- published: 02 Jan 2012
- views: 585
- author: kasem058
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Albania
Albania (
i/ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in Southern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Albania is a member of the UN, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009.
wn.com/Albania -
Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
wn.com/Cyprus -
Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: 
جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
wn.com/Egypt -
Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
wn.com/Iraq -
Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] (
listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
wn.com/Israel -
Jordan
Jordan ( /ˈdʒɔr.dən/;Arabic: اَلأُرْدُنّ, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: اَلمَمْلَكَة اَلأُرْدُنِيَّة اَلهَاشِمِيَّة), Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdaniyyah Al-Hashimiyyah) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing control of the Dead Sea with the latter. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Over half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. However, the western part of Jordan is arable land and forests. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city is Amman. According to the CIA World Factbook, Jordan has the second highest life expectancy in the Middle East, after Israel. The average life expectancy is one position behind the United Kingdom, although the age remains exactly the same (80.05 years).
The precursor to modern Jordan was founded in 1921 as the Hashemite Emirate, and it was recognized by the League of Nations as a state under the British mandate in 1922 known as The Emirate of Transjordan. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the West Bank area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan and Palestine, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949.
wn.com/Jordan -
Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwaiti/kuːˈweɪt/ (Arabic: دولة الكويت, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic أكوات ākwāt, the plural of كوت kūt, meaning a fortress built near water. The country covers an area of 17,820 square kilometers (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 3.5 million.
Historically, the region was the site of Characene, a major Parthian port for trade between Mesopotamia and India. The Bani Utbah tribe were the first permanent Arab settlers in the region, and laid the foundation of the modern emirate. By the 19th century, Kuwait came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire, and after World War I, it emerged as an independent sheikhdom under the protection of the British Empire. Kuwait's large oil fields were discovered in the late 1930s.
wn.com/Kuwait -
Lebanon
Lebanon (i/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.
wn.com/Lebanon -
Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
wn.com/Syria -
Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
wn.com/Turkey
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Ahmet Cevdet Pasha
Ahmed Jawdat Pasha (* 22/26, March 1822 – May 26, 1895) was a famous Ottoman Turkish statesman, historian, sociologist, and legist, from Turks in Bulgaria. He played an important role in the preparation of Mecelle, the civil code of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which was the first codification of Islamic law with Western standards. Cevdet Pasha oversaw the formulation of the Mecelle. He is also well known for a book on Ottoman history, now known as Cevdet Paşa Tarihi ("History of Cevdet Pasha").
Mathematics and astronomy intrigued Ahmed Cevdet Pasha. During the holidays he read many works on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and astronomy. He made arrangements with a teacher in the Imperial Military Engineering School (Mühendishane-i Berri-i Humayun) to instruct him in modern mathematics and read with him the engineering journals and Ishak Efendi's works on the mathematics.
He was born and circumcised in Lofça / Lovech, today Bulgaria.
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha's grave is located in the graveyard of the Fatih Mosque in Istanbul.
wn.com/Ahmet_Cevdet_Pasha -
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
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Üstad Kadir Mısıroğlu - Mecelle nedir?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 04 Jan 2012
Üstad Kadir Mısıroğlu - Mecelle nedir? www.kadirmisiroglu.com
http://wn.com/Üstad_Kadir_Mısıroğlu_Mecelle_nedir?
Üstad Kadir Mısıroğlu - Mecelle nedir? www.kadirmisiroglu.com
Mecelle Nedir? - Ahmet Cevdet Paşa Kimdir?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:17
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
tarihvemedeniyet.org
http://wn.com/Mecelle_Nedir?_Ahmet_Cevdet_Paşa_Kimdir?
