etc. However, since the effects of such traumatic stresses is readily recognized, there are usually proactive programs in place to help individual police officers deal with the psychological effects of a traumatic event. Unfortunately, there is some evidence that such programs are actually ineffective, especially group therapies, may re-traumatize the participant, weaken coping mechanisms, and contribute to the development of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[18][19][20]
Observations where police officers and other emergency workers, such as firemen, experience the same traumatic event, it is more likely that the police officer will have difficulty dealing with the long term emotional effects of the traumatic event. On this observation, some of the academic literature suggests that along these lines the causes of occupational stress is more complex for police officers. Stress in police work is often present in other occupations, but not in an ongoing capacity. One line of thinking is that the individual stresses of police work produce a condition of chronic stress. Police officers encounter stressors in call after call which sap their emotional strength. Debilitation from this daily stress accumulates making officers more vulnerable to traumatic incidents and normal pressures of life. The weakening process is often too slow to see; neither a person nor his friends are aware of the damage being done. The effects of chronic stresses is two-fold:
- First, prolonged stress causes people to regress. Their psychological growth reverses, and they become more immature. They rapidly become more childish and primitive, much like a person being sick for several days becoming more irritable and childish in its demands on other people.
- Second, chronic stress numbs people's sensitivity. They can't stand to continually see human misery. They must stop feeling or they won't survive. The mind has this defense mechanism so people can continue working in horrible situations. If they kept their normal sensitivity, they would fall apart. As they become insensitive to their own suffering, they become insensitive to the suffering of others. When treated with indignity, they lose not only a sense of their own dignity but also the dignity of others. The pain of others stops bothering them, and they are no longer bothered when they hurt others.
The daily work of a police officer involves certain paradoxes and conflicts which may be difficult to deal with, the predominant examples are[10]
- Any interaction with a member of the public, whether socially or officially, such as in a traffic stop, involves a non-trivial risk of verbal abuse or physical harm. Treating a person with common respect or normal social graces requires the officer to be off guard and unprepared for an attack. Being on guard for an attack and treating every interpersonal situation with safety procedures and affirmative commands makes the police officer appear cynical, brutal, and detached, and limits his actual effectiveness with the public. Considering someone a friend or an enemy produces opposite mental states, an unnatural no-win situation engendering chronic stress.
- A police department is both a professional and military organization, and these two aspects oppose each other. As a professional, he is considered to be an expert in his field and is expected to use his expertise for the good of his public. He has much discretion in how he serves the people who call upon him. However, the dangers and complexities of the work require a military structure of the organization and a military leaning in the training. Although some are actually educated, all police officers are well trained. Policies, regulations, and procedures cover every facet of police work. Everything is expected to be done by the book with substantial repercussions, including civil and criminal liability, for varying from the expectations of operating procedures. Often the facts of a situation require a course of action that does not follow procedures. If he follows procedures exactly, he knows he won't fully help the public, and the public will think he is shirking his responsibility. If the officer follows his own judgment, he is taking a risk. The community and department expect officers to use judgment, but when they do, there is a danger they will be disciplined; another unnatural no-win situation engendering chronic stress.
- Police officers tend to become socially isolated. The reasons given for this isolation are varied and mostly anecdotal. One theory is that police work is not balanced. Most occupations involve a combination of good and bad results. In police work, almost everything is bad, and everybody you deal with is perceived either inherently bad or at least foolish. Another is that police officers develop a 'street wisdom' and by fiat possess a degree of authority that tends to make them perceive themselves as being morally superior to the rest of society. Whatever the reason, the public that the police deal with clearly perceive it and tend to reinforce the divide. Classically when a group of people are isolated, they become disoriented and confused. Their behavior changes drastically. Ironically an isolated class are usually the ones who are losing real world wisdom and tend to judge the world incorrectly from a very limited perspective, leading to interpersonal mistakes and more chronic stress.[citation needed]
A more colloquial view looks at specific sources of stress in police work.[21] The sources of stress most often actually cited are:
- The fear of killing someone in the line of duty.
- Having your partner or somebody else that you feel at least partly responsible for killed in the line of duty.
- Lack of support by the department or superiors.
- The scheduling of work and irregular work demands resulting in a disruption of family time or family events or rituals.
- The daily grind of dealing with the stupidity of the public, or the "asshole factor".
Other more academic studies have produced similar lists, but may include items that the more colloquial surveys do not reveal, such as 'exposure to neglected, battered, or dead children'[22]
Again, the actual fear of occupational death or physical harm is not high on the list of stress sources.
There have been numerous academic studies on the specific sources of police stress, and most conclude organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress.[23] Traumatic events are usually concluded to not be of sufficient scope or prevalence to account for prevalence of suicide, divorce, and substance abuse abnormalities.
Personality theories[link]
Some of the more esoteric, least documented or cited, and more longstanding theories for police stress symptoms involves the interaction of the specifics of police work with the personalities of individual police officers. There has been a raging debate on the fringes of psychiatry as to whether there is something about police work that causes psychiatric symptomology and personality disorders or whether there are certain personalities susceptible to disorders that are attracted to police work. Theory holds that there are four general possibilities:
- There is something about police work, the social structure, the work atmosphere, etc., which causes stresses or presents traumas that cause personality or psychiatric disorders resulting in symptoms such as suicide, divorce, violence, substance abuse, etc. (the foundations of this possibility are outlined above)
- There is one or more personality types or people with certain tendencies or proclivities who are susceptible of developing personality or psychiatric disorders, regardless of their occupation, who because of their personality or preferences are attracted to police work, and then display symptoms of stress or disorders.
- There is a combination of the two.
- Or there is a combination and synergistic interaction of the two.
Some studies have tried to use personality traits to determine police applicant desirability,[24]. These have generally looked at psychology's Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These studies have suggested that age, cynicism and institutional culture affect performance.
There are other personality traits that are specifically not desired for police work that are equally well documented. However, there has been relatively little academic work cited regarding the personality traits attracted to police work. The nature of personality traits of people attracted to police work tends to be a matter of conjecture and anecdotal observations. The personalities of people who are actually in police work tends to be different from that which is purported to be desired by police departments. Police officers tend to be isolated and suspicious, view expression of emotions as a weakness, and find it hard to trust and confide in others.[25] For example, police officers are often viewed by the public to be domineering, narcissistic, authoritarian, physically oppressive, and basically the opposite of the personality traits most often cited as being desirable in a police officer. There are studies that suggest that people who take risks are attracted to police work.[26] There is a corresponding theory that police officers actually tend to be people seeking security and stability and are attracted to the job for the steady government paycheck and government pension and adverse to the risks of business, sales, or other occupations. There is ample evidence that there is something in police work that alters personality.
The theory that there is an interaction between the personality attracted to the work and the work itself is mostly conjecture. For example, people attracted to police work are thought to crave the respect and authority that they expect with a badge, gun, uniform, and commission, but most of the people that police officers come in contact with do not respect them, and their authority is strongly regulated and limited by law, policies, and procedures, setting up a conflict resulting in chronic stress.
Abuse of power[link]
Police officers have considerable powers and are often supported by authorities who oversee them if accused of wrongdoing.[27]
Systematic cases[link]
In dictatorial, corrupt, or weak states, police officers may carry out many criminal acts for the ruling regime with impunity. Examples are the Gestapo secret police in Nazi Germany, and the role of the police in the military dictatorship in Argentina in the 1970s.[28] Institutional racism has been found in modern police forces.[29]
Individual cases[link]
Individual officers, or sometimes whole units, can be corrupt or carry out various other forms of misconduct; this occasionally happens in many forces, but is particularly problematic where police pay is very low unless supplemented by bribes.[30] Police sometimes act with unwarranted brutality when they overreact to confrontational situations,[31] to extract a confession from a person they may or may not genuinely suspect of being guilty,[32] or in other circumstances. Instances of racism occur, even when the police force as a whole is not found to be racist.[33]
See also[link]
- The Thin Blue Line (emblem)
- Cops (TV series)
- Fictional police officers
- Field Training Officer
- List of slang terms for police officers
- Military police
- Peace officer
- Police brutality
- Police rank
- Police procedural
- President Grover Cleveland—former Sheriff of Erie County, New York
- President Theodore Roosevelt—Deputy Sheriff in the Dakota Territory, and New York City Police Commissioner
References[link]
- ^ "Police ranks and pay in England and Wales". Police-information.co.uk. http://www.police-information.co.uk/policepay.htm#constables. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Police rank structure and other information in Scotland". Scotland.gov.uk. 1994-12-31. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library/documents/police.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Educational Requirements for Police Officers". education-portal.com. 2011 [last update]. http://education-portal.com/articles/Police_Officer_Educational_Requirements_for_Police_Officers.html. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
- ^ http://www.police-information.co.uk/policepay.htm
- ^ "Houston Dacoma Driver License office to close for expansion." Texas Department of Public Safety. October 29, 2008. Retrieved on June 16, 2009.
- ^ "Honoring Officers Killed in the Year 2005". Odmp.org. http://www.odmp.org/search/year?year=2005. Retrieved 2010-05-22. See also 2011 figures
- ^ "UK Police Line of Duty Fatalities by Cause of Death, April 2000 to March 2010". Policememorial.org.uk. http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Rolls_of_Honour/Statistics/Statistics_2000-2009.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Policeman 28th killed in line of duty". New Zealand Herald. 11 September 2008. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10531709. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ "Extra: The 10 most dangerous jobs in America – MSN Money". Moneycentral.msn.com. 2003-10-14. http://moneycentral.msn.com/content/invest/extra/P63405.asp. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ a b c "Not So Obvious Police Stress". Tearsofacop.com. http://www.tearsofacop.com/police/articles/constant.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Police suicide- A web surveillance of national data". Journal Of Emergency Mental Health 11 (1). Winter 2009.
- ^ "Suicide in the U.S.: Statistics and Prevention". NIMH. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ Aamodt MG, Stalnaker NA. Police officer suicide: frequency and officer profiles. In Sheehan D, Warren J, eds. Suicide and Law Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office;2002:383-98
- ^ Sheehan D, Warren J, eds. Suicide and Law Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002
- ^ W C Terry, Police Stress – The Empirical Evidence, Journal of Police Science and Administration Volume:9 Issue:1 Dated:(March 1981) Pages:61–75.
- ^ "A comparison of law enforcement divorce rates with those of other occupations". Journal of Police & Criminal Psychology. Spring 2010.
- ^ Stephen F. Curran, PhD, http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development/482217-1.html
- ^ Rose S, Bisson J, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
- ^ Kaplan Z, Iancu I, Bo E. A review of psychological debriefing after extreme stress. Psychiatr Serv 2001;52:824-7.
- ^ Raphael B, Wilson JP, eds. Psychological Debriefing: Theory, Practice and Evidence. Cambridge University Press;2000:357
- ^ "Effects of Stress on police officers". Heavybadge.com. http://www.heavybadge.com/efstress.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ C D Spielberger ; L G Westberry ; K S Grier ; G Greenfield, Police Stress Survey – Sources of Stress in Law Enforcement, University of South Florida Human Resources Institute, http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=80993
- ^ Collins, P. A.; Gibbs, A. C. C. (June 2003). "Stress in police officers: a study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force". Occupational Medicine 53 (4): 256–264. DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqg061. http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/4/256. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Using the Big Five Personality Traits to Predict Police Officer Performance, American Society of Criminology, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p201108_index.html
- ^ Aviva Twersky-Glasner, City University of New York, Police Personality: What Is It and Why Are They Like That?, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 2005, Volume 20, Number 1
- ^ Cullen, Link, Travis, & Lemming, 1983; Kraus, 1987; Skolnick, 1966, as quoted in Risk Taking and Police Pursuit, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-15434653.html
- ^ "UK Police Federation acknowledges that dealing with complaints against officers is not up to scratch". Policeoracle.com. 2006-12-01. http://www.policeoracle.com/news/Federation-Endorses-Police-Complaints-Reform_22729.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Example of murder by police in Argentina in 1979, in Spanish". Archivo.lavoz.com.ar. 2009-09-21. http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/nota.asp?Inicio=1&Pagina=2¬a_id=552889. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - Lawrence Inquiry.doc" (PDF). http://www.law.cf.ac.uk/tlru/Lawrence.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "IPS: DRUGS-MEXICO: Police Caught Between Low Wages, Threats and Bribes". Ipsnews.net. 2007-06-07. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38075. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Edwards, Richard (2009-04-17). "Ian Tomlinson G20 protests death: police office faces manslaughter charge". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/g20-summit/5172206/Ian-Tomlinson-G20-protests-death-police-office-faces-manslaughter-charge.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "The police often argue that the tough 'interviewing' of suspects is the best way to extract the truth. But such strategies are exactly the sort to provoke false confessions". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12517014.100-you-did-it-didnt-you-the-police-often-argue-that-thetough-interviewing-of-suspects-is-the-best-way-to-extract-the-truth-butsuch-strategies-are-exactly-the-sort-to-provoke-false-confessions-.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Malkin, Bonnie (25 March 2010). "Dozens of Australian police officers under investigation over racist and pornographic emails". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/7519633/Dozens-of-Australian-police-officers-under-investigation-over-racist-and-pornographic-emails.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
External links[link]
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- http://www.west-midlands.police.uk/publications/freedom-of-information/policy.asp?id=144
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Joe Arpaio | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Arpaio speaking in Phoenix on February 26, 2011 | |
| Maricopa County Sheriff | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 1, 1993 |
|
| Preceded by | Tom Agnos |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Joseph M. Arpaio (1932-06-14) June 14, 1932 (age 80) Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Ava Arpaio |
| Occupation | Sheriff |
Joseph M. "Joe" Arpaio (born June 14, 1932) is the elected Sheriff of Maricopa County in the U.S. state of Arizona. First voted into office in 1992, Arpaio is responsible for law enforcement in Maricopa County. This includes management of the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, county jail, courtroom security, prisoner transport, service of warrants, and service of process. Arpaio styles himself as "America's Toughest Sheriff."[1][2] He is well known for his outspoken stance against illegal immigration.[3] Arpaio has become a flashpoint for controversy surrounding Arizona's SB1070 anti-illegal immigration act.[4] He is also known for his investigation of President Barack Obama's citizenship.[5][6][7]
Arpaio was once widely popular among voters in Arizona.[8] His popularity has waned since 2007, notably by independent and Republican voters but still has a 57% positive job rating among Republicans; he has been re-elected five times.[9][10]
Contents
|
History and law enforcement background[link]
Arpaio was born Joseph M. Arpaio in Springfield, Massachusetts on June 14, 1932, to Italian parents both from Lacedonia, Italy.[11] Arpaio's mother died while giving birth to him, and Arpaio was raised by his father, a grocery store owner. Arpaio completed high school and worked in his father's business until age 18 when he enlisted in the United States Army.[12]
Arpaio served in the Army from 1950 to 1954 in the Medical Detachment Division and was stationed in France for part of the time as a military policeman.[13]
Following his discharge in 1954, Arpaio moved to Washington, D.C. and became a police officer, moving in 1957 to Las Vegas, Nevada. He served as a police officer in Las Vegas for six months before being appointed as a special agent with the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, which later became part of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).[14] During his 25-year tenure with the DEA, he was stationed in Argentina, Turkey and Mexico, and advanced through the ranks to the position of head of the DEA's Arizona branch.[15]
In 1992, Arpaio successfully campaigned for the office of Maricopa County Sheriff. The voters of Maricopa County re-elected him in 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008.[16]
Arpaio married his wife Ava in 1958. Together, they have two children and four grandchildren.[17] They currently reside in Fountain Hills, Arizona.[18]
Actions as Maricopa County Sheriff[link]
Television[link]
In late 2008 and early 2009, Arpaio came out in Smile...You're Under Arrest!, a three-episode Fox Reality Channel series in which persons with outstanding warrants were tricked into presenting themselves for arrest.[19]
On June 9, 2011, Arpaio was interviewed on Fox News on KSAZ-TV about a song on iTunes called "F#@K Sheriff Joe" by Contraband, describing him on his deathbed battling his own mortality.[20]
Jails[link]
Arpaio's practices include serving inmates surplus food[21] and limiting meals to twice daily.[22] He has also banned inmates from possessing "sexually explicit material" including Playboy magazine after female officers complained that inmates openly masturbated while viewing them or harassed the officers by comparing their anatomy to that of the nude models in the publications. The ban was challenged on First Amendment grounds but upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[23]
In February 2007, Arpaio instituted an in-house radio station he calls KJOE.[24] Arpaio's radio station broadcasts classical music, opera, Frank Sinatra hits, patriotic music and educational programming. It operates from the basement of the county jail for five days a week, four hours each day.
In an ongoing case, federal judge Neil V. Wake ruled in 2008 and 2010 that the Maricopa County jails violated the constitutional rights of inmates in medical and other care related issues.[25][26]
Tent City[link]
Arpaio set up a "Tent City" as an extension of the Maricopa County Jail.[27] Arpaio has described Tent City as a concentration camp.[28] Tent City is located in a yard next to a more permanent structure containing toilets, showers, and an area for meals.[29] It has become notable particularly because of Phoenix's extreme temperatures.
