- published: 30 Jan 2013
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- Akamai Technologies
- Alton, New Hampshire
- AMD
- American Football
- American history
- American League
- American literature
- American politics
- American Revolution
- Amtrak
- Analog Devices
- Atlanta
- Au Bon Pain
- Avid Technology
- Bain & Company
- Bain Capital
- Bath, New Hampshire
- Bay State College
- BBN Technologies
- Beltway
- Bentley Motors
- Bentley University
- Beverly Airport
- Big Dig
- Biocell Center
- Biogen Idec
- BJ's Wholesale Club
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- Block Island
- Blue Line (MBTA)
- Bose Corporation
- Boston
- Boston Bruins
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- Boston Celtics
- Boston College
- Boston Conservatory
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- Boston Red Sox
- Boston Scientific
- Boston University
- Bow, New Hampshire
- Brandeis University
- Callahan Tunnel
- Cambridge College
- Cape Ann
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- Carl Zeiss AG
- Case–Shiller index
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- Curry College
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- Eaton, New Hampshire
- EMC Corporation
- Emerson College
- Epsom, New Hampshire
- Errol, New Hampshire
- Evergreen Solar
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- Fairmount Line
- Fenway Park
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- Fisher College
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- Foster, Rhode Island
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- Genzyme Corporation
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- Green Line (MBTA)
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- Hebrew College
- Hill, New Hampshire
- House price index
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AMD
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (NYSE: AMD) or AMD is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Sunnyvale, California, that develops computer processors and related technologies for commercial and consumer markets. Its main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors and graphics processors for servers, workstations and personal computers, and embedded systems applications.
AMD is the second-largest global supplier of microprocessors based on the x86 architecture and also one of the largest suppliers of graphics processing units. It also owns 8.6% of Spansion, a supplier of non-volatile flash memory.
AMD is the only significant rival to Intel in the central processor (CPU) market for (x86 based) personal computers. Together they held 99.1 percent (Intel 80.3%, AMD 18.8%) of the CPU's sold for quarter three of 2011.[dubious – discuss] Since acquiring ATI in 2006, AMD and its competitor Nvidia have dominated the discrete graphics processor unit (GPU) market, together making up virtually 100% of the market.
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Atlanta
Atlanta (
/ətˈlæntə/, stressed /ætˈlæntə/, locally /ætˈlænə/) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia with a 2010 population of 420,003. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to 5,268,860 people and is the ninth largest in the U.S. It is a major component of a growing southeastern megalopolis known as the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County.
Atlanta began as a settlement located at the terminus of a railroad line, and it was incorporated in 1845. Today, the city is a major business city and the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States (via highway, railroad, and air), with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport since 1998. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Atlanta as an "alpha(-) world city." With a gross domestic product of US$270 billion, Atlanta's economy ranks 15th among world cities and sixth in the nation. The city is a center for services, finance, information technology, government, and higher education. Metro Atlanta contains the country's third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, and is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, Turner Broadcasting, The Home Depot, AT&T Mobility, UPS, and Delta Air Lines. As of 2010, Atlanta is the seventh most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.
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Bay State College
Bay State College is a for-profit career college in Boston, Massachusetts. Bay State College opened in 1946 to serve the airline industry. In 1961, it moved to its current location in the Back Bay. In 1975, it was first authorized to grant associate degrees by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and, in 1989, it was first accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC).
Location: • Back Bay, Boston, MA
Academics: Associate and Bachelor Degrees
Majors include: Business Administration, Criminal Justice, Early Childhood Education, Entertainment Management, Audio Production, Fashion Design, Fashion Merchandising, Health Studies, Hospitality Management, Medical Assisting, Physical Therapist Assistant, Nursing and Retail Business Management
Bay State College is a private college whose mission is to provide students with a quality education that prepares them for professional careers and increasing levels of higher education. Bay State College accomplishes this mission by providing a learning environment where teaching excellence and student services are blended to support the uniqueness of individual students, preparing them to achieve their full potential as ethically and socially aware citizens.
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Bentley University
Coordinates: 42°23′15″N 71°13′14″W / 42.387633°N 71.22061°W / 42.387633; -71.22061
Bentley University is a private co-educational university in Waltham, Massachusetts, 10 miles (16 km) west of Boston. Founded in 1917 as a school of accounting and finance in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood, Bentley moved to Waltham in 1968. In late 2010, Bentley University was ranked one of the top 20 undergraduate business schools by Business Week and was ranked #6 in Best Career/Job Placement Services by Princeton Review. As a business university, Bentley University's mission is to create new knowledge within and across business and the arts and sciences and to educate creative, ethical, and socially responsible organizational leaders. Bentley University provides a focused undergraduate business curriculum with bachelor of science degrees in 11 business fields and bachelor of arts degrees in six arts and sciences disciplines. The graduate school emphasizes the impact of technology on business practice and offers PhD programs in Business and Accountancy, the Bentley MBA with 16 areas of concentration, an integrated MS+MBA, seven Master of Science degrees, and custom executive education programs.
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Big Dig
The Central Artery/Tunnel Project (CA/T), known unofficially as the Big Dig, was a megaproject in Boston that rerouted the Central Artery (Interstate 93), the chief highway through the heart of the city, into a 3.5-mile (5.6-km) tunnel. The project also included the construction of the Ted Williams Tunnel (extending Interstate 90 to Logan International Airport), the Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge over the Charles River, and the Rose Kennedy Greenway in the space vacated by the previous I-93 elevated roadway. Initially, the plan was also to include a rail connection between Boston's two major train terminals. The project concluded on December 31, 2007, when the partnership between the program manager and the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority ended.
The Big Dig was the most expensive highway project in the U.S. and was plagued by escalating costs, scheduling overruns, leaks, design flaws, charges of poor execution and use of substandard materials, criminal arrests, and even four deaths. The project was scheduled to be completed in 1998 at an estimated cost of $2.8 billion (in 1982 dollars, US$6.0 billion adjusted for inflation as of 2006[update]). The project was not completed, however, until December 2007, at a cost of over $14.6 billion ($8.08 billion in 1982 dollars)as of 2006[update].The Boston Globe estimated that the project will ultimately cost $22 billion, including interest, and that it will not be paid off until 2038. As a result of the deaths, leaks, and other design flaws, the consortium that oversaw the project agreed to pay $407 million in restitution, and several smaller companies agreed to pay a combined sum of approximately $51 million.
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Block Island
Block Island is part of the U.S. state of Rhode Island and is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 13 miles (21 km) south of the coast of Rhode Island, 14 miles (23 km) east of Montauk Point on Long Island, and is separated from the Rhode Island mainland by Block Island Sound. The United States Census Bureau defines Block Island as Census Tract 415 of Washington County, Rhode Island. As of the 2010 census the population of 1,051 lived on a land area of 9.734 square miles (25.211 km2). The island is part of the Outer Lands region, a coastal archipelago made by the recessional and terminal moraine that resulted from the Wisconsonian Laurentide glacier retreat, about 22,000 years ago.
The Nature Conservancy added Block Island to its list of "The Last Great Places." The list consists of twelve sites in the Western Hemisphere. Approximately 40 percent of the Island is set aside for conservation. Presidents Bill Clinton,Dwight D. Eisenhower,Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Ulysses S. Grant have visited Block Island. It is also said that the famous, Amelia Earhart had visited Block Island before her final trip /Verified information/.
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Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ (
listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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Boston Conservatory
The Boston Conservatory is a performing arts conservatory located in the Fenway-Kenmore region of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in music, dance and musical theater. The Conservatory offers Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Music, Master of Fine Arts Master of Music degrees, as well as Graduate Performance Diplomas, Artist Diplomas and Professional Studies Certificates. The Boston Conservatory was founded in 1867.
The Boston Conservatory was founded on February 11, 1867 by Julius Eichberg, a violinist and composer. Eichberg founded the Conservatory as a professional training academy and a community music school. It was one of the first conservatories to grant admission to African Americans and women. In 1873, Eichberg’s operetta, “The Doctor of Alcontara” was performed at the Conservatory by the first African-American opera company in the U.S. In 1878, Eichberg established the Eichberg String Quartet, the first professional female quartet.
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Boston University
Boston University (often initialized as BU) is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. With more than 4,000 faculty members and more than 31,000 students, Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States and one of Boston's largest employers. The university is nonsectarian, but is historically affiliated with The United Methodist Church.
BU is categorized as an RU/VH Research University (very high research activity) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. In 2009–2010, BU had research expenditures of $407.8 million, or $553 million if the research led by the Medical School faculty at Boston Medical Center is included. BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education.
Among its faculty and alumni, BU counts 7 Nobel Prize winners, including Martin Luther King, Jr. (PhD '55); 22 Pulitzer Prize winners, and numerous[quantify]Guggenheim and MacArthur fellows.
The university offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees, and medical and dental degrees through 18 schools and colleges on two urban campuses. The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Boston's Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods, while the Boston University Medical Campus is in Boston's South End neighborhood. BU also operates 75 study abroad programs in over 33 cities in over 20 countries and has internship opportunities in 10 different countries (including the United States and abroad).
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Brandeis University
Brandeis University ( /ˈbrændaɪs/) is an American private research university with a liberal arts focus. It is located in the southwestern corner of Waltham, Massachusetts, nine miles (14 km) west of Boston. The University has an enrollment of approximately 3,200 undergraduate and 2,100 graduate students. In 2011, it was ranked by the U.S. News and World Report as the number 31 national university in the United States.Forbes listed Brandeis University as number 57 among all national universities and liberal arts colleges combined in 2010.
Brandeis was founded in 1948 as a nonsectarian Jewish-sponsored coeducational institution on the site of the former Middlesex University. The university is named for Louis Brandeis (1856–1941), the first Jewish Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Names associated with the conception of Brandeis include Israel Goldstein, George Alpert, C. Ruggles Smith, Albert Einstein, and Abram L. Sachar.
C. Ruggles Smith was the son of Dr. John Hall Smith, founder of Middlesex University, who had died in 1944. In 1946, the university was on the brink of financial collapse. At the time, it was one of the few medical schools in the U. S. that did not impose a Jewish quota; but it had never been able to secure AMA accreditation—in part, its founder believed, due to institutional antisemitism in the AMA—and, as a result, Massachusetts had all but shut it down.
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Callahan Tunnel
The Callahan Tunnel, officially the Lieutenant William F. Callahan Tunnel is one of four tunnels beneath Boston Harbor in Boston, Massachusetts. It carries motor vehicles from the North End to Logan International Airport and Route 1A in East Boston. Ordinarily, this tunnel is only used to carry traffic out of the city, and with the completion of the Big Dig it only collects traffic from I-93 southbound (right after traffic merges from Storrow Drive) and downtown Boston. There is no toll in this direction. Traffic from the airport and Route 1A towards downtown Boston and I-93 northbound normally flows in the older, parallel Sumner Tunnel, where a $3.50 toll is collected (raised from $3 on January 1, 2008).
Traffic flowing between Logan International Airport and directions south of the city on I-93 and west of the city on the Mass Pike (I-90) normally uses the Ted Williams Tunnel rather than the Callahan and Sumner Tunnels.
The tunnel was opened in 1961. It was named for the son of Turnpike chairman William F. Callahan, who was killed in Italy just days before the end of World War II. Operatic Tenor, William Flavin, of Milton Mass. sang the Star Spangled Banner and Oh Danny Boy at the opening of the Callahan Tunnel in 1961.
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Cambridge College
Cambridge College is a private, non-profit college based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, specializing in adult education.
It offers distance learning and blended learning programs toward undergraduate and graduate degrees in education, counseling, psychology, management, health care management, and human services. Cambridge College operates regional centers in Merrimack Valley, Massachusetts, Springfield, Massachusetts, Augusta, Georgia, Ontario, California, Chesapeake, Virginia, Memphis, Tennessee, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. There are 1,552 undergraduate students and 5,375 graduate students enrolled at Cambridge College.
Cambridge College grants B.S. and B.A. degrees in human services, psychology, management studies and multidisciplinary studies. All bachelor's degree programs are designed for students with work experience.
The School of Education offers graduate teacher and educational administrator preparation and licensure programs leading to M.Ed. and Ed.D. degrees, or to the Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study. The National Institute for Teacher Excellence in Cambridge combines anfive-week summer program for adult students with an on-line or local-campus component and leads to a graduate degree in education.
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Cape Ann
Cape Ann is a rocky cape in northeastern Massachusetts on the Atlantic Ocean. The cape is located approximately 30 miles northeast of Boston and forms the northern edge of Massachusetts Bay. Cape Ann includes the city of Gloucester, and the towns of Essex, Manchester-by-the-Sea, and Rockport.
Cape Ann was first mapped by the explorer John Smith. He had given it the name "Cape Tragabigzanda", after his owner in Constantinople when he was enslaved as a prisoner of war by the Ottoman Empire. She had fallen in love with him. He later escaped in Russia. When Smith presented his map to Charles I he suggested that Charles should feel free to change any of the "barbarous names" (meaning the many Native American names) for "English" ones. The king made many such changes, but only four survive today, one of which is Cape Ann, which Charles named in honor of his mother, Anne of Denmark.
The English colony at Cape Ann was first founded in 1623. It was the fourth colonizing effort in New England after Popham Colony, Plymouth Colony and Nantasket Beach. Two ships of the Dorchester Company brought 32 in number with John Tylly and Thomas Gardner as overseers of a fishing operation and the plantation, respectively. This colony predated Massachusetts Bay charter and colony. For that reason, members of the colony were referred to as "old planters".
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Cape Cod Canal
The Cape Cod Canal is an artificial waterway traversing the narrow neck of land that joins Cape Cod to mainland Massachusetts.
Part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the canal is roughly 17.4 miles (28 km) long (approximately 7 miles, or 11.3 km, of which are cut through land) and connects Cape Cod Bay in the north to Buzzards Bay in the south. The 540-foot (164.6 meter) width of the canal is spanned by the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge and two highway bridges—the Bourne and the Sagamore. Traffic lights govern the approach of vessels over 65 feet (19.8 m), and are located at either end of the canal.
The Massachusetts Maritime Academy is located on Taylors Point at the south entrance of the canal.
The idea of constructing such a canal was first considered by Miles Standish of the Plymouth Colony in 1623, and Pilgrims scouted the low-lying stretch of land between the Manomet and the Scusset rivers for potential routes. William Bradford established the trading post of Aptuxcet in 1627 at the portage between the rivers. Trade with the Native Americans of Narragansett Bay and the Dutch of New Netherlands prospered and was a major factor enabling the Pilgrims to pay off their indebtedness. In 1697 the General Court of Massachusetts considered the first formal proposal to build the canal, but apparently took no action. More energetic planning with surveys took place repeatedly in 1776 (by George Washington), 1791, 1803, 1818, 1824–1830, and 1860. None of these efforts came to fruition. The first attempts at actually building a canal did not take place until the late 19th century; earlier planners either ran out of money or were overwhelmed by the project's size.
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Delaware Valley
In general, the Delaware Valley is a term used to refer to the valley where the Delaware River flows.
However, this article discusses the economic region centered on the cities on the tidal part of the Delaware Valley, including the metropolitan areas centered on Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. and Wilmington, Delaware. It is roughly the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Delaware-Maryland (PA-NJ-DE-MD) Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The Delaware Valley as discussed here is composed of several counties in Eastern Pennsylvania and Western New Jersey, one county in northern Delaware and one county in northeastern Maryland. The area has a population of over 6.1 million (as of the 2010 Census Bureau count). Philadelphia, being the region's major commercial, cultural, and industrial center, maintains a rather large sphere of influence that affects the counties that immediately surround it. The majority of the region's populace resides in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.