Mecelle'nin Hâlâ Uygulandığı Ülkeler Var mı
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 08 Nov 2009
http://wn.com/Mecelle'nin_Hâlâ_Uygulandığı_Ülkeler_Var_mı
Sis Mecelle Lewis-Hayes( Lewis Temple COGIC) "Down On My Knees"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Updated: 07 May 2012
@ Lewis Temple COGIC Moultrie,Ga 12-12-10
http://wn.com/Sis_Mecelle_Lewis-Hayes_Lewis_Temple_COGIC_Down_On_My_Knees
Nice Girls Cover by Mecelle and Jaelene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 03 Jan 2012
mjlovetumblr143's webcam video August 20, 2011 10:59 PM
http://wn.com/Nice_Girls_Cover_by_Mecelle_and_Jaelene
mjlovetumblr143's webcam video August 20, 2011 10:59 PM
- published: 21 Aug 2011
- views: 117
- author: mjlovetumblr143
Ahmet Cevdet Paşa'nın Mecelle'si
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
TRT Haber - Türkiye Radyo Televizyon Kurumu
http://wn.com/Ahmet_Cevdet_Paşa'nın_Mecelle'si
SİLSİLE FT MECELLE-AÇIN KAPILARI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
SİLSİLE FT MECELLE-AÇIN KAPILARI
http://wn.com/SİLSİLE_FT_MECELLE-AÇIN_KAPILARI
Mehpara Najafova - 16-ci mecelle. Azerbaijani trailer.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Updated: 11 Sep 2011
2009г. AzTV. автор и режиссер анонса: Мехпара Наджафова
http://wn.com/Mehpara_Najafova_16-ci_mecelle_Azerbaijani_trailer
2009г. AzTV. автор и режиссер анонса: Мехпара Наджафова
- published: 11 Sep 2011
- views: 9
- author: Мехпара Наджафова
YEDİKITA DERGİSİ EKİM 2012 SAYI 50
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
YEDİKITA TARİH ve KÜLTÜR DERGİSİ EKİM 2012, 50. SAYI "Geçmişe bakarak geleceği görmek için..." Yedikıta Tarih ve Kültür Dergisi bu ay, basında ilk defa yayınlanan belge ve fotoğraflarla hazırladığı "Osmanlı'nın Çanakkale 1915 Panorama Müzesi Projesi"ni kapağına taşıdı. Dergide, 2015 yılında Çanakkale'de açılması planlanan "Panorama 2015"in 100 yıl önce Gülhane Parkı içine yapıldığını ortaya koyan proje ile ilgili geniş bilgi yer alıyor. Projenin amacı, gelirinin nereye harcanacağı, projenin neden yapılamadığı, niçin Gülhane Parkı'na yapılması kabul edilmediği ile ilgili ayrıntıların özenle işlendiği makale Doç Dr. Fatma Ürekli imzasını taşıyor. Kamuoyunda ilk def aortaya çıkan bu proje çok konuşulacak... Hilafetin 3 Mart 1924 tarihinde kaldırılmasıyla birlikte başlayan "hilafet meselesi" tartışması bugün dahi bitmiş değildir. Bu sayıda, "Hilafetin Kaldırılması ve Abdülmecit Efendi" başlığı ile Tarihçi - Yazar Ömer Faruk Yılmaz'ın kaleme aldığı makalede; hilafetin Osmanlı'ya nasıl geçtiği, saltanatın kaldırılması ve Abdülmecit Efendi'nin halifeliği meselesi, halifeliğin nasıl hangi fetva ve gerekçe ile kaldırıldığı ve dünyadaki yankıları belge ve fotoğraflarla işlenmiş. Makale ayrıca, halifeliğin kaldırılmasının gecesinde Osmanlı hanedanının yurt dışına nasıl çıkarıldığı ve mallarının ne yapıldığı gibi birçok soruya cevap niteliği taşıyor. Dergide yer alan dikkat çekici konulardan biri de "Osmanlı'da Hiçbir Erkek Karısını Dövemez" başlığı ile verilen ünlü Alman Seyyah Hans ...