On July 2, 2011, when the temperature in Phoenix hit 118 °F (48 °C), Arpaio measured the temperature inside Tent City at 145 °F (63 °C). Some inmates complained that fans near their beds were not working, and that their shoes were melting from the heat.[30] During the summer of 2003, when outside temperatures exceeded 110 °F (43 °C), Arpaio said to complaining inmates, "It's 120 degrees in Iraq and the soldiers are living in tents, have to wear full body armor, and they didn't commit any crimes, so shut your mouths."[31] In 1997, Amnesty International published a report on Arpaio's jails which found that Tent City is not an "adequate or humane alternative to housing inmates in suitable ... jail facilities."[32] Tent City is criticized by groups contending that there are violations of human and constitutional rights.[33] Those critical of Arpaio also point out that the vast majority of inmates within Tent City have not been convicted; rather, they are merely awaiting trial.[34]
Volunteer chain gangs[link]
In 1995, Arpaio reinstituted chain gangs. In 1996, he expanded the chain gang concept by instituting female volunteer chain gangs.[35] Female inmates work seven hours a day (7 a.m. to 2 p.m.), six days a week. He has also instituted the world's first all-juvenile volunteer chain gang; volunteers earn high school credit toward a diploma.[36]
Pink underwear[link]
One of his most visible public-relations actions was the introduction of pink underwear, which the Maricopa County Sheriff's website cites as being, "world-famous."[citation needed] Arpaio subsequently started to sell customized pink boxers (with the Maricopa County Sheriff's logo and "Go Joe") as a fund-raiser for Sheriff's Posse Association. Despite allegations of misuse of funds received from these sales, Arpaio declined to provide an accounting for the money.[37]
Arpaio's success in gaining press coverage with the pink underwear resulted in his extending the use of the color. He introduced pink handcuffs, using the event to promote his book, Sheriff Joe Arpaio, America's Toughest Sheriff.[38]
Selective Service registration and organ donors[link]
In 2001, he was the first sheriff to require all inmates aged 18 and over to register for the Selective Service System. (Registration is required by federal law for all U.S. males between 18 and 26 years of age, as well as for resident aliens of the same age, regardless of their immigration status.) Since 2001, a total of 28,000 inmates (including 9,000 aliens) have registered for Selective Service.[39][40]
Arpaio also started the "Have a Heart" program in which inmates may volunteer to be organ donors.[40]
Sheriff's posse[link]
Building upon Maricopa County's 50-year-old program, Arpaio expanded the all-volunteer citizen posse through heavy recruiting. The volunteers perform many duties for the sheriff's office:
- Search and rescue
- Emergency communications
- Prisoner transport
- Traffic control
- Backup for sworn deputies
- Office administrative duties
- Holiday Mall Patrol (which provides motorist assistance and security for shoppers during the holiday shopping season)
- Deadbeat parent details targeting men and women with outstanding arrest warrants for failure to pay child support
- Assisting in immigration sweeps
- Current investigation of President Barack Obama's birth certificate
In November 2010, Arpaio created an armed illegal immigration operations posse, to help his deputies enforce immigration law. Members of this posse include celebrity actors Steven Seagal, Lou Ferrigno, and Peter Lupus.[41]
Controversies[link]
Arpaio has been a controversial sheriff. His practices have been criticized by government agencies such as the United States Department of Justice, United States District Courts, and organizations such as Amnesty International,[42] the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Arizona Ecumenical Council, the American Jewish Committee,[43] and the Arizona chapter of the Anti-Defamation League.[44] The editorial board of The New York Times called Arpaio "America's Worst Sheriff".[45] Controversial issues surrounding Arpaio have included allegations of racial profiling, in which the ACLU has sued the sheriff.[46][47]
Unconstitutional jail conditions[link]
Federal Judge Neil V. Wake ruled in 2008, and again in 2010, that the Maricopa County jails violated the constitutional rights of inmates in medical and other care related issues.[25][26] This ruling was a result of a lawsuit brought by the ACLU, which alleged that "Arpaio routinely abused pre-trial detainees at Maricopa County Jail by feeding them moldy bread, rotten fruit and other contaminated food, housing them in cells so hot as to endanger their health, denying them care for serious medical and mental health needs and keeping them packed as tightly as sardines in holding cells for days at a time during intake."[48]
In a ruling issued in October 2010, the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered Arpaio to follow Judge Wake's 2008 ruling, which required Arpaio to end severe overcrowding and ensure all detainees receive necessary medical and mental health care, be given uninterrupted access to all medications prescribed by correctional medical staff, be given access to exercise and to sinks, toilets, toilet paper and soap and be served food that meets or exceeds the U.S. Department of Agriculture's dietary guidelines.[49][50][51][52]
Lack of cooperation with Department of Justice[link]
In June 2008,[53] the Department of Justice Civil Rights Division began an investigation of Arpaio amid accusations of discrimination and unconstitutional searches and seizures. The investigation was conducted under the authority of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination related to programs that receive federal funds. On July 7, 2009, Arpaio held a press conference, and announced that he would not cooperate with the investigation, either by providing documents, or permitting interviews with personnel. On September 2, 2010, the Department of Justice filed suit against Arpaio,[54] to compel his cooperation with the investigation. A spokeswoman for the Justice Department stated that it was unprecedented for an agency to refuse to cooperate with a Title VI investigation, and that this is the first time the Justice Department has sued to compel access to documents and facilities.[55][56][57] The suit was settled in June 2011, after Arpaio allowed federal officials to interview Sheriff's office employees, and review hundreds of thousands of documents for the investigation.[58] [59]
Racial profiling[link]
On December 15, 2011, the Justice Department released their findings after a 3-year investigation of Arpaio's office amid complaints of racial profiling and a culture of bias at the agency's top level. The report stated that under Arpaio, the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office has "a pervasive culture of discriminatory bias against Latinos" that "reaches the highest levels of the agency."[60]
The Justice Department accused Arpaio of engaging in "unconstitutional policing" by unfairly targeting Latinos for detention and arrest, and retaliating against critics.[61] In the report, a Justice Department expert concluded that Arpaio oversaw the worst pattern of racial profiling in U.S. history.[62]
Loss of authority to identify illegal immigrants[link]
Based on the Justice Department report on discriminatory policing practices within the MCSO, on December 15, 2011, the United States Department of Homeland Security revoked the MCSO's federal authority to identify and detain illegal immigrants.[63]
In a separate action on December 23, 2011, U.S. District Court Judge G. Murray Snow enjoined Arpaio and the MCSO from "detaining any person based only on knowledge or reasonable belief, without more, that the person is unlawfully present within the United States," halting anti-illegal immigration enforcement by MCSO in its current form.[64]
Federal grand jury inquiry[link]
As of December 2011, a federal grand jury had been investigating Arpaio's office on criminal abuse-of-power allegations since at least December 2009 and was specifically examining the investigative work of the sheriff's anti-public corruption squad.[65]
Abuse of power[link]
In February 2010, Judge John Leonardo found that Arpaio "misused the power of his office to target members of the (Board of Supervisors) for criminal investigation".[66]
In 2008, a federal grand jury began an inquiry of Arpaio for abuse of power, in connection with an FBI investigation.[67][68] Arpaio is being investigated for politically motivated and "bogus" prosecutions, which a former US Attorney called "utterly unacceptable".[67][68] Phoenix Mayor Phil Gordon has called Arpaio's "long list" of questionable prosecutions "a reign of terror".[68]
The targets of Arpaio's alleged abuse of power have included:
- Phil Gordon, Phoenix Mayor[67]
- Dan Saban, Arpaio's 2004 and 2008 opponent for the office of Sheriff of Maricopa County[67]
- Terry Goddard, Arizona Attorney General[67]
- David Smith, Maricopa County Manager[67]
- The Maricopa County Board of Supervisors[67]
- Barbara Mundell, Maricopa Superior Court Presiding Judge[67]
- Anna Baca, former Maricopa Superior Court Presiding Judge[69]
- Gary Donahoe, Maricopa Superior Court Criminal Presiding Judge[67]
- Daniel Pochoda, ACLU attorney[67]
- Sandra Dowling, former Maricopa County School Superintendent[68]
- Mike Lacy, Editor, Phoenix New Times[68]
As of July 2010, only Sandra Dowling has been successfully prosecuted.[68] Indicted on 25 felony counts, Dowling eventually pled guilty to patronage for giving a summer job to her daughter, a single class-2 misdemeanor which was not among the original counts, although as part of the plea bargain she also agreed to recuse herself from the Maricopa County Regional School District. Dowling has since filed suit, alleging negligence, malicious prosecution, abuse of process and several constitutional violations.[70]
Feud with Maricopa County Board of Supervisors and Maricopa Superior Court[link]
Over the two years prior to September 2010, feuding between Arpaio and former Maricopa County Attorney Andrew Thomas on one side, and the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors on the other side cost at least $5.6 million, most of which was paid to private attorneys. Arpaio and Thomas filed several lawsuits against the Board of Supervisors, including a federal civil-racketeering suit against the supervisors, four judges and attorneys who work with the county. Arpaio and Thomas lost every case, either by ruling of the courts, or by dropping the case.[71]
In early 2010, Arpaio and Thomas sought to have a grand jury indict a number of Maricopa County Judges, Maricopa County Supervisors, and employees of the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors. The grand jury, in an unusual rebuke, ordered the investigation ended. This action has been described as meaning that "...the case is so bad, there's no further evidence that could be brought [to substantiate it]". Legal experts agree this is a rare move.[72] Thomas and a subordinate attorney on his County Attorney staff faced a hearing later in 2011 before the Ethics Committee of the Arizona Bar, the result of which was a number of possible sanctions up to permanent loss of their law licenses.
In November and December 2010, lawsuits naming Arpaio were filed by Judge Gary Donahoe, retired Maricopa County Superior Court judges Barbara Mundell, Anna Baca, and Kenneth Fields, County Supervisor Don Stapley, Deputy County Manager Sandi Wilson, and Susan Schuerman, executive assistant to Supervisor Don Stapley.[73][74][75][76][77][78] Conley Wolfswinkel (a business associate of Stapley) filed suit in January, 2011.[79][80] Other targets of Arpaio's investigations, including Maricopa County Supervisor Mary Rose Wilcox,[69] and Maricopa Deputy County Manager Sandi Wilson[72] have filed notices of claims (the precursor to filing suit) totalling about $56 million dollars.[72]
Election law violation[link]
During the month of July 2010, a committee established by Arpaio, the Campaign to Re-Elect Joe Arpaio 2012, funded advertisements critical of Rick Romley, a candidate in the Republican Primary for Maricopa County Attorney and Arizona Attorney General candidate Tom Horne, despite the fact that Arpaio is not currently running for re-election (his term does not expire until the end of 2012).[81]
An order issued on the behalf of the Maricopa Elections Department on August 24, 2010, found that one of the advertisements, a direct mailer, advocated the defeat of Romley, and was an in-kind contribution to Bill Montgomery (Romley's primary election opponent), in violation of Arizona election law. The order stated that the Campaign to Re-Elect Joe Arpaio 2012 will be fined three times the amount of money that was spent on the mailer.[82] In September, 2010, Arpaio's campaign was fined $153,978 in this matter.[83] Montgomery ultimately defeated Romley in the primary election, with Romley stating Arpaio's ads "hurt" his results.[84]
Misuse of funds[link]
An analysis by the Maricopa County Office of Management and Budget, completed in April 2011, found Arpaio had misspent almost $100 million over the previous 5 years.[85][86][87]
The analysis showed that money from a restricted detention fund which could only legally be used to pay for jail items, such as food, detention officers' salaries and equipment, was used to pay employees to patrol Maricopa County.[85] The analysis also showed that many Sheriff's Office employees, whose salaries were paid from the restricted detention fund, were working job assignments different from those recorded in their personnel records. Arpaio's office kept a separate set of personnel books detailing actual work assignments, different from information kept on the county's official human-resources records.[86]
Arpaio used the detention fund to pay for investigations of political rivals, and activities involving his human-smuggling unit.[85][86]
The analysis also showed a number of inappropriate spending items, including a trip to Alaska where deputies stayed at a fishing resort, and trips to Disneyland.[86][88]
Separate investigations by The Arizona Republic uncovered widespread abuse of public funds and county policies by Arpaio's office, including high-ranking employees routinely charging expensive meals and stays at luxury hotels on their county credit cards.[89]
The Republic also found that a restricted jail enhancement fund was improperly used to pay for out-of-state training, a staff party at a local amusement park, and a $456,000 bus, which was purchased by Arpaio in violation of county procurement rules.[85][90]
Munnell memo[link]
In September 2010, a 63 page internal memo, written by Maricopa Deputy Chief Frank Munnell, was made public. The memo alleged years of misconduct and mismanagement by Arpaio's second in command and other top MCSO officers, including the use of a public-corruption task force to conduct politically motivated probes into political opponents. The memo alleged that top officials in the MCSO "willfully and intentionally committed criminal acts by attempting to obstruct justice, tamper with witnesses, and destroy evidence."[91] Arpaio forwarded the memo to the Pinal County Sheriff's Office, requesting they conduct an administrative investigation. Former top MCSO staffers claimed that Arpaio knew of the acts alleged in the Munnell memo, but took no action to stop them.[92] Arpaio has not commented publicly on the allegations.
In October 2010, the US Attorney for Arizona confirmed that the FBI and Department of Justice had received copies of the Munnell memo, and were conducting criminal investigations into its allegations.[93]
Adam Cox[link]
Adam Eugene Cox was arrested in Knoxville, Tennessee in January 2012 for making death threats against Arpaio. In October 2011, Cox posted the Internet message "I plan to kill Arpaio first. He will be filled with a thousand bullet holes before the year is out. He won't (expletive removed) with Obama." On March 14, 2012, he was convicted[94] of harassment and sentenced to a "bootcamp" probation[95] and ordered to pay court costs. He was also ordered to attend anger management counseling and maintain no contact with the sheriff.
Investigation of President Obama’s birth certificate[link]
On March 1, 2012, Arpaio and members of his Cold Case Posse held a news conference announcing their belief that President Barack Obama’s long-form birth certificate, released by the White House on April 27, 2011,[96] is a computer-generated forgery. Additionally, the Posse’s six-month-long investigation included an examination of President Obama’s Selective Service card and contended that it, also, is a forgery. Much of the evidence supporting their claims was presented at that press conference and at a second press conference held on March 31, 2012.[citation needed]
Department of Justice Racial Profiling Lawsuit[link]
On May 10, 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed suit against Arpaio, the MCSO, and Maricopa County, alleging that "The Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO) and Sheriff Joseph M. Arpaio have engaged and continue to engage in a pattern or practice of unlawful discriminatory police conduct directed at Latinos in Maricopa County and jail practices that unlawfully discriminate against Latino prisoners with limited English language skills."[97] A DOJ representative said that the agency was left with no choice but to file suit after Arpaio's attorneys balked at a demand for a court-appointed monitor to ensure the Sheriff's Office complies with any settlement terms. Arpaio has rejected the notion of a court-appointed monitor, and denied that the MCSO engages in racial profiling.[98][99]
Election results[link]
2000 election results[link]
| 2000 Maricopa County Sheriff's Office election, Arizona[100] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Republican | Joe Arpaio (incumbent) | 572,063 | 66.49 | n/a | |
| Democratic | Robert Ayala | 227,055 | 26.39 | n/a | |
| Independent | Tom Bearup | 60,401 | 7.02 | n/a | |
| n/a | Write-in candidate | 825 | 0.1 | n/a | |
| Majority | 345,008 | 40.1 | n/a | ||
| Turnout | 860,344 | ||||
| Republican hold | Swing | ||||
2004 election results[link]
| 2004 Maricopa County Sheriff's Office election, Arizona[100] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Republican | Joe Arpaio (incumbent) | 642,923 | 56.74 | -9.75 | |
| Democratic | Robert Ayala | 347,981 | 30.71 | +4.32 | |
| n/a | Steven W. Martin | 142,296 | 12.56 | n/a | |
| Majority | 294,942 | 26.03 | -14.07 | ||
| Turnout | 1,133,200 | +31.71 | |||
| Republican hold | Swing | ||||
2007 failed recall petition[link]
In November 2007, a group calling itself Arizonans for the U.S. Constitution and Recall of Joe Arpaio filed the paperwork to begin an effort to recall Arpaio and County Prosecutor Thomas from office for allegedly disobeying and violating the United States Constitution and abuse of power.[101] Their petition to get a recall question for the two officials onto the next general election ballot failed when the group was unable to collect the more than 200,000 registered voter signatures required.[102] In a survey taken by the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, while the petition was in circulation, nearly three out of four respondents opposed the recall, and 65 percent of the respondents held a positive opinion of Arpaio.[103]
2008 election results[link]
| 2008 Maricopa County Sheriff's Office election, Arizona[100] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Republican | Joe Arpaio (incumbent) | 730,426 | 55.2 | -1.54 | |
| Democratic | Dan Saban | 558,176 | 42.2 | +11.49 | |
| Libertarian | Chris A.H. Will | 35,425 | 2.7 | n/a | |
| Majority | 172,250 | 13.0 | |||
| Turnout | 1,324,027 | ||||
| Republican hold | Swing | ||||
Books[link]
- Joe Arpaio and Len Sherman, America's Toughest Sheriff: How We Can Win the War Against Crime, (1996). Summit Publishing Group, ISBN 1-56530-202-8
- Joe Arpaio and Len Sherman, Joe's Law: America's Toughest Sheriff Takes on Illegal Immigration, Drugs, and Everything Else that Threatens America, (2008). AMACOM, ISBN 0-8144-0199-6
References[link]
- ^ Michael Janofsky (May 16, 2002). "Another Plot Against Tough Sheriff, With a Twist". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/16/us/another-plot-against-tough-sheriff-with-a-twist.html. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ^ The original source for the sobriquet "America's Toughest Sheriff" is unknown, however both Arpaio and his press relations staff aggressively promote its use. Note Arpaio's book, titled "America's Toughest Sheriff."
- ^ By JONATHAN J. COOPER (AP) – Aug 15, 2010 (2010-08-15). "The Associated Press: Tea party activists rally on Arizona-Mexico border". Google.com. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hyEB-YKayBF5GLBBKfF7TBQyO0JgD9HKC34O0. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "Congressional hearing targets Sheriff Joe Arpaio's SB-1070 tactics - Immigration News and Comment". Politifi.com. http://politifi.com/news/Congressional-hearing-targets-Sheriff-Joe-Arpaios-SB1070-tactics-776731.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2012/03/01/20120301arpaio-obama-birth-certificate-probe.html
- ^ "Joe Arpaio: Barack Obama birth proof 'may be forged'". BBC News. 2012-03-02. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17229009.
- ^ http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/73537.html
- ^ by JJ Hensley - Oct. 28, 2009, The Arizona Republic (2009-10-28). "Poll: 61% of voters in Arizona approve Arpaio's job approach". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2009/10/28/20091028bigbrother1028side.html. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ http://www.brcpolls.com/10/RMP%202010-I-01.pdf
- ^ MARICOPA SHERIFF ARPAIO POPULARITY CONTINUES TO SLIDE, Behavior Research Center poll, http://www.brcpolls.com/11/RMP%202011-II-05.pdf
- ^ "OSIA Honors Sheriff Arpaio". encyclopedia.com. April 1, 2008.
- ^ "Joe Arpaio Growing up". sheriffjoe.org. http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29. Retrieved 2010-07-14. [dead link]
- ^ "Joe Arpaio Joining the Army". sheriffjoe.org. http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=30. Retrieved 2010-07-14. [dead link]
- ^ "Re-elect Sheriff Joe Arpaio 2012". encyclopedia.com. http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=35. Retrieved 2010-07-14. [dead link]
- ^ "Joe Arpaio DEA Officer". sheriffjoe.org. http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=37. Retrieved 2010-07-14. [dead link]
- ^ "Maricopa County Election Results". maricopa.gov. http://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionresults/electionresults.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ^ "Joe Arpaios wife Ava". sheriffjoe.org. http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=36. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ "2004 Financial Disclosure Statement". maricopa.gov. http://156.42.40.50/CampFinDocs/pdf/2004_17747.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ David Carr (January 4, 2009). "A Star Turn for a Sheriff on Fox TV". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/business/media/05carr.html.
- ^ "New Song on iTunes Takes Aim at Sheriff Joe". Myfoxphoenix.com. 2011-06-09. http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/dpp/news/local/phoenix/contraband-debuts-new-song-about-sheriff-joe-06092011. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
- ^ Zoellner, Tom (2008-11-24). "Janet Napolitano's embarrassing history with Sheriff Joe Arpaio. - By Tom Zoellner - Slate Magazine". Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/id/2205223. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "Sheriff runs female chain gang". CNN. October 29, 2003. http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Southwest/10/29/chain.gang.reut/. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ "Mauro v Arpaio". FindLaw. August 17, 1999. http://google.com/search?q=cache:OORafAXyVWEJ:caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl%3Fcourt%3D9th%26navby%3Dcase%26no%3D9716021v3%26exact%3D1+9716021v3&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&lr=lang_en.
- ^ "Arpaio Launches KJOE Radio". KPHO.com. 2007-02-05. http://www.kpho.com/news/10932222/detail.html. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ a b Hensley, JJ; Collom, Lindsey (October 23, 2008). "Judge backs county inmates in jail case". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2008/10/23/20081023ruling1023.html. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ^ a b Hensley, JJ (April 8, 2010). "Judge: County failed to improve jails' medical, mental-health conditions". http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/04/08/20100408maricopa-county-jail-conditions.html. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ^ 33°25′40″N 112°07′26″W / 33.42778°N 112.12389°W / 33.42778; -112.12389 (Maricopa County Jail)
- ^ http://www.twoamericans.com/downloads/TwoAmericansPreview.mov
- ^ The Honorable Jeffrey S. Cates, Judge (September 26, 2002). "Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County, Cause No. CV 97-008668". http://www.cofad1.state.az.us/opinionfiles/cv/cv010239.pdf
- ^ Scott, Eugene (2011-07-03). "Temperatures rise to 145 inside Tent City". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2011/07/03/20110703tent-city-temperatures-rise-145.html. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
- ^ Ananda Shorey (July 25, 2003). "Phoenix is sizzling through what could be the hottest July on record". signonsandiego.com. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20030725-2230-phoenixheat.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20
- ^ Tony Ortega (1997-09-18). "Human Plights - Page 1 - News - Phoenix". Phoenix New Times. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1997-09-18/news/human-plights/. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
- ^ "Blog of Rights: Official Blog of the American Civil Liberties Union » Sheriff Joe's Inhumane Circus". Aclu.org. http://www.aclu.org/2009/02/05/sheriff-joes-inhumane-circus. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "MIGRATION-US: Arizona Prisoners on Lockdown Amid Hunger Strike - IPS". Ipsnews.net. 2009-05-20. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=46923. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ CNN (March 10, 2004). Anderson Cooper 360 transcript. CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0403/10/acd.00.html. Retrieved 2009-03-04
- ^ CNN reporter Eric Phillips interviews Sheriff Arpaio and a juvenile offender. CNN. March 11, 2004. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0403/11/lt.01.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20 (CNN Live Today transcript)
- ^ Tony Ortega (May 27, 1999). Blowing His Cool. Phoenix New Times. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1999-05-27/news/blowing-his-cool/. Retrieved 2008-06-19
- ^ Not Pretty In Pink. The Smoking Gun. January 14, 2005. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0114052pinkcuffs1.html. Retrieved 2008-06-19
- ^ "'Illegals' in jail ordered to register for draft". Deseret News. January 16, 2004. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20040116/ai_n11434516. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Re-Elect Joe Arpaio - Teaching to Have a Heart". Sheriffjoe.com. Committee to Re-Elect Joe Arpaio 2008. http://www.sheriffjoe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4&Itemid=9. Retrieved 2008-10-20. [dead link]
- ^ "Hollywood actors join Arpaio's immigration posse | Phoenix News | Arizona News | azfamily.com | Phoenix News". azfamily.com. http://www.azfamily.com/news/local/Hollywood-actors-join-Arpaios-immigration-posse-108754439.html. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Ill-treatment of inmates in Maricopa County jails, Arizona. Amnesty International. 1 August 1997. Archived from the original on 2003-09-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20030909151038/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510511997?open&of=ENG-2AM
- ^ Valley rabbis' statement on Sheriff Joe Arpaio. Jewish News of Greater Phoenix. 24 July 2009. http://www.jewishaz.com/issues/story.mv?080425+statement
- ^ Phoenix Mayor Gordon calls for FBI investigation of Arpaio. The Arizona Republic. 13 April 2008. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/0413gordonarpaio0413.html
- ^ New York Times editorial board (December 31, 2008). "America’s Worst Sheriff (Joe Arpaio)". The New York Times. http://theboard.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/31/americas-worst-sheriff-joe-arpaio/.