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Emerson College
Emerson College is a private coeducational university located in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1880 by Charles Wesley Emerson as a "school of oratory," Emerson is "the only comprehensive college or university in America dedicated exclusively to communication and the arts in a liberal arts context." Offering over three dozen degree programs in the area of Arts and Communication, the college is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, Inc. Located in the Boston's Washington Street Theatre District on the edge of the Boston Common, the school also maintains buildings in Los Angeles and the town of Well, The Netherlands.
Charles Wesley Emerson founded the Boston Conservatory of Elocution, Oratory, and Dramatic Art in 1880, a year after Boston University closed its School of Oratory.[citation needed] Classes were held at Pemberton Square in Boston. Ten students enrolled in the conservatory's first class. The following year, the conservatory changed its name to the "Monroe Conservatory of Oratory," in honor of Charles Emerson's teacher at Boston University's School of Oratory, Professor Lewis B. Monroe. In 1890, the name changed again to "Emerson College of Oratory" and was later shortened to Emerson College in 1939.
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Fisher College
Fisher College
Fisher College is a private institution that grants both baccalaureate and associate degrees. The College is located on Beacon Street in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston. The College is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC).
The College was founded in 1903 by Myron C. Fisher and Edmund H. Fisher under the name Winter Hill Business College. The curriculum developed at the time emphasized vocational preparation, a tradition that has strongly influenced the College's mission over the years. In 1910, the name of the institution was changed to Fisher Business College. The original campus was located in Somerville, Massachusetts, and was moved to the current Beacon Street location in 1939. During the 1940s, the College was split into two separate entities: The Fisher School for Men and The Fisher School for Women. In 1975, The Division of Continuing Education was established. Today, the Division of Continuing Education offers degree programs at their Boston, Attleboro, and New Bedford locations. In 1998, the College established an Online Division, currently ranked #12 best in the nation by OEDb, a nationally recognized distance learning organization.
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Greater Boston
Greater Boston is the area of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts surrounding the city of Boston. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) of Boston and that of the city's combined statistical area (CSA) which includes the metro areas of Providence, Rhode Island and Worcester, Massachusetts.
By contrast, Metro Boston is usually reserved to signify the "inner core" surrounding the City of Boston,[citation needed] while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the North and South Shores, as well as MetroWest and the Merrimack Valley.
Greater Boston is tenth in population among U.S. metropolitan statistical areas in the United States, home to over 4.6 million people as of the 2010 U.S. Census and is ranked fifth among CSA's, having over 7.6 million people.
Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to American history and culture, particularly the American Revolution, civil rights, literature, and politics, and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the sixth-largest Gross metropolitan product in the country and 12th-largest in the world.
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Greater Cleveland
The Cleveland metropolitan area, or Greater Cleveland as it is more commonly known, is the metropolitan area of Northeast Ohio that contains Cleveland, Ohio, United States and its surrounding area. According to the 2010 Census, the five-county Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) consists of Cuyahoga County, Geauga County, Lake County, Lorain County, and Medina County, and has a population of 2,077,240. Greater Cleveland is the largest metropolitan area in Ohio.
Northeast Ohio refers to a similar but substantially larger area. This article covers the area generally considered to be Greater Cleveland, but includes some information generally applicable to the larger region, which is itself part of what is known historically as the Connecticut Western Reserve.
The larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area is the 14th-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States, and includes the above counties plus Ashtabula County, Portage County and Summit County, with a population of 2,881,937.
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Greater Houston
Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown is a 10-county metropolitan area defined by the Office of Management and Budget. It is located along the Gulf Coast region in the U.S. state of Texas. The metropolitan area is colloquially referred to as "Greater Houston" and is situated in Southeast Texas, just west of the Golden Triangle.
Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States with a population of 6,086,538 as of U.S. Census Bureau's July 1, 2011 estimates. The population of the metropolitan area is centered in the city of Houston—the largest economic and cultural center of the American South, with a population of 2.1 million.
Houston is among the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States. The area grew 25.2 percent between the 1990 and 2000 censuses—adding more than 950,000 people—while the nation's population increased 13.2 percent over the same period. From 2000 to 2007, the area grew by 912,994 people. From 2000 to 2030, the metropolitan area is projected by Woods & Poole Economics to rank fifth in the nation in population growth—adding 2.66 million people. In 2009, Milken Institute/Greenstreet Real Estate Partners ranked Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown as the fifth-best performing metropolitan area; the Houston area had moved up 11 spaces from the previous year's ranking.
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Hampton Roads
Coordinates: 36°58′N 76°22′W / 36.967°N 76.367°W / 36.967; -76.367
Hampton Roads is the name for both a body of water and the Norfolk–Virginia Beach metropolitan area which surrounds it in southeastern Virginia, United States. Hampton Roads is notable for its year-round ice-free harbor, for United States Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, NASA, Marine Corps, and Army facilities, shipyards, coal piers, and hundreds of miles of waterfront property and beaches, all of which contribute to the diversity and stability of the region's economy.
The water area known as Hampton Roads is one of the world's largest natural harbors (more accurately a roadstead or "roads"), and incorporates the mouths of the Elizabeth River and James River with several smaller rivers and itself empties into the Chesapeake Bay near its mouth leading to the Atlantic Ocean.
The land area (also known as "Tidewater") includes dozens of cities, counties and towns on the Virginia Peninsula and in South Hampton Roads. Some of the more outlying areas from the harbor may or may not be included as part of "Hampton Roads", depending upon the organization or purpose. For a commonly used example, as defined for federal economic purposes, the Hampton Roads metropolitan statistical area (MSA) additionally includes one county in northeastern North Carolina and two counties in Virginia’s Middle Peninsula. Officially, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA has a population of about 1.7 million, the 36th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Hanscom Field
Hanscom Field (IATA: BED, ICAO: KBED, FAA LID: BED), also known by its full name Laurence G. Hanscom Field, is a public airport located in Bedford, in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority.
Hanscom is primarily a general aviation facility, the largest in New England. Both of the airport's two runways can accommodate jet aircraft, and are also used by Hanscom Air Force Base, a defense-research facility located directly adjacent to Hanscom Field. It is a popular training airport, with more than 40 rental aircraft on the field. The Civil Air Terminal building hosts one current airline and is home to two flight schools, East Coast Aero Club and Executive Flyers. East Coast Aero Club offers helicopter and airplane instruction and rental. Executive Flyers offers airplane and aerobatics instruction. Transient general aviation planes are served by two FBOs: Jet Aviation and Signature Flight Support.
Hanscom is a critical part of the air transportation infrastructure for Massachusetts and the rest of New England. As T. F. Green Airport in Warwick, Rhode Island and Manchester-Boston Regional Airport in New Hampshire have become viable alternatives to Logan International Airport (the region's main commercial airport), Hanscom has emerged as one of the most important airports serving the region's business and general aviation needs.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.
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Lesley University
Lesley University is a private, coeducational university in Boston, Massachusetts and Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The university is a member of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges,National Association of Schools of Art and Design, and New England Collegiate Conference.
The Lesley School was founded by Edith Lesley in 1909. It was a proprietary women's institution until 1941, when it reorganized under a board of trustees. The Lesley School received authority to award the baccalaureate degree in 1944, and became Lesley College. Lesley College received authority to award graduate degrees in 1954, and later expanded to provide majors in the fields of education, counseling, human services, global studies, art therapy, and management. In 1998, Lesley College merged with The Art Institute of Boston (AIB). Founded in 1912, AIB grants Baccalaureate and post-Baccalaureate degrees. Along with the graduate programs, these colleges emerged as Lesley University in 2001. In 2005, the university's undergraduate section, Lesley College, became co-educational. In 2006 the school acquired historic Prospect Hall, a former church listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
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Maine
Maine (
i/ˈmeɪn/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, its heavily forested interior and picturesque waterways—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European encounter, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in Maine was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements survived. Patriot and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the 50 United States.
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts (i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
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Metro Detroit
The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is the metropolitan area located in Southeast Michigan centered on the city of Detroit which shares an international border with Windsor, Ontario. The Detroit metropolitan area is the second largest U.S. metropolitan area connecting the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. As a major metropolitan area, it is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, and popular music and sports legacies. The area includes a variety of natural landscapes, parks, and beaches with a recreational coastline linking the Great Lakes.
The Detroit Urban Area, which serves as the core of the Metropolitan Statistical Area, ranks as the 12th most populous of the United States, with a population of 3,734,090 as of the 2010 census, and an area of 1,337.16 square miles (3,463.2 km2). This urbanized area covers parts of the counties of Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb. These counties are sometimes referred to informally as the Detroit Tri-County Area, and had a population of 3,863,888 as of the 2010 census with an area of 1,967.1 square miles (5,095 km2).
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Minneapolis
Minneapolis (pronunciation:
i/ˌmɪniːˈæpəlɪs/), nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City", is the county seat of Hennepin County, the largest city in the state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States. Its name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.
As of the 2010 Census, the population of the city of Minneapolis is 382,578. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. Known as the Twin Cities, Minneapolis-Saint Paul is the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S., with approximately 3.3 million residents. The city is abundantly rich in water, with over twenty lakes and wetlands, the Mississippi river, creeks and waterfalls, many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. Among cities of similar densities, Minneapolis has the most dedicated parkland. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber, and today is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing the fifth highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. It has cultural organizations that draw creative people and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing, and music. The community's diverse population has a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs and VOLAGs, as well as private and corporate philanthropy.
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Monadnock Region
The Monadnock Region is a tourism region in southwestern New Hampshire. It is named after Mount Monadnock, the major geographic landmark in the region. The Monadnock Region is composed of all of Cheshire County and western Hillsborough County. The largest city in the region is Keene. Large towns in the region include Jaffrey, Swanzey, and Peterborough.
Coordinates: 42°56′40″N 72°14′30″W / 42.94444°N 72.24167°W / 42.94444; -72.24167
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Mount Ida College
Mount Ida College is a private college in Newton, Massachusetts offering professional undergraduate and graduate degrees.
The Mount Ida School for Girls was a private all-female high school founded in 1899 by George Franklin Jewett, named after the hill on which it was located in Newton Corner, Massachusetts. The first junior college level courses were offered at Mount Ida in 1907, but the first associate degrees were not awarded until 1967. After encountering severe financial difficulties, it was forced to close during the Great Depression, but was purchased by William Fitts Carlson in 1939 and relocated to its present location in Oak Hill section of Newton.
The school was later renamed as Mount Ida Junior College, and became a co-educational institution in the Autumn of 1972. Several Boston-based institutions also merged with Mount Ida on the Newton campus, including Grahm Junior College (1979), the Boston operations of Bryant & Stratton College (1979), Chamberlayne Junior College (1988), New England Institute of Funeral Service Education (1989), and Coyne Electrical and Technical School. A senior college division awarding bachelor's degrees was added in the 1980s, with an emphasis on career and professional education.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire (i/njuːˈhæmpʃər/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th least extensive and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.
It became the first post-colonial sovereign nation in the Americas when it broke off from Great Britain in January 1776, and six months later was one of the original thirteen states that founded the United States of America. In June 1788, it became the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution, bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state constitution.
It is known internationally for the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level.
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Pine Manor College
Pine Manor College (PMC) is a private, liberal arts women's college located in Chestnut Hill, a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1911 and currently serves almost 500 students, 75% of whom live on the 60-acre (240,000 m2) campus.
PMC was rated the nation's most racially diverse liberal arts college by U.S. News and World Reports, with only 13% of the student body identifying themselves as white (Zezima 2010).
The school also promotes diversity of social classes: Three out of five students qualify for Pell Grants, non-repayable federal funds given to low-income students (Khadaroo 2010). Two-thirds of students are from Massachusetts; one quarter are from other states, and the remaining students are from outside the country (Princeton Review).
Admissions relies less on SAT-I scores or grade point averages, and more on the applicants' life experiences, with an emphasis on perseverance in the face of adversity (Zezima 2010). The average grade point average from high school was 2.4 (Princeton Review).
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Raytheon
Raytheon Company is a major American defense contractor and industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics. It was previously involved in corporate and special-mission aircraft until early 2007. Raytheon is the world's largest producer of guided missiles.
Established in 1922, the company reincorporated in 1928 and adopted its present name in 1959. The company has around 72,000 employees worldwide and annual revenues of approximately US$25 billion. More than 90% of Raytheon's revenues were obtained from military contracts and, as of 2007, it was the fifth-largest military contractor in the world, and is the fourth largest defense contractor in the United States by revenue.
Raytheon Headquarters was moved from Lexington, Massachusetts to Waltham, Massachusetts on October 27, 2003. The company was previously headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts from 1922–1928, Newton, Massachusetts from 1928–1941, Waltham from 1941–1961, Lexington from 1961–2003, and back to Waltham from 2003 onwards.
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Research Triangle
Coordinates: 35°53′N 78°47′W / 35.88°N 78.79°W / 35.88; -78.79
The Research Triangle, also known as Raleigh-Durham or Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, and commonly referred to as simply "The Triangle", is a region in the Piedmont of North Carolina in the United States, anchored by North Carolina State University, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill respectively. The eight-county region, officially named the Raleigh-Durham-Cary CSA, comprises the Raleigh-Cary and Durham-Chapel Hill metropolitan areas and the Dunn Micropolitan Statistical Area. A 2009 Census Estimate put the population at 1,742,816. The Raleigh-Durham television market includes a broader 23-county area which includes Fayetteville, and has a population of 2,726,000 persons.
The "Triangle" name was cemented in the public consciousness in the 1950s with the creation of Research Triangle Park, home to numerous high-tech companies and enterprises. Although the name is now used to refer to the geographic region, "The Triangle" originally referred to the universities, whose research facilities, and the educated workforce they provide, have historically served as a major attraction for businesses located in the region. The region should not be confused with "The Triad", which is a North Carolina region adjacent to and directly west of the Triangle comprising Greensboro, Winston-Salem, and High Point, among other cities. Most of the Triangle is represented by, and closely associated with, the second, fourth and thirteenth congressional districts.
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Rhode Island
Rhode Island (i/ˌroʊd ˈaɪlɨnd/ or /rɵˈdaɪlɨnd/), officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the 8th least populous, but the 2nd most densely populated of the 50 United States. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
Rhode Island was the first of the 13 original colonies to declare independence from British rule, declaring itself independent on May 4, 1776, two months before any other state in the whole U.S. and the convention. The state was also the last to ratify the United States Constitution.
Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the state's geography, since Rhode Island has several large bays and inlets that amount to about 14% of its total area. Its land area is 1,045 square miles (2706 km2), but its total area is significantly larger.
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Seattle
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ ( listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country. The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
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Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley refers to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology corporations. The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the American high-tech sector. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for one-third (1/3) of all of the venture capital investment in the United States. Geographically, the Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley including the city of San Jose (and adjacent communities), the southern Peninsula Valley, and the southern East Bay.
The term Silicon Valley was coined by Ralph Vaerst, a successful Central California entrepreneur. Its first published use is credited to Don Hoefler, a friend of Vaerst's, who used the phrase as the title of a series of articles in the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News. The series, entitled "Silicon Valley in the USA," began in the paper's issue dated January 11, 1971. Valley refers to the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while Silicon refers to the high concentration of companies involved in the semiconductor (silicon is used to create most semiconductors commercially) and computer industries that were concentrated in the area. These firms slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname, the Valley of Heart's Delight.
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Suffolk University
Suffolk University is a private, non-sectarian, university located in Boston, Massachusetts and with about 9,500 students, it is the fourth largest university in Boston. It was founded as a law school in 1906 and named after its location in Suffolk County, Massachusetts.
The university is co-educational and comprises the Suffolk University Law School, the Suffolk College of Arts and Sciences, the Sawyer Business School, and the New England School of Art and Design at Suffolk University (NESAD) It has one international campus in Madrid, Spain in addition to the main campus in downtown Boston. Due to its location and well-known law school, Suffolk often attracts notable scholars and prominent speakers; for example, former President John F. Kennedy, former Chief Justice of the United States, William Rehnquist, and former President George H.W. Bush.