http://wn.com/YEDİKITA_DERGİSİ_EKİM_2012_SAYI_50
YEDİKITA TARİH ve KÜLTÜR DERGİSİ EKİM 2012, 50. SAYI "Geçmişe bakarak geleceği görmek için..." Yedikıta Tarih ve Kültür Dergisi bu ay, basında ilk defa yayınlanan belge ve fotoğraflarla hazırladığı "Osmanlı'nın Çanakkale 1915 Panorama Müzesi Projesi"ni kapağına taşıdı. Dergide, 2015 yılında Çanakkale'de açılması planlanan "Panorama 2015"in 100 yıl önce Gülhane Parkı içine yapıldığını ortaya koyan proje ile ilgili geniş bilgi yer alıyor. Projenin amacı, gelirinin nereye harcanacağı, projenin neden yapılamadığı, niçin Gülhane Parkı'na yapılması kabul edilmediği ile ilgili ayrıntıların özenle işlendiği makale Doç Dr. Fatma Ürekli imzasını taşıyor. Kamuoyunda ilk def aortaya çıkan bu proje çok konuşulacak... Hilafetin 3 Mart 1924 tarihinde kaldırılmasıyla birlikte başlayan "hilafet meselesi" tartışması bugün dahi bitmiş değildir. Bu sayıda, "Hilafetin Kaldırılması ve Abdülmecit Efendi" başlığı ile Tarihçi - Yazar Ömer Faruk Yılmaz'ın kaleme aldığı makalede; hilafetin Osmanlı'ya nasıl geçtiği, saltanatın kaldırılması ve Abdülmecit Efendi'nin halifeliği meselesi, halifeliğin nasıl hangi fetva ve gerekçe ile kaldırıldığı ve dünyadaki yankıları belge ve fotoğraflarla işlenmiş. Makale ayrıca, halifeliğin kaldırılmasının gecesinde Osmanlı hanedanının yurt dışına nasıl çıkarıldığı ve mallarının ne yapıldığı gibi birçok soruya cevap niteliği taşıyor. Dergide yer alan dikkat çekici konulardan biri de "Osmanlı'da Hiçbir Erkek Karısını Dövemez" başlığı ile verilen ünlü Alman Seyyah Hans ...
- published: 02 Oct 2012
- views: 692
- author: yedikitadergisi
NOBODY part 2 MV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
This is our prelim requirement for our subject this semester that is Video Post Production. It is a one man production, you'll become the producer, script writer, director, videographer, editor and if you can, you could also star in it. And I used the song Nobody because I really love Wonder Girls. They have such a big influence on me. And I would never forget to thank Jeffrey Phung for letting me use his cover of nobody and for thaqif123, I'm sorry that I haven't got the chance to ask for your permission, but thanks anyway. I used the covers of male english version of the song (both are not the official lyrics of the english version of nobody) to strongly support my visuals.lol! Here's the link for part 1 www.youtube.com you would understand the story more if you'll watch it first before this. It was done by my friend slash classmate, it is her music video. As you can see, our production is sort of collaboration. I did enjoy doing this video with all those people (parents, friends, acquaintance & even strangers) who have helped us on producing this mv. And for our actors, thank you so much!!! Sam Castillo and Mariell are the lead characters. Special thanks to Mecelle Demandante who played the role of the ex-girlfriend, she is also one of my friend slash classmate. And even though she is also busy on doing her own mv, she still finds time to shoot with us. (how sweet!LOL!) This is the link for her mv if your interested www.youtube.com and I think you should be because ...
http://wn.com/NOBODY_part_2_MV
This is our prelim requirement for our subject this semester that is Video Post Production. It is a one man production, you'll become the producer, script writer, director, videographer, editor and if you can, you could also star in it. And I used the song Nobody because I really love Wonder Girls. They have such a big influence on me. And I would never forget to thank Jeffrey Phung for letting me use his cover of nobody and for thaqif123, I'm sorry that I haven't got the chance to ask for your permission, but thanks anyway. I used the covers of male english version of the song (both are not the official lyrics of the english version of nobody) to strongly support my visuals.lol! Here's the link for part 1 www.youtube.com you would understand the story more if you'll watch it first before this. It was done by my friend slash classmate, it is her music video. As you can see, our production is sort of collaboration. I did enjoy doing this video with all those people (parents, friends, acquaintance & even strangers) who have helped us on producing this mv. And for our actors, thank you so much!!! Sam Castillo and Mariell are the lead characters. Special thanks to Mecelle Demandante who played the role of the ex-girlfriend, she is also one of my friend slash classmate. And even though she is also busy on doing her own mv, she still finds time to shoot with us. (how sweet!LOL!) This is the link for her mv if your interested www.youtube.com and I think you should be because ...