- ^ "ACLU Sues Maricopa County Sheriff's Office For Illegal Arrest And Detention Of U.S. Citizen And Legal Resident | American Civil Liberties Union". Aclu.org. 2009-08-19. http://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/aclu-sues-maricopa-county-sheriffs-office-illegal-arrest-and-detention-us-citizen-. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "Sheriff Arpaio Sued Over Racial Profiling Of Latinos In Maricopa County | American Civil Liberties Union". Aclu.org. 2008-07-16. http://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/sheriff-arpaio-sued-over-racial-profiling-latinos-maricopa-county. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "Ninth Circuit Court Of Appeals Orders Sheriff Arpaio To Fix Unconstitutional Conditions In Maricopa County Jail | American Civil Liberties Union". Aclu.org. 2010-10-13. http://www.aclu.org/prisoners-rights/ninth-circuit-court-appeals-orders-sheriff-arpaio-fix-unconstitutional-conditions-m. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ "Graves, et al. v. Arpaio, et al. - Opinion | American Civil Liberties Union". Aclu.org. 2010-10-13. http://www.aclu.org/prisoners-rights/graves-et-al-v-arpaio-et-al-opinion. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ http://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/prison/graves_v_arpaio_findingsoffact.pdf
- ^ http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-4-7-GravesvArpaio-Order.pdf
- ^ Chung, Joanna (2010-10-14). "Sheriff Joe Told to Clean Up His Jails — Again - Law Blog - WSJ". Blogs.wsj.com. http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/10/14/sheriff-joe-told-to-clean-up-his-jails-again/. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/mcso.php
- ^ Frieden, Terry (September 2, 2010). "Justice Department lawyers sue Arizona sheriff in civil rights probe". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/09/02/arizona.sheriff.justice.dept/index.html?hpt=T2. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne. "Sheriff Joe Arpaio sued by Justice Department in civil-rights probe". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/09/02/20100902joe-arpaio-sued-by-justice-department-brk-02-ON.html. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ "Justice Department lawsuit involving Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio". Azdatapages.com. http://www.azdatapages.com/datacenter/maricopa/sheriff-arpaio-justice-department-lawsuit.html. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ http://www.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/0902irvine-county-letter-to-DOJ.pdf
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2011-06-02). "Feds settle lawsuit vs. Arpaio's office". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2011/06/02/20110602arpaio-office-civil-rights-case-agreement.html. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
- ^ http://www.azfamily.com/news/Feds-to-release-findings-in-probe-of-Maricopa-Cty-Sheriff-Joe-Arpaio-135656943.html
- ^ Billeaud, Jacques (Dec 15, 1:03 PM EST). "Feds say Arpaio violated civil rights". AP. http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_ARIZONA_SHERIFF_CIVIL_RIGHTS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ^ Lacey, Marc (2011-12-15). "Sheriff's Arpaio's Office Targeted Latinos, U.S. Says". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/us/arizona-sheriffs-office-unfairly-targeted-latinos-justice-department-says.html?_r=1&ref=opinion.
- ^ Ray Stern (15). "Sheriff Joe Arpaio's Office Commits Worst Racial Profiling in U.S. History, Concludes DOJ Investigation" (in English). Phoenix New Times. Phoenix New Times, LLC.. http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2011/12/sheriff_arpaio_oversaw_worst_r.php. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ Ray Stern (15). "Feds Pull 287(g) Authority From Maricopa County Jails Because of Civil Rights Violations" (in English). Phoenix New Times. Phoenix New Times, LLC. http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2011/12/feds_pull_287g_authority_from.php. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2011/12/judge_grants_class_status_in_l.php
- ^ Billeaud, Jacques (2011-12-15). "Feds say Arpaio violated civil rights". azfamily.com. http://www.azfamily.com/news/Feds-to-release-findings-in-probe-of-Maricopa-Cty-Sheriff-Joe-Arpaio-135656943.html.
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2010-02-25). "Supervisor cases collapse". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/02/25/20100225wilcox0225.html#ixzz0y8iImUJ8. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Sources: FBI Investigating Joe Arpaio". KPHO. Oct 30, 2009. http://www.kpho.com/news/21470567/detail.html. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Conder, Chuck (July 10, 2010). "Arizona sheriff under investigation for alleged abuse of power". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/07/09/arizona.tough.sheriff/index.html?video=true&hpt=T2. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ a b "Judges file claims accusing Joe Arpaio, Andrew Thomas for abuse of power". Arizona Republic. May 28, 2010. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/05/28/20100528judges-claim-against-arpaio-thomas.html. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ "Dowling sues Arpaio, county for prosecution". The Arizona Republic. June 4, 2009. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2009/06/04/20090604dowling0604.html.
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2010-09-15). "Maricopa County's officials tab for feuding hits $5.6 million". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/09/15/20100915maricopa-county-officials-feud-costs-millions.html. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ a b c "Maricopa County feud: What happens next?". The Arizona Republic. August 15, 2009. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/08/15/20100815maricopa-county-joe-arpaio-andrew-thomas-feud.html.
- ^ "Courthouse News Service". Courthousenews.com. 2009-12-01. http://www.courthousenews.com/2010/12/03/32293.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2010-12-01). "5 suing Maricopa County over probes, lawsuits by Arpaio and Thomas". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/11/30/20101130maricopa-county-lawsuits-over-arpaio-thoms.html. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ http://www.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/1130wilson.pdf
- ^ http://www.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/1130schuerman.pdf
- ^ http://www.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/1130donahoe.pdf
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2010-12-28). "Stapley files lawsuit, claims he was wrongfully targeted". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/12/28/20101228stapley-lawsuit-arpaio-maricopa-county.html. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Kiefer, Michael (2009-01-23). "Developer's office searched in Stapley case". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2009/01/22/20090122stapleywarrant0122-ON.html. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2011-01-18). "Maricopa County sued by family of developers over probe". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2011/01/18/20110118maricopa-county-wolfswinkel-lawsuit-arpaio.html. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2010-08-24). "Joe Arpaio's campaign mailers violate rules, elections panel finds". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/08/24/20100824joe-arpaio-mailers-on-romley-violate-rules-brk24-ON.html. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ http://www.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/0824-arpaio-order.PDF
- ^ Lemons, Stephen (2010-09-14). "Joe Arpaio Fined $154K for "In-Kind Contribution" to Bill Montgomery (w/Update) - Phoenix News - Feathered Bastard". Blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com. http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/09/joe_arpaio_fined_154k_for_in_k.php. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ Mike Sakal, Tribune. "Arpaio campaign fined for illegal mailers targeting Romley - East Valley Tribune - Arizona Local News". East Valley Tribune. http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/local/article_a81436ba-b237-11df-b5b8-001cc4c002e0.html. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ a b c d Wingett, Yvonne. "Joe Arpaio's office misspent funds, analysis says". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/09/21/20100921joe-arpaio-sheriffs-office-funds-analysis.html. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ a b c d Wingett, Yvonne. "Joe Arpaio's office misused up to $80 million, Maricopa County says". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/09/22/20100922joe-arpaio-misused-funds-maricopa-county-says22-ON.html. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2011/04/13/20110413arizona-arpaio-detention-funds-misspent.html
- ^ Sarah BudusonReporter, KPHO.com (2007-06-28). "Maricopa Officials: Arpaio's Spending Illegal - Phoenix News Story - KPHO Phoenix". Kpho.com. http://www.kpho.com/news/25109597/detail.html. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2010-08-08). "Maricopa County Sheriff's Office spent loosely". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/08/08/20100808maricopa-county-sheriff-office-spending.html. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2009-08-18). "Audit sought on how jail fund is spent by Maricopa County Sheriff's Office". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2009/08/18/20090818jefaudit0818.html. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ Lemons, Stephen (2010-09-16). "Joe Arpaio's Watergate: Read MCSO Deputy Chief Frank Munnell's Memo Here (w/Update) - Phoenix News - Feathered Bastard". Blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com. http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/09/joe_arpaios_watergate_read_fra.php. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Lemons, Stephen (2010-09-17). "Joe Arpaio Knows All, and David Hendershott's His Lackey, Say Former Staffers and Critics - Phoenix News - Feathered Bastard". Blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com. http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/09/joe_arpaio_knows_all_and_david.php. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Wingett, Yvonne (2010-10-06). "Joe Arpaio aide's misconduct allegations investigated by U.S. Attorney's Office, FBI". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/10/05/20101005joe-arpaio-office-misconduct-allegations-investigated.html. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/dpp/news/justice/man-pleads-guilty-to-threatening-arpaio-03142012 Man Pleads Guilty to Threatening Arpaio[dead link]
- ^ "Man who threatened to kill Arpaio sentenced in court" (in English). abc15.com. 2012 Scripps Media, Inc.. 14. http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/region_phoenix_metro/central_phoenix/man-who-threatened-to-kill-arpaio-sentenced-in-court. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ White House: birth certificate
- ^ Washington Post, May 10, 2012, "Justice to Sue Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio"
- ^ JJ Hensley (10). "U.S. sues Arpaio's office over treatment of Latinos" (in English). azcentral.com. The Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/2012/05/10/20120510joe-arpaio-doj-lawsuit.html. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ http://www.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/0510DOJ-mcso-lawsuit.pdf
- ^ a b c "Maricopa County Recorder and Elections Department". http://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionresults/electionresults.aspx. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
- ^ "Cronkite-Eight Poll". Arizona State University PBS channel. November 20, 2007. http://www.azpbs.org/horizon/poll/2007/11-20-07.htm.
- ^ "Recall Petition Targets Sheriff Joe Arpaio". The Jawa Report. November 19, 2007. http://mypetjawa.mu.nu/archives/190167.php.
- ^ "Maricopa County Voters Support Thomas, Arpaio Over Recall Effort". Cronkite News Service. November 20, 2007. http://cronkitenews.jmc.asu.edu/?p=245.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Joe Arpaio |
- Official Bio
- Official Election Website
- Local News Coverage of Arpaio from KPHO.com and CBS 5 News (KPHO-TV)
- Local News Coverage of Arpaio from azfamily.com and KTVK-3TV
| Civic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Tom Agnos |
Sheriff of Maricopa County 1993–present |
Incumbent |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Arpaio, Joe |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Maricopa County Sheriff |
| Date of birth | 1932-6-14 |
| Place of birth | Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Joe_Arpaio
Related pages:
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http://nl.wn.com/Joe Arpaio
http://pt.wn.com/Joe Arpaio
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http://es.wn.com/Joe Arpaio
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Arpaio
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. Senator (born 1936). For other persons and ships of the same name, see John McCain (disambiguation).
| John McCain | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Arizona |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 1987 Serving with Jon Kyl |
|
| Preceded by | Barry Goldwater |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona's 1st district |
|
| In office January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987 |
|
| Preceded by | John Jacob Rhodes Jr. |
| Succeeded by | John Jacob Rhodes III |
| Chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs |
|
| In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 |
|
| Preceded by | Daniel Inouye |
| Succeeded by | Ben Nighthorse Campbell |
| In office January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007 |
|
| Preceded by | Ben Nighthorse Campbell |
| Succeeded by | Byron Dorgan |
| Chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation | |
| In office January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Larry Pressler |
| Succeeded by | Ernest Hollings |
| In office January 20, 2001 – June 3, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Ernest Hollings |
| Succeeded by | Ernest Hollings |
| In office January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2005 |
|
| Preceded by | Ernest Hollings |
| Succeeded by | Ted Stevens |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Sidney McCain III (1936-08-29) August 29, 1936 (age 75) Coco Solo Naval Air Station, Panama Canal Zone |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Carol Shepp (m. 1965, div. 1980) Cindy Lou Hensley (m. 1980 - present) |
| Relations | John S. McCain, Jr. (father, deceased) Roberta McCain (mother) |
| Children | Douglas (b. 1959, adopted 1966) Andrew (b. 1962, adopted 1966) Sidney (b. 1966) Meghan (b. 1984) John Sidney IV "Jack" (b. 1986) James "Jimmy" (b. 1988) Bridget (b. 1991, adopted 1993) |
| Residence | Phoenix, Arizona |
| Alma mater | U.S. Naval Academy (B.S.) |
| Profession | Naval Aviator, politician |
| Religion | Baptist congregant (Brought up Episcopalian)[1] |
| Signature |  |
| Website | www.mccain.senate.gov |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch |  United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1958–1981 |
| Rank |  Captain |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |
|
This article is part of a series about
The life of John McCain |
|
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States election.
McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became a naval aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. In October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973. McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds left him with lifelong physical limitations.
He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, where he entered politics. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, he served two terms, and was then elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily four times, most recently in 2010. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a "maverick" for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. After being investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as a member of the Keating Five, he made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns, which eventually led to the passage of the McCain-Feingold Act in 2002. He is also known for his work towards restoring diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s, and for his belief that the war in Iraq should be fought to a successful conclusion. McCain has chaired the Senate Commerce Committee, opposed spending that he considered to be pork barrel, and played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations.
McCain ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000 but lost a heated primary season contest to George W. Bush. He secured the nomination in 2008 after coming back from early reversals, but lost to Democratic candidate Barack Obama in the general election. He subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of the Obama administration.