Founded in 1906 by lawyer Gleason Archer, Sr., Suffolk University was initially named "Archer's Evening Law School" but soon became Suffolk School of Law. The school's goal was to "serve ambitious young men who are obliged to work for a living while studying law."
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Sumner Tunnel
The Sumner Tunnel is a road tunnel in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. It carries traffic under Boston Harbor in one direction, from Logan International Airport and Route 1A in East Boston. The tunnel originally deposited traffic at the west side of the North End but with the completion of the Big Dig, it was modified to have two exits. One travels under I-93 and emerges on the west side of I-93 near Haymarket Subway Station. The other exit routes traffic to I-93 North and Storrow Drive. Traffic headed for I-93 South and the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90) West is normally routed to the Ted Williams Tunnel.
The Sumner Tunnel was opened in 1934. It carried traffic in both directions until the opening of the parallel Callahan Tunnel in 1961. The Sumner Tunnel is named for William H. Sumner, the son of Governor Increase Sumner.
As of 2008, a toll of $3.50 for non-commercial two-axle vehicles and $5.25 for commercial vehicles (e.g. taxis and Zipcars) is collected in the Boston-bound direction, with a discount of $0.50 for users of the Fast Lane electronic toll collection system. For East Boston residents, a discount is in effect using a Fast Lane transponder, costing $0.40. On November 14, 2008, the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority voted in favor of a proposed toll hike which would double the toll to $7.00 for non-commercial vehicles. Fast Lane users would receive a $1.00 discount and commercial vehicles would end up having to pay $9.00. This vote was later rescinded following a vote approving a 1.25% sales tax increase.
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Tampa Bay Area
Coordinates: 28°00′N 82°18′W / 28°N 82.3°W / 28; -82.3
The Tampa Bay Area is the region of west central Florida adjacent to Tampa Bay. Definitions of the region vary. It is often considered equivalent to the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area (or MSA) defined by the United States Census Bureau. The Census Bureau currently estimates the population for the CMSA at 4,228,855 as of 2010 during consolidation. as of July 1, 2008, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Florida and fourth in the Southeast.
A wider definition is adopted by other entities, including state agencies like Enterprise Florida and the Florida Department of Transportation, and the Tampa Bay Partnership, a not-for-profit organization created to promote economic growth in the region. These entities include additional nearby counties. According to the Tampa Bay Partnership the Greater Tampa Bay Region contains 4 million residents. The Tampa Bay Partnership and U.S. Census data showed an average annual growth of 2.47 percent, or a gain of approximately 97,000 residents per year between 2000 and 2006. The combined Greater Tampa Bay region experienced a combined growth rate of 14.8 percent, growing from 3.4 million to 3.9 million and hitting the 4 million mark on April 1, 2007 in the continuous Tampa Bay urban area.
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Taunton River
The Taunton River (historically also called the "Taunton Great River"), is a river in southeastern Massachusetts in the United States. It arises from the confluence of the Town River and Matfield River, in the town of Bridgewater. From there it meanders through the towns of Halifax, Middleborough and Raynham, through the city of Taunton for which it is named, the towns of Berkley, Dighton, Somerset, and the Assonet section of Freetown, to Fall River where it joins Mount Hope Bay, an arm of Narragansett Bay.
The total length of the river is 37.0 miles (59.5 km) from the junction of the Town and Matfield Rivers in Bridgewater to the mouth of the Quequechan River in Fall River. It has a watershed of 562 square miles (1,456 km²). The river's watershed includes the Hockomock Swamp, the largest freshwater wetland in the state. The Taunton River is one of the flattest rivers in New England, dropping only about twenty feet (6 m) in elevation over its length. The river is tidal as far north as Taunton.
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Ted Williams Tunnel
The Ted Williams Tunnel, also known as the Williams Tunnel, is the name of the third highway tunnel under Boston Harbor in Boston, Massachusetts, the Sumner and Callahan Tunnels being the other two. It connects South Boston with Logan International Airport, carrying the final leg of the Massachusetts Turnpike (Interstate 90) under Boston Harbor allowing direct access to Route 1A in East Boston. The tunnel is named after the former Boston Red Sox baseball player and U.S. Marine air corps veteran Ted Williams.
The Ted Williams Tunnel (TWT) was the first major link constructed as part of Boston's Big Dig. It is constructed from twelve "binocular" shaped steel sections fabricated in a Baltimore shipyard. These sections were then brought to the Black Falcon Pier near the site and each was fitted with a large surrounding mass of concrete (so that the tunnel section was more neutrally buoyant). Using additional flotation, the tunnel sections were then floated into place, lowered into a dredged channel, and joined to the other sections. At this point, the steel panels sealing the now-joined sections could be cut out and the finishing operations could be completed.
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Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were the colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1733 (Georgia). They revolted in the American Revolution, starting in 1775, and in 1776 declared their independence from the British Empire and formed a new nation, the United States of America. The colonies were: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Each colony developed its own system of self government. Americans were mostly independent farmers, who owned their own land and voted for their local and provincial government. Benjamin Franklin, in 1772, after examining the wretched hovels in Scotland surrounding the opulent mansions of the land owners, said that in New England "every man" is a property owner, "has a Vote in public Affairs, lives in a tidy, warm House, has plenty of good Food and Fuel, with whole clothes from Head to Foot, the Manufacture perhaps of his own family."
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Tufts University
Tufts University is a private research university located in Medford/Somerville, near Boston, Massachusetts. The university is organized into ten schools, including two undergraduate programs and eight graduate divisions, on four campuses in Massachusetts. The university emphasizes active citizenship and public service in all of its disciplines more than any peer school and is well known for its internationalism and study abroad programs. Among its schools is the United States' oldest graduate school of international relations, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
In 1852, Tufts College was founded by Christian Universalists who worked for years to open a non-sectarian institution of higher learning.Charles Tufts donated the land for the campus on Walnut Hill, the highest point in Medford, saying that he wanted to set a "light on the hill." The name was changed to Tufts University in 1954, although the corporate name remains "the Trustees of Tufts College." After more than a century, Tufts was a small New England liberal arts college. The French-American nutritionist Jean Mayer became president of Tufts in the late 1970s and, through a series of mergers with other institutions, transformed the school into an internationally renowned research university. It consistently ranks among the country's best colleges.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Wheelock College
Wheelock College is a private, coeducational college located in Boston, Massachusetts. The school was founded in 1888 by Lucy Wheelock. The mission of Wheelock College is to improve the lives of children and families. Wheelock College is a member of the Colleges of the Fenway consortium.
Wheelock offers academic programs through the schools of Arts and Sciences, Education and Child Life, and Social Work and Family Studies.
Undergraduate majors:
Graduate Programs:
Online Degree Programs: Wheelock offers two master's degree programs online:
The Wheelock Wildcats participate in eleven NCAA Division III sports, competing in the New England Collegiate Conference.
Women's Athletic Teams:
Men's Athletic Teams:
In addition to the varsity teams, there are intramural competitions between the Colleges of the Fenway.
Coordinates: 42°20′30.1″N 71°6′22.9″W / 42.341694°N 71.106361°W / 42.341694; -71.106361
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Dominican American
A Dominican American is any American who has origins in the Dominican Republic.. Although their emigration began in the nineteenth century, waves of migration of Dominicans in the United States emerged in the 60's especially, after the fall of the Trujillo regime. In 2010, there were approximately 1.71 million people of Dominican descent in the US, inclusive both native and foreign-born.
Immigration records of Dominicans in the United States date from the late 19th century, and New York City has had a Dominican community since the 1930s. From the 1960s onward, after the fall of the Rafael Trujillo military regime, large waves of migration have thoroughly transnationalized the Dominican Republic, metaphorically blurring its frontier with the United States. Thus, be created Dominican communities in New Jersey, the Miami area, Philadelphia, Providence, Rhode Island, and Boston, Massachusetts. Smaller waves of Dominicans have gone to the metropolitan areas of Chicago, Illinois; Washington, D.C.; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; Portland, Oregon; Kansas City, Missouri; Orlando, Florida; Buffalo, New York; and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Dominican population has similar settlement patterns to that of the Puerto Rican population.
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Franklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th President of the United States (1853–1857) and is the only President from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general in the Army. His private law practice in his home state, New Hampshire, was so successful that he was offered several important positions, which he turned down. Later, he was nominated as the party's candidate for president on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. In the presidential election, Pierce and his running mate William R. King won by a landslide in the Electoral College. They defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham by a 50 percent to 44 percent margin in the popular vote and 254 to 42 in the electoral vote.
He made many friends, but he suffered tragedy in his personal life; all of his children died when young. As president, he made many divisive decisions which were widely criticized and earned him a reputation as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history. Pierce's popularity in the Northern states declined sharply after he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which replaced the Missouri Compromise and renewed debate over the expansion of slavery in the American West. Pierce's credibility was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto. The historian David Potter concludes that the Ostend Manifesto and the Kansas-Nebraska Act were "the two great calamities of the Franklin Pierce administration.... Both brought down an avalanche of public criticism."[citation needed] More importantly, says Potter, they permanently discredited Manifest Destiny and "popular sovereignty" as political doctrines.
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French Canadian
French Canadian or Francophone Canadian (also Canadien in Canadian English or in French) generally refers to the descendents of French colonists who arrived in New France (Canada) in the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, French Canadians constitute the main French-speaking population of Canada.
During the mid-18th century, Canadian colonists born in French Canada expanded across North America and colonized various regions, cities, and towns. Today, the majority of French Canadians live across North America, including the United States and Canada. The province of Quebec has the largest population of French Canadian descent, although smaller communities of French Canadians exist throughout Canada and in the American region of New England, where between 1840 and 1930, roughly 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States and New England, in particular.
Other terms for French Canadians that continue to reside in the province of Quebec, are Quebeckers or Québécois. French Canadians constitute the second largest ethnic group in Canada, after English Canadians and before Scottish Canadians and Irish Canadians.
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Haitian American
Haitian Americans are Americans of Haitian heritage, or Haitian-born people who are naturalized citizens or permanent residents of the United States. The largest proportion of Haitians live in South Florida counties and cities such as New York, Washington, D. C., Philadelphia, Chicago and Boston.
In 2009 the US Census estimated that there are 830,000 Haitian Americans living in the U.S. but many consider this number inaccurate due to the presence of illegal Haitian immigrants. During the early 1960s and the 1970s, many Haitians emigrated to the U.S. legally as well as illegally during the family dictatorships of François "Papa Doc" and Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier.
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Indian American
Indian Americans are Americans whose ancestral roots lie in India. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians.
In North America, the term Indian has an ambiguous meaning. In the western hemisphere, historically and currently, Indian has been commonly used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Qualifying terms such as American Indian and East Indian were and are commonly used to avoid ambiguity.
While East Indian remains in use, South Asian is often chosen instead. The U.S. government coined Native American to refer to the indigenous peoples of the United States, but American Indian remains popular among the indigenous and general populations.
People of Indian origin often prefer the term Desi to refer to the diasporic subculture of South Asians. Indian Americans are categorized as Asian Indian (and more broadly, Asian American) by the United States Census Bureau.
It was after the Luce–Celler Act of 1946, that Indian Americans were restored naturalization rights in the United States. A number of Indian Americans came to the U.S. via Indian communities in other countries such as the United Kingdom and Canada, in both of which 2% of the population is currently of Indian origin,Mauritius, nations of Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Singapore, South Africa, Suriname, Guyana, Fiji, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Trinidad & Tobago, and Jamaica.
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Indian people
Indian people or Indians are people who are citizens of India, which forms a major part of south of Asia, containing 17.31% of the world's population. The Indian nationality is in essence made up of regional ethno-linguistic groups, reflecting the rich and complex history of India. India, in its current boundaries, was formed out of a number of predecessors.
Substantial populations with Indian ancestry, as a result of emigration, exist in many different parts of the world, most notably in Southeast Asia, South Africa, Australia, England, Middle East and North America. Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora.
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Irish American
Irish Americans are citizens of the United States who can trace their ancestry to Ireland. A total of 36,278,332 Americans—estimated at 11.9% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2008 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. Roughly another 3.5 million (or about another 1.2% of Americans) identified more specifically with Scotch-Irish ancestry. The Irish diaspora population in the United States is roughly 6 times the modern population of Ireland.
The only self-reported ancestral group larger than Irish Americans is German Americans. The Irish are widely dispersed in terms of geography, and demographics. Irish American political leaders have played a major role in local and national politics since before the American Revolutionary War: eight Irish Americans signed the United States Declaration of Independence, and 22 American Presidents, from Andrew Jackson to Barack Obama, have been at least partly of Irish ancestry. (See "American Presidents with Irish ancestry" below.)
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Italian American
An Italian American (Italian: Italoamericano singular, Italian: Italoamericani plural), is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States (not including American ethnicity, an ethnonym used by many in the United States; overall, Italian Americans rank seventh, behind German, Irish, African American, English, American and Mexican).
About 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the U.S. from 1820 to 2004. The greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1920, alone brought more than 4 million Italians to America. About 80% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy, especially from Sicily, Campania, Abruzzo and Calabria. This was a largely agricultural and overpopulated region, where much of the populace had been impoverished by centuries of foreign misrule, and the economic measures imposed on the South after Italian unification in 1861 . After unification the Italian government initially encouraged emigration of landless peasants to relieve economic pressures in the South. In the U.S., most Italians began their new lives as unskilled, manual workers in Eastern cities, mining camps and in agriculture. Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in 1890-1910 to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, or white-collar workers. The Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17.8 million Americans claim Italian ancestry.
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John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, the 10th most senior United States Senator and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was the presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2004 presidential election, but lost to then President George W. Bush.
The son of an Army Air Corps serviceman, Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado. He attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire and went on to graduate from Yale University class of 1966, where he majored in political science. He enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966 and, during 1968-1969, served a four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service he was awarded several combat medals that include the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and three Purple Hearts. After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesperson and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam war. During that period, he appeared before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of "war crimes".
wn.com/John_Kerry -
John Winthrop
John Winthrop (12 January 1587/8 – 26 March 1649) was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in New England after Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of migrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the government and religion of neighboring colonies.
Born into a wealthy landowning and merchant family, Winthrop was trained in the law, and became Lord of the Manor at Groton in Suffolk. Although he was not involved in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1628, he became involved in 1629 when the anti-Puritan King Charles I began a crackdown on Nonconformist religious thought. In October 1629 he was elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and in April 1630 he led a group of colonists to the New World, founding a number of communities on the shores of Massachusetts Bay and the Charles River.
wn.com/John_Winthrop -
Joseph Petty
Joseph “Joe” Petty is the mayor of Worcester, Massachusetts.
Raised in Worcester, Petty graduated from Holy Name Central Catholic High School. He attended Dudley College and earned a law degree from New England School of Law.
Petty was first elected to the Worcester City Council in 1997. After serving six two-year terms on the council, he mounted a campaign for mayor in 2011. He defeated former mayor Konstantina Lukes, perennial candidate Bill Coleman, and Carmen Carmona by earning 48% of votes cast. During the preceding campaign, Petty received the endorsement of Congressman Jim McGovern.
Petty is married to Gayle Perrone Petty. They have three children: Nicole, Joe, and Andrew.
wn.com/Joseph_Petty -
Kennedy family
In the United States, the phrase Kennedy family commonly refers to the family descending from the marriage of the Irish-Americans Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald that was prominent in American politics and government. Their political involvement has revolved around the Democratic Party. Harvard University educations have been common among them, and they have contributed heavily to that university's John F. Kennedy School of Government. The wealth, glamour and photogenic quality of the family members, as well as their extensive and continuing commitment to public service, has elevated them to iconic status over the past half-century and has led to their reputation as "America's Royal Family".