- published: 24 Jul 2009
- views: 7425
- author: leechanghwang
Kemalizm' in Hukuk Rezilliği 1/8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 07 May 2011
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
http://wn.com/Kemalizm'_in_Hukuk_Rezilliği_1_8
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
- published: 18 Jan 2011
- views: 598
- author: Tarihce1
Eminem Concert (Original concert)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Updated: 14 May 2011
concert eminem konser
http://wn.com/Eminem_Concert_Original_concert
Kemalizm' in Hukuk Rezilliği 2/8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 18 Jan 2011
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
http://wn.com/Kemalizm'_in_Hukuk_Rezilliği_2_8
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
- published: 18 Jan 2011
- views: 253
- author: Tarihce1
Nobody (Part I)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
A Music Video featuring the song Nobody (English Version) by Wonder Girls. Starring Mariell San Juan and Samuel Castillo with the special participation of Misi Demandante. This is a preliminary requirement for our Video Post Production class under Prof. Michelle Valerio. This is supposed to be an individual output, but my friend and I came up with a better idea, it is still an individual project, individual music video...Only, we decided to make a two-part music video featuring different versions of Nobody - including several artists from YouTube. The continuity found in both MVs reveals the over all concept of the storyline. Here is the link for the part II. www.youtube.com You can also access the other MV through my page-Favorites. I hope you enjoy it! PS I would like to extend my gratitude to all the people-friends, family, classmates and actors who helped make this Music Video possible... If you've read this message, you know who you are...A big THANK YOU to ALL!!!
http://wn.com/Nobody_Part_I
A Music Video featuring the song Nobody (English Version) by Wonder Girls. Starring Mariell San Juan and Samuel Castillo with the special participation of Misi Demandante. This is a preliminary requirement for our Video Post Production class under Prof. Michelle Valerio. This is supposed to be an individual output, but my friend and I came up with a better idea, it is still an individual project, individual music video...Only, we decided to make a two-part music video featuring different versions of Nobody - including several artists from YouTube. The continuity found in both MVs reveals the over all concept of the storyline. Here is the link for the part II. www.youtube.com You can also access the other MV through my page-Favorites. I hope you enjoy it! PS I would like to extend my gratitude to all the people-friends, family, classmates and actors who helped make this Music Video possible... If you've read this message, you know who you are...A big THANK YOU to ALL!!!
- published: 24 Jul 2009
- views: 18270
- author: Sakura Ran
Kemalizm' in Hukuk Rezilliği 3/8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 18 Jan 2011
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
http://wn.com/Kemalizm'_in_Hukuk_Rezilliği_3_8
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
- published: 18 Jan 2011
- views: 204
- author: Tarihce1
Will It Work: Mighty Putty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
Will It Work: Mighty Putty
http://wn.com/Will_It_Work_Mighty_Putty
Kemalizm' in Hukuk Rezilliği 4/8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 18 Jan 2011
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
http://wn.com/Kemalizm'_in_Hukuk_Rezilliği_4_8
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
- published: 18 Jan 2011
- views: 157
- author: Tarihce1
Kemalizm' in Hukuk Rezilliği 5/8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
http://wn.com/Kemalizm'_in_Hukuk_Rezilliği_5_8
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