Contents
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Early life and military career, 1936–1981[link]
Main article: Early life and military career of John McCain
Formative years and education[link]
John McCain was born on August 29, 1936, at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone, to naval officer John S. McCain, Jr. (1911–1981) and Roberta (Wright) McCain (b. 1912).[2] At that time, the Panama Canal was under U.S. control.[3]
McCain's family tree includes Scots-Irish and English ancestors.[4] His father and his paternal grandfather, John S. McCain, Sr., both became four-star United States Navy admirals.[5] His family, including his older sister Sandy and younger brother Joe,[2] followed his father to various naval postings in the United States and the Pacific.[6] Altogether, he attended about 20 schools.[7]
In 1951, the family settled in Northern Virginia, and McCain attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria.[8] He excelled at wrestling and graduated in 1954.[9]
Following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, McCain entered the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. There, he was a friend and informal leader for many of his classmates,[10] and sometimes stood up for targets of bullying.[5] He also became a lightweight boxer.[11] McCain came into conflict with higher-ranking personnel, and he did not always obey the rules, which contributed to a low class rank (894 of 899), despite a high IQ.[10][12] He did well in academic subjects that interested him, such as literature and history, but studied only enough to pass subjects he struggled with, such as mathematics.[5][13] McCain graduated in 1958.[10]
Naval training, first marriage, and Vietnam assignment[link]
John McCain's early military career began when he was commissioned an ensign and started two and a half years of training at Pensacola to become a naval aviator.[14] While there, he earned a reputation as a partying man.[7] He completed flight school in 1960, and became a naval pilot of ground-attack aircraft, assigned to A-1 Skyraider squadrons[15] aboard the aircraft carriers USS Intrepid and USS Enterprise[16] in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas.[17] McCain began as a sub-par flier[17] who was at times careless and reckless;[18] during the early-to-mid 1960s, the planes he was flying crashed twice and once collided with power lines, but he received no major injuries.[18] His aviation skills improved over time,[17] and he was seen as a good pilot, albeit one who tended to "push the envelope" in his flying.[18]
On July 3, 1965, McCain married Carol Shepp, a model originally from Philadelphia.[19] McCain adopted her two young children Douglas and Andrew.[16][20] He and Carol then had a daughter named Sidney.[21][22]
McCain requested a combat assignment,[23] and was assigned to the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal flying A-4 Skyhawks.[24] His combat duty began when he was 30 years old, in mid-1967, when Forrestal was assigned to a bombing campaign, Operation Rolling Thunder, during the Vietnam War.[19][25] McCain and his fellow pilots became frustrated by micromanagement from Washington, and he would later write that "In all candor, we thought our civilian commanders were complete idiots who didn't have the least notion of what it took to win the war."[25][26]
On July 29, 1967, McCain, by then a lieutenant commander, was near the center of the Forrestal fire. He escaped from his burning jet and was trying to help another pilot escape when a bomb exploded;[27] McCain was struck in the legs and chest by fragments.[28] The ensuing fire killed 134 sailors and took 24 hours to control.[29][30] With the Forrestal out of commission, McCain volunteered for assignment with the USS Oriskany, another aircraft carrier employed in Operation Rolling Thunder.[31] Once there, he would be awarded the Navy Commendation Medal and the Bronze Star for missions flown over North Vietnam.[32]
Prisoner of war[link]
John McCain's capture and subsequent imprisonment began on October 26, 1967. He was flying his 23rd bombing mission over North Vietnam when his A-4E Skyhawk was shot down by a missile over Hanoi.[33][34] McCain fractured both arms and a leg ejecting from the aircraft,[35] and nearly drowned when he parachuted into Truc Bach Lake.[33] Some North Vietnamese pulled him ashore, then others crushed his shoulder with a rifle butt and bayoneted him.[33] McCain was then transported to Hanoi's main Hoa Lo Prison, nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton".[34]
Although McCain was badly wounded, his captors refused to treat his injuries, beating and interrogating him to get information; he was given medical care only when the North Vietnamese discovered that his father was a top admiral.[36] His status as a prisoner of war (POW) made the front pages of major newspapers.[37][38]
McCain spent six weeks in the hospital while receiving marginal care.[33] By then having lost 50 pounds (23 kg), in a chest cast, and with his hair turned white,[33] McCain was sent to a different camp on the outskirts of Hanoi[39] in December 1967, into a cell with two other Americans who did not expect him to live a week.[40] In March 1968, McCain was put into solitary confinement, where he would remain for two years.[41]
In mid-1968, John S. McCain, Jr. was named commander of all U.S. forces in the Vietnam theater, and the North Vietnamese offered McCain early release[43] because they wanted to appear merciful for propaganda purposes,[44] and also to show other POWs that elite prisoners were willing to be treated preferentially.[43] McCain turned down the offer; he would only accept repatriation if every man taken in before him was released as well. Such early release was prohibited by the POW's interpretation of the military Code of Conduct: To prevent the enemy from using prisoners for propaganda, officers were to agree to be released in the order in which they were captured.[33]
In August 1968, a program of severe torture began on McCain.[45] He was subjected to rope bindings and repeated beatings every two hours, at the same time as he was suffering from dysentery.[33][45] Further injuries led to the beginning of a suicide attempt, stopped by guards.[33] Eventually, McCain made an anti-American propaganda "confession".[33] He has always felt that his statement was dishonorable, but as he later wrote, "I had learned what we all learned over there: Every man has his breaking point. I had reached mine."[46][47] Many American POWs were tortured and maltreated in order to extract "confessions" and propaganda statements;[48] virtually all of them eventually yielded something to their captors.[49] McCain subsequently received two to three beatings weekly because of his continued refusal to sign additional statements.[50]
McCain refused to meet with various anti-war groups seeking peace in Hanoi, wanting to give neither them nor the North Vietnamese a propaganda victory.[51] From late 1969 onward, treatment of McCain and many of the other POWs became more tolerable,[52] while McCain continued actively to resist the camp authorities.[53] McCain and other prisoners cheered the U.S. "Christmas Bombing" campaign of December 1972, viewing it as a forceful measure to push North Vietnam to terms.[47][54]
Altogether, McCain was a prisoner of war in North Vietnam for five and a half years. He was released on March 14, 1973.[55] His wartime injuries left him permanently incapable of raising his arms above his head.[56]
Commanding officer, liaison to Senate, and second marriage[link]
McCain's return to the United States reunited him with his family. His wife Carol had suffered her own crippling ordeal due to an automobile accident in December 1969.[57] McCain became a celebrity of sorts, as a returned POW.[57]
McCain underwent treatment for his injuries, including months of grueling physical therapy,[58] and attended the National War College at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C. during 1973–1974.[59] Having been rehabilitated, by late 1974, McCain had his flight status reinstated, and in 1976 he became commanding officer of a training squadron stationed in Florida.[57][60] He improved the unit's flight readiness and safety records,[61] and won the squadron its first-ever Meritorious Unit Commendation.[60] During this period in Florida, McCain had extramarital affairs, and the McCains' marriage began to falter, for which he later would accept blame.[62][63]
McCain served as the Navy's liaison to the U.S. Senate beginning in 1977.[64] In retrospect, he has said that this represented his "real entry into the world of politics and the beginning of my second career as a public servant."[57] His key behind-the-scenes role gained congressional financing for a new supercarrier against the wishes of the Carter administration.[58][65]
In April 1979,[58] McCain met Cindy Lou Hensley, a teacher from Phoenix, Arizona, whose father had founded a large beer distributorship.[63] They began dating, and he urged his wife Carol to grant him a divorce, which she did in February 1980, with the uncontested divorce taking effect in April 1980.[20][58] The settlement included two houses, and financial support for her ongoing medical treatments due to her 1969 car accident; they would remain on good terms.[63] McCain and Hensley were married on May 17, 1980, with Senators William Cohen and Gary Hart attending as groomsmen.[19][63] McCain's children did not attend, and several years would pass before they reconciled.[22][58] John and Cindy McCain entered into a prenuptial agreement that kept most of her family's assets under her name; they would always keep their finances apart and file separate income tax returns.[66]
McCain decided to leave the Navy. It was doubtful whether he would ever be promoted to the rank of full admiral, as he had poor annual physicals and had been given no major sea command.[67] His chances of being promoted to rear admiral were better, but McCain declined that prospect, as he had already made plans to run for Congress and said he could "do more good there."[68][69] McCain retired from the Navy on April 1, 1981[70] as a captain.[32] He was designated as disabled and awarded a disability pension.[71] Upon leaving the military, he moved to Arizona. His 17 military awards and decorations include the Silver Star, Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star and Navy Commendation Medal, for actions before, during, and after his time as a POW.[32]
House and Senate elections and career, 1982–2000[link]
Main article: House and Senate career of John McCain, until 2000
See also: Electoral history of John McCain
U.S. Congressman[link]
McCain set his sights on becoming a Congressman because he was interested in current events, was ready for a new challenge, and had developed political ambitions during his time as Senate liaison.[63][72][73] Living in Phoenix, he went to work for Hensley & Co., his new father-in-law Jim Hensley's large Anheuser-Busch beer distributorship.[63] As Vice President of Public Relations at the distributorship, he gained political support among the local business community, meeting powerful figures such as banker Charles Keating, Jr., real estate developer Fife Symington III and newspaper publisher Darrow "Duke" Tully.[64][74] In 1982, McCain ran as a Republican for an open seat in Arizona's 1st congressional district.[75] A newcomer to the state, McCain was hit with charges of being a carpetbagger.[63] McCain responded to a voter making that charge with what a Phoenix Gazette columnist would later describe as "the most devastating response to a potentially troublesome political issue I've ever heard":[63]
Listen, pal. I spent 22 years in the Navy. My father was in the Navy. My grandfather was in the Navy. We in the military service tend to move a lot. We have to live in all parts of the country, all parts of the world. I wish I could have had the luxury, like you, of growing up and living and spending my entire life in a nice place like the First District of Arizona, but I was doing other things. As a matter of fact, when I think about it now, the place I lived longest in my life was Hanoi.[63][76]
With the assistance of local political endorsements, his Washington connections, as well as money that his wife lent to his campaign,[64] McCain won a highly contested primary election.[63] He then easily won the general election in the heavily Republican district.[63]
In 1983, McCain was elected to lead the incoming group of Republican representatives,[63] and was assigned to the House Committee on Interior Affairs. Also that year, he opposed creation of a federal Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, but admitted in 2008: "I was wrong and eventually realized that, in time to give full support [in 1990] for a state holiday in Arizona."[77][78]
McCain's politics at this point were mainly in line with President Ronald Reagan, including support for Reaganomics, and he was active on Indian Affairs bills.[79] He supported most aspects of the foreign policy of the Reagan administration, including its hardline stance against the Soviet Union and policy towards Central American conflicts, such as backing the Contras in Nicaragua.[79] McCain opposed keeping U.S. Marines deployed in Lebanon citing unattainable objectives, and subsequently criticized President Reagan for pulling out the troops too late; in the interim, the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing killed hundreds.[63][80] McCain won re-election to the House easily in 1984,[63] and gained a spot on the House Foreign Affairs Committee.[81] In 1985, he made his first return trip to Vietnam,[82] and also traveled to Chile where he met with its military junta ruler, General Augusto Pinochet.[83][84][85]
Growing family[link]
In 1984, McCain and Cindy had their first child together, daughter Meghan, followed two years later by son John Sidney (Jack) IV, and in 1988 by son James (Jimmy).[86] In 1991, Cindy McCain brought an abandoned three-month old girl needing medical treatment to the U.S. from a Bangladeshi orphanage run by Mother Teresa.[87] The McCains decided to adopt her and named her Bridget.[88]
First two terms in U.S. Senate[link]
McCain's Senate career began in January 1987, after he defeated his Democratic opponent, former state legislator Richard Kimball, by 20 percentage points in the 1986 election.[64][89] McCain succeeded longtime American conservative icon and Arizona fixture Barry Goldwater upon the latter's retirement as United States Senator from Arizona.[89]
Senator McCain became a member of the Armed Services Committee, with which he had formerly done his Navy liaison work; he also joined the Commerce Committee and the Indian Affairs Committee.[89] McCain continued to support the Native American agenda.[90] As first a House member and then a senator – and as a life-long gambler with close ties to the gambling industry[91] – McCain was one of the main authors of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act,[92][93] which codified rules regarding Native American gambling enterprises.[94] McCain was also a strong supporter of the Gramm-Rudman legislation that enforced automatic spending cuts in the case of budget deficits.[95]
McCain soon gained national visibility. He delivered a well-received speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention, was mentioned by the press as a short list vice-presidential running mate for Republican nominee George H. W. Bush, and was named chairman of Veterans for Bush.[89][96]
McCain became enmeshed in a scandal during the 1980s as one of five United States Senators comprising the so-called Keating Five.[97] Between 1982 and 1987, McCain had received $112,000 in lawful[98] political contributions from Charles Keating Jr. and his associates at Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, along with trips on Keating's jets[97] that McCain belatedly repaid in 1989.[99] In 1987, McCain was one of the five senators whom Keating contacted in order to prevent the government's seizure of Lincoln, and McCain met twice with federal regulators to discuss the government's investigation of Lincoln.[97] In 1999, McCain said: "The appearance of it was wrong. It's a wrong appearance when a group of senators appear in a meeting with a group of regulators, because it conveys the impression of undue and improper influence. And it was the wrong thing to do."[100] In the end, McCain was cleared by the Senate Ethics Committee of acting improperly or violating any law or Senate rule, but was mildly rebuked for exercising "poor judgment".[98][100] In his 1992 re-election bid, the Keating Five affair was not a major issue,[101] and he won handily, gaining 56 percent of the vote to defeat Democratic community and civil rights activist Claire Sargent and independent former Governor Evan Mecham.[102]
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McCain developed a reputation for independence during the 1990s.[103] He took pride in challenging party leadership and establishment forces, becoming difficult to categorize politically.[103]
As a member of the 1991–1993 Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, chaired by Democrat and fellow Vietnam War veteran John Kerry, McCain investigated the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue, to determine the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action during the Vietnam War.[104] The committee's unanimous report stated there was "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia."[105] Helped by McCain's efforts, in 1995 the U.S. normalized diplomatic relations with Vietnam.[106] McCain was vilified by some POW/MIA activists who, unlike the Arizona senator, believed large numbers of Americans were still held against their will in Southeast Asia.[106][107][108] Since January 1993, McCain has been Chairman of the International Republican Institute, an organization partly funded by the U.S. Government that supports the emergence of political democracy worldwide.[109]
In 1993 and 1994, McCain voted to confirm President Clinton's nominees Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg whom he considered to be qualified for the U.S. Supreme Court. He would later explain that "under our Constitution, it is the president's call to make."[110] McCain had also voted to confirm nominees of Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, including Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.[111]
McCain attacked what he saw as the corrupting influence of large political contributions – from corporations, labor unions, other organizations, and wealthy individuals – and he made this his signature issue.[112] Starting in 1994, he worked with Democratic Wisconsin Senator Russ Feingold on campaign finance reform; their McCain-Feingold bill attempted to put limits on "soft money".[112] The efforts of McCain and Feingold were opposed by some of the moneyed interests targeted, by incumbents in both parties, by those who felt spending limits impinged on free political speech and might be unconstitutional as well, and by those who wanted to counterbalance the power of what they saw as media bias.[112][113] Despite sympathetic coverage in the media, initial versions of the McCain-Feingold Act were filibustered and never came to a vote.[114]
The term "maverick Republican" became a label frequently applied to McCain, and he has also used it himself.[112][115][116] In 1993, McCain opposed military operations in Somalia.[117] Another target of his was pork barrel spending by Congress, and he actively supported the Line Item Veto Act of 1996, which gave the president power to veto individual spending items[112] but was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1998.[118]
In the 1996 presidential election, McCain was again on the short list of possible vice-presidential picks, this time for Republican nominee Bob Dole.[101][119] The following year, Time magazine named McCain as one of the "25 Most Influential People in America".[120]
File:FaithOfMyFathers.jpg
McCain's 1999 family memoir
In 1997, McCain became chairman of the powerful Senate Commerce Committee; he was criticized for accepting funds from corporations and businesses under the committee's purview, but in response said the small contributions he received were not part of the big-money nature of the campaign finance problem.[112] McCain took on the tobacco industry in 1998, proposing legislation that would increase cigarette taxes in order to fund anti-smoking campaigns, discourage teenage smokers, increase money for health research studies, and help states pay for smoking-related health care costs.[112][121] Supported by the Clinton administration but opposed by the industry and most Republicans, the bill failed to gain cloture.[121]
Start of third term in the U.S. Senate[link]
McCain won re-election to a third senate term in November 1998, prevailing in a landslide over his Democratic opponent, environmental lawyer Ed Ranger.[112] In the February 1999 Senate trial following the impeachment of Bill Clinton, McCain voted to convict the president on both the perjury and obstruction of justice counts, saying Clinton had violated his sworn oath of office.[122] In March 1999, McCain voted to approve the NATO bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, saying that the ongoing genocide of the Kosovo War must be stopped and criticizing past Clinton administration inaction.[123] Later in 1999, McCain shared the Profile in Courage Award with Feingold for their work in trying to enact their campaign finance reform,[124] although the bill was still failing repeated attempts to gain cloture.[114]
In August 1999, McCain's memoir Faith of My Fathers, co-authored with Mark Salter, was published;[125] a reviewer observed that its appearance "seems to have been timed to the unfolding Presidential campaign."[126] The most successful of his writings, it received positive reviews,[127] became a bestseller,[128] and was later made into a TV film. The book traces McCain's family background and childhood, covers his time at Annapolis and his service before and during the Vietnam War, concluding with his release from captivity in 1973. According to one reviewer, it describes "the kind of challenges that most of us can barely imagine. It's a fascinating history of a remarkable military family."[129]
2000 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: John McCain presidential campaign, 2000
McCain announced his candidacy for president on September 27, 1999 in Nashua, New Hampshire, saying he was staging "a fight to take our government back from the power brokers and special interests, and return it to the people and the noble cause of freedom it was created to serve".[125][130] The leader for the Republican nomination was Texas Governor George W. Bush, who had the political and financial support of most of the party establishment.[131]
McCain focused on the New Hampshire primary, where his message appealed to independents.[132] He traveled on a campaign bus called the Straight Talk Express.[125] He held many town hall meetings, answering every question voters asked, in a successful example of "retail politics", and he used free media to compensate for his lack of funds.[125] One reporter later recounted that, "McCain talked all day long with reporters on his Straight Talk Express bus; he talked so much that sometimes he said things that he shouldn't have, and that's why the media loved him."[133] On February 1, 2000, he won New Hampshire's primary with 49 percent of the vote to Bush's 30 percent. The Bush campaign and the Republican establishment feared that a McCain victory in the crucial South Carolina primary might give his campaign unstoppable momentum.[125][134]
The Arizona Republic would write that the McCain–Bush primary contest in South Carolina "has entered national political lore as a low-water mark in presidential campaigns", while The New York Times called it "a painful symbol of the brutality of American politics".[125][135][136] A variety of interest groups that McCain had challenged in the past ran negative ads.[125][137] Bush borrowed McCain's earlier language of reform,[138] and declined to dissociate himself from a veterans activist who accused McCain (in Bush's presence) of having "abandoned the veterans" on POW/MIA and Agent Orange issues.[125][139]
File:McCainGallupPollRatings.gif
John McCain's Gallup Poll favorable/unfavorable ratings, 1999–2009[140]
Incensed,[139] McCain ran ads accusing Bush of lying and comparing the governor to Bill Clinton, which Bush said was "about as low a blow as you can give in a Republican primary".[125] An anonymous smear campaign began against McCain, delivered by push polls, faxes, e-mails, flyers, and audience plants.[125][141] The smears claimed that McCain had fathered a black child out of wedlock (the McCains' dark-skinned daughter was adopted from Bangladesh), that his wife Cindy was a drug addict, that he was a homosexual, and that he was a "Manchurian Candidate" who was either a traitor or mentally unstable from his North Vietnam POW days.[125][135] The Bush campaign strongly denied any involvement with the attacks.[135]
McCain lost South Carolina on February 19, with 42 percent of the vote to Bush's 53 percent,[142] in part because Bush mobilized the state's evangelical voters[125][143] and outspent McCain.[144] The win allowed Bush to regain lost momentum.[142] McCain would say of the rumor spreaders, "I believe that there is a special place in hell for people like those."[88] According to one report, the South Carolina experience left McCain in a "very dark place".[135]
McCain's campaign never completely recovered from his South Carolina defeat, although he did rebound partially by winning in Arizona and Michigan a few days later.[145] He made a speech in Virginia Beach that criticized Christian leaders, including Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, as divisive conservatives,[135] declaring "... we embrace the fine members of the religious conservative community. But that does not mean that we will pander to their self-appointed leaders."[146] McCain lost the Virginia primary on February 29,[147] and on March 7 lost nine of the thirteen primaries on Super Tuesday to Bush.[148] With little hope of overcoming Bush's delegate lead, McCain withdrew from the race on March 9, 2000.[149] He endorsed Bush two months later,[150] and made occasional appearances with the Texas governor during the general election campaign.[125]
Senate career after 2000[link]
Main article: Senate career of John McCain, 2001–present
Remainder of third Senate term[link]
McCain began 2001 by breaking with the new George W. Bush administration on a number of matters, including HMO reform, climate change, and gun legislation; McCain-Feingold was opposed by Bush as well.[114][151] In May 2001, McCain was one of only two Senate Republicans to vote against the Bush tax cuts.[151][152] Besides the differences with Bush on ideological grounds, there was considerable antagonism between the two remaining from the previous year's campaign.[153][154] Later, when Republican Senator Jim Jeffords became an Independent, throwing control of the Senate to the Democrats, McCain defended Jeffords against "self-appointed enforcers of party loyalty".[151] Indeed, there was speculation at the time, and in years since, about McCain himself leaving the Republican Party, but McCain has always adamantly denied that he ever considered doing so.[151][155][156] Beginning in 2001, McCain used political capital gained from his presidential run, as well as improved legislative skills and relationships with other members, to become one of the Senate's most influential members.[157]
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, McCain supported Bush and the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan.[151][158] He and Democratic Senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission,[159] while he and Democratic Senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.[160]
In March 2002, McCain-Feingold passed in both Houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Bush.[114][151] Seven years in the making, it was McCain's greatest legislative achievement.[151][161]
Meanwhile, in discussions over proposed U.S. action against Iraq, McCain was a strong supporter of the Bush administration's position.[151] He stated that Iraq was "a clear and present danger to the United States of America", and voted accordingly for the Iraq War Resolution in October 2002.[151] He predicted that U.S. forces would be treated as liberators by a large number of the Iraqi people.[162] In May 2003, McCain voted against the second round of Bush tax cuts, saying it was unwise at a time of war.[152] By November 2003, after a trip to Iraq, he was publicly questioning Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, saying that more U.S. troops were needed; the following year, McCain announced that he had lost confidence in Rumsfeld.[163][164]
In October 2003, McCain and Lieberman co-sponsored the Climate Stewardship Act that would have introduced a cap and trade system aimed at returning greenhouse gas emissions to 2000 levels; the bill was defeated with 55 votes to 43 in the Senate.[165] They reintroduced modified versions of the Act two additional times, most recently in January 2007 with the co-sponsorship of Barack Obama, among others.[166]
In the 2004 U.S. presidential election campaign, McCain was once again frequently mentioned for the vice-presidential slot, only this time as part of the Democratic ticket under nominee John Kerry.[167][168][169] McCain said that Kerry had never formally offered him the position and that he would not have accepted it if he had.[168][169][170] At the 2004 Republican National Convention, McCain supported Bush for re-election, praising Bush's management of the War on Terror since the September 11 attacks.[171] At the same time, the Senator defended Kerry's Vietnam war record.[172] By August 2004, McCain had the best favorable-to-unfavorable rating (55 percent to 19 percent) of any national politician;[171] he campaigned for Bush much more than he had four years previously, though the two remained situational allies rather than friends.[153]
McCain was also up for re-election as Senator in 2004. He defeated little-known Democratic schoolteacher Stuart Starky with his biggest margin of victory, garnering 77 percent of the vote.[173]
Start of fourth Senate term[link]
In May 2005, McCain led the so-called Gang of 14 in the Senate, which established a compromise that preserved the ability of senators to filibuster judicial nominees, but only in "extraordinary circumstances".[174] The compromise took the steam out of the filibuster movement, but some Republicans remained disappointed that the compromise did not eliminate filibusters of judicial nominees in all circumstances.[175] McCain subsequently cast Supreme Court confirmation votes in favor of John Roberts and Samuel Alito, calling them "two of the finest justices ever appointed to the United States Supreme Court."[111]
Breaking from his 2001 and 2003 votes, McCain supported the Bush tax cut extension in May 2006, saying not to do so would amount to a tax increase.[152] Working with Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy, McCain was a strong proponent of comprehensive immigration reform, which would involve legalization, guest worker programs, and border enforcement components. The Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act was never voted on in 2005, while the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 passed the Senate in May 2006 but failed in the House.[164] In June 2007, President Bush, McCain, and others made the strongest push yet for such a bill, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, but it aroused intense grassroots opposition among talk radio listeners and others, some of whom furiously characterized the proposal as an "amnesty" program,[176] and the bill twice failed to gain cloture in the Senate.[177]
By the middle of the 2000s (decade), the increased Indian gaming that McCain had helped bring about was a $23 billion industry.[93] He was twice chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, in 1995–1997 and 2005–2007, and his Committee helped expose the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal.[178][179] By 2005 and 2006, McCain was pushing for amendments to the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act that would limit creation of off-reservation casinos,[93] as well as limiting the movement of tribes across state lines to build casinos.[180]
Owing to his time as a POW, McCain has been recognized for his sensitivity to the detention and interrogation of detainees in the War on Terror. In October 2005, McCain introduced the McCain Detainee Amendment to the Defense Appropriations bill for 2005, and the Senate voted 90–9 to support the amendment.[181] It prohibits inhumane treatment of prisoners, including prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, by confining military interrogations to the techniques in the U.S. Army Field Manual on Interrogation. Although Bush had threatened to veto the bill if McCain's amendment was included,[182] the President announced in December 2005 that he accepted McCain's terms and would "make it clear to the world that this government does not torture and that we adhere to the international convention of torture, whether it be here at home or abroad".[183] This stance, among others, led to McCain being named by Time magazine in 2006 as one of America's 10 Best Senators.[184] McCain voted in February 2008 against a bill containing a ban on waterboarding,[185] which provision was later narrowly passed and vetoed by Bush. However, the bill in question contained other provisions to which McCain objected, and his spokesman stated: "This wasn't a vote on waterboarding. This was a vote on applying the standards of the [Army] field manual to CIA personnel."[185]
Meanwhile, McCain continued questioning the progress of the war in Iraq. In September 2005, he remarked upon Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Richard Myers' optimistic outlook on the war's progress: "Things have not gone as well as we had planned or expected, nor as we were told by you, General Myers."[186] In August 2006, he criticized the administration for continually understating the effectiveness of the insurgency: "We [have] not told the American people how tough and difficult this could be."[164] From the beginning, McCain strongly supported the Iraq troop surge of 2007.[187] The strategy's opponents labeled it "McCain's plan"[188] and University of Virginia political science professor Larry Sabato said, "McCain owns Iraq just as much as Bush does now."[164] The surge and the war were unpopular during most of the year, even within the Republican Party,[189] as McCain's presidential campaign was underway; faced with the consequences, McCain frequently responded, "I would much rather lose a campaign than a war."[190] In March 2008, McCain credited the surge strategy with reducing violence in Iraq, as he made his eighth trip to that country since the war began.[191]
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: John McCain presidential campaign, 2008
John McCain formally announced his intention to run for President of the United States on April 25, 2007 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.[192] He stated that: "I'm not running for President to be somebody, but to do something; to do the hard but necessary things not the easy and needless things."[193]
McCain's oft-cited strengths as a presidential candidate for 2008 included national name recognition, sponsorship of major lobbying and campaign finance reform initiatives, his ability to reach across the aisle, his well-known military service and experience as a POW, his experience from the 2000 presidential campaign, and an expectation that he would capture Bush's top fundraisers.[194] During the 2006 election cycle, McCain had attended 346 events[56] and helped raise more than $10.5 million on behalf of Republican candidates. McCain also became more willing to ask business and industry for campaign contributions, while maintaining that such contributions would not affect any official decisions he would make.[195] Despite being considered the front-runner for the nomination by pundits as 2007 began,[196] McCain was in second place behind former Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani in national Republican polls as the year progressed.