Following the 1960 election of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, he and his two younger brothers, Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy, soon all held prominent positions in the federal government, and received intensive publicity, often emphasizing their youth (relative to comparably influential politicians), allure, education and collective future in politics. From 1947, when John F. Kennedy was first elected to Congress, to 2011, when Patrick J. Kennedy departed Congress, there was a 64-year run of a Kennedy family member holding an elective office in Washington. This spans more than a quarter of the nation's existence.
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Kenneth Reeves
Kenneth "Ken" Reeves (born 1951) served as the mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, (United States) from 1992–1995 and again from 2006-2007. He is the first openly gay African American man to have served as mayor of any city in the United States. Cambridge's elections are non-partisan, but he identifies himself with the Democratic Party. Reeves is a graduate of Harvard College. While mayor, he was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino. He served as the Managing Attorney of the General Motors/United Auto Workers legal plan and as an attorney specializing in utility, insurance and banking regulations for the National Consumer Law Center in Boston. Reeves has also been in private practice as a principal in the law firm Singleton, Reeves, Bowzer and Huggins.
According to Laurie Aaron, Massachusetts Board of Bar Overseers Administrator, Reeves has suspended practicing law, and has decided to no longer be a member of the Massachusetts Bar Association.
wn.com/Kenneth_Reeves -
Lebanese people
The Lebanese people (Arabic: الشعب اللبناني el shaab el libnene, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [eʃˈʃaʕb ellɪbˈneːne]) are a nation and ethnic group of Levantine people originating in what is today the country of Lebanon, including those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state.
The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a rich blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years.
Lebanon does not collect official census data on ethnic background and therefore is difficult to have an exact demographic analysis of Lebanese society, with the last census conducted by the French Mandate government in 1932. The largest concentration or people of Lebanese ancestry is in Brazil having an estimated population of 6 to 7 million. As with their predecessors, the Lebanese have always travelled the world, many of them settling permanently, most notably in the last two centuries.
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Mike Capuano
Michael Everett "Mike" Capuano (born January 9, 1952) is the U.S. Representative for Massachusetts's 8th congressional district, serving since 1999. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district, which was once represented by John F. Kennedy and Tip O'Neill, includes the northern three-fourths of Boston, as well as Somerville (where he lives) and Cambridge. Prior to joining Congress, Capuano served as mayor and alderman of Somerville, Massachusetts.
Capuano was born and raised in Somerville, Massachusetts, to Irish-American and Italian-American parents. After graduating from Dartmouth College and Boston College Law School he worked as an attorney and Somerville alderman. He lost two elections for mayor in 1979 and 1981, at which point he went to work as legal counsel for the Massachusetts General Court. He ran for a mayor a third time in 1989 and won, serving from 1990 to 1999. While he harbored aspirations to become governor, he instead launched a failed bid to be Secretary of the Commonwealth in 1994.
wn.com/Mike_Capuano -
Paul Revere
Paul Revere (December 21, 1734 – May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith, early industrialist, and a patriot in the American Revolution. He is most famous for alerting Colonial militia of approaching British forces before the battles of Lexington and Concord, as dramatized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem, "Paul Revere's Ride."
Revere was a prosperous and prominent Boston silversmith, who helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military. Revere later served as a Massachusetts militia officer, though his service culminated after the Penobscot Expedition, one of the most disastrous campaigns of the American Revolutionary War, for which he was absolved of blame. Following the war, Revere returned to his silversmith trade and used the profits from his expanding business to finance his work in iron casting, bronze bell and cannon casting, and the forging of copper bolts and spikes. Finally in 1800 he became the first American to successfully roll copper into sheets for use as sheathing on naval vessels.
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Scott Brown
Scott Philip Brown (born September 12, 1959) is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from Massachusetts. Brown previously served as a member of the Massachusetts General Court, first in the State House of Representatives (1998–2004) and then in the State Senate (2004–2010).
Brown is a member of the Republican Party, and faced the Democratic candidate, Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley, in the 2010 special election to succeed U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2013. While initially trailing Coakley in polling by a large margin, Brown won the election and in January 2010 became the first Republican elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972.
Prior to entering the state legislature, he had experience as a town selectman and assessor. He is a practicing attorney, concentrating in real estate law and serving as defense counsel in the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Brown is a graduate of Wakefield High School (1977), Tufts University (1981), and Boston College Law School (1985).
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Ted Kennedy
Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. Serving almost 47 years, he was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and is the fourth-longest-serving senator in United States history. For many years the most prominent living member of the Kennedy family, he was the last surviving son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.; the youngest brother of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both victims of assassination, and Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., killed in action in World War II; and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy.
Kennedy entered the Senate in a November 1962 special election to fill the seat once held by his brother John. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was reelected seven more times before his death. The controversial Chappaquiddick incident on July 18, 1969, resulted in the death of his automobile passenger Mary Jo Kopechne; Kennedy pleaded guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of an accident, and the incident significantly damaged his chances of ever becoming President of the United States. His one attempt, in the 1980 presidential election, resulted in a Democratic primary campaign loss to incumbent President Jimmy Carter.
wn.com/Ted_Kennedy -
Thomas Menino
Thomas Michael Menino (born December 27, 1942) is the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, United States and the city's first Italian-American mayor. He is the longest-serving mayor in the history of the city.
Born in Readville, a part of Boston's Hyde Park neighborhood, Menino was educated at Chamberlayne Junior College (AA, Business Management, 1963) and the University of Massachusetts Boston (BA, Community Planning, 1988). He currently resides in Hyde Park with his wife, Angela Faletra. They have two children: Susan and Thomas Jr. He has relatives in Panama City, Florida[citation needed].
Menino had served nine years on Boston's city council when Ray Flynn left the mayor's seat to become US ambassador to the Vatican. The council president at the time, Menino became acting mayor for four months before being elected to his first term in November 1993, defeating State Representative James Brett with 64% of the vote and becoming the city's first non-Irish-American mayor since 1930. After running unopposed for a second term in 1997, Menino defeated Boston City Councilor Peggy Davis-Mullen in 2001 for a third term with 76% of the vote and in 2005 garnered 67% of the vote in beating Maura Hennigan, another councilor. On July 13, 2009 Menino became the longest-serving mayor in Boston history. On November 3, 2009 Menino garnered 57% of the vote, defeating Boston City Councilor Michael F. Flaherty and securing an unprecedented fifth term.
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Vietnamese American
A Vietnamese American (Vietnamese: Người Mỹ gốc Việt) is an American of Vietnamese descent. They make up about half of all overseas Vietnamese (Người Việt Hải Ngoại) and are the fourth-largest Asian American group.
Mass Vietnamese immigration to the United States started after 1975, after the end of the Vietnam War. Early immigrants were refugee boat people fleeing persecution or poverty. Forced to flee from their homeland and often thrust into poor urban neighborhoods, these newcomers have nevertheless managed to establish strong communities in a short amount of time. More than sixty percent of Vietnamese Americans reside in the states of California, Texas, Washington, Florida, and Virginia.
As a relatively recent immigrant group, most Vietnamese Americans are either first- or second-generation Americans. They have the lowest distribution of people with more than one race among the major Asian American groups. As many as one million people who are five years and older speak Vietnamese at home—making it the seventh-most spoken language in the United States. As refugees, Vietnamese Americans have some of the highest rates of naturalization. In the 2006 American Community Survey, 72% of foreign-born Vietnamese are naturalized US citizens; this combined with the 36% who are born in the United States makes 82% of them United States citizen in total. Of those born outside the United States, 46.5% entered before 1990, 38.8% between 1990 and 2000, and 14.6% entered after 2000.
wn.com/Vietnamese_American
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Greater Boston Extra: Medical Homes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:18
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Dr. Asaf Bitton compares the medical home model to the traditional primary care practice.
http://wn.com/Greater_Boston_Extra_Medical_Homes
Dr. Asaf Bitton compares the medical home model to the traditional primary care practice.
Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce: Innovation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce is fostering and impacting innovation throughout the area.
http://wn.com/Greater_Boston_Chamber_of_Commerce_Innovation
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce is fostering and impacting innovation throughout the area.
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 1
- author: GreaterBostonChamber
Greater Boston Chamber of Commernce: Overview 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce impacts the local business community - and beyond.
http://wn.com/Greater_Boston_Chamber_of_Commernce_Overview_2
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce impacts the local business community - and beyond.
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 1
- author: GreaterBostonChamber
Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce: Advocacy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce's advocacy and policy program.
http://wn.com/Greater_Boston_Chamber_of_Commerce_Advocacy
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce's advocacy and policy program.
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 3
- author: GreaterBostonChamber
2012 10 13 05 MIT Greater Boston Invitational Songfest Ohms
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:43
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
October 13, 2012 - MIT Family Weekend presents Greater Boston Invitational Songfest
http://wn.com/2012_10_13_05_MIT_Greater_Boston_Invitational_Songfest_Ohms
October 13, 2012 - MIT Family Weekend presents Greater Boston Invitational Songfest
- published: 14 Oct 2012
- views: 809
- author: Humbera
Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce: Leadership
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce is cultivating the business leaders of today and tomorrow through unique leadership programs.
http://wn.com/Greater_Boston_Chamber_of_Commerce_Leadership
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce is cultivating the business leaders of today and tomorrow through unique leadership programs.
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 2
- author: GreaterBostonChamber
Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce: Networking
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce helps you make strategic connections, both in person and online.
http://wn.com/Greater_Boston_Chamber_of_Commerce_Networking
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce helps you make strategic connections, both in person and online.
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: GreaterBostonChamber
Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce: Women's Network
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce is fostering growth in female professionals, through its unique Women's Network
http://wn.com/Greater_Boston_Chamber_of_Commerce_Women's_Network
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce is fostering growth in female professionals, through its unique Women's Network
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: GreaterBostonChamber
Kim Carrigan on WGBH's "Greater Boston" - 01/18/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Kim Carrigan, formerly co-anchor of the Fox 25 Morning News, discusses her exit from the station with Emily Rooney on WGBH's "Greater Boston".(Copyright WGBH, PBS and anyone else who may or may not want to sue us!)
http://wn.com/Kim_Carrigan_on_WGBH's_Greater_Boston_01_18_12
Kim Carrigan, formerly co-anchor of the Fox 25 Morning News, discusses her exit from the station with Emily Rooney on WGBH's "Greater Boston".(Copyright WGBH, PBS and anyone else who may or may not want to sue us!)
- published: 19 Jan 2012
- views: 9946
- author: bostontvnews
Boston's Best Burger (Phantom Gourmet)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Phantom Gourmet's Dan and Dave Andelman search for the best burgers in Greater Boston, with stops at the Back Bay Social Club, Bartley's, and RF O'Sullivan's.
http://wn.com/Boston's_Best_Burger_Phantom_Gourmet
Phantom Gourmet's Dan and Dave Andelman search for the best burgers in Greater Boston, with stops at the Back Bay Social Club, Bartley's, and RF O'Sullivan's.
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 905
- author: phantomgourmet
An Evening with Yaron Brook
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 121:14
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
The Greater Boston Tea Party welcomed Yaron Brook, president of the Ayn Rand Institute. Born and raised in Israel, Yaron served as a first sergeant in Israeli military intelligence and earned a BSc in civil engineering from Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel. Yaron admits to being a socialist until the age of 16--then he read Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Despite his best efforts to poke holes in Rand's arguments, he couldn't, and went on to become a student of Rand's philosophy, Objectivism. His articles have been featured in major publications such as the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Investor's Business Daily, and he is a frequent guest on radio and TV. Yaron discussed his new book Free Market Revolution. The presentation took place in Lexington, Massachusetts on Friday, October 19th, 2012. Christine Morabito of the Greater Boston Tea Party and Catherine Courtemanch Van Arnam introduced Yaron. Videography and editing by Terry Reiber.
http://wn.com/An_Evening_with_Yaron_Brook
The Greater Boston Tea Party welcomed Yaron Brook, president of the Ayn Rand Institute. Born and raised in Israel, Yaron served as a first sergeant in Israeli military intelligence and earned a BSc in civil engineering from Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel. Yaron admits to being a socialist until the age of 16--then he read Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Despite his best efforts to poke holes in Rand's arguments, he couldn't, and went on to become a student of Rand's philosophy, Objectivism. His articles have been featured in major publications such as the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Investor's Business Daily, and he is a frequent guest on radio and TV. Yaron discussed his new book Free Market Revolution. The presentation took place in Lexington, Massachusetts on Friday, October 19th, 2012. Christine Morabito of the Greater Boston Tea Party and Catherine Courtemanch Van Arnam introduced Yaron. Videography and editing by Terry Reiber.
- published: 25 Nov 2012
- views: 1017
- author: Terry Reiber
Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce: General
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce is impacting the local business community - and beyond.
http://wn.com/Greater_Boston_Chamber_of_Commerce_General
Some of the region's prominent business leaders and professionals share their perspective on how the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce is impacting the local business community - and beyond.
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 9
- author: GreaterBostonChamber
Elizabeth Warren at the Greater Boston Labor Council Breakfast pt. 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Updated: 08 Jun 2012
Help draft Elizabeth Warren for Senate here: pccc.me See second half of speech here: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_Warren_at_the_Greater_Boston_Labor_Council_Breakfast_pt_1
Help draft Elizabeth Warren for Senate here: pccc.me See second half of speech here: www.youtube.com
- published: 05 Sep 2011
- views: 1173
- author: BoldProgressives
Elizabeth Warren at the Greater Boston Labor Council Breakfast
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Help draft Elizabeth Warren for Senate here: pccc.me Raw footage: Part One: www.youtube.com Part Two: www.youtube.com Video edited by Ben Weinberg
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_Warren_at_the_Greater_Boston_Labor_Council_Breakfast
Help draft Elizabeth Warren for Senate here: pccc.me Raw footage: Part One: www.youtube.com Part Two: www.youtube.com Video edited by Ben Weinberg
- published: 06 Sep 2011
- views: 7228
- author: BoldProgressives
Jewish Greater Boston: Jewish Life at America's Favorite University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 27 May 2012
GO TO THE BLOG TO VOTE!!! www.jewishboston.com This is our submission to the Jewish Boston Video Contest. We are hoping to raise money to promote Jewish life on the Harvard University Campus through organizations such as Harvard Hillel and Harvard Chabad. We hope you enjoy the video! Rap: Max Vizelberg Instrumental: Swag Surfin, by Fast Life Yungstaz Lyrics: "How's being Jewish in Boston?" That's what you ask Explaining this in video form is my due task Judaism thrives here, and it tends to blossom And here at Harvard, we're a microcosm Of the Yiddishkeit present in Greater Boston Keep it all in translation, nothing ever lost in Hebrew spoken here, throw in a little Yiddish Come for Shabbat dinner, and have a little Kiddush Hillel and Chabad bolster your Jewish identity And come to the lounge for some peace and serenity Tossin' and turnin' cuz I need to get my gelt fix And these matzahs are ballin' kinda like the Celtics Let me introduce myself, the name's Maxbetter At Harvard, the Crimson "H" is our Scarlet Letter Pray with the minyan, put on tefillin Or grab a bite to eat, how 'bout Jewish penicillin Cafeteria fleishig, so don't bring in a pizza And when davening, don't cross the mechitza Enough with the don'ts, here's a list of what you can do Participate in clubs and events; if you plan to Hang out with the guys of AEPi, the Jewish fraternity We maintain our traditions while embracing modernity This contest isn't about the fame or to become rich It's to promote ...
http://wn.com/Jewish_Greater_Boston_Jewish_Life_at_America's_Favorite_University
GO TO THE BLOG TO VOTE!!! www.jewishboston.com This is our submission to the Jewish Boston Video Contest. We are hoping to raise money to promote Jewish life on the Harvard University Campus through organizations such as Harvard Hillel and Harvard Chabad. We hope you enjoy the video! Rap: Max Vizelberg Instrumental: Swag Surfin, by Fast Life Yungstaz Lyrics: "How's being Jewish in Boston?" That's what you ask Explaining this in video form is my due task Judaism thrives here, and it tends to blossom And here at Harvard, we're a microcosm Of the Yiddishkeit present in Greater Boston Keep it all in translation, nothing ever lost in Hebrew spoken here, throw in a little Yiddish Come for Shabbat dinner, and have a little Kiddush Hillel and Chabad bolster your Jewish identity And come to the lounge for some peace and serenity Tossin' and turnin' cuz I need to get my gelt fix And these matzahs are ballin' kinda like the Celtics Let me introduce myself, the name's Maxbetter At Harvard, the Crimson "H" is our Scarlet Letter Pray with the minyan, put on tefillin Or grab a bite to eat, how 'bout Jewish penicillin Cafeteria fleishig, so don't bring in a pizza And when davening, don't cross the mechitza Enough with the don'ts, here's a list of what you can do Participate in clubs and events; if you plan to Hang out with the guys of AEPi, the Jewish fraternity We maintain our traditions while embracing modernity This contest isn't about the fame or to become rich It's to promote ...