- published: 18 Jan 2011
- views: 197
- author: Tarihce1
Kemalizm' in Hukuk Rezilliği 6/8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 07 May 2011
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
http://wn.com/Kemalizm'_in_Hukuk_Rezilliği_6_8
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
- published: 18 Jan 2011
- views: 149
- author: Tarihce1
Kemalizm' in Hukuk Rezilliği 7/8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 16 May 2011
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
http://wn.com/Kemalizm'_in_Hukuk_Rezilliği_7_8
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
- published: 18 Jan 2011
- views: 161
- author: Tarihce1
DERS TARIH MS 1299 OSMANLI HUKUK TESKILATI DINI VE SER-I HUKUK KADILAR KANUNU ESASI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 08 Aug 2012
www.aykutilter.com HEM OGREN HEM COCUGUNA OGRET Osmanli Devletinde hukuk iki temele dayaniyordu 1)- Ser'î Hukuk, 2)- Örfî Hukuk 1)-SER'I HUKUK(Islam Hukuku=Fikih): Ser'i hukukun kaynaklarini Kur'an, Hadis, Icmâ ve Kiyas olusturuyordu. Ser'i hukuk sadece müslümanlara uygulanirdi. Kamu hukuku disinda kalan davalarda müslüman olmayanlar, kendi dinî kurumlarinda yargilanirlardi. 2)-ÖRFI HUKUK: Türk gelenek ve göreneklerine göre düzenlenmis kuurallarla, ser'i hukukun esaslarina aykiri olmamak kaydiyla padisahlarin buyruklarindan olusurdu. Örfi hukukun esaslari KANUNNAME adiyla bir araya getirilmistir. NOT: Bilinen ilk Osmanli Kanunnamesi Fatih Sultan Mehmet'in kanunnâmesidir.(KANUNNAME-I ALI OSMAN) Osmanli Devletinde Hukukun uygulanisi nasildi? Osmanli Devletinde ser'i ve örfî bütün meseleler ser'î mahkemelerde çözümlenirdi. Eyalet, sancak ve kazalardaki mahkemelerde "hakim" olarak KADI bulunurdu.Kadi'nin verdigi karardan süphe duyanlar üstmahkeme olarak Divan-i Hümayûna basvurabilirlerdi.Daha küçük yönetim birimlerinde (nahiyelerde) kadiadina hüküm verenlere NAIB denirdi. Mahkemelerde görülen davalar SERIYYE SICILLERI denilen defterlere kaydedilirdi. Osmanli Hukuk Düzeninde Meydana Gelen Degismeler: a)-II. Mahmut Döneminde degismeler: 1-Görevden alinan memurlarin mallarina el koyma usulüne (müsadere) son verildi. 2-Memurlarin yargilanmasi, hükümet ile halk arasindaki davalarin görüsülmesi için Meclis-i Vala-i Ahkam-i Adliye kuruldu. 3- Ilk olarak Adalet Bakanligi(Nezareti ...
http://wn.com/DERS_TARIH_MS_1299_OSMANLI_HUKUK_TESKILATI_DINI_VE_SER-I_HUKUK_KADILAR_KANUNU_ESASI
www.aykutilter.com HEM OGREN HEM COCUGUNA OGRET Osmanli Devletinde hukuk iki temele dayaniyordu 1)- Ser'î Hukuk, 2)- Örfî Hukuk 1)-SER'I HUKUK(Islam Hukuku=Fikih): Ser'i hukukun kaynaklarini Kur'an, Hadis, Icmâ ve Kiyas olusturuyordu. Ser'i hukuk sadece müslümanlara uygulanirdi. Kamu hukuku disinda kalan davalarda müslüman olmayanlar, kendi dinî kurumlarinda yargilanirlardi. 2)-ÖRFI HUKUK: Türk gelenek ve göreneklerine göre düzenlenmis kuurallarla, ser'i hukukun esaslarina aykiri olmamak kaydiyla padisahlarin buyruklarindan olusurdu. Örfi hukukun esaslari KANUNNAME adiyla bir araya getirilmistir. NOT: Bilinen ilk Osmanli Kanunnamesi Fatih Sultan Mehmet'in kanunnâmesidir.(KANUNNAME-I ALI OSMAN) Osmanli Devletinde Hukukun uygulanisi nasildi? Osmanli Devletinde ser'i ve örfî bütün meseleler ser'î mahkemelerde çözümlenirdi. Eyalet, sancak ve kazalardaki mahkemelerde "hakim" olarak KADI bulunurdu.Kadi'nin verdigi karardan süphe duyanlar üstmahkeme olarak Divan-i Hümayûna basvurabilirlerdi.Daha küçük yönetim birimlerinde (nahiyelerde) kadiadina hüküm verenlere NAIB denirdi. Mahkemelerde görülen davalar SERIYYE SICILLERI denilen defterlere kaydedilirdi. Osmanli Hukuk Düzeninde Meydana Gelen Degismeler: a)-II. Mahmut Döneminde degismeler: 1-Görevden alinan memurlarin mallarina el koyma usulüne (müsadere) son verildi. 2-Memurlarin yargilanmasi, hükümet ile halk arasindaki davalarin görüsülmesi için Meclis-i Vala-i Ahkam-i Adliye kuruldu. 3- Ilk olarak Adalet Bakanligi(Nezareti ...