McCain had fundraising problems in the first half of 2007, due in part to his support for the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, which was unpopular among the Republican base electorate.[197][198] Large-scale campaign staff downsizing took place in early July, but McCain said that he was not considering dropping out of the race.[198] Later that month, the candidate's campaign manager and campaign chief strategist both departed.[199] McCain slumped badly in national polls, often running third or fourth with 15 percent or less support.
The Arizona senator subsequently resumed his familiar position as a political underdog,[200] riding the Straight Talk Express and taking advantage of free media such as debates and sponsored events.[201] By December 2007, the Republican race was unsettled, with none of the top-tier candidates dominating the race and all of them possessing major vulnerabilities with different elements of the Republican base electorate.[202] McCain was showing a resurgence, in particular with renewed strength in New Hampshire – the scene of his 2000 triumph – and was bolstered further by the endorsements of The Boston Globe, the New Hampshire Union Leader, and almost two dozen other state newspapers,[203] as well as from Senator Lieberman (now an Independent Democrat).[204][205] McCain decided not to campaign significantly in the January 3, 2008, Iowa caucuses, which saw a win by former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee.
McCain's comeback plan paid off when he won the New Hampshire primary on January 8, defeating former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney in a close contest, to once again become one of the front-runners in the race.[206] In mid-January, McCain placed first in the South Carolina primary, narrowly defeating Mike Huckabee.[207] Pundits credited the third-place finisher, Tennessee's former U.S. Senator Fred Thompson, with drawing votes from Huckabee in South Carolina, thereby giving a narrow win to McCain.[208] A week later, McCain won the Florida primary,[209] beating Romney again in a close contest; Giuliani then dropped out and endorsed McCain.[210]
On February 5, McCain won both the majority of states and delegates in the Super Tuesday Republican primaries, giving him a commanding lead toward the Republican nomination. Romney departed from the race on February 7.[211] McCain's wins in the March 4 primaries clinched a majority of the delegates, and he became the presumptive Republican nominee.[212]
McCain, having been born in the (Panama) Canal Zone, if elected would have become the first president who was born outside the current 50 states. This raised a potential legal issue, since the United States Constitution requires the president to be a natural-born citizen of the United States. A bipartisan legal review[213] and a unanimous but non-binding Senate resolution[214] both concluded that he is a natural-born citizen. Also, if inaugurated in 2009 at age 72 years and 144 days, he would have been the oldest U.S. president upon ascension to the presidency,[215] and the second-oldest president to be inaugurated.[216]
McCain has addressed concerns about his age and past health concerns, stating in 2005 that his health was "excellent".[217] He has been treated for a type of skin cancer called melanoma, and an operation in 2000 for that condition left a noticeable mark on the left side of his face.[218] McCain's prognosis appears favorable, according to independent experts, especially because he has already survived without a recurrence for more than seven years.[218] In May 2008, McCain's campaign briefly let the press review his medical records, and he was described as appearing cancer-free, having a strong heart and in general good health.[219]
Upon clinching enough delegates for the nomination, McCain's focus shifted toward the general election, while Barack Obama and Hillary Rodham Clinton fought a prolonged battle for the Democratic nomination.[220] McCain introduced various policy proposals, and sought to improve his fundraising.[221][222] Cindy McCain, who accounts for most of the couple's wealth with an estimated net worth of $100 million,[66] made part of her tax returns public in May.[223] After facing criticism about lobbyists on staff, the McCain campaign issued new rules in May 2008 to avoid conflicts of interest, causing five top aides to leave.[224][225]
When Obama became the Democrats' presumptive nominee in early June, McCain proposed joint town hall meetings, but Obama instead requested more traditional debates for the fall.[226] In July, a staff shake-up put Steve Schmidt in full operational control of the McCain campaign.[227] Throughout these summer months, Obama typically led McCain in national polls by single-digit margins,[228] and also led in several key swing states.[229] McCain reprised his familiar underdog role, which was due at least in part to the overall challenges Republicans faced in the election year.[200][229] McCain accepted public financing for the general election campaign, and the restrictions that go with it, while criticizing his Democratic opponent for becoming the first major party candidate to opt out of such financing for the general election since the system was implemented in 1976.[230][231] The Republican's broad campaign theme focused on his experience and ability to lead, compared to Obama's.[232]
Alaska Governor Sarah Palin was revealed as McCain's surprise choice for running mate on August 29, 2008.[233] McCain was only the second U.S. major-party presidential nominee to select a woman for running mate and the first Republican to do so; Palin would have become the first female Vice President of the United States if she had been elected. On September 3, 2008, McCain and Palin became the Republican Party's Presidential and Vice Presidential nominees, respectively, at the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota. McCain surged ahead of Obama in national polls following the convention, as the Palin pick energized core Republican voters who had previously been wary of him.[234] However, by the campaign's own later admission, the rollout of Palin to the national media went poorly,[235] and voter reactions to Palin grew increasingly negative, especially among independents and other voters concerned about her qualifications.[236]
On September 24, McCain said he was suspending his campaign, called on Obama to join him, and proposed delaying the first of the general election debates with Obama, in order to work on the proposed U.S. financial system bailout before Congress, which was targeted at addressing the subprime mortgage crisis and liquidity crisis.[237][238] McCain's intervention helped to give dissatisfied House Republicans an opportunity to propose changes to the plan that was otherwise close to agreement.[239][240] After Obama declined McCain's suspension suggestion, McCain went ahead with the debate on September 26.[241] On October 1, McCain voted in favor of a revised $700 billion rescue plan.[242] Another debate was held on October 7; like the first one, polls afterward suggested that Obama had won it.[243] A final presidential debate occurred on October 15.[244] During and after it, McCain compared Obama's proposed policies to socialism and often invoked "Joe the Plumber" as a symbol of American small business dreams that would be thwarted by an Obama presidency.[245][246] McCain barred using the Jeremiah Wright controversy in ads against Obama,[247] but the campaign did frequently criticize Obama regarding his purported relationship with Bill Ayers.[248] Down the stretch, McCain was outspent by Obama by a four-to-one margin.[249]
The election took place on November 4, and Barack Obama was projected the winner at about 11:00 pm Eastern Standard Time; McCain delivered his concession speech in Phoenix, Arizona about twenty minutes later.[250] In it, he noted the historic and special significance of Obama becoming the nation's first African American president.[250] In the end, McCain won 173 electoral college votes to Obama's 365;[251] McCain failed to win most of the battleground states and lost some traditionally Republican ones.[252] McCain gained 46 percent of the nationwide popular vote, compared to Obama's 53 percent.[252]
Senate career after 2008[link]
Remainder of fourth Senate term[link]
Following his defeat, McCain returned to the Senate amid varying views about what role he might play there.[253] In mid-November 2008 he met with President-elect Obama, and the two discussed issues they had commonality on.[254] Around the same time, McCain indicated that he intended to run for re-election to his Senate seat in 2010.[255] As the inauguration neared, Obama consulted with McCain on a variety of matters, to an extent rarely seen between a president-elect and his defeated rival,[256] and President Obama's inauguration speech contained an allusion to McCain's theme of finding a purpose greater than oneself.[257]
Nevertheless, McCain emerged as a leader of the Republican opposition to the Obama economic stimulus package of 2009, saying it had too much spending for too little stimulative effect.[258] McCain also voted against Obama's Supreme Court nomination of Sonia Sotomayor – saying that while undeniably qualified, "I do not believe that she shares my belief in judicial restraint"[259] – and by August 2009 was siding more often with his Republican Party on closely divided votes than ever before in his senatorial career.[260] McCain reasserted that the Afghanistan War was winnable[261] and criticized Obama for a slow process in deciding whether to send additional U.S. troops there.[262] McCain also harshly criticized Obama for scrapping construction of the U.S. missile defense complex in Poland, declined to enter negotiations over climate change legislation similar to what he had proposed in the past, and strongly opposed the Obama health care plan.[262][263] McCain led a successful filibuster of a measure that would allow repeal of the military's "Don't ask, don't tell" policy towards gays.[264] Factors involved in McCain's new direction included Senate staffers leaving, a renewed concern over national debt levels and the scope of federal government, a possible Republican primary challenge from conservatives in 2010, and McCain's campaign edge being slow to wear off.[262][263] As one longtime McCain advisor said, "A lot of people, including me, thought he might be the Republican building bridges to the Obama Administration. But he's been more like the guy blowing up the bridges."[262]
In early 2010, a primary challenge from radio talk show host and former U.S. Congressman J. D. Hayworth materialized in the 2010 U.S. Senate election in Arizona and drew support from some but not all elements of the Tea Party movement.[265][266] With Hayworth using the campaign slogan "The Consistent Conservative", McCain said (despite his own past use of the term),[266] "I never considered myself a maverick. I consider myself a person who serves the people of Arizona to the best of his abilities."[267] The primary challenge coincided with McCain reversing or muting his stance on some issues such as the bank bailouts, closing of the Guantánamo Bay detention facility, campaign finance restrictions, and gays in the military.[265] When the health care plan, now called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, passed Congress and became law in March 2010, McCain strongly opposed the landmark legislation not only on its merits but also on the way it had been handled in Congress. As a consequence, he warned that congressional Republicans would not be working with Democrats on anything else: "There will be no cooperation for the rest of the year. They have poisoned the well in what they've done and how they've done it."[268] McCain became a vocal defender of Arizona SB 1070, the April 2010 tough anti-illegal immigration state law that aroused national controversy, saying that the state had been forced to take action given the federal government's inability to control the border.[266][269] In the August 24 primary, McCain beat Hayworth by a 56 to 32 percent margin.[270] McCain proceeded to easily defeat Democratic city councilman Rodney Glassman in the general election.[271]
In the lame duck session of the 111th Congress, McCain voted for the compromise Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, but against the DREAM Act (which he had once sponsored) and the New START Treaty. Most prominently, he continued to lead the eventually losing fight against "Don't ask, don't tell" repeal, with his opposition .[272] In his opposition, he sometimes fell into anger or hostility on the Senate floor, and called its passage "a very sad day" that would compromise the battle effectiveness of the military.[272]
Start of fifth Senate term[link]
While control of the House of Representatives went over to the Republicans in the 112th Congress, the Senate stayed Democratic and McCain continued to be the ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Committee. As the 2011 Middle East and North Africa protests took center stage, McCain urged that embattled Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak step down and thought the U.S. should push for democratic reforms in the region despite the associated risks of religious extremists gaining power.[273] McCain was an especially vocal supporter of the 2011 military intervention in Libya. In April of that year he visited the Anti-Gaddafi forces and National Transitional Council in Benghazi, the highest-ranking American to do so, and said that the rebel forces were "my heroes".[274] In August, McCain voted for the Budget Control Act of 2011 that resolved the U.S. debt ceiling crisis.[275] In November, McCain and Senator Carl Levin were leaders in efforts to codify in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 that terrorism suspects, no matter where captured, could be detained by the U.S. military and its tribunal system; following objections by civil libertarians, some Democrats, and the White House, McCain and Levin agreed to language making it clear that the bill would not pertain to U.S. citizens.[276][277]
In the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, McCain endorsed former 2008 rival Mitt Romney and campaigned for him, but compared the contest to a Greek tragedy due to its drawn-out nature with massive Super PAC-funded attack ads damaging all the contenders.[278]
Caucus memberships[link]
- International Conservation Caucus
- Senate Diabetes Caucus
- Senate National Security Caucus (Co-Chair)
- Sportsmen's Caucus
- Senate Wilderness and Public Lands Caucus
Political positions[link]
Main articles: Political positions of John McCain and Comparison of United States presidential candidates, 2008
Various advocacy groups have given Senator McCain scores or grades as to how well his votes align with the positions of each group.[280] The American Conservative Union awarded McCain a lifetime rating of 83 percent through 2010, while McCain has an average lifetime 12 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action through 2010.[281]
The non-partisan National Journal rates a Senator's votes by what percentage of the Senate voted more liberally than he or she, and what percentage more conservatively, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006 (as reported in the 2008 Almanac of American Politics), McCain's average ratings were as follows: economic policy: 59 percent conservative and 41 percent liberal; social policy: 54 percent conservative / 38 percent liberal;, and foreign policy: 56 percent conservative / 43 percent liberal.[282]
Columnists such as Robert Robb and Matthew Continetti have used a formulation devised by William F. Buckley, Jr. to describe McCain as "conservative" but not "a conservative", meaning that while McCain usually tends towards conservative positions, he is not "anchored by the philosophical tenets of modern American conservatism."[283][284] Following his 2008 presidential election loss, McCain began adopting more orthodox conservative views; National Journal magazine rated McCain along with seven of his colleagues as the "most conservative" Senators for 2010[285] and he achieved his first 100 percent rating from the American Conservative Union for that year.[279]
From the late 1990s until 2008, McCain was a board member of Project Vote Smart (PVS) which was set up by Richard Kimball, his 1986 Senate opponent.[286] PVS provides non-partisan information about the political positions of McCain[287] and other candidates for political office. Additionally, McCain uses his Senate web site to describe his political positions.[288]
McCain is a signer of Americans for Tax Reform's Taxpayer Protection Pledge.[289]
Cultural and political image[link]
Main article: Cultural and political image of John McCain
John McCain's personal character has been a dominant feature of his public image.[290] This image includes the military service of both himself and his family,[291] his maverick political persona,[112] his temper,[292] his admitted problem of occasional ill-considered remarks,[89] and his close ties to his children from both his marriages.[22]
McCain's political appeal has been more nonpartisan and less ideological compared to many other national politicians.[293] His stature and reputation stem partly from his service in the Vietnam War.[294] He also carries physical vestiges of his war wounds, as well as his melanoma surgery.[295] When campaigning, he quips: "I am older than dirt and have more scars than Frankenstein."[296]
Writers often extolled McCain for his courage not just in war but in politics, and wrote sympathetically about him.[56][290][294][297] McCain's shift of political stances and attitudes during and especially after the 2008 presidential campaign, including his self-repudiation of the maverick label, left many writers expressing sadness and wondering what had happened to the McCain they thought they had known.[298][299][300][301]
In his own estimation, the Arizona senator is straightforward and direct, but impatient.[302] Other traits include a penchant for lucky charms,[303] a fondness for hiking,[304] and a sense of humor that has sometimes backfired spectacularly, as when he made a joke in 1998 about the Clintons widely deemed not fit to print in newspapers: "Do you know why Chelsea Clinton is so ugly? — Because Janet Reno is her father."[305][306] McCain subsequently apologized profusely,[307] and the Clinton White House accepted his apology.[308] McCain has not shied away from addressing his shortcomings, and apologizing for them.[89][309] He is known for sometimes being prickly[310] and hot-tempered[311] with Senate colleagues, but his relations with his own Senate staff have been more cordial, and have inspired loyalty towards him.[312][313]
McCain acknowledges having said intemperate things in years past,[314] though he also says that many stories have been exaggerated.[315] One psychoanalytic comparison suggests that McCain was not the first presidential candidate to have a temper,[316] and cultural critic Julia Keller argues that voters want leaders who are passionate, engaged, fiery, and feisty.[292] McCain has employed both profanity[317] and shouting on occasion, although such incidents have become less frequent over the years.[318][319] Senator Lieberman has made this observation: "It is not the kind of anger that is a loss of control. He is a very controlled person."[318] Senator Thad Cochran, who has known McCain for decades and has battled him over earmarks,[320][321] expressed concern about a McCain presidency: "He is erratic. He is hotheaded. He loses his temper and he worries me."[318] Ultimately Cochran decided to support McCain for president, after it was clear he would win the nomination.[322]
All of John McCain's family members are on good terms with him,[22] and he has defended them against some of the negative consequences of his high-profile political lifestyle.[323][324] His family's military tradition extends to the latest generation: son John Sidney IV ("Jack") graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 2009, becoming the fourth generation John S. McCain to do so, and is a helicopter pilot; son James served two tours with the Marines in the Iraq War; and son Doug flew jets in the Navy.[22][325][326] His daughter Meghan became a blogging and Twittering presence in the debate about the future of the Republican Party following the 2008 elections, and showed some of his maverick tendencies.[327][328]
Writings by McCain[link]
Books[link]
- Faith of My Fathers by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, August 1999) ISBN 0-375-50191-6 (later made into the 2005 television film Faith of My Fathers)
- Worth the Fighting For by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, September 2002) ISBN 0-375-50542-3
- Why Courage Matters: The Way to a Braver Life by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, April 2004) ISBN 1-4000-6030-3
- Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, October 2005) ISBN 1-4000-6412-0
- Hard Call: Great Decisions and the Extraordinary People Who Made Them by John McCain, Mark Salter (Hachette, August 2007) ISBN 978-0-446-58040-3
Articles and forewords[link]
- "How the POW's Fought Back", by John S. McCain III, Lieut. Commander, U.S. Navy, U.S. News & World Report, May 14, 1973 (reprinted for web under different title in 2008). Reprinted in Reporting Vietnam, Part Two: American Journalism 1969–1975 (The Library of America, 1998) ISBN 1-883011-59-0
- "The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, April 8, 1974 (actual paper)
- Foreword by John McCain to A Code to Keep: The True Story of America's Longest-Held Civilian POW in Vietnam by Ernest C. Brace (St. Martin's Press, 1988) ISBN 0-7090-3560-8
- Speeches of John McCain, 1988–2000
- Foreword by John McCain to Glory Denied: The Saga of Jim Thompson, America's Longest-held Prisoner by Tom Philpott (W. W. Norton, 2001) ISBN 0-393-02012-6
- Foreword by John McCain to The Best and the Brightest by David Halberstam (Random House, 2001 edition) ISBN 1-58836-098-9
- Foreword by John S. McCain to Unfinished Business: Afghanistan, the Middle East and Beyond – Defusing the Dangers That Threaten America's Security by Harlan Ullman (Citadel Press, June 2002) ISBN 0-8065-2431-6
- Foreword by John McCain and Max Cleland to Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming by Jonathan Shay (Scribner, November 2002) ISBN 0-7432-1156-1
- Foreword by John McCain to Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts by the Editors of Popular Mechanics (Hearst, August 2006) ISBN 1-58816-635-X
- Introduction by John McCain to Pearl Harbor, the Day of Infamy, an Illustrated History by Dan van der Vat (Black Walnut Books, 2007) ISBN 1-897330-28-6
- "An Enduring Peace Built on Freedom: Securing America's Future" by John McCain Foreign Affairs, November/December 2007
References[link]
- ^ McCain was christened and raised Episcopalian. See Nichols, Hans. "McCain Keeps His Faith to Himself, at Church and in Campaign", Bloomberg (April 25, 2008). He now identifies as a Baptist, although he has not been baptized as an adult, and is not an official member of the church he attends. See Warner, Greg. "McCain's faith: Pastor describes senator as devout, but low-key", Associated Baptist Press (April 8, 2008). Retrieved September 6, 2008. Also see Hornick, Ed. "McCain and Obama cite moral failures", CNN, (August 16, 2008): "McCain, who was raised an Episcopalian and now identifies himself as Baptist, rarely discusses his faith." Retrieved August 16, 2008. Also see Reston, Maeve and Mehta, Seema. "Barack Obama and John McCain to Meet at Saddleback Church", Los Angeles Times, (August 16, 2008): "McCain [is] an Episcopalian who attends a Baptist church in Phoenix..." Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ a b Timberg, American Odyssey, 17–34 (subscription only link).