- published: 21 Nov 2010
- views: 6400
- author: TheDavidSackstein
Elizabeth Warren at the Greater Boston Labor Council Breakfast pt. 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:52
- Updated: 08 Jun 2012
Help draft Elizabeth Warren for Senate here: pccc.me See first half of speech here: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_Warren_at_the_Greater_Boston_Labor_Council_Breakfast_pt_2
Help draft Elizabeth Warren for Senate here: pccc.me See first half of speech here: www.youtube.com
- published: 05 Sep 2011
- views: 4571
- author: BoldProgressives
J'sin Lynch "'Til the Day I Die"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
itunes.apple.com Like J'sin Lynch on Facebook www.facebook.com "'Til the Day I Die" -- Written by J'sin Lynch and Paul "Gauge" Thompson. Performed by J'sin Lynch from the album "Conversations with Ghosts". Directed by Todd J. Lajoie. © 2012. All rights reserved. What Happened To Your Face Records. Director: Facebook: www.facebook.com Biography J'sin Lynch is a singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Known for his tenure as lead vocalist of the greater Boston area bands 48 Rooms and The Fallted, he is currently an active solo artist. He writes, records, produces and performs his own original music, as well as cover songs. J'sin is also a frequent collaborator with many greater Boston area bands, regularly joining them onstage and in studio.
http://wn.com/J'sin_Lynch_'Til_the_Day_I_Die
itunes.apple.com Like J'sin Lynch on Facebook www.facebook.com "'Til the Day I Die" -- Written by J'sin Lynch and Paul "Gauge" Thompson. Performed by J'sin Lynch from the album "Conversations with Ghosts". Directed by Todd J. Lajoie. © 2012. All rights reserved. What Happened To Your Face Records. Director: Facebook: www.facebook.com Biography J'sin Lynch is a singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Known for his tenure as lead vocalist of the greater Boston area bands 48 Rooms and The Fallted, he is currently an active solo artist. He writes, records, produces and performs his own original music, as well as cover songs. J'sin is also a frequent collaborator with many greater Boston area bands, regularly joining them onstage and in studio.
- published: 30 Jul 2012
- views: 104415
- author: J'sin Lynch
1980s Greater Boston Road Racing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:45
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Milk Run, '81/82 Freedom Trail, Falmouth, '81 Bonne Belle 10k . Roadrunner, roadrunner Going faster miles an hour Gonna drive past the Stop 'n' Shop With the radio on I'm in love with Massachusetts And the neon when it's cold outside And the highway when it's late at night Got the radio on I'm like the roadrunner If you liked this video, perhaps you'll like these: jdsportsvideo.com 1981 Freedom Trail Road Race Asked if he would have run even if prize money hadn't been offered, Dixon said, "Certainly. I'm here representing the athletes; not TAC, or ARRA, but athletes. Whether we want to call ourselves amateurs, professionals, or just plain athletes, maybe one day we can all compete as one. That will be freedom!" 1. 36:43 Rod Dixon ($6350) 2. 36:51 Bruce Bickford 3. 37:06 Greg Meyer ($2850) 4. 37:15 John Halberstadt ($2050) 5. 37:30 Jon Sinclair ($1350) 6. 37:44 Stan Vernon ($850) 7. 37:44 Shaw ($750) 8. 37:45 Dave Babiracki ($650) 9. 37:51 Terry Baker ($600) 10. 37:54 Ed Mendoza ($550) 11. 38:01 Randy Thomas 12. 38:04 Rick Rojas 13. 38:05 Alex Kasich 14. 38:06 Brawn 15. 38:07 Boit 20. 38:34 Benji Durden 22. 38:58 Gordon Minty 1. 41:50 Anne Audain ($6000) 2. 43:48 Loraine Moller ($2500) 3. 45:14 Laurie Binder ($1500) 4. 46:21 Cindy Dalrymple 5. 47:02 Patty Catalano 1981 Bonne Bell 10k National Championships "I didn't know where we were going. I just followed the motorcycles," said Jan Merrill, after winning the Bonne Belle National 10k Championship (in AR time). 1. 32:04 ...
http://wn.com/1980s_Greater_Boston_Road_Racing
Milk Run, '81/82 Freedom Trail, Falmouth, '81 Bonne Belle 10k . Roadrunner, roadrunner Going faster miles an hour Gonna drive past the Stop 'n' Shop With the radio on I'm in love with Massachusetts And the neon when it's cold outside And the highway when it's late at night Got the radio on I'm like the roadrunner If you liked this video, perhaps you'll like these: jdsportsvideo.com 1981 Freedom Trail Road Race Asked if he would have run even if prize money hadn't been offered, Dixon said, "Certainly. I'm here representing the athletes; not TAC, or ARRA, but athletes. Whether we want to call ourselves amateurs, professionals, or just plain athletes, maybe one day we can all compete as one. That will be freedom!" 1. 36:43 Rod Dixon ($6350) 2. 36:51 Bruce Bickford 3. 37:06 Greg Meyer ($2850) 4. 37:15 John Halberstadt ($2050) 5. 37:30 Jon Sinclair ($1350) 6. 37:44 Stan Vernon ($850) 7. 37:44 Shaw ($750) 8. 37:45 Dave Babiracki ($650) 9. 37:51 Terry Baker ($600) 10. 37:54 Ed Mendoza ($550) 11. 38:01 Randy Thomas 12. 38:04 Rick Rojas 13. 38:05 Alex Kasich 14. 38:06 Brawn 15. 38:07 Boit 20. 38:34 Benji Durden 22. 38:58 Gordon Minty 1. 41:50 Anne Audain ($6000) 2. 43:48 Loraine Moller ($2500) 3. 45:14 Laurie Binder ($1500) 4. 46:21 Cindy Dalrymple 5. 47:02 Patty Catalano 1981 Bonne Bell 10k National Championships "I didn't know where we were going. I just followed the motorcycles," said Jan Merrill, after winning the Bonne Belle National 10k Championship (in AR time). 1. 32:04 ...
- published: 28 Nov 2010
- views: 3223
- author: Vafareunculo
UMass Lowell Asst. English Prof. Andre Dubus III Greater Boston TV Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:13
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
Video courtesy: Greater Boston/WGBH UMass Lowell Asst. English Prof. Andre Dubus III was a guest on Greater Boston on WGBH-TV on 3/1/11 to talk about his new book, "Townie". www.wgbh.org www.uml.edu
http://wn.com/UMass_Lowell_Asst_English_Prof_Andre_Dubus_III_Greater_Boston_TV_Interview
Video courtesy: Greater Boston/WGBH UMass Lowell Asst. English Prof. Andre Dubus III was a guest on Greater Boston on WGBH-TV on 3/1/11 to talk about his new book, "Townie". www.wgbh.org www.uml.edu
- published: 11 Mar 2011
- views: 1881
- author: umasslowell
Ming Tsai at The Greater Boston Food Bank
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 21 Jan 2012
Ming Tsai joins Catherine D'Amato for a tour of the Yawkey Distribution Center
http://wn.com/Ming_Tsai_at_The_Greater_Boston_Food_Bank
Ming Tsai joins Catherine D'Amato for a tour of the Yawkey Distribution Center
- published: 12 Apr 2010
- views: 1227
- author: TheFoodBankBoston
Jain Center of Greater Boston Temple Inauguration - The Pluralism Project
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 07 Oct 2011
Jain Center of Greater Boston, Norwood, MA. Filmed Saturday 26 June and Sunday 27 June 2010.
http://wn.com/Jain_Center_of_Greater_Boston_Temple_Inauguration_The_Pluralism_Project
Jain Center of Greater Boston, Norwood, MA. Filmed Saturday 26 June and Sunday 27 June 2010.
- published: 15 Jul 2010
- views: 688
- author: PluralismProject
Bob Lobel on "Greater Boston with Emily Rooney" Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:34
- Updated: 15 Nov 2011
Boston sportscasting veteran Bob Lobel speaks about the sweeping changes in the media landscape, particularly on the local level in Boston.
http://wn.com/Bob_Lobel_on_Greater_Boston_with_Emily_Rooney_Part_1
Boston sportscasting veteran Bob Lobel speaks about the sweeping changes in the media landscape, particularly on the local level in Boston.
- published: 04 Apr 2008
- views: 2409
- author: GreaterBoston
WGBH Greater Boston piece on "The Lightkeepers"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 22 May 2012
"Greater Boston" piece on "The Lightkeepers" starring Richard Dreyfuss, Blythe Danner, Bruce Dern, Mamie Gummer and Tom Wisdom, directed by Daniel Adams
http://wn.com/WGBH_Greater_Boston_piece_on_The_Lightkeepers
"Greater Boston" piece on "The Lightkeepers" starring Richard Dreyfuss, Blythe Danner, Bruce Dern, Mamie Gummer and Tom Wisdom, directed by Daniel Adams
- published: 28 May 2009
- views: 2399
- author: dra101ma
photo: AP / Aleppo Revolution Against Assad Regime
29 Jan 2013
By Alexander Dziadosz and Oliver Holmes. BEIRUT, Jan 29 (Reuters) - At least 65 people were found shot dead with their hands bound in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on Tuesday in a "new massacre" in the near two-year revolt against President Bashar al-Assad, activists said. Opposition campaigners blamed the government but it was impossible to confirm who was responsible ... The U.N ... State media did not mention the incident ... STALEMATE ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
photo: AP / Ariel Schalit
31 Jan 2013
Zeenews Bureau. Damascus. The Syrian Army has confirmed that Israeli Air Force fighter planes carried out strikes in its territory, but denied reports of a convoy carrying weapons to Lebanon was bombed. The Syrian Army statement says that the IAF jet fighters’ target was a military research centre near the border with Lebanon. Two people have been reported to be dead and five others injured in the attack ... First Published ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Korea Aerospace Research Institute
30 Jan 2013
Launch of 140-tonne rocket likely to anger North Korea, which incurred tougher UN sanctions after December launch. The rocket takes off from its launchpad at Naro, south of Seoul. South Korea has twice before failed to put a satellite into space. Photograph. Kari/AFP/Getty Images ... Relief greeted the Naro rocket's flawless liftoff from a space centre on the south coast at 4pm local time ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / David Guttenfelder
30 Jan 2013
SEOUL - Until Tuesday, North Korea appeared on Google Maps as a near-total white space -- no roads, no train lines, no parks and no restaurants. The only thing labeled was the capital city, Pyongyang. This all changed when Google, on Tuesday, rolled out a detailed map of one of the world's most secretive states ... Similar processes were used in other once-unmapped countries like Afghanistan and Myanmar ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP / Patrick Semansky
30 Jan 2013
LAS VEGAS -- Seizing an opening to rewrite the nation's immigration laws, President Barack Obama challenged Congress on Tuesday to act swiftly to put 11 million illegal immigrants living in the United States on a clear path to citizenship ... The response suggests that reaching consensus on immigration law changes remained difficult despite a new bipartisan push since the November elections ... Mr ... Sen ... He continued ... Although Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
Boston Herald
31 Jan 2013
With the fifth highest corporate tax burden in the country, Massachusetts must take immediate action to close a competitiveness gap in its corporate tax structure, the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce said today ... These include.. • Adopting the elective single sales factor for all industries, so the tax code doesn’t penalize companies for locating facilities and jobs in the state ... Join The Conversation View Comments (0) ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
31 Jan 2013
31, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- ReServe (http.//www.reserveinc.org), which matches 55+ professionals with nonprofits and government agencies that need them, launched today in Greater Boston ... Founded in 2005, ReServe operates in Baltimore, Miami, Milwaukee, Newark, New York City, Westchester County and now Greater Boston, with some 3,000 ReServists and 300 partner organizations registered nationwide....(size: 5.0Kb)
Business Journal
31 Jan 2013
Thomas Grillo Real Estate Editor- Boston Business Journal Email . Twitter. David Nunes, the dark horse candidate to build a $1 billion Greater Boston casino, surprised everyone with his 11th hour application to the Massachusetts Gaming Commission, including Milford, Mass ... I went to school in Boston at Northeastern University ... Inside the Boston Business Journal ... Boston Jobs ... Six Boston chefs have new cookbooks out....(size: 12.0Kb)
Business Journal
31 Jan 2013
Patricia Resende Managing Editor MHT- Boston Business Journal Email ... Inside the Boston Business Journal ... Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Avenue, Boston. See More Boston Events See Boston Nominations ... Greater Boston Tech Directory Clean Tech Life Sciences Tech Ed / Tech Services Mobile Tech Subscribe or Renew ... Boston Business Journal Thermo Fisher Q4 profit beats estimates....(size: 11.0Kb)
Business Journal
31 Jan 2013
Don Seiffert Associate Editor MHT- Boston Business Journal Email ... Inside the Boston Business Journal ... Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Avenue, Boston. See More Boston Events See Boston Nominations ... Greater Boston Tech Directory Clean Tech Life Sciences Tech Ed / Tech Services Mobile Tech Subscribe or Renew ... Boston Business Journal Thermo Fisher Q4 profit beats estimates....(size: 11.4Kb)
Business Journal
31 Jan 2013
Patricia Resende Managing Editor MHT- Boston Business Journal Email ... Inside the Boston Business Journal ... Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Avenue, Boston. See More Boston Events See Boston Nominations ... Greater Boston Tech Directory Clean Tech Life Sciences Tech Ed / Tech Services Mobile Tech Subscribe or Renew ... Boston Business Journal Virtusa sees big boost in Q3 revenue ... Boston Business Journal SonicBids acquired by Backstage....(size: 11.4Kb)
Business Journal
31 Jan 2013
Don Seiffert Associate Editor MHT- Boston Business Journal Email ... Inside the Boston Business Journal ... Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Avenue, Boston. See More Boston Events See Boston Nominations ... Greater Boston Tech Directory Clean Tech Life Sciences Tech Ed / Tech Services Mobile Tech Subscribe or Renew ... Boston Business Journal Lilliputian Systems CEO Ken Lazarus switches to chairman....(size: 11.7Kb)
Business Journal
31 Jan 2013
Donnelly Reporter- Boston Business Journal Email . Twitter ... Inside the Boston Business Journal ... Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Avenue, Boston. See More Boston Events See Boston Nominations ... Greater Boston Tech Directory Clean Tech Life Sciences Tech Ed / Tech Services Mobile Tech Subscribe or Renew ... Boston Business Journal Alkermes swings to black as sales grow....(size: 11.3Kb)
Business Journal
31 Jan 2013
Inside the Boston Business Journal ... Boston's Humedica acquired by UnitedHealth Group; deal ... Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Avenue, Boston. See More Boston Events See Boston Nominations ... Greater Boston Tech Directory Clean Tech Life Sciences Tech Ed / Tech Services Mobile Tech Subscribe or Renew ... Boston Business Journal Employment rises in 7 Mass....(size: 11.3Kb)
PR Newswire
31 Jan 2013
... life science industry. Founded in 1994, Alexandria was the first REIT to identify and pursue the laboratory niche and has since had the first-mover advantage in the core life science cluster locations, including Greater Boston, San Francisco Bay Area, San Diego, New York City, Seattle, Suburban Washington, D.C., and Research Triangle Park....(size: 14.3Kb)
Boston Herald
30 Jan 2013
Deval Patrick’s budget, which has been criticized for its proposed income tax increase, is partly an effort to spread the wealth that Greater Boston has enjoyed to other parts of the state, his secretary of housing and economic development said yesterday ... are very aware they don’t have a transportation system like Boston’s.”....(size: 2.8Kb)
Business Journal
30 Jan 2013
Inside the Boston Business Journal ... Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Avenue, Boston. See More Boston Events See Boston Nominations ... Greater Boston Tech Directory Clean Tech Life Sciences Tech Ed / Tech Services Mobile Tech Subscribe or Renew ... Boston Business Journal Thermo Fisher mulls bid for equipment biz. Boston Business Journal Sensata Q4 revenue down, execs eye acquisitions....(size: 9.9Kb)
Business Journal
30 Jan 2013
Don Seiffert Associate Editor MHT- Boston Business Journal Email ... Inside the Boston Business Journal ... Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Avenue, Boston. See More Boston Events See Boston Nominations ... Greater Boston Tech Directory Clean Tech Life Sciences Tech Ed / Tech Services Mobile Tech Subscribe or Renew ... Boston Business Journal Mercury stock hits new one-year low post Q2 loss....(size: 11.5Kb)
 Common name: Greater Boston |
|
| Largest city | Boston |
| Other cities | Cambridge Quincy |
| Population | Ranked 10th in the U.S. |
| - Total | 4,522,858 (2008 est.)[1] |
| - Density | 947 /sq. mi. 366 /km² |
| Area | 4,674 sq. mi. 12,105 km² |
| Country | {{{country}}} |
| State(s) | Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island |
| Elevation | |
| - Highest point | 635 feet (194 m) |
| - Lowest point | 0 feet (0 m) |
Greater Boston is the area of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts surrounding the city of Boston. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) of Boston and that of the city's combined statistical area (CSA) which includes the metro areas of Providence, Rhode Island and Worcester, Massachusetts.