- published: 08 Aug 2012
- views: 260
- author: Aykut ilter müzik öğretmenim Solfej gramer
Kemalizm' in Hukuk Rezilliği 8/8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Updated: 18 Jan 2011
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
http://wn.com/Kemalizm'_in_Hukuk_Rezilliği_8_8
Acaba bunlar yaptiklarının hesabını nasıl verecekler ?
- published: 18 Jan 2011
- views: 150
- author: Tarihce1
Fanteziden gercege harem 1/7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Fanteziden gerçeğe harem harem Bugüne kadar harem hakkında çok şey söylendi, çok şey yazıldı, çizildi. Oysa zihnimizde oluşturulan harem imajı gerçeğinden çokfarklıydı. Harem diye yıllarca Batılı oryantalistlerin, yazarların, diplomatların fantezilerini okuduk. Hiç giremedikleri padişahın evini kendi hayalleri ile süsleyen bu yazar, çizer takımı bizlerin hareme bakışını yüzyıllardır etkilerken buna bir de "resmi" çarpıtma eklendi. Artık harem gerçeği ile aramıza, aşılması zor sisperdeleri girmişti. Aksiyon bu perdeyi aralıyor. Bugüne kadar harem, Batı'nın bildiği değil; öyle olmasını istediği, büyülü, egzotik bir kurum olarak karşımıza çıktı. Yani hayal mahsulü, belgelere dayanmayan bir yer. Belgelere dayanması çok zor; çünkü paşidahın özel evi olan harerne hiç bir yabancının alınması mümkün değildi. Bu nedenle bugün bile harem diye, Doğu'ya seyahat eden Avrupalı seyyahların, diplomatların fantezileri ile karşı karşıyayız. Türkiye'nin yetiştirdiği ve bütün dünyada tarihçilerin piri olarak kabul edilen Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık da Batılılar'ın harem hakkındaki tasvirlerini "hayal ve fantezilerle dolu" olarak tavsif ediyor. Geçtiğimiz .hafta piyasaya, "İslam Hukukunda Kölelik Cariyelik Müessesesi ve Osmanlı'da Harem" adlı kitap çıkartan Prof. Dr. Ahmet Akgündüz de cumhuriyet döneminde, harem konusunun saptırılarak anlatıldığını söylüyor. Araştırmacı Yazar Nezih Uzel harem hakkında ilk bilgilerin, İstanbul'da İsveç sefareti görevlisi olan Muradja d'Ohsson'un kitabında yer ...