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (Naval Institute Press 2007), 119.
- ^ Roberts, Gary. "On the Ancestry, Royal Descent, and English and American Notable Kin of Senator John Sidney McCain IV", New England Historic Genealogical Society (April 1, 2008). Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ a b c Nowicki, Dan & Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: At the Naval Academy", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007. According to The Arizona Republic, "'McCain: The life story of Arizona's maverick senator' as written by reporter Bill Muller originally appeared in The Arizona Republic and on azcentral.com on October 3, 1999. Reporter Dan Nowicki updated and revised the biography with additional material in January 2007." See "How the biography was put together", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved June 18, 2008. Regarding McCain's time at the Naval Academy, "McCain's grades were good in the subjects he enjoyed, such as literature and history. Gamboa said McCain would rather read a history book than do his math homework. He did just enough to pass the classes he didn't find stimulating. 'He stood low in his class,' Gamboa said. 'But that was by choice, not design.'"
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 19.
- ^ a b Woodward, Calvin. "McCain's WMD Is A Mouth That Won't Quit", Associated Press via USA Today (November 4, 2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 22.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 28. See also: "Episcopal fetes a favorite son", Alexandria Times (June 12, 2007). Retrieved March 19, 2012.
- ^ a b c Timberg, Nightingale's Song, Chapter 1, 31–35
- ^ Bailey, Holly. "John McCain: 'I Learned How to Take Hard Blows'", Newsweek (May 14, 2007). Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 207. McCain scored 128 and then 133 on IQ tests.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 134.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 32.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 156.
- ^ a b Feinberg, Barbara. John McCain: Serving His Country, 18 (Millbrook Press 2000). ISBN 0-7613-1974-3.
- ^ a b c Timberg, American Odyssey, 66–68.
- ^ a b c Vartabedian, Ralph and Serrano, Richard A. "Mishaps mark John McCain's record as naval aviator", Los Angeles Times (October 6, 2008). Retrieved October 6, 2008.
- ^ a b c "John McCain", Iowa Caucuses '08, The Des Moines Register. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
- ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, 92.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 33.
- ^ a b c d e Steinhauer, Jennifer. "Bridging 4 Decades, a Large, Close-Knit Brood", The New York Times (December 27, 2007). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 167–168.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 172–173.
- ^ a b McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 185–186.
- ^ Karaagac, John. John McCain: An Essay in Military and Political History, 81–82 (Lexington Books 2000). ISBN 0-7391-0171-4.
- ^ Weinraub, Bernard. "Start of Tragedy: Pilot Hears a Blast As He Checks Plane", The New York Times (July 31, 1967). Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 72–74.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 177–179.
- ^ US Navy Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships – Forrestal. States either Aircraft No. 405 piloted by LCDR Fred D. White or No. 416 piloted by LCDR John McCain was struck by the Zuni.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 75.
- ^ a b c Kuhnhenn, Jim. "Navy releases McCain's military record", Associated Press via The Boston Globe (May 7, 2008). Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nowicki, Dan & Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: Prisoner of War", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Hubbell, P.O.W., 363.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael. "In Ordeal as Captive, Character Was Shaped", Washington Post (October 5, 2008)
- ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., 364.
- ^ Apple Jr., R. W. "Adm. McCain's son, Forrestal Survivor, Is Missing in Raid", The New York Times (October 28, 1967). Retrieved November 11, 2007.
- ^ "Admiral's Son Captured in Hanoi Raid", Associated Press via The Washington Post (October 28, 1967). Retrieved February 9, 2008 (fee required for full text).
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 83.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 54.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 89.
- ^ "John McCain (center) being captured by Vietnamese civilians in Truc Bach Lake near Hanoi Vietnam", Library of Congress (May 26, 2004). Retrieved December 28, 2007.
- ^ a b Hubbell, P.O.W., 450–451.
- ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, 363.
- ^ a b Hubbell, P.O.W., 452–454.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 95, 118.
- ^ a b McCain, John. "How the POW's Fought Back", U.S. News & World Report (May 14, 1973), reposted in 2008 under title "John McCain, Prisoner of War: A First-Person Account". Retrieved January 29, 2008. Reprinted in Reporting Vietnam, Part Two: American Journalism 1969–1975, The Library of America, 434–463 (1998). ISBN 1-883011-59-0.
- ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., 288–306.
- ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., 548–549.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 60.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 64.
- ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, 489–491.
- ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, 510, 537.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 106–107.
- ^ Sterba, James. "P.O.W. Commander Among 108 Freed", The New York Times (March 15, 1973). Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ a b c Purdum, Todd. "Prisoner of Conscience", Vanity Fair, February 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: Back in the USA", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Kristof, Nicholas. "P.O.W. to Power Broker, A Chapter Most Telling", The New York Times (February 27, 2000). Retrieved April 22, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 81.
- ^ a b Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons, Volume 1, Naval Historical Center. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ Vartabedian, Ralph. "McCain has long relied on his grit", Los Angeles Times (April 14, 2008). Retrieved September 2, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 123–124.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: Arizona, the early years", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Regarding his first marriage, McCain said that he "had not shown the same determination to rebuild (his) personal life" as he had shown in his military career, and that "marriages can be hard to recover after great time and distance have separated a husband and wife. We are different people when we reunite... But my marriage's collapse was attributable to my own selfishness and immaturity more than it was to Vietnam, and I cannot escape blame by pointing a finger at the war. The blame was entirely mine." Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Frantz, Douglas, "The 2000 Campaign: The Arizona Ties; A Beer Baron and a Powerful Publisher Put McCain on a Political Path", The New York Times, A14 (February 21, 2000). Retrieved November 29, 2006. Archived October 14, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 132–134.
- ^ a b "McCain Releases His Tax Returns", Associated Press for CBS News (April 18, 2008). Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 135.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David. "Senate's Power and Allure Drew McCain From Military ", The New York Times (May 29, 2008). Retrieved May 29, 2008.
- ^ Leahy, Michael. "Seeing White House From a Cell in Hanoi", The Washington Post (October 13, 2008). Retrieved October 17, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 93.
- ^ Vartabedian, Ralph. "John McCain gets tax-free disability pension", Los Angeles Times (April 22, 2008).
- ^ Gilbertson, Dawn. "McCain, his wealth tied to wife's family beer business", The Arizona Republic (January 23, 2007). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 139.
- ^ Symington would become Governor of Arizona in 1991.
- ^ Thornton, Mary. "Arizona 1st District John McCain", The Washington Post (December 16, 1982). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 143–144.
- ^ "McCain, Clinton Head to Memphis for MLK Anniversary", Washington Wire (blog), The Wall Street Journal (April 3, 2008). Retrieved April 17, 2008.
- ^ "McCain Remarks on Dr. King and Civil Rights", The Washington Post (April 4, 2008): "We can be slow as well to give greatness its due, a mistake I made myself long ago when I voted against a federal holiday in memory of Dr. King. I was wrong and eventually realized that, in time to give full support for a state holiday in Arizona." Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, 98–99, 104.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 100.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 100–101.
- ^ Tapper, Jake. "McCain returns to the past", Salon (April 27, 2000). Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- ^ Reinhard, Beth. "Blog: McCain met with Pinochet", Naked Politics, Miami Herald (October 24, 2008). Retrieved November 1, 2008.
- ^ Dinges, John. "CIPER Chile » Blog Archive » La desconocida cita entre John McCain y Pinochet", Centro de Investigación e Información Periodística (October 24, 2008). Retrieved October 24, 2008. This source is in the Spanish language.
- ^ "Revelan inédita cita entre McCain y Pinochet en 1985", Los Tiempos (October 25, 2008). Retrieved October 25, 2008. This source is in Spanish.
- ^ "John McCain", The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 147.
- ^ a b Strong, Morgan. "Senator John McCain talks about the challenges of fatherhood", Dadmag.com (June 4, 2000). Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The Senate calls", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant; Cohen, Richard E. The Almanac of American Politics, 2000 (National Journal 1999), 112. ISBN 0-8129-3194-7.
- ^ Becker, Jo; Van Natta, Don. "For McCain and Team, a Host of Ties to Gambling", The New York Times (September 27, 2008). Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ Johnson, Tadd. "Regulatory Issues and Impacts of Gaming in Indian Country", Increasing Understanding of Public Problems and Policies: Proceedings of the 1998 National Public Policy Education Conference, 140–144 (September 1998).
- ^ a b c Sweeney, James. "New rules on Indian gaming face longer odds", The San Diego Union-Tribune (September 11, 2006). Retrieved July 1, 2008.
- ^ Mason, W. Dale. Indian Gaming: Tribal Sovereignty and American Politics (University of Oklahoma Press 2000), 60–64. ISBN 0-8061-3260-4.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 112.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 115–120.
- ^ a b c Abramson, Jill; Mitchell, Alison. "Senate Inquiry In Keating Case Tested McCain", The New York Times (November 21, 1999). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ a b "Excerpts of Statement By Senate Ethics Panel", The New York Times (February 28, 1991). Retrieved April 19, 2008.
- ^ Rasky, Susan. "To Senator McCain, the Savings and Loan Affair Is Now a Personal Demon", The New York Times (December 22, 1989). Retrieved April 19, 2008.
- ^ a b Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The Keating Five", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieval date November 23, 2007.
- ^ a b Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: Overcoming scandal, moving on", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 150–151.
- ^ a b Dan Balz, "McCain Weighs Options Amid Setbacks", The Washington Post (July 5, 1998) Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 152–154.
- ^ Report of the Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, U.S. Senate (January 13, 1993). Retrieved January 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Walsh, James. "Good Morning, Vietnam", Time (July 24, 1995). Retrieved January 5, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 170–171.
- ^ Farrell, John. "At the center of power, seeking the summit", The Boston Globe (June 21, 2003). Retrieved January 5, 2008.
- ^ McIntire, Mike. "Democracy Group Gives Donors Access to McCain", The New York Times (July 28, 2008). Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ Eilperin, Juliet. "McCain Sees Roberts, Alito as Examples", The Trail; A Daily Diary of Campaign 2008, via washingtonpost.com (May 6, 2008). Retrieved July 26, 2008.
- ^ a b Curry, Tom. "McCain takes grim message to South Carolina", MSNBC (April 26, 2007). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: McCain becomes the 'maverick'", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 190.
- ^ a b c d Maisel, Louis and Buckley, Kara. Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process, 163–166 (Rowman & Littlefield 2004). ISBN 0-7425-2670-4.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. The Almanac of American Politics, 2006 (National Journal 2005), 93–98. ISBN 0-89234-112-2.
- ^ McCain, Worth the Fighting For, 327
- ^ Jackson, David. "McCain: Life shaped judgment on use of force", USA Today (March 25, 2008).
- ^ Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998).
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 176–180.
- ^ "Bio: Sen. John McCain", Fox News (January 23, 2003). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, 184–187.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 194–195.
- ^ McDonald, Greg. "NATO trains sights on Serb targets: Senate OKs use of force in Balkans", Houston Chronicle (March 24, 1999). Retrieved March 5, 2008.
- ^ "U.S. Senators John McCain and Russell Feingold Share 10th John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award", John F. Kennedy Library Foundation (May 24, 1999). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The 'maverick' runs", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ Bernstein, Richard. "Books of the Times; Standing Humbly Before a Noble Family Tradition", The New York Times (October 1, 1999). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 194–195.
- ^ "Faith of My Fathers (1999)" (IE only), Books and Authors. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
- ^ Knickerbocker, Brad. "From a Vietnam Prison to the United States Senate", The Christian Science Monitor (September 16, 1999). Retrieved May 27, 2008.
- ^ "McCain formally kicks off campaign", CNN (September 27, 1999). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ Bruni, Frank. "Quayle, Outspent by Bush, Will Quit Race, Aide Says", The New York Times (September 27, 2000). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 188–189.
- ^ Harpaz, Beth. The Girls in the Van: Covering Hillary, 86 (St. Martin's Press 2001). ISBN 0-312-30271-1.
- ^ Corn, David. "The McCain Insurgency", The Nation (February 10, 2000). Retrieved January 1, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Steinhauer, Jennifer. "Confronting Ghosts of 2000 in South Carolina", The New York Times (October 19, 2007). Retrieved January 7, 2008.
- ^ "Dirty Politics 2008", NOW, PBS (January 4, 2008). Retrieved January 6, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 254–255, 262–263.
- ^ Mitchell, Alison. "Bush and McCain Exchange Sharp Words Over Fund-Raising", The New York Times (February 10, 2000). Retrieved January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, 250–251.
- ^ Data for table is from "Favorability: People in the News: John McCain", The Gallup Organization, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 263–266.
- ^ a b Knowlton, Brian. "McCain Licks Wounds After South Carolina Rejects His Candidacy", International Herald Tribune (February 21, 2000). Retrieved January 1, 2008.
- ^ Barone, Michael and Cohen, Richard. The Almanac of American Politics, 2008, 96 (National Journal 2008). ISBN 0-89234-117-3.
- ^ Mitchell, Alison. "McCain Catches Mud, Then Parades It", The New York Times (February 16, 2000). Retrieved January 1, 2008.
- ^ McCaleb, Ian Christopher. "McCain recovers from South Carolina disappointment, wins in Arizona, Michigan", CNN (February 22, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007. Archived February 5, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Excerpt From McCain's Speech on Religious Conservatives", The New York Times (February 29, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ Rothernberg, Stuart. "Stuart Rothernberg: Bush Roars Back; McCain's Hopes Dim", CNN (March 1, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ McCaleb, Ian Christopher. "Gore, Bush post impressive Super Tuesday victories", CNN (March 8, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ McCaleb, Ian Christopher. "Bradley, McCain bow out of party races", CNN (March 9, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ Marks, Peter. "A Ringing Endorsement for Bush", The New York Times (May 14, 2000). Retrieved March 1, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The 'maverick' and President Bush", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ a b c Holan, Angie. "McCain switched on tax cuts", Politifact, St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ a b Carney, James. "Frenemies: The McCain-Bush Dance", Time (July 16, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ Drew, Citizen McCain, 5.
- ^ Edsall, Thomas and Milbank, Dana. "McCain Is Considering Leaving GOP: Arizona Senator Might Launch a Third-Party Challenge to Bush in 2004", The Washington Post (June 2, 2001). Retrieved May 10, 2008. Archived March 8, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Cusack, Bob. "Democrats say McCain nearly abandoned GOP", The Hill (March 28, 2007). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. "After 2000 Run, McCain Learned to Work Levers of Power", The New York Times (July 21, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ McCain, John. "No Substitute for Victory: War is hell. Let's get on with it", The Wall Street Journal (October 26, 2001). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ "Senate bill would implement 9/11 panel proposals", CNN (September 8, 2004). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ "Senate Approves Aviation Security, Anti-Terrorism Bills", Online NewsHour, PBS (October 12, 2001). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 168.
- ^ "Sen. McCain's Interview With Chris Matthews", Hardball with Chris Matthews, MSNBC (March 12, 2003). Via McCain's Senate web site and archive.org. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
- ^ "Newsmaker: Sen. McCain", PBS, NewsHour (November 6, 2003). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The 'maverick' goes establishment", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved December 23, 2007.
- ^ "Summary of the Lieberman-McCain Climate Stewardship Act", Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Retrieved April 24, 2008. Archived April 11, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Lieberman, McCain Reintroduce Climate Stewardship and Innovation Act", Lieberman Senate web site (January 12, 2007). Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "McCain: I'd 'entertain' Democratic VP slot", Associated Press for USA Today (March 10, 2004). Retrieved May 6, 2008.
- ^ a b Halbfinger, David. "McCain Is Said To Tell Kerry He Won't Join", The New York Times (June 12, 2004). Retrieved January 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Balz, Dan and VandeHei, Jim. "McCain's Resistance Doesn't Stop Talk of Kerry Dream Ticket", The Washington Post (June 12, 2004). Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ^ "Kerry wants to boost child-care credit", Associated Press via MSNBC (June 16, 2004). Retrieved March 8, 2008.
- ^ a b Loughlin, Sean. "McCain praises Bush as 'tested'", CNN (August 30, 2004). Retrieved November 14, 2007.
- ^ Coile, Zachary. "Vets group attacks Kerry; McCain defends Democrat", San Francisco Chronicle (August 6, 2004). Retrieved August 15, 2006.
- ^ "Election 2004: U.S. Senate – Arizona – Exit Poll", CNN. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
- ^ "Senators compromise on filibusters; Bipartisan group agrees to vote to end debate on 3 nominees", CNN (May 24, 2005). Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ Hulse, Carl. "Distrust of McCain Lingers Over '05 Deal on Judges", The New York Times (February 25, 2008). Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ Preston, Julia. "Grass Roots Roared and Immigration Plan Collapsed", The New York Times (July 10, 2007). Retrieved July 27, 2008.
- ^ "Why the Senate Immigration Bill Failed", Rasmussen Reports (June 8, 2007). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Schmidt, Susan; Grimaldi, James. "Panel Says Abramoff Laundered Tribal Funds; McCain Cites Possible Fraud by Lobbyist", The Washington Post (June 23, 2005). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Anderson, John. Follow the Money (Simon and Schuster 2007), 254. ISBN 0-7432-8643-X.
- ^ Butterfield, Fox. "Indians' Wish List: Big-City Sites for Casinos", The New York Times (April 8, 2005).
- ^ "Roll Call Votes 109th Congress – 1st Session on the Amendment (McCain Amdt. No. 1977)", United States Senate (October 5, 2005). Retrieved August 15, 2006.
- ^ "Senate ignores veto threat in limiting detainee treatment", CNN (October 6, 2005). Retrieved January 2, 2008.
- ^ "McCain, Bush agree on torture ban", CNN (December 15, 2005). Retrieved August 16, 2006.
- ^ Calabresi, Massimo and Bacon Jr., Perry. "America's 10 Best Senators", "John McCain: The Mainstreamer", Time (April 16, 2006). Retrieved August 14, 2008.
- ^ a b Eggen, Dan and Shear, Michael. "Vote Against Waterboarding Bill Called Consistent", The Washington Post (February 16, 2008): "[T]he aide said, there are noncoercive interrogation techniques not used by the Army that could be useful to the CIA." Retrieved June 9, 2008.
- ^ Ricks, Thomas. Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq 412 (Penguin Press 2006). ISBN 1-59420-103-X.
- ^ Baldor, Lolita. "McCain Defends Bush's Iraq Strategy"[dead link], Associated Press via CBS News (January 12, 2007). Retrieved January 13, 2007. Archived at Wayback Machine.
- ^ Giroux, Greg. "'Move On' Takes Aim at McCain's Iraq Stance", The New York Times (January 17, 2007). Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ^ Carney, James. "The Resurrection of John McCain", Time (January 23, 2008). Retrieved February 1, 2008.