By contrast, Metro Boston is usually reserved to signify the "inner core" surrounding the City of Boston,[citation needed] while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the North and South Shores, as well as MetroWest and the Merrimack Valley.
Greater Boston is tenth in population among U.S. metropolitan statistical areas in the United States, home to over 4.6 million people as of the 2010 U.S. Census and is ranked fifth among CSA's, having over 7.6 million people.[2]
Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to American history and culture, particularly the American Revolution, civil rights, literature, and politics, and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the sixth-largest Gross metropolitan product in the country and 12th-largest in the world.
Contents |
Definitions[link]
Metropolitan Area Planning Council[link]
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).[3] The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the Massachusetts legislature to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, I-495. The population of the MAPC district is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of 1,422 square miles (3,680 km2),[3] of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.[4]
The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman (Route 2 corridor), MetroWest (Framingham), North Shore (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), South Shore (Route 3 corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).
Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the Merrimack Valley cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of Plymouth County, and all of Bristol County; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.
New England City and Town Area[link]
The urbanized area surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the New England city and town area (NECTA). The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA.[5] The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).
- Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
- Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
- Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
- Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
- Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
- Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
- Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
- Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
- Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)
Metropolitan statistical area[link]
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of approximately 4.4 million and is the tenth-largest in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their estimated 2005 populations are listed below.
- Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
- Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
- Norfolk County, Massachusetts
- Plymouth County, Massachusetts
- Suffolk County, Massachusetts
- Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
- Middlesex County, Massachusetts
- Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
- Essex County, Massachusetts
- Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
- Rockingham County, New Hampshire
- Strafford County, New Hampshire
- Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
Combined statistical area[link]
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH Combined Statistical Area. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of Manchester, Worcester, and Providence, in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:
- Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
- Worcester County, Massachusetts
- Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
- Bristol County, Massachusetts
- Bristol County, Rhode Island
- Kent County, Rhode Island
- Newport County, Rhode Island
- Providence County, Rhode Island
- Washington County, Rhode Island
- Concord, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (146,681)
- Merrimack County, New Hampshire
- Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
- Belknap County, New Hampshire
- Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
- Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Principal cities and towns[link]
Boston metropolitan area[link]
The Census Bureau defines the following as principal cities in the Boston NECTA[5] using criteria developed for what the Office of Management and Budget calls a Core Based Statistical Area:[6]
These, in decreasing order of population, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2008):
| City | 2008 population[7][8] |
|---|---|
| Boston | 620,535 |
| Cambridge | 105,596 |
| Lowell | 103,615 |
| Brockton | 93,007 |
| Quincy | 92,339 |
| Lynn | 86,957 |
| Newton | 82,139 |
| Somerville | 75,662 |
| Lawrence | 70,014 |
Satellite areas[link]
These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only
- Fall River
- Fitchburg
- Leominster
- New Bedford
- Taunton
- Brockton
- Manchester
- Providence
- Warwick
- Worcester
Major companies[link]
- Companies along, inside or outside I-495:
- Abbott Laboratories, in Worcester (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
- Advanced Cell Technology, in Worcester (Research laboratory)
- AMD, in Marlborough
- Analog Devices, in Norwood
- Avid Technology, Inc, in Tewksbury (Headquarters)
- Bain & Company, in Boston (Headquarters)
- Bain Capital, in Boston (Headquarters)
- BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc., in Natick (Headquarters)
- Bose Corporation, in Framingham (Headquarters)
- Boston Properties, Inc., in Boston (Headquarters)
- Boston Scientific Corporation, in Natick (Headquarters)
- Boston Scientific Corporation, in Marlborough
- Cisco Systems, in Boxborough
- David Clark Company, in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
- Diebold, in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
- EMC Corporation, in Hopkinton (Headquarters)
- Evergreen Solar, in Marlborough (Headquarters)
- Hewlett-Packard Company, in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
- Intel Corporation, in Hudson
- Marshalls, Inc, in Framingham (Headquarters)
- The MathWorks, in Natick
- MITRE Corporation, in Bedford (Headquarters)
- Monster.com, in Maynard (Headquarters)
- Morgan Construction Company, in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
- Philips Electronics North America, in Andover (Regional Headquarters)
- Philips Healthcare, in Andover (Global Headquarters) and Framingham
- Red Hat, in Westford (Engineering Headquarters)
- Reed & Barton in Taunton (Factory & Headquarters)
- Saint-Gobain, in Worcester
- Sepracor, Inc., in Marlborough (Headquarters)
- Staples, Inc., in Framingham (Headquarters)
- Stop & Shop, in Quincy (Headquarters)
- TJX Corporation, in Framingham (Headquarters)
- WB Mason, in Brockton (Headquarters)
- Wyman-Gordon, in Grafton, complex metal components and products
- Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128), not including Boston:
- Akamai Technologies, in Cambridge
- BBN Technologies, in Cambridge (Headquarters)
- Biocell Center, in Medford (North American Headquarters)
- Biogen Idec, in Cambridge
- Carl Zeiss SMT, in Peabody (North American Headquarters)
- Dunkin' Donuts, in Canton (Headquarters)
- Genzyme Corporation, in Cambridge (Headquarters)
- Genzyme Corporation, in Waltham (R&D)
- General Electric Aviation, in Lynn
- Greater Boston Tickets, in Cambridge[1]
- Haemonetics, in Braintree
- IBM, in Waltham, Cambridge and Littleton
- ITA Software, in Cambridge (Headquarters)
- InterSystems Corporation, in Cambridge (Headquarters)
- iRobot Corporation, in Burlington (Headquarters)
- Keurig, in Reading (Headquarters)
- LogMeIn, in Woburn (Headquarters)
- Meditech, in Westwood (Headquarters)
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, in Cambridge
- National Amusements (Parent company of CBS and Viacom), in Dedham (Headquarters)
- National Grid, in Waltham (US Headquarters)
- Novartis AG, Inc, in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
- Novell, Inc., in Waltham
- Oracle Corporation in Burlington
- Osram Sylvania in Danvers (Headquarters)
- Parametric Technology Corporation in Needham (Headquarters)
- Philips Lighting in Burlington
- Progress Software in Bedford (Headquarters)
- Raytheon, in Waltham (Headquarters)
- Reebok, in Canton (U.S. Headquarters)
- Sun Microsystems, in Burlington
- Teradyne, in North Reading (Headquarters)
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, in Waltham (Headquarters)
- TripAdvisor, LLC, in Newton (Headquarters)
- Zipcar, in Cambridge (headquarters)
- Major companies inside Boston proper:
- American Tower (headquarters)
- Au Bon Pain (headquarters)
- Bain & Company (headquarters)
- Bentley Motors (U.S. headquarters)
- Boston Consulting Group (headquarters)
- Fidelity Investments (headquarters)
- The Gillette Company, now owned by Procter & Gamble (headquarters)
- Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (headquarters)
- John Hancock Financial Services, Inc, now the United States division of Canada's Manulife Financial
- Liberty Mutual (headquarters)
- New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. (headquarters)
- Putnam Investments (headquarters)
- Sonesta International Hotels Corp. (headquarters)
- State Street Corporation (headquarters)
- Wayfair (headquarters)
Selected statistics[link]
Greater Boston has a sizable Jewish community, estimated at between 210,000 people,[11][12] and 261,000[13] or 5–6% of the Greater Boston metro population, compared with about 2% for the nation as a whole. Contrary to national trends, the number of Jews in Greater Boston has been growing, fueled by the fact that 60% of children in Jewish mixed-faith families are raised Jewish, compared with roughly one in three nationally.[11]
The City of Boston also has one of the largest LGBT populations per capita. It ranks 5th of all major cities in the country (behind San Francisco, and slightly behind Seattle, Atlanta, and Minneapolis respectively), with 12.3% of the city recognizing themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[14]
Changes in house prices for the Greater Boston area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Boston
| Club | Sport | League | Stadium | Established | League Titles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston Bruins | Ice hockey | National Hockey League | TD Garden (Boston) | 1924 | 6 Stanley Cups 7 Eastern Conference Titles |
| Boston Cannons | Lacrosse | Major League Lacrosse | Harvard Stadium (Boston) | 2001 | 1 MLL Championship |
| Boston Celtics | Basketball | National Basketball Association | TD Garden (Boston) | 1946 | 17 NBA Championships 21 Eastern Conference Titles |
| Boston Red Sox | Baseball | Major League Baseball (AL) | Fenway Park (Boston) | 1901 | 7-time MLB World Series Champions 12 American League Pennants |
| New England Patriots | Football | National Football League (American Football Conference) | Gillette Stadium (Foxboro) | 1960 (as Boston Patriots) |
3-time Super Bowl Champions 7-time AFC Champions |
| New England Revolution | Soccer | Major League Soccer | Gillette Stadium (Foxboro) | 1995 | 1 US Open Cup 1 SuperLiga |
Annual sporting events include:
- The Boston Marathon, which follows a course from Hopkinton to Boston
- The Head of the Charles Regatta
Higher education[link]
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.
See also: Boston, Massachusetts#Education , List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston, and List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts
Transportation[link]
See also: Boston Transportation
Highways[link]
- Central Artery/Tunnel Project (Interstate 93 within Boston)
- Interstate 95: North to New Hampshire and Maine; south to Providence, Rhode Island and beyond. Largely concurrent with MA-128
- U.S. 1
- Interstate 93: North to New Hampshire; south to Canton
- U.S. Route 3
- Massachusetts Route 2: Northwest and west
- The Massachusetts Turnpike (Interstate 90): West to Framingham, Massachusetts and beyond
- Massachusetts Route 9: Western suburbs, to Framingham and Pittsfield
- Massachusetts Route 24: South toward Newport, Rhode Island
- Massachusetts Route 3: Southeast through South Shore to Cape Cod
- Massachusetts Route 128 (I-95/I-93): Circumferential Highway (close to Boston)
- Interstate 495: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
- Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name Greater Boston is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.
Bridges and tunnels[link]
- Callahan Tunnel, carrying Route 1A Northbound
- Sumner Tunnel, carrying Route 1A Southbound
- Ted Williams Tunnel, carrying I-90
- Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel, carrying I-93 and Routes 1 and 3 concurrently.
- Tobin Bridge, carrying Route 1
- Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge, carrying Interstate 93, Route 1 and Route 3 concurrently.
Airports[link]
- Logan International Airport in Boston, 3 mi (5 km) northeast of downtown Boston, New England's largest transportation center.
- Manchester-Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, New Hampshire
- T. F. Green Airport in Providence, Rhode Island
- Hanscom Field in Bedford
- Norwood Memorial Airport
- Worcester Regional Airport
- Beverly Airport
Rail and bus[link]
- Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA, generally known as the "T".)
- Red Line: Cambridge–Braintree and Boston (Mattapan)
- Orange Line: Boston (Jamaica Plain)–Malden
- Green Line: Cambridge–Brookline and Newton
- Blue Line: Boston–Revere
- Silver Line South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–Dudley Square
- MBTA Commuter Rail
- Old Colony Lines serving Plymouth County
- Providence/Stoughton Line serving northern Bristol County and western Norfolk County, connecting to Providence, Rhode Island
- Fairmount Line shuttle service from South Station
- Franklin Line serving western Norfolk County
- Greenbush Line serving Boston's South Shore
- Needham Line serving Boston suburbs and Needham
- Framingham/Worcester Line serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to Worcester
- Fitchburg Line serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to Fitchburg
- Lowell Line serving northern Middlesex County
- Haverhill/Reading Line and Newburyport/Rockport Line serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
- Amtrak service to New York City and Washington, D.C.
- Amtrak Downeaster service to Maine from North Station
The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See Neponset River.
The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:
- Brockton Area Transit Authority
- Cape Ann Transportation Authority
- Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority
- Lowell Regional Transit Authority
- Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority
- MetroWest Regional Transit Authority
- Montachusett Regional Transit Authority
- Worcester Regional Transit Authority
Ocean transportation[link]
Geography[link]
- Rivers
- Hills
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References[link]
- ^ Census.gov, Retrieved November 30, 2009
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2008-03-27. http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
- ^ a b "About MAPC". Metropolitan Area Planning Council. Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20070221050155/http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
- ^ "Transportation Plan – Overview". Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization. 2009. http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/3_programs/1_transportation_plan/plan.html. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
- ^ a b "New England City and Town Areas and Principal Cities". U.S. Census Bureau. November 2008. http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/lists/2008/List8.txt. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ "Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". Office of Management and Budget. December 27, 2000. http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/files/00-32997.pdf. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ "Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in Massachusetts, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008" (Microsoft XLS). U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-25.xls. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
- ^ "Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Hampshire, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008" (Microsoft XLS). U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-33.xls. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ "2009 Globe 100 – Top Massachusetts-based employers – The Boston Globe". The Boston Globe. 2010-01-19. http://www.boston.com/business/globe/globe100/globe_100_2009/mass_based_employers/.
- ^ UCSO.indiana.edu
- ^ a b Michael Paulson (2006-11-10). "Jewish population in region rises". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/11/10/jewish_population_in_region_rises/. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ "Cities with the Largest Jewish Population in the Diaspora". adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_judaism.html#cities. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ "Metro Area Membership Report". The Association of Religion Data Archives. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/metro/1123_2000.asp. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ "12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says". The Seattle Times (The Seattle Times Company). 2006. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/zoom/html/2003432941.html. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Further reading[link]
- Wilson, Susan (2005). The Literary Trail of Greater Boston: A Tour of Sites in Boston, Cambridge, and Concord, Revised Edition. Commonwealth Editions. ISBN 1-889833-67-3. An informative guidebook, with facts and data about literary figures, publishers, bookstores, libraries, and other historic sites on the newly designated Literary Trail of Greater Boston.
- Warner, Sam, Jr. (2001). Greater Boston: Adapting Regional Traditions to the Present. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1769-1.