http://wn.com/Fanteziden_gercege_harem_1_7
Fanteziden gerçeğe harem harem Bugüne kadar harem hakkında çok şey söylendi, çok şey yazıldı, çizildi. Oysa zihnimizde oluşturulan harem imajı gerçeğinden çokfarklıydı. Harem diye yıllarca Batılı oryantalistlerin, yazarların, diplomatların fantezilerini okuduk. Hiç giremedikleri padişahın evini kendi hayalleri ile süsleyen bu yazar, çizer takımı bizlerin hareme bakışını yüzyıllardır etkilerken buna bir de "resmi" çarpıtma eklendi. Artık harem gerçeği ile aramıza, aşılması zor sisperdeleri girmişti. Aksiyon bu perdeyi aralıyor. Bugüne kadar harem, Batı'nın bildiği değil; öyle olmasını istediği, büyülü, egzotik bir kurum olarak karşımıza çıktı. Yani hayal mahsulü, belgelere dayanmayan bir yer. Belgelere dayanması çok zor; çünkü paşidahın özel evi olan harerne hiç bir yabancının alınması mümkün değildi. Bu nedenle bugün bile harem diye, Doğu'ya seyahat eden Avrupalı seyyahların, diplomatların fantezileri ile karşı karşıyayız. Türkiye'nin yetiştirdiği ve bütün dünyada tarihçilerin piri olarak kabul edilen Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık da Batılılar'ın harem hakkındaki tasvirlerini "hayal ve fantezilerle dolu" olarak tavsif ediyor. Geçtiğimiz .hafta piyasaya, "İslam Hukukunda Kölelik Cariyelik Müessesesi ve Osmanlı'da Harem" adlı kitap çıkartan Prof. Dr. Ahmet Akgündüz de cumhuriyet döneminde, harem konusunun saptırılarak anlatıldığını söylüyor. Araştırmacı Yazar Nezih Uzel harem hakkında ilk bilgilerin, İstanbul'da İsveç sefareti görevlisi olan Muradja d'Ohsson'un kitabında yer ...
- published: 12 Aug 2010
- views: 4367
- author: invista99
The Mecelle (also transliterated Mejelle, Majalla, Medjelle, or Meğelle) was the civil code of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was the first attempt to codify a part of the Sharia-based law of an Islamic state.[1]
The code was prepared by a commission headed by Ahmet Cevdet Pasha, issued in sixteen volumes (containing 1,851 articles) from 1869 to 1876 and entered into force in the year 1877. In its structure and approach it was clearly influenced by the earlier European codifications. Covering most areas of civil law, it exempted family law, which remained a domain of religious law.
The substance of the code was based on the Hanafist legal tradition that enjoyed official status in the Empire. However, using the method of preference (tahayyur), it also incorporated other legal opinions that were considered more appropriate to the time, including from non-Hanafis.
As the Mecelle was eventually applied in the secular (nizamiye) courts as well as in the Sharia courts of the Empire, Jews and Christians were for the first time subjected to Islamic law instead of their own law, but could now be called as witnesses in court.
After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, the Mecelle remained a lasting influence in most of its successor states (except Egypt, where it was never in force). It remained in force:
- in Turkey until 1926, when it was replaced by the Turkish Civil Code
- in Albania until 1928
- in Lebanon until 1932
- in Syria until 1949
- in Iraq until 1953
- in Cyprus until the 1960s
- in the British Mandate for Palestine and, later, Israel formally until 1984, although individual laws had gradually superseded it during the Mandate as well as in the 1960s and '70s[2]
The Mecelle also remained the basis of civil law in Jordan and Kuwait.
Notes[link]
- ^ "Mecelle" in Oxford Islamic Studies Online
- ^ Guberman, Shlomo (2000). The Development of the Law in Israel: The First 50 Years, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, accessed January 2007
References[link]
- Schneider, Irene (2001). "Aḥmad Ğawdat Paša". In Michael Stolleis (ed.) (in German). Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert (2nd edition ed.). München: Beck. p. 23. ISBN 3-406-45957-9.
- Encyclopedia of World History, 6th. ed., online at bartleby.com, accessed January 2007
External links[link]
- Aristarchi Gregoire bey (1873, 1874, 1878, 1881) Legislation ottomane, : ou Recueil des lois, reglements, ordonnances, traités, capitulations et autres documents officiels de l'Émpire Ottoman. Constantinople: Imprimerie, Frères Nicolaides, in French language. Downloadable pdf files.