- ^ Crawford, Jamie. "Iraq won't change McCain", CNN (July 28, 2007). Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ^ "McCain arrives in Baghdad", CNN (March 16, 2008). Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ "McCain launches White House bid", BBC News (April 25, 2007). Retrieved May 15, 2008.
- ^ "Remarks as Prepared for Delivery: Senator McCain's Announcement Speech", USA Today (April 25, 2007). Retrieved May 18, 2008.
- ^ Balz, Dan. "For Possible '08 Run, McCain Is Courting Bush Loyalists", The Washington Post (February 12, 2006). Retrieved August 15, 2006.
- ^ Birnbaum, Jeffrey and Solomon, John. "McCain's Unlikely Ties to K Street", The Washington Post (December 31, 2007). Retrieved January 3, 2008.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. and Pilhofer, Aron. "McCain Lags in Income, but Excels in Spending", The New York Times (April 15, 2007). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ "McCain lags in fundraising, cuts staff", CNN (July 2, 2007). Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ a b "Lagging in Fundraising, McCain Reorganizes Staff", NPR (July 2, 2007). Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ Sidoti, Liz. "McCain Campaign Suffers Key Shakeups", Associated Press via Breitbart.com (July 10, 2007). Retrieved July 15, 2007.
- ^ a b Boshart, Rod. "McCain says he's underdog in Iowa during State Fair visit", The Gazette (August 8, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ Martin, Jonathan. "McCain's comeback plan", The Politico (July 19, 2007). Retrieved December 12, 2007.
- ^ Witosky, Tom. "McCain sees resurgence in his run for president", The Des Moines Register (December 17, 2007). Retrieved December 29, 2007.
- ^ Sinderbrand, Rebecca. "McCain, Clinton win Concord Monitor endorsements", CNN (December 29, 2007). Retrieved December 29, 2007.
- ^ "Lieberman: McCain can reunite our country", CNN (December 17, 2007). Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ Lieberman, Joseph. "Joe Lieberman: McCain for President", New York Post (February 3, 2008): "Joe Lieberman is an independent Democratic senator from Connecticut." Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ "CNN: McCain wins New Hampshire GOP primary", CNN (January 8, 2008). Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ^ Jones, Tim; Anderson, Lisa. "Moderates flock to McCain in S.C.; 2nd-place finish deals blow for Huckabee", Chicago Tribune (January 20, 2008). Retrieved November 2, 2008.
- ^ "Thompson Quits US Presidential Race", Reuters (January 22, 2008). Retrieved June 2, 2008.
- ^ "McCain wins Florida, Giuliani expected to drop out", CNN (January 29, 2008). Retrieved January 29, 2008.
- ^ Holland, Steve. "Giuliani, Edwards quit White House Race", Reuters (January 30, 2008). Retrieved January 30, 2008.
- ^ Sidoti, Liz. "Romney Suspends Presidential Campaign", Associated Press via Breitbart.com (February 7, 2008). Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ "McCain wins key primaries, CNN projects; McCain clinches nod", CNN (March 4, 2008). Retrieved March 4, 2008.
- ^ "Lawyers Conclude McCain Is "Natural Born", Associated Press via CBS News (March 28, 2008). Retrieved May 23, 2008.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael. "McCain's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate", The Washington Post (May 2, 2008). Retrieved October 24, 2008.
- ^ Bash, Dana. "With McCain, 72 is the new... 69?", CNN (September 4, 2006). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ "Presidential Inaugural Facts", The Miami Herald (January 20, 1985). Excerpt via Google News. Retrieved March 30, 2008. Ronald Reagan was 73 years and 350 days old at his second inauguration.
- ^ McCain, John. Interview transcript. Meet the Press via MSNBC (June 19, 2005). Retrieved November 14, 2006.
- ^ a b Altman, Lawrence. "On the Campaign Trail, Few Mentions of McCain's Bout With Melanoma", The New York Times (March 9, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ "Medical records show McCain is in good health" International Herald Tribune (May 23, 2008). Retrieved on May 23, 2008.
- ^ Page, Susan. "McCain runs strong as Democrats battle on" USA Today (April 28, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ "McCain tells his story to voters" CNN (March 31, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Luo, Michael and Palmer, Griff. "McCain Faces Test in Wooing Elite Donors", The New York Times (March 31, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim. "Cindy McCain had $6 million income in 2006", Associated Press via USA Today (May 24, 2008). Retrieved May 24, 2008.
- ^ Shear, Michael. "A Fifth Top Aide To McCain Resigns", The Washington Post (May 19, 2008). Retrieved June 4, 2008.
- ^ Kammer, Jerry. "Lobbyists on John McCain's Team Facing Some New Rules", The Arizona Republic (May 26, 2008). Retrieved June 4, 2008.
- ^ Pickler, Nedra. "McCain, Obama fail to agree on town halls"[dead link], Associated Press via ABC News (June 13, 2008). Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ Balz, Dan and Shear, Michael D. "McCain Puts New Strategist Atop Campaign", The Washington Post (July 3, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ "General Election: McCain vs. Obama", Real Clear Politics. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ a b "McCain Predicts 'Underdog' Win in Final 48 Hours", Fox News (June 27, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008. Archived August 3, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Wayne, Leslie. "McCain Raised $27 Million in July", The New York Times (August 15, 2008). Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ Barr, Andy. "Obama passes 2 million donors", The Hill (August 14, 2008). Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim. "Analysis: McCain tries to sow doubts about Obama", Associated Press for USA Today (July 31, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ "McCain taps Alaska Gov. Palin as vice president pick", CNN (August 29, 2008). Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- ^ Berman, Russell. "McCain-Palin Surging in the Polls", The New York Sun (September 9, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam. "In Election's Wake, Campaigns Offer a Peek at What Really Happened", The New York Times (December 9, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Cohen, Jon and Agiesta, Jennifer. "Perceptions of Palin Grow Increasingly Negative, Poll Says", The Washington Post (October 25, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Fouhy, Beth. "Obama rejects McCain's call to delay debate", Associated Press for The Times-Tribune (Scranton) (September 24, 2008). Retrieved September 24, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ "John McCain Statement: 'Suspending' His Campaign", ABC News (September 24, 2008).
- ^ Weisman, Jonathan. "How McCain Stirred a Simmering Pot", The Washington Post (September 27, 2008). Retrieved September 27, 2008. "In truth, McCain's dramatic announcement Wednesday that he would suspend his campaign and come to Washington for the bailout talks had wide repercussions."
- ^ Stolberg, Cheryl Gay and Bumiller, Elisabeth. "A Balancing Act as McCain Faces a Divided Party and a Skeptical Public", The New York Times (September 26, 2008). Retrieved September 27, 2008. "His greatest contribution," Mr. Bachus said, "was returning to Washington and standing up for Republicans who were refusing to be stampeded."
- ^ "McCain To Attend Debate, Resume Campaign", RTTNews (September 26, 2008). Retrieved September 26, 2008.
- ^ "Senate Passes Economic Rescue Package", NY1 News (October 1, 2008). Retrieved October 2, 2008.
- ^ Steinhauser, Paul. "Obama picks up second debate win, poll says", CNN (October 8, 2008). Retrieved October 12, 2008.
- ^ Daniel, Douglass. "Obama backs away from McCain's debate challenge", Associated Press via Houston Chronicle (August 2, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ Drogin, Bob and Barabak, Mark Z. "John McCain compares Barack Obama's policies to socialism", Los Angeles Times (October 18, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth. "In Ohio, McCain Is Everywhere Even if Joe the Plumber Isn't", The New York Times (October 30, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Smith, Ben. "McCain pollster: Wright wouldn't have worked", Politico (December 11, 2008). Retrieved December 30, 2008.
- ^ Johnson, Alex. "McCain hammers Obama on Ayers ties", MSNBC (October 23, 2008). Retrieved January 1, 2009.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim. "Nearing Record, Obama's Ad Effort Swamps McCain", The New York Times (October 17, 2008). Retrieved December 30, 2008.
- ^ a b "Transcript: McCain concedes presidency", CNN (November 4, 2008).
- ^ Franke-Ruta, Garance. "McCain Takes Missouri", The Washington Post (November 19, 2008). Retrieved November 19, 2008.
- ^ a b "President – Election Center 2008", CNN. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
- ^ Mooney, Alexander. "McCain may face bumpy shift from White House run", CNN (November 18, 2008). Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Tapper, Jake. "Obama, McCain Meet While Bill Speaks About Hillary", ABC News (November 17, 2008). Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Cillizza, Chris. "McCain's Next Step: Re-Election in 2010", The Washington Post (November 19, 2008). Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. "Obama Reaches Out for McCain's Counsel", The New York Times (January 19, 2009). Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Brune, Tom. "Obama speech strong but anti-climatic", Newsday (January 20, 2009). Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Hulse, Carl and Herszenhorn, David M. "Senators Reach Deal on Stimulus Plan as Jobs Vanish", The New York Times (February 6, 2009). Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ O'Donnell, Kelly and Montanaro, Domenico. "McCain to vote against Sotomayor", NBC News (August 3, 2009). Retrieved August 22, 2009.
- ^ Giroux, Greg. "McCain: Maverick No More?", CQ Politics (August 19, 2009). Retrieved August 22, 2009.
- ^ McCain, John and others. "Only Decisive Force Can Prevail in Afghanistan", The Wall Street Journal (September 13, 2009). Retrieved November 17, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Newton-Small, Jay. "John McCain: Can He Mend Fences with the Right?", Time (October 8, 2009). Retrieved November 20, 2009. In print magazine as "Voice in the Wilderness", October 19, 2009.
- ^ a b Lerer, Lisa. "John McCain slams 'horrendous' climate bill", Politico (November 19, 2009). Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ Shane, Leo, III, "'Don't ask, don't tell' reversal measure falters in Senate", Stars and Stripes, September 21, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ^ a b Steinhauer, Jennifer. "From Right of Radio Dial, Challenge to McCain", The New York Times (February 9, 2010). Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- ^ a b c Slevin, Peter. "Hard line on immigration marks GOP race in Arizona", The Washington Post (May 22, 2010). Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Margolick, David. "The McCain Mutiny", Newsweek (April 3, 2010). Retrieved April 6, 2010.
- ^ O'Brien, Michael. "McCain: Don't expect GOP cooperation on legislation for the rest of this year", The Hill (March 22, 2010). Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ Good, Chris. "McCain Defends Arizona's Immigration Law", The Atlantic (April 26, 2010). Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ "The 2010 Results Map – Senate – 2010 – AZ", Politico (August 25, 2010). Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ "McCain, Republicans sweep statewides", Phoenix Business Journal (November 3, 2010). Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ a b Milbank, Dana. "John McCain at his fieriest before 'don't ask, don't tell' vote", The Washington Post (December 18, 2010). Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ "McCain Says the Time for Mubarak to Leave Has Come", Associated Press, ABC News (February 3, 2011). Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "McCain: Libyan rebels are 'my heroes'", CBS News (April 22, 2011). Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ "McCain says he's worried about Pentagon budget, but will 'swallow hard' and vote for debt deal", Associated Press, The Washington Post (August 1, 2011). Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ Barett, Ted. "Senate passes defense bill with detainee policy compromise", CNN (December 2, 2011). Retrieved December 3, 2011.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh. "Defense bill revised in bid to avoid veto", Politico (December 12, 2011). Retrieved December 26, 2011.
- ^ Chabot, Hillary. "John McCain: Close curtain on GOP 'Greek tragedy'", Boston Herald (February 28, 2012). Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ a b Chart is built from current year and past year ratings found at the ratings sections of the websites of the American Conservative Union and Americans for Democratic Action.
- ^ Mayer, William. "Kerry's Record Rings a Bell", The Washington Post (March 28, 2004). Retrieved May 12, 2008: "The question of how to measure a senator's or representative's ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers' votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU)."
- ^ "2010 U.S. Senate Votes", American Conservative Union. Retrieved May 21, 2011. Lifetime rating is given."The ADA 2010 Voting Record", Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved May 21, 2011. Average includes all years beginning with 1983 in House, collected from various parts of ADA website and calculated on spreadsheet.
- ^ Barone, Michael and Cohen, Richard. The Almanac of American Politics, 2008 (Washington, D.C.: National Journal group, 2008, ISBN 0-89234-117-3), page 95. (National Journal's methodology and criteria are explained in the "Guide to Usage on pages 15-16.) In 2005, the economic ratings were 52 percent conservative and 47 percent liberal, the social ratings 64% conservative and 23% liberal, and the foreign ratings 54 / 45. In 2006, the economic ratings were 64 / 35, the social 46 / 53, and the foreign 58 / 40.
- ^ Robb, Robert. "Is McCain a conservative?", RealClearPolitics (February 1, 2008). Retrieved June 18, 2008.
- ^ Continetti, Matthew. "Not your dad's Republicans"[dead link], Los Angeles Times (March 6, 2008). Retrieved June 18, 2008.
- ^ Condon, Stephanie. "John McCain ranked most conservative senator in 2010" CBS News (February 24, 2011). Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ Kimball, Richard. "Program History", Project Vote Smart. Retrieved May 20, 2008. Also see Nintzel, Jim. "Test Study: Why are politicians like John McCain suddenly so afraid of Project Vote Smart?", Tucson Weekly (April 17, 2008). Retrieved May 21, 2008. Also see Stein, Jonathan. "Senator Straight Talk Won't Go on the Record with Project Vote Smart", Mother Jones (April 7, 2008). Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ "Senator John Sidney McCain III (AZ)", Project Vote Smart. Retrieved May 20, 2008. Non-partisan information about McCain's issue positions is also provided online by other sources. See, e.g., "John McCain on the Issues", OnTheIssues. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
- ^ "Issues", McCain's official Senate web site. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ "The Taxpayer Protection Pledge Signers 112th Congressional List". Americans for Tax Reform. http://s3.amazonaws.com/atrfiles/files/files/091411-federalpledgesigners.pdf. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Brooks, David. "The Character Factor", The New York Times (November 13, 2007). Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ^ Mitchell, Josh. "Military Veterans step up for John McCain", The Baltimore Sun (February 5, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ a b Keller, Julia. "Me? A bad temper? Why, I oughta ...", Chicago Tribune (May 1, 2008): "Anecdotes about McCain's short fuse—dashing off nasty letters, manhandling colleagues when they oppose him—have popped up in recent profiles. Conversely, though, we also want people in public life to be passionate and engaged. We want them to be fiery and feisty. We like them to care enough to blow their stacks every once in a while. Otherwise, we question the sincerity of their convictions." Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Jacobson, Gary. "Partisan Differences in Job Approval Ratings of George W. Bush and U.S. Senators in the States: An Exploration", Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 2006.
- ^ a b Hunt, Albert. "John McCain and Russell Feingold" in Profiles in Courage for Our Time, 256 (Kennedy, Caroline ed., Hyperion 2003): "The hero is indispensable to the McCain persona." ISBN 0-7868-8678-1.
- ^ Purdum, Todd. "Prisoner of Conscience", Vanity Fair, February 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2008. The surgery took place in 2000.
- ^ Simon, Roger. "McCain's Health and Age Present Campaign Challenge", The Politico (January 27, 2007). Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- ^ Lewis, Michael, "I Liked a Pol", The New York Times Magazine (November 21, 1999) Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- ^ Margolick, David, "The McCain Mutiny", Newsweek (April 2, 2010). Retrieved September 12, 2010.
- ^ Fallows, James, "The Mystery of John McCain", The Atlantic (December 3, 2010). Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ O'Dowd, Niall, "John McCain a sad figure as he loses all that made him great and an American original", Irish Central (December 18, 2010). Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ Purdum, Todd S., "The Man Who Never Was", Vanity Fair (November 2010). Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ McCain, Worth the Fighting For, xvii: "God has given me heart enough for my ambitions, but too little forbearance to pursue them by routes other than a straight line."
- ^ Milbank, Dana. "A Candidate's Lucky Charms", The Washington Post (February 19, 2000). Retrieved April 8, 2006.
- ^ Campanille, Carl. "'Like to Hike' McC Loves Uphill Climb, Stays Fit in Ariz. Outdoors", New York Post (March 10, 2008). Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ Corn, David. "A joke too bad to print?", Salon.com (June 25, 1998). Retrieved August 16, 2006. Chelsea Clinton is the daughter of Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton. In 1998, Janet Reno was the Attorney General of the United States.
- ^ Pilkington, Ed. "The joke that should have sunk McCain", The Guardian (September 2, 2008). Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 194.
- ^ Gerhart, Ann; Groer, Annie. "The Reliable Source", The Washington Post (June 16, 1998). Retrieved May 24, 2008.
- ^ Dowd, Maureen. "The Joke's On Him", The New York Times (June 21, 1998). Retrieved April 2, 2008.
- ^ Drew, Citizen McCain, 23.
- ^ "Best and Worst of Congress", Washingtonian, September 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
- ^ Drew, Citizen McCain, 21–22.
- ^ Zengerle, Jason. "Papa John", The New Republic (April 23, 2008). Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ "A Conversation About What's Worth the Fight", Newsweek (March 29, 2008): "I have — although certainly not in recent years — lost my temper and said intemperate things... I feel passionately about issues, and the day that passion goes away is the day I will go down to the old soldiers' home and find my rocking chair." Retrieved May 10, 2008. Archived April 5, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "On The Hustings – April 21, 2008", The New York Sun (April 21, 2008): "I am very happy to be a passionate man... many times I deal passionately when I find things that are not in the best interests of the American people. And so, look, 20, 25 years ago, 15 years ago, that's fine, and those stories here are either totally untrue or grossly exaggerated." Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Renshon, Stanley. "The Comparative Psychoanalytic Study of Political Leaders: John McCain and the Limits of Trait Psychology" in Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior, 245 (Feldman and Valenty eds., Greenwood Publishing 2001): "McCain was not the only candidate or leader to have a temper." ISBN 0-275-97036-1.
- ^ Coleman, Michael. "Domenici Knows McCain Temper", Albuquerque Journal, Online Edition (April 27, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ a b c Kranish, Michael. "Famed McCain temper is tamed", The Boston Globe (January 27, 2008). Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Kane, Paul. "GOP Senators Reassess Views About McCain", The Washington Post (February 4, 2008): "the past few years have seen fewer McCain outbursts, prompting some senators and aides to suggest privately that he is working to control his temper." Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Novak, Robert. "A Pork Baron Strikes Back", The Washington Post (February 7, 2008). Retrieved May 4, 2008.
- ^ Leahy, Michael. "McCain: A Question of Temperament", The Washington Post (April 20, 2008). ("Cornyn is now a McCain supporter, as is Republican Sen. Thad Cochran of Mississippi, himself a past target of McCain's sharp tongue, especially over what McCain regarded as Cochran's hunger for pork-barrel projects in his state. Cochran landed in newspapers early during the campaign after declaring that the thought of McCain in the Oval Office 'sends a cold chill down my spine.'") Retrieved April 28, 2008. McCain aide Mark Salter challenged the accuracy of some other elements of Leahy's article; see "McCain's Temper, Ctd.", National Review Online (April 20, 2008). Retrieved May 4, 2008.
- ^ Raju, Manu. "McCain reaches out to GOP senators with weekly meetings", The Hill (April 30, 2008). Retrieved May 4, 2008
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 144–145.
- ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth. "Two McCain Moments, Rarely Mentioned", The New York Times (March 24, 2008). Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- ^ Tilghman, Andrew. "McCain win might stop sons from deploying", Navy Times (March 10, 2008). Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. "Obama Is Embraced at Annapolis", The New York Times (May 23, 2009). Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- ^ Parker, Kathleen. "Another McCain Throws Down a Challenge", The Washington Post (March 25, 2009). Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- ^ Tobin, Frances. "Is Meghan McCain, Miss Maverick, Undermining Her Daddy?", Politics Daily (February 10, 2010). Retrieved February 27, 2010.
Bibliography[link]
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This article is part of a series about the life of John McCain |
John McCain
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|---|---|---|
| Early life and military career House and Senate career until 2000 2000 Presidential primaries campaign Senate career, 2001–present 2008 McCain-Palin campaign Cultural and political image Political positions |
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- Alexander, Paul. Man of the People: The Life of John McCain (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey 2002). ISBN 0-471-22829-X.
- Brock, David and Waldman, Paul. Free Ride: John McCain and the Media (Anchor Books 2008). ISBN 0-307-27940-5.