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http://wn.com/Greater_Boston
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Grand Boston
http://de.wn.com/Metropolregion Greater Boston
http://es.wn.com/Gran Boston
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the capital of Massachusetts. For other uses, see Boston (disambiguation).
| Boston | |||
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| — State Capital — | |||
| City of Boston | |||
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| Nickname(s): Beantown,[1] The Hub (of the Universe),[1] The Cradle of Liberty,[2] The Cradle of Modern America,[1] The Athens of America,[2] The Walking City[1] | |||
| Motto: Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis (Latin "As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us") | |||
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 Boston
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| Coordinates: 42°21′28″N 71°03′42″W / 42.35778°N 71.06167°W / 42.35778; -71.06167Coordinates: 42°21′28″N 71°03′42″W / 42.35778°N 71.06167°W / 42.35778; -71.06167 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | Massachusetts | ||
| County | Suffolk | ||
| Settled | September 17, 1630 | ||
| Incorporated (city) | March 4, 1822 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Strong mayor – council | ||
| • Mayor | Thomas M. Menino (D) | ||
| Area[3][4][5] | |||
| • State Capital | 89.63 sq mi (232.14 km2) | ||
| • Land | 48.43 sq mi (125.43 km2) | ||
| • Water | 41.21 sq mi (106.73 km2) | ||
| • Urban | 1,774 sq mi (4,595 km2) | ||
| • Metro | 4,511 sq mi (11,683 km2) | ||
| • CSA | 10,644 sq mi (27,568 km2) | ||
| Elevation | 141 ft (43 m) | ||
| Population [6][7][8][9] | |||
| • State Capital | 617,594 ('10 census) | ||
| • Density | 12,752/sq mi (4,924/km2) | ||
| • Urban | 4,032,484 ('00 census) | ||
| • Metro | 4,522,858 ('08 est.) | ||
| • CSA | 7,609,358 ('09 est.) | ||
| • Demonym | Bostonian | ||
| Time zone | EST (UTC-5) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC-4) | ||
| ZIP code(s) |
53 total ZIP codes:[10]
|
||
| Area code(s) | 617 and 857 | ||
| FIPS code | 25-07000 | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 0617565 | ||
| Website | www.cityofboston.gov | ||
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ ( listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts,[11] and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region.[12] The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census.[6] Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country.[8] Greater Boston as a commuting region[13] is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.[9][14]
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula.[15] During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center,[15] and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year.[16] The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635),[17] and the first subway system in the United States (1897).[18]
With many colleges and universities within the city and surrounding area, Boston is an international center of higher education and a center for medicine.[19] The city's economic base includes research, manufacturing, finance, and biotechnology.[20] As a result, the city is a leading finance center, ranking 12th in the Z/Yen top 20 Global Financial Centers.[21] The city was also ranked number one for innovation, both globally and in North America,[22] for a variety of reasons.[23][24] Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States,[25] though it remains high on world livability rankings, ranking third in the US and 36th globally.[26]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Boston
See also: Timeline of Boston history
Boston was founded on September 17, 1630, by Puritan colonists from England.[15] The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony are sometimes confused with the Pilgrims, who founded Plymouth Colony ten years earlier in what is today Bristol County, Plymouth County, and Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The two groups, which differed in religious practice, are historically distinct. The separate colonies were not united until the formation of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691.
The Shawmut Peninsula was connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus and was surrounded by the waters of Massachusetts Bay and the Back Bay, an estuary of the Charles River. Several prehistoric Native American archaeological sites that were excavated in the city have shown that the peninsula was inhabited as early as 5000 BC.[27] Boston's early European settlers first called the area Trimountaine, but later renamed the town after Boston in Lincolnshire, England, from which several prominent colonists had emigrated. Massachusetts Bay Colony's original governor, John Winthrop, gave a famous sermon entitled "A Model of Christian Charity", popularly known as the "City on a Hill" sermon, which espoused the idea that Boston had a special covenant with God. (Winthrop also led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, which is regarded as a key founding document of the city.) Puritan ethics molded a stable and well-structured society in Boston. For example, shortly after Boston's settlement, Puritans founded America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635),[17] and America's oldest school in continuous existence, Roxbury Latin School (1645). Over the next 130 years, Boston participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.[28]
In the 1770s, British attempts to exert more-stringent control on the thirteen colonies—primarily via taxation—led to the American Revolution.[15] The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several early battles—including the Battle of Lexington and Concord, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston—occurred in or near the city. During this period, Paul Revere made his famous midnight ride. After the Revolution, Boston had become one of the world's wealthiest international trading ports because of the city's consolidated seafaring tradition. Exports included rum, fish, salt, and tobacco.[29] During this era, descendants of old Boston families were regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites; they were later dubbed the Boston Brahmins.[30]
The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries.[16] A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region made for easy shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads facilitated the region's industry and commerce. From the mid-19th to late 19th century, Boston flourished culturally. It became renowned for its rarefied literary culture and lavish artistic patronage.[31][32]
Boston also became a center of the abolitionist movement.[33] The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,[34] which contributed to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Burns Fugitive Slave Case.[35][36]
In 1822,[37] the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City.[38] At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).[38] In the 1820s, Boston's population began to swell, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish potato famine. By 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston.[39] In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians,[40] French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settle in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,[41] and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.[30]
Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its physical size by land reclamation—by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront[42] —a process that Walter Muir Whitehill called "cutting down the hills to fill the coves". The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century. Beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. Also, the city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912).[43][44] Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge,[45] and Chelsea,[46][47] have been unsuccessful.
On January 15, 1919, in the North End neighborhood, a large molasses storage tank burst, and a wave of molasses rushed through the streets at an estimated 35 mph (56 km/h), killing 21 and injuring 150. The event has entered local folklore, known as The Boston Molasses Disaster.[48]
By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.[15] Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition.[49] BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.[50]
By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Boston now has the second largest skyline in the Northeast (after New York) in terms of the number of buildings reaching a height of over 500 feet (150 m). Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. In 1984, the City of Boston gave control of the Columbia Point public housing complex to a private developer, who redeveloped and revitalized the property from its rundown and dangerous state into an attractive residential mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments, which opened in 1988 and was completed by 1990. It was the first federal housing project to be converted to private, mixed-income housing in the United States, and served as a model for the federal HUD HOPE VI public housing revitalization program that began in 1992.[51]
In the early 21st century, the city has become an intellectual, technological, and political center. It has, however, experienced a loss of regional institutions,[53] which included the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the New York–based Macy's. Boston has also experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century,[54] with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s.[25] Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States,[55] and was ranked the 99th most expensive major city in the world in a 2008 survey of 143 cities.[56] Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.[57]
Geography[link]
Owing to its early founding, Boston is very compact. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. Boston is the country's third most densely populated city that is not a part of a larger city's metropolitan area.[58] This is largely attributable to the rarity of annexation by New England towns. Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston proper from Cambridge, Watertown, and the neighborhood of Charlestown. To the east lies Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (BHINRA). This includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton.[59] The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper.[60] Boston's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level.[61] The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 ft (101 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.[62] Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an ocean coastline.
Much of the Back Bay and South End neighborhoods are built on reclaimed land—all of the earth from two of Boston's three original hills, the "Trimountain", was used as landfill material. Pemberton Hill, which would become Pemberton Square in the Government Center neighborhood, and Mount Vernon, were leveled completely. Only Beacon Hill—the smallest of the three original hills—remains partially intact; only half of its height was cut down for landfill. Tremont Street is named after the three hills. The downtown area and immediate surroundings consist mostly of low-rise brick or stone buildings, with many older buildings in the Federal style. Several of these buildings mix in with modern high-rises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center, the South Boston waterfront, and Back Bay, which includes many prominent landmarks such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings—the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center.[63]
Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent weather forecast beacon—the color of the illuminated light gives an indication of weather to come: "steady blue, clear view; flashing blue, clouds are due; steady red, rain ahead; flashing red, snow instead". (In the summer, flashing red indicates instead that a Red Sox game has been rained out.) Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. Currently, the South End Historic District remains the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the U.S.[64] Along with downtown, the geography of South Boston was particularly impacted by the Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T) Project (or the "Big Dig"). The unstable reclaimed land in South Boston posed special problems for the project's tunnels. In the downtown area, the CA/T Project allowed for the removal of the unsightly elevated Central Artery and the incorporation of new green spaces and open areas.
Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.[66] Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. Jamaica Pond, part of the Emerald Necklace, is the largest body of freshwater in the city. Franklin Park, which is also part of the Emerald Necklace, is the city's largest park and houses the Franklin Park Zoo.[67] Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island (not part of the BHINRA, and now connected to the mainland); in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.
Neighborhoods[link]
Main article: Neighborhoods in Boston
Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections. There are 21 official neighborhoods in Boston used by the city.[68] These neighborhoods include: Allston/Brighton, Back Bay, Bay Village, Beacon Hill, Charlestown, Chinatown/Leather District, Dorchester, Downtown/Financial District, East Boston, Fenway/Kenmore, Hyde Park, Jamaica Plain, Mattapan, Mission Hill, North End, Roslindale, Roxbury, South Boston, South End, West End, and West Roxbury.
Climate[link]
Boston has a climate that is continental in nature but with maritime influences owing to its coastal location, a phenomenon common to coastal southern New England. The climate is either classified as a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), using the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm of the original Köppen scheme, or a humid continental climate (Köppen 'Dfa), using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm preferred by some climatologists.
Summers are typically warm, rainy, and humid, while winters are cold, windy, and snowy. Spring and fall are usually mild, but conditions are widely varied, depending on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore affect Boston, minimizing the influence of the Atlantic Ocean.
The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.9 °F (23.3 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.3 °F (−1.5 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below 10 °F (−12 °C) in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 days per year seeing the former extreme,[69] and the most recent subzero reading occurring on January 24, 2011.[70] Extremes have ranged from −18 to 104 °F (-28 to 40 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934 and July 4, 1911, respectively.[70]
Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic, although it moderates temperatures, also makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain.[71] The city averages 42.5 inches (1,080 mm) of precipitation a year, with 41.8 inches (106 cm) of snowfall a year. Snowfall increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city (especially north and west of the city)—away from the warming influence of the ocean.[72] Most snowfall occurs from December through March. There is usually little or no snow in April and November, and snow is rare in May and October.[73][74]
Fog is prevalent, particularly in spring and early summer, and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region, especially in early autumn. Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city is often subjected to sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.[75][76] From May to September, the city experiences thunderstorms that are occasionally severe; large hail, damaging winds and heavy downpours accompany such severe events. Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has seen its fair share of tornado warnings, but damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.
| Climate data for Boston (1981-2010 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 72 (22) |
70 (21) |
89 (32) |
94 (34) |
97 (36) |
100 (38) |
104 (40) |
102 (39) |
102 (39) |
90 (32) |
83 (28) |
76 (24) |
104 (40) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 36.3 (2.4) |
39.2 (4.0) |
45.9 (7.7) |
56.1 (13.4) |
66.4 (19.1) |
76.4 (24.7) |
81.8 (27.7) |
80.1 (26.7) |
72.8 (22.7) |
61.9 (16.6) |
52.0 (11.1) |
41.7 (5.4) |
59.22 (15.12) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 22.3 (−5.4) |
24.8 (−4.0) |
31.2 (−0.4) |
40.7 (4.8) |
50.0 (10.0) |
59.6 (15.3) |
65.5 (18.6) |
64.7 (18.2) |
57.5 (14.2) |
46.6 (8.1) |
38.1 (3.4) |
28.3 (−2.1) |
44.11 (6.73) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −13 (−25) |
−18 (−28) |
−8 (−22) |
13 (−11) |
31 (−1) |
41 (5) |
50 (10) |
46 (8) |
34 (1) |
25 (−4) |
−2 (−19) |
−17 (−27) |
−18 (−28) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 3.36 (85.3) |
3.25 (82.6) |
4.32 (109.7) |
3.74 (95) |
3.48 (88.4) |
3.68 (93.5) |
3.43 (87.1) |
3.29 (83.6) |
3.44 (87.4) |
3.94 (100.1) |
3.99 (101.3) |
3.78 (96) |
43.7 (1,110) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 14.0 (35.6) |
11.3 (28.7) |
7.8 (19.8) |
1.9 (4.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1.3 (3.3) |
8.8 (22.4) |
45.1 (114.6) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.3 | 9.8 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 11.6 | 125.9 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 6.8 | 5.3 | 4.2 | .8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .1 | .8 | 4.6 | 22.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 164.3 | 169.5 | 213.9 | 228.0 | 266.6 | 288.0 | 300.7 | 275.9 | 237.0 | 207.7 | 144.0 | 142.6 | 2,638.2 |
| Source: NOAA [77] HKO (sun, 1961–1990),[78] ThreadEx (records, 1872–2009)[70] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1722 | 10,567 | — |
| 1765 | 15,520 | +46.9% |
| 1790 | 18,320 | +18.0% |
| 1800 | 24,937 | +36.1% |
| 1810 | 33,787 | +35.5% |
| 1820 | 43,298 | +28.1% |
| 1830 | 61,392 | +41.8% |
| 1840 | 93,383 | +52.1% |
| 1850 | 136,881 | +46.6% |
| 1860 | 177,840 | +29.9% |
| 1870 | 250,526 | +40.9% |
| 1880 | 362,839 | +44.8% |
| 1890 | 448,477 | +23.6% |
| 1900 | 560,892 | +25.1% |
| 1910 | 670,585 | +19.6% |
| 1920 | 748,060 | +11.6% |
| 1930 | 781,188 | +4.4% |
| 1940 | 770,816 | −1.3% |
| 1950 | 801,444 | +4.0% |
| 1960 | 697,197 | −13.0% |
| 1970 | 641,071 | −8.1% |
| 1980 | 562,994 | −12.2% |
| 1990 | 574,283 | +2.0% |
| 2000 | 589,141 | +2.6% |
| 2010 | 617,594 | +4.8% |
| * = population estimate. Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data.[79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] |
||
According to the 2000 United States Census,[90] there were 589,141 people, 239,528 households, and 115,212 families residing in the city. When including the Greater Boston region, rather than just the city itself, the total is approximately 4.5 million. Boston's population density was 12,166 people per square mile (4,697/km2). There were 251,935 housing units at an average density of 5,203 per square mile (2,009/km2). The 2010 U.S. Census population count for the city was 617,594,[6] a 4.8% increase over 2000. During weekdays, the population of Boston can grow during the daytime to over 1.2 million, and can reach as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[91]
In the city, the population was spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 16.2% from 18 to 24, 35.8% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males.[92] There were 239,528 households, of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.9% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.17.[92]
The median income for a household in the city was $39,629, and the median income for a family was $44,151. Males had a median income of $37,435 versus $32,421 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,353. 19.5% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 25.6% of those under the age of 18 and 18.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[93]
In 1950, whites represented 94.7% of Boston's population.[94] From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority-minority for the first time. However, in recent years the city has experienced significant gentrification, in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas. Meanwhile, the city's black population has decreased. In 2006, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority. But as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available the minority population has rebounded. This may also have to do with an increased Latino population and more clarity surrounding U.S. Census statistics, which indicate a Non-Hispanic White population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).[95][96][97]
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the racial composition of Boston was as follows:[98]
- White: 53.9% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 47.0%)
- Black or African American: 22.4%
- Native American: 0.2%
- Asian: 8.9%
- Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.0%
- Some other race: 1.6%
- Two or more races: 2.4%
- Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 17.5%
People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian ancestry are another sizable group, at 6.4%,[99] about half of whom are of Haitian ancestry. Some neighborhoods, such as Dorchester, have received an influx of people of Vietnamese ancestry in recent decades. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans. The city and greater area also has a large immigration population of South Asians, including the tenth-largest Indian community in the country, with an estimated 62,598 Indians.[100]
The city also has a sizable Jewish population with an estimated 25,000 Jews within the city and 227,000 within the Boston metro area; the number of congregations in Boston is estimated at 22.[101][102] The adjacent communities of Brookline and Newton are both approximately one-third Jewish.[101]
Accent[link]
Main article: Boston accent
The "Boston accent" is widely parodied in the U.S. and the Kennedy family is often associated with it, though the Kennedys' speech is generally considered more an idiosyncratic mix of various accents such as Boston Brahman.[103][104][105] It is non-rhotic (i.e., drops the "r" sound at the end of syllables unless the next syllable starts with a vowel) and traditionally uses a "broad a" in certain words, so "bath" can sound like "bahth".[106] Boston English has many dialect words, such as "frappe", meaning "milkshake made with ice cream" (as opposed to other milkshakes).[107] The accent originated in the non-rhotic speech of 17th century East Anglia and Lincolnshire.[108]
Crime[link]
The city has seen a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate over the past decade or so has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).[109]
In the 2000s (decade), however, the annual murder count has fluctuated by as much as 50% compared with the year before, with 60 murders in 2002, followed by just 39 in 2003, 64 in 2004, and 75 in 2005. Although the figures are nowhere near the high-water mark set in 1990, the aberrations in the murder rate have been unsettling for many Bostonians and have prompted discussion over whether the Boston Police Department should reevaluate its approach to fighting crime.[109][110][111]
Economy[link]
See also: Major companies in Greater Boston
Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.[113]
Boston's colleges and universities have a significant effect on the regional economy, with students contributing an estimated $4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.[114] Boston's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. Boston is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country.[115] Boston also receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.[116]
Tourism comprises a large part of Boston's economy. In 2004, tourists spent $7.9 billion and made the city one of the ten-most-popular tourist locations in the country.[16] Because of Boston's status as a state capital and the regional home of federal agencies, law and government are another major component of the city's economy.[16] The city is also a major seaport along the United States' East Coast and is also the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere.[117]
Some of the other important industries are financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance.[16] Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. The city is home to the regional headquarters of Bank of America and Sovereign Bank, and it is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. A 2008 study ranked Boston among the top 10 cities in the world for a career in finance.[118] Boston is a printing and publishing center — Houghton Mifflin is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press, Beacon Press, and Little, Brown and Company. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers—the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront.