- Mecelle in Turkish as published in 19th century
http://wn.com/Mecelle
Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecelle
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Ahmed Jawdat Pasha (* 22/26, March 1822 – May 26, 1895) was a famous Ottoman Turkish statesman, historian, sociologist, and legist, from Turks in Bulgaria. He played an important role in the preparation of Mecelle, the civil code of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which was the first codification of Islamic law with Western standards. Cevdet Pasha oversaw the formulation of the Mecelle. He is also well known for a book on Ottoman history, now known as Cevdet Paşa Tarihi ("History of Cevdet Pasha").
Mathematics and astronomy intrigued Ahmed Cevdet Pasha. During the holidays he read many works on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and astronomy. He made arrangements with a teacher in the Imperial Military Engineering School (Mühendishane-i Berri-i Humayun) to instruct him in modern mathematics and read with him the engineering journals and Ishak Efendi's works on the mathematics.[1]
Contents |
Biografy[link]
He was born and circumcised in Lofça / Lovech, today Bulgaria.
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha's grave is located in the graveyard of the Fatih Mosque in Istanbul.
His daughter Fatma Aliye Topuz (1862-1936) is credited as the first female writer of the literature of Turkey and the Islamic geography. His other daughter Emine Semiye (1864-1944) was one of the first Turkish feminists. His Son Ali Sedad (1857-1900) was a Logician. Hi's Grandson was a General of the Ottoman Empire military Hafiz Hakki Pasha (1878-1915).
Footnotes[link]
References[link]
- (In Turkish) Ekrem Buğra Ekinci and Ahmet Şimşirgil. Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Mecelle (Ahmed Cevdet Pasha and Mejelle),Istanbul, 2008. Download the book
External links[link]
- The Sunni Path- By Ahmet Cevdet Pasha
- AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH- The Ottoman Courts Manual
- Tarih-i Cevdet and Belagat-i Osmaniyye, Original Text
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cevdet, Ahmet |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1822 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | May 26, 1895 |
| Place of death | |
   |
This article about a Turkish scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
.png){kind=small} |
This Ottoman biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Ahmet_Cevdet_Pasha
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Ahmed Cevdet Pascha
http://it.wn.com/Ahmed Cevdet
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Cevdet_Pasha
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Lewis Temple (1800 – 18 May 1854) was an American blacksmith, abolitionist, and inventor. Born in slavery in Richmond, Virginia, he moved to the whaling village of New Bedford, Massachusetts during the 1820s. In 1848 he invented a type of "toggling harpoon" that is sometimes called "Temple's Toggle".
References[link]
- http://www.infozine.com/news/stories/op/storiesView/sid/13152/kjelfshvj;saLgblASgbiflABiusb
- Gary L. Frost. "Lewis Temple." Article in Henry Louis Gates and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American Lives (Oxford University Press, 2004), 803–804. ISBN 0-19-516019-3.
- Kathryn Grover. The Fugitive's Gibraltar: Escaping Slaves and Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001). ISBN 1-55849-271-2.
- Sidney Kaplan. "Lewis Temple and the Hunting of the Whale." The New England Quarterly 26 (March 1953): 78–88
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Temple, Lewis |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1800 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 18 May 1854 |
| Place of death | |
  |
This biographical article about a United States activist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Lewis_Temple
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Temple
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Wiki Summary
The Mecelle (also transliterated Mejelle, Majalla, Medjelle, or Meğelle) was the civil code of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was the first attempt to codify a part of the Sharia-based law of an Islamic state.
The code was prepared by a commission headed by Ahmet Cevdet Pasha, issued in sixteen volumes (containing 1,851 articles) from 1869 to 1876 and entered into force in the year 1877. In its structure and approach it was clearly influenced by the earlier European codifications. Covering most areas of civil law, it exempted family law, which remained a domain of religious law.
The substance of the code was based on the Hanafist legal tradition that enjoyed official status in the Empire. However, using the method of preference (tahayyur), it also incorporated other legal opinions that were considered more appropriate to the time, including from non-Hanafis.
As the Mecelle was eventually applied in the secular (nizamiye) courts as well as in the Sharia courts of the Empire, Jews and Christians were for the first time subjected to Islamic law instead of their own law, but could now be called as witnesses in court.