- Drew, Elizabeth. Citizen McCain (Simon & Schuster 2002). ISBN 0-641-57240-9.
- Feinberg, Barbara. John McCain: Serving His Country (Millbrook Press 2000). ISBN 0-7613-1974-3.
- Hubbell, John G. P.O.W.: A Definitive History of the American Prisoner-Of-War Experience in Vietnam, 1964–1973 (Reader's Digest Press, New York 1976). ISBN 0-88349-091-9.
- Karaagac, John. John McCain: An Essay in Military and Political History (Lexington Books 2000). ISBN 0-7391-0171-4.
- McCain, John and Salter, Mark, Faith of My Fathers (Random House, New York 1999). ISBN 0-375-50191-6.
- McCain, John and Salter, Mark. Worth the Fighting For (Random House, New York 2002). ISBN 0-375-50542-3.
- Rochester, Stuart I. and Kiley, Frederick. Honor Bound: American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia, 1961–1973 (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland 1999). ISBN 1-55750-694-9.
- Schecter, Cliff. The Real McCain: Why Conservatives Don't Trust Him and Why Independents Shouldn't (PoliPoint Press 2008). ISBN 0-9794822-9-1.
- Timberg, Robert. John McCain: An American Odyssey (Touchstone Books, New York 1999). ISBN 0-684-86794-X. Chapter 1 available online.
- Timberg, Robert. The Nightingale's Song (Simon & Schuster, New York 1996). ISBN 0-684-80301-1. Chapter 1 available online.
- Welch, Matt. McCain: The Myth of a Maverick (Palgrave Macmillan 2007). ISBN 0-230-60396-3.
External links[link]
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- Senator John McCain official U.S. Senate site
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- John McCain at Twitter
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Current Bills Sponsored at StateSurge.com
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Works by or about John McCain in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- John McCain's Navy Records some of his records released by the United States Navy
- John McCain at the Open Directory Project
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John Jacob Rhodes |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona's 1st congressional district 1983–1987 |
Succeeded by John Jacob Rhodes III |
| United States Senate | ||
| Preceded by Barry Goldwater |
United States Senator (Class 3) from Arizona 1987–present Served alongside: Dennis DeConcini, Jon Kyl |
Incumbent |
| Preceded by Daniel Inouye D-Hawaii |
Chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee 1995–1997 |
Succeeded by Ben Nighthorse Campbell R-Colorado |
| Preceded by Larry Pressler R-South Dakota |
Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee 1997–2001 |
Succeeded by Ernest Hollings D-South Carolina |
| Preceded by Ernest Hollings D-South Carolina |
Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee 2003–2005 |
Succeeded by Ted Stevens R-Alaska |
| Preceded by Ben Nighthorse Campbell R-Colorado |
Chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee 2005–2007 |
Succeeded by Byron Dorgan D-North Dakota |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by George W. Bush |
Republican Party presidential candidate 2008 |
Succeeded by Mitt Romney Presumptive nominee |
| Preceded by Barry Goldwater |
Republican Party nominee for United States Senator from Arizona (Class 3) 1986, 1992, 1998, 2004, 2010 |
Most recent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Richard Shelby R-Alabama |
United States Senators by seniority 16th |
Succeeded by Harry Reid D-Nevada |
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| Representatives to the 98th–112th United States Congresses from Arizona (ordered by seniority) | ||
|---|---|---|
| 98th | Senate: B. Goldwater | D. DeConcini | House: M. Udall | E. Rudd | B. Stump | J. McCain | J. McNulty |
| 99th | Senate: B. Goldwater | D. DeConcini | House: M. Udall | E. Rudd | B. Stump | J. McCain | J. Kolbe |
| 100th | Senate: D. DeConcini | J. McCain | House: M. Udall | B. Stump | J. Kolbe | J. Kyl | J. J. Rhodes III |
| 101st | Senate: D. DeConcini | J. McCain | House: M. Udall | B. Stump | J. Kolbe | J. Kyl | J. J. Rhodes III |
| 102nd | Senate: D. DeConcini | J. McCain | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | J. Kyl | J. J. Rhodes III | E. Pastor |
| 103rd | Senate: D. DeConcini | J. McCain | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | J. Kyl | E. Pastor | S. Coppersmith | K. English |
| 104th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | M. Salmon | J. Shadegg |
| 105th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | M. Salmon | J. Shadegg |
| 106th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | M. Salmon | J. Shadegg |
| 107th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | J. Shadegg | J. Flake |
| 108th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | R. Renzi |
| 109th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | R. Renzi |
| 110th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: E. Pastor | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | R. Renzi | G. Giffords | H. Mitchell |
| 111th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: E. Pastor | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | G. Giffords | H. Mitchell | A. Kirkpatrick |
| 112th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: E. Pastor | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | G. Giffords | P. Gosar | B. Quayle | D. Schweikert |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | McCain, John |
| Alternative names | McCain, John Sidney, III (full name) |
| Short description | U.S. Senator from Arizona; 2008 Republican Presidential nominee |
| Date of birth | 1936-08-29 |
| Place of birth | U.S. Panama Canal Zone |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see Barak (disambiguation) and Obama (disambiguation). For President Obama's father, the Kenyan economist, see Barack Obama, Sr.
| Barack Obama | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 44th President of the United States | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2009 |
|
| Vice President | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | George W. Bush |
| United States Senator from Illinois |
|
| In office January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008 |
|
| Preceded by | Peter Fitzgerald |
| Succeeded by | Roland Burris |
| Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th District |
|
| In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004 |
|
| Preceded by | Alice Palmer |
| Succeeded by | Kwame Raoul |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Barack Hussein Obama II (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 50)[1] Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.[2] |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Michelle Robinson (1992–present) |
| Children | Malia (born 1998) Sasha (born 2001) |
| Residence | White House (Official) Chicago, Illinois (Private) |
| Alma mater | Occidental College Columbia University (B.A.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
| Profession | Community organizer Lawyer Constitutional law professor Author |
| Religion | Christianity[3] |
| Awards | Nobel Peace Prize |
| Signature |  |
| Website | barackobama.com |
 |
This article is part of a series on Barack Obama |
|---|---|
Barack Hussein Obama II (
i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. Other domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, and the Budget Control Act of 2011. In May 2012, he became the first sitting U.S. president to openly support legalizing same-sex marriage. In foreign policy, he ended the war in Iraq, increased troop levels in Afghanistan, signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia, ordered U.S. involvement in the 2011 Libya military intervention, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama
Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital (now Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children) in Honolulu, Hawaii,[2][4][5] and is the first President to have been born in Hawaii.[6] His mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was of mostly English ancestry,[7] along with Scottish, Irish, German, and Swiss.[8][9][10][11][12] His father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian class at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[13][14] The couple married on February 2, 1961,[15] separated when Obama Sr. went to Harvard University on scholarship, and divorced in 1964.[13] Obama Sr. remarried and returned to Kenya, visiting Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971. He died in an automobile accident in 1982.[16]
After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled, and the family moved to the Menteng neighborhood of Jakarta.[4][17] From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School.[18]
File:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg
Barack Obama with his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Hawaii
In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, and with the aid of a scholarship attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.[19] Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972, remaining there until 1977 when she went back to Indonesia to work as an anthropological field worker. She finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year before dying of ovarian cancer.[15][20]
Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[14] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[21] Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[22] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."[23] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama described his high-school drug use as a great moral failure.[24]
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College. In February 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to divest from South Africa in response to its policy of apartheid.[25] In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.[25] Later in 1981, he transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations[26] and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation,[27] then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[28][29]
Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School[link]
Two years after graduating, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.[29][30] He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[31] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[32] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[33] He returned to Kenya in August 2006 for a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.[34]
In late 1988, Obama entered Harvard Law School. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[35] and president of the journal in his second year.[31][36] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[37] After graduating with a J.D. magna cum laude[38] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[35] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[31][36] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,[39] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[39]
University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney[link]
In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book.[39][40] He then taught at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years—as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004—teaching constitutional law.[41]
From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[42] In 1993, he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004. His law license became inactive in 2002.[43]
From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project; and of the Joyce Foundation.[29] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[29]
Legislative career: 1997–2008[link]
State Senator: 1997–2004[link]
Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park – Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[44] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.[45] He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[46] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[47]
Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.[48] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[49]
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[50] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[46][51] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[52] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[53]
U.S. Senate campaign[link]
In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[54]
Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq.[55] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[56] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,[57] and spoke out against the war.[58] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.[59]
Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[60] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.[61] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention,[62] seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.[63]
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[64] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.[65] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote.[66]
U.S. Senator: 2005–2008[link]
Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,[67] becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[68] CQ Weekly characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[69]
Legislation[link]
Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[70] He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons;[71] and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[72] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[73]
Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[74] Regarding tort reform, Obama voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[75]
In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[77] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[78] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,[79] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,[80] neither of which was signed into law.
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.[81] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[82] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[83] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[84]
Committees[link]
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works, and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[85] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[86] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[87] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.[88]
Presidential campaigns[link]
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2008, Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008, and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[89][90] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.[89][91] Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and providing universal health care,[92] in a campaign that projected themes of "hope" and "change".[93]
A large number of candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.[94] On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[95]
On August 23, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[96] Biden was selected from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.[97] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support.[98] Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at Invesco Field at Mile High to a crowd of over 75,000; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.[99][100]
During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[101] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[102]
McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate and the two engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008.[103] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain.[104] Obama won 52.9 percent of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7 percent.[105] He became the first African American to be elected president.[106] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.[107]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2012 and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012
On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his re-election campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission.[108][109][110] As the incumbent president he ran almost unopposed in the Democratic Party presidential primaries,[111] and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.[112]
Presidency[link]
Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama
See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet and List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama
First days[link]
The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.[113] He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp,[114] but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds.[115][116][117] Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records,[118] and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.[119] He also reversed George W. Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions.[120]
Domestic policy[link]
The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits.[121] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children.[122] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy which had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.[123]
Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009,[124] becoming the first Hispanic to be a Supreme Court Justice.[125] Elena Kagan, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history.[126]
On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.[127][128]
On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expands the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.[129][130]
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill which ends the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increases the Pell Grant scholarship award, and makes changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[131][132]
In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station.[133]
On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, fulfilling a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign[134][135] to end the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces.[136]
President Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of innovation economics to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for wealthy Americans, banning congressional earmarks, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on "clean" electricity.[137][138]
As a candidate for the Illinois state senate Obama had said in 1996 that he favored legalizing same-sex marriage;[139] but by the time of his run for the U.S. senate in 2004, he said that while he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, for strategic reasons he opposed same-sex marriages.[140] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.[141][142]
Economic policy[link]
Main article: Economic policy of Barack Obama
On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession.[143] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals,[144] which is being distributed over the course of several years.
In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets.[145] Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry[146] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat[147] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government shouldering a 12 percent stake.[148] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.[149] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.[150][151][152]
Although spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5 trillion, only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.[153] However, Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted that the 2010 budget deficit will be $1.5 trillion or 10.6 percent of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9 percent of GDP.[154][155] For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will slightly shrink to $1.34 trillion, while the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53 trillion or 90 percent of GDP.[156] The most recent increase in the U.S. debt ceiling to $16.4 trillion was signed into law on January 26, 2012.[157] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.[158] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent an unprecedented U.S. government default on its obligations.[159]
The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.1 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.[162] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.[163] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.[164] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.[164] In July 2010, the Federal Reserve expressed that although economic activity continued to increase, its pace had slowed, and Chairman Ben Bernanke stated that the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain."[165] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.[166]
The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.[167][168] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,[168][169][170][171] while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."[167] Although an April 2010 survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.[172]
Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes.[173] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.[174]
Health care reform[link]
Main article: Health care reform in the United States
Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.[175] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.[176][177]
On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.[175] After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.[178] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on stem cell research.[179]
File:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg
Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and federal poverty level, under Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, starting in 2014. (Source: CRS)
On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.[180][181] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.[182] On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.[183] Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.[184]
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes health-related provisions to take effect over four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014,[185] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 to 9.5 percent of income,[186][187] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.[186][188]
The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;[189] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.[190] In March, 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.[191]
In March 2012, the Supreme Court heard arguments by a coalition of 26 states maintaining that it is unconstitutional to force individuals to buy health insurance.[192]
Gulf of Mexico oil spill[link]
On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. The well's operator, BP, initiated a containment and cleanup plan, and began drilling two relief wells intended to stop the flow. Obama visited the Gulf on May 2 among visits by members of his cabinet, and again on May 28 and June 4. On May 22, he announced a federal investigation and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. On May 27, he announced a 6-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.[193] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.[194]
Foreign policy[link]
Main articles: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration and Barack Obama foreign policy
In February and March, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.[195] Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network, Al Arabiya.[196]
On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.[197] This attempt at outreach was rebuffed by the Iranian leadership.[198] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.[199] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "a new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.[200]
On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election, Obama said: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."[201] On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."[202]
On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[203]
In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem.[204][205] During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.[206] The New START treaty was signed by Obama and Medvedev in April 2010, and was ratified by the U.S. Senate in December 2010.[207]
On December 6, 2011, he instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.[208]
Iraq War[link]
On February 27, 2009, Obama declared that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."[209] The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troops levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of 35,000 to 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last United States combat brigade exited Iraq. The plan is to transition the mission of the remaining troops from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.[210][211] On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.[212] On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be, "home for the holidays".[213]
War in Afghanistan[link]
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.[214] He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".[215] He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.[216] On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan.[217] He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date.[218][219] McChrystal was replaced by David Petraeus in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.[220]
Israel[link]
During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including a record number of U.S. troops participating in military exercises in the country, increased military aid, the re-establishment of the U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries, including Ehud Barak and Admiral Mike Mullen.[221]
In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.[222] Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.[223]
War in Libya[link]
Main article: 2011 military intervention in Libya
In March 2011, as forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the Arab League, and a resolution[224] passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.[225] In response to the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on March 17, Gaddafi who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the citizens of Benghazi[226]—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,[227] yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took a lead role in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities in order to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,[228] including the use of Tomahawk missiles, B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.[229][230][231] Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed Operation Unified Protector.[232] Some Representatives[233] questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.[234][235]
Osama bin Laden[link]
Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden
See also: The Situation Room (photograph)
Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of Osama bin Laden in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles from Islamabad.[236] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.[236] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs.[236] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers and computer drives and disks from the compound.[237][238] Bin Laden's body was identified through DNA testing,[239] and buried at sea several hours later.[240] Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square.[237][241] Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from former Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush,[242] and from many countries around the world.[243]
2010 midterm election[link]
Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,[244] "humbling" and a "shellacking".[245] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.[246]
Cultural and political image[link]
Main article: Public image of Barack Obama
Obama's family history, upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[248] Obama is also not a descendant of American slaves.[249] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong".[250] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[251]
Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.[252] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.[253]
According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating[254] before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41 percent in August 2010,[255] a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.[256] He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden, which lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were prior to the operation.[257][258][259] Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries,[260] and before being elected President he has met with prominent foreign figures including then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair,[261] Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni,[262] and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[263]
In a February 2009 poll conducted by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.[264] In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.[265][266]
Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[267] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "Yes We Can", which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month[268] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.[269] In December 2008, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[270]
On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".[271] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."[272] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.[273][274] Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.
Family and personal life[link]
Main article: Family of Barack Obama
In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."[275] Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family – six of them living.[276] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,[277] until her death on November 2, 2008,[278] two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011.[279] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.[280]
Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.[281] Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian at the conversational level, having learned the language during his four childhood years in Jakarta.[282] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.[283]
Obama is a well known supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a senator.[284] In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the all star game while wearing a White Sox jacket.[285] He is also primarily a Chicago Bears fan in the NFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and recently rooted for them ahead of their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after Obama took office as President.[286] In 2011, Obama invited the 1985 Bears to the White House; in 1986, the team did not attend due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.[287]
In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[288] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.[289] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[290] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,[291] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.[292] The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.[293] The Obamas have a Portuguese Water Dog named Bo, a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy.[294]
Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.[295] The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.[296]
In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[297] Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.[298][299] On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.[300][301]
As per the latest financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million.[302]
Obama tried to quit smoking several times, sometimes using nicotine replacement therapy, and, in early 2010, Michelle Obama said that he had successfully quit smoking.[303][304]
Religious views[link]
Obama is a Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists"), to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known". He described his father as "raised a Muslim", but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".[305]
In an interview with the evangelical periodical Christianity Today, Obama stated: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."[306]
On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me."[307][308]
Obama was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ, a black liberation church, in 1988, and was an active member there for two decades.[309] Obama resigned from Trinity during the Presidential campaign after controversial statements made by Rev. Jeremiah Wright became public.[310] After a prolonged effort to find a church to attend regularly in Washington, Obama announced in June 2009 that his primary place of worship would be the Evergreen Chapel at Camp David.[311]
Notes[link]
- ^ "President Barack Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. 2008. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ a b "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu". Department of Health, State of Hawaii. The White House. April 27, 2011. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ "American President: Barack Obama". Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama. Retrieved January 23, 2009. "Religion: Christian"
- "The Truth about Barack's Faith". Obama for America. http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971. Retrieved February 4, 2010. "He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago."
- Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757. Retrieved January 20, 2009. "The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church." .
- "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President". News. United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html. Retrieved January 21, 2009. "Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States."
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- ^ a b Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post: p. A22. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser: p. B1. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
- ^ Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). "Today's Junkie segment On TOTN: a political review Of 2009". Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog). NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010. "We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii"
- ^ for Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19.
- ^ Ewen MacAskill in Washington and Nicholas Watt (May 20, 2011). "Obama looks forward to rediscovering his Irish roots on European tour". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/20/obama-irish-roots-european-tour. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
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- ^ a b Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.
- ^ Pickler, Nedra (January 24, 2007). "Obama debunks claim about Islamic school". The Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012400371_pf.html. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
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- ^ Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N.H. students". The Boston Globe. Associated Press: p. 8A. http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.
- for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:
- Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times: p. A21. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
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- Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service". The Boston Globe: p. 1A. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip". FactCheck.org. http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 98–112. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
- ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. ISSN 0572-7820. http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
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- ^ Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say". The New York Times: p. B1. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
- ^ a b c d Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 978-0-8379-7011-0.
- ^ Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education". The New Republic 236 (12): 22–26, 28–29. ISSN 0028-6583. http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
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Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0-9620873-3-5. "He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest." - ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.
- ^ Merriner, James L. (June 2008). "The friends of O". Chicago 57 (6): 74–79, 97–99. ISSN 0362-4595. http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
- ^ Jackson, David; Ray Long (April 3, 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
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See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008. - ^ Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
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- ^ Jackson, David (May 15, 2012). "Obama worth as much as $10 million". USA Today. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
- ^ Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). Obama says he won't be smoking in White House". Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
- ^ Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in:Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). "'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address". Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ Christianity Today: "Q&A: Barack Obama" Interview by Sarah Pulliam and Ted Olsen, January 23, 2008
- ^ Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner by Charles Babington and Darlene Superville, Associated Press, September 28, 2010
- ^ Video – President Obama: "I am a Christian By Choice" by ABC News, September 29, 2010.
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (April 30, 2007). "Barack Obama's search for faith". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/30/world/americas/30iht-30obama.5501905.html. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
- ^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". Associated Press. MSNBC. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009.) "The Obamas Find a Church Home—Away from Home". Time. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
References[link]
- Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.
- Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3.
- Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.
Further reading[link]
- Graff, Garrett. "The Legend of Barack Obama", Washingtonian, November 1, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- Koltun, Dave (2005) "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star"" in "The Road to Congress 2004" Editors: Sunil Ahuja (Youngstown State University) and Robert Dewhirst (Truman State University), Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, 2005, ISBN 1-59454-360-7
- Lizza, Ryan. "Above the Fray", GQ, September 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- MacFarquhar, Larissa. "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?", New Yorker, May 7, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- McClelland, Edward, Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President, Bloomsbury Press, 2010.
- Zutter, Hank De. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, December 8, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
External links[link]
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- Official
- President Barack Obama White House official website
- BarackObama.com (official re-election campaign website)
- Other
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Campaign contributions at the National Institute for Money in State Politics
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Barack Obama in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Collected news and commentary at the Chicago Tribune
- Barack Obama at the Open Directory Project
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Obama, Barack |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician, 44th President of the United States |
| Date of birth | August 4, 1961 |
| Place of birth | Honolulu, Hawaii, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