Some of the major companies headquartered within the city are the Liberty Mutual insurance company, Gillette (now owned by Procter & Gamble), and New Balance. Boston is also home to management consulting firms The Boston Consulting Group and Bain & Company, as well as the private equity group Bain Capital.[119] Other major companies are located outside the city, especially along Route 128,[120] which serves as the center of the region's high-tech industry. In 2006, Boston and its metropolitan area ranked as the fourth-largest cybercity in the United States with 191,700 high-tech jobs. Only NYC Metro, DC Metro, and Silicon Valley have larger high-tech sectors.[121]
Boston is classified as an "incipient global city" by a 2004 study group at Loughborough University in England.[122] Classified as an Alpha-global city by GaWC studies, comparable to Vienna, Dublin, or Istanbul, Boston is placed among the top 30 cities in the world.[citation needed]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture in Boston
See also: Annual events in Boston, List of arts organizations in Boston, and Sites of interest in Boston
Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English, and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products. Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston's politics and religious institutions. Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang.[123]
The city has a number of ornate theatres, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Boston Opera House, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre. Renowned performing-arts organizations include the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Boston Ballet, Boston Early Music Festival, Boston Lyric Opera Company, OperaBoston, and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).[125] The city is also a major center for contemporary classical music, with a number of performing groups, some of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. There are also many major annual events such as First Night, which occurs on New Year's Eve, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints, and several events during the Fourth of July period. These events include the week-long Harborfest festivities[126] and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.[127]
Because of the city's prominent role in the American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground. The city is also home to several prominent art museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. In December 2006, the Institute of Contemporary Art moved from its Back Bay location to a new contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro located in the Seaport District. The University of Massachusetts campus at Columbia Point houses the John F. Kennedy Library. The Boston Athenaeum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),[128] Boston Children's Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers), Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.
File:Quincy Market, Boston, USA.jpg
Quincy Market, part of the larger Faneuil Hall festival marketplace
Boston is also one of the birthplaces of the hardcore punk genre of music. Boston musicians have contributed significantly to this music scene over the years (see also Boston hardcore). Boston neighborhoods were home to one of the leading local third wave ska and ska punk scenes in the 1990s, led by bands such as The Mighty Mighty Bosstones and The Allstonians. The 1980s' hardcore punk-rock compilation This Is Boston, Not L.A. highlights some of the bands that built the genre. Several nightclubs, such as The Channel, Bunnratty's in Allston, and The Rathskeller, were renowned for showcasing both local punk-rock bands and those from farther afield. All of these clubs are now closed. Many were razed or converted during recent gentrification.[129]
Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Two Protestant faiths are headquartered in Boston: Unitarian Universalism, with its headquarters on Beacon Hill, and the Christian Scientists, headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other notable churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), First Church in Boston (congregation founded 1630, building raised 1868), Old South Church (1874), and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).
Media[link]
Main article: Media in Boston
The Boston Globe (owned by The New York Times Company) and the Boston Herald are two of Boston's major daily newspapers. The city is also served by other publications such as The Boston Phoenix, Boston magazine, The Improper Bostonian, Boston's Weekly Dig, and the Boston edition of Metro. The Christian Science Monitor, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.[130] The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools. The newspaper Teens in Print or T.i.P. is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.[131]
The city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by The Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.
Boston has the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the Boston radio market being the eleventh largest in the United States.[132] Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO 680 AM, sports/talk station WEEI 850 AM, and news radio WBZ 1030 AM. A variety of FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (M.I.T.), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN (Curry College).
The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the seventh largest in the United States.[133] The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ 4 and its sister station WSBK 38 (the former with CBS, the latter an independent, nonaffiliated station), WCVB 5 (ABC), WHDH 7 (NBC), WFXT 25 (Fox), WUNI 27 (Univision), WBIN 50 (MyNetworkTV), and WLVI 56 (The CW). Boston is also home to PBS station WGBH 2, a major producer of PBS programs, which also operates WGBX 44. Most Boston television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor.[134]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Boston
Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues, and has won 33 championships in these leagues, as of 2011.[135]
The Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square in the Fenway section of Boston. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, encompassing Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League.[136] Boston was also the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates.[137][138] Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the "Boston Pilgrims" appear to be unfounded.[139] Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.[140]
The TD Garden formerly called the FleetCenter and originally called the Boston Garden is adjoined to North Station and is the home of three major league teams: the Boston Blazers of the National Lacrosse League, the 2011 Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League; and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise.[141] The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.[142] The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen.[143]
While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name in 1971 to better reflect its status as New England's team. A charter member of the American Football League, the team joined the National Football League in 1970. The team has won the Super Bowl three times, in 2001, 2003, and 2004.[144] They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Harvard Stadium in Allston.[145]
Boston's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play their games in the city—Boston College (Atlantic Coast Conference), Boston University (America East Conference), Harvard University (Ivy League), and Northeastern University (Colonial Athletic Association). Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision. Boston University and Northeastern University do not have football teams. All but Harvard belong to the Hockey East conference; Harvard belongs to the ECAC in hockey. The hockey teams of these four universities meet every year in a four-team tournament known as the "Beanpot Tournament", which is played at the TD Garden over two Monday nights in February.[146]
One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 42.195-kilometre (26.219 mi) run from Hopkinton to Copley Square in the Back Bay which is the world's oldest annual marathon run.[147] It is run on Patriots' Day in April and always coincides with a Red Sox home baseball game that starts at 11:05 am, the only MLB game all year to start before noon local time.[148] Another major event held annually in the city is the Head of the Charles Regatta rowing competition on the Charles River.[149]
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston Bruins | NHL | Hockey | TD Garden | 1924 | 6 Stanley Cups |
| Boston Celtics | NBA | Basketball | TD Garden | 1946 | 17 NBA Titles |
| Boston Red Sox | MLB | Baseball | Fenway Park | 1901 | 7 World Series Titles 12 AL Pennants |
| New England Patriots | NFL | Football | Gillette Stadium | 1960 | 3 Super Bowl Titles 7 AFC Championships |
| New England Revolution | MLS | Soccer | Gillette Stadium | 1995 | 1 U.S. Open Cup 1 Superliga |
| Boston Blazers | NLL | Lacrosse (Indoor) | TD Garden | 2008 | None |
| Boston Breakers | WPS | Soccer | Harvard Stadium | 2001 | None |
| Boston Cannons | MLL | Lacrosse (Outdoor) | Harvard Stadium | 2001 | 1 Steinfeld Cup |
| Boston Aztec | WPSL | Soccer | Amesbury Sports Park | 2005 | 1 WPSL Title |
| Boston Demons | USAFL | Australian Rules Football | Ipswich River Park | 1997 | 2 National Championships |
| Boston Militia | WFA | Football | Dilboy Stadium | 2008 | 2 Championships |
| New England Riptide | NPF | Softball | Martin Softball Field | 2004 | 1 Cowles Cup |
Government[link]
See also: Boston City Hall, Boston Emergency Medical Services, Boston Finance Commission, Boston Fire Department, List of mayors of Boston, and List of members of Boston City Council
Boston has a strong mayor – council government system in which the mayor is vested with extensive executive powers. The mayor is elected to a four-year term by plurality voting. The current mayor of Boston is Thomas Menino. He was elected in 1993 and was reelected in 2009 for a fifth term, the longest in Boston history. Boston City Council is elected every two years. There are nine district seats, each elected by the residents of that district through plurality voting, and four at-large seats. Each voter casts up to four votes for at-large councilors, with no more than one vote per candidate. The candidates with the four highest vote totals are elected. The president of the city council is elected by the councilors from within themselves. The school committee for the Boston Public Schools is appointed by the mayor.[150] The Boston Redevelopment Authority and the Zoning Board of Appeals (a seven-person body appointed by the mayor) share responsibility for land-use planning.[151]
In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)—play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics. The city has several properties relating to the United States federal government, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building and the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building.[152] Boston also serves as the home of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts; Boston is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (the First District of the Federal Reserve).
Federally, Boston is part of Massachusetts's 8th and 9th congressional districts,[153] represented respectively by Mike Capuano, elected in 1998, and Stephen Lynch, elected in 2001; both are Democrats. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat John Kerry, elected in 1984. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Republican Scott Brown was elected in 2010 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of long-time Democratic senator Ted Kennedy.
| Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of October 15, 2008[154] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Number of Voters | Percentage | |||
| Democratic | 209,710 | 55.04% | |||
| Republican | 27,541 | 7.23% | |||
| Unaffiliated | 140,601 | 36.90% | |||
| Minor Parties | 3,161 | 0.83% | |||
| Total | 381,013 | 100% | |||
Education[link]
Boston's reputation as a higher education center derives in large part from the teaching and research activities of more than 100 colleges and universities located in the Greater Boston Area, with more than 250,000 students attending college in Boston and Cambridge alone.[155] Within the city, Boston University exudes a large presence as the city's fourth-largest employer,[156] and maintains a campus along the Charles River on Commonwealth Avenue and its medical campus in the South End. Northeastern University, another large private university, is located in the Fenway area, and is particularly known for its Engineering, Business and Health Science schools and cooperative education program. Suffolk University, the third largest university in Boston, is located in the Beacon Hill area, and is known for its law school and business school.[157][158] Boston College, a private Catholic Jesuit university, whose original campus was located in the South End, now straddles the Boston (Brighton)-Newton border, with planned expansions further into Brighton.[159] Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston, located on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges.
Boston has several smaller private colleges and universities. Emmanuel College, Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wheelock College, and Wentworth Institute of Technology are founding members of the Colleges of the Fenway and are located adjacent to Northeastern University. New England School of Law, a small private law school located in the theater district, was originally established as America's first all female law school.[160] Emerson College, a small private college with a strong reputation in the fields of performing arts, journalism, writing, and film, is located near Boston Common.
Boston is also home to several conservatories and art schools, including The Art Institute of Boston (Lesley University), Massachusetts College of Art, New England Institute of Art, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), and the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States).[161] Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts and Berklee College of Music.
Several universities located outside Boston have a major presence in the city. Harvard University, the nation's oldest, is located across the Charles River in Cambridge. Its business and medical schools are in Boston, and there are plans for additional expansion into Boston's Allston neighborhood.[162] The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which originated in Boston and was long known as "Boston Tech", moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916. Tufts University administers its medical and dental school adjacent to the Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children. Tufts' main campus, including the renowned Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, is located just north of the city in Somerville and Medford.
Boston Public Schools, the oldest public school system in the U.S., enrolls 57,000 students from pre-kindergarten to grade 12.[17] The system operates 145 schools, which includes Boston Latin School (the oldest public school in the United States, established in 1635) which, along with Boston Latin Academy and John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, are highly prestigious public exam schools admitting students in the 7th and 9th grades only and serving grades 7–12), English High (the oldest public high school, established 1821), and the Mather School (the oldest public elementary school, established in 1639).[17] In 2002, Forbes Magazine ranked the Boston Public Schools as the best large city school system in the country, with a graduation rate of 82%.[163] In 2005, the student population within the school system was 45.5% Black or African American, 31.2% Hispanic or Latino, 14% White, and 9% Asian, as compared with 24%, 14%, 49%, and 8% respectively for the city as a whole.[164][165] The city also has private, parochial, and charter schools and approximately 3000 students of racial minorities attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council, or METCO.
Healthcare[link]
See also: List of hospitals in Boston
The Longwood Medical and Academic Area is a region of Boston with a concentration of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.[166] Massachusetts General Hospital is near the Beacon Hill neighborhood, with the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital nearby. St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of Boston's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. Boston has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods.[167] The Boston Public Health Commission, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health concerns for Boston residents.[168]
Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are well-known research medical centers affiliated with Harvard Medical School.[169] Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area;[170] it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.[171]
Utilities[link]
Water supply and sewage-disposal services are provided by the Boston Water and Sewer Commission.[172] The Commission in turn purchases wholesale water and sewage disposal from the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. The city's water comes from the Quabbin Reservoir and the Wachusett Reservoir, which are about 65 miles (105 km) and 35 miles (56 km) west of the city respectively.[173] Boston's tap water has been ranked among the best in the country,[174] and Boston is one of five cities in the country with tap water pure enough to be exempt from Environmental Protection Agency filtration requirements.[175] NSTAR is the exclusive electricity distributor to the city, though due to deregulation, customers now have a choice of electric generation companies. Natural gas is distributed by National Grid plc (originally KeySpan, the successor company to Boston Gas); only commercial and industrial customers may choose an alternate natural gas supplier.[176] Municipal steam services are provided by Veolia Energy North America and its subsidiary Trigen Energy Corporation;[177][178] which comprise the original assets of the defunct Boston Heating Company.[179][180]
Verizon, successor to New England Telephone, NYNEX, Bell Atlantic, and earlier, the Bell System, is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Phone service is also available from various national wireless companies. Cable television is available from Comcast and RCN, with broadband Internet access provided by the same companies in certain areas. A variety of DSL providers and resellers are able to provide broadband Internet over Verizon-owned phone lines.[181] Galaxy Internet Services (GIS) has also moved to the forefront to deploy municipal Wi-Fi broadband Internet throughout areas of the city of Boston.[182]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Boston
Logan International Airport, located in the East Boston neighborhood, handles most of the scheduled passenger service for Boston.[183] Surrounding the city are three major general aviation relievers: Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field in Bedford, to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. T. F. Green Airport serving Providence, Rhode Island, Bradley International Airport outside of Hartford, Connecticut, and Manchester-Boston Airport in Manchester, New Hampshire, also provide scheduled passenger service to the Boston area.
Downtown Boston's streets were not organized on a grid, but grew in a meandering organic pattern from early in the 17th century. They were created as needed, and as wharves and landfill expanded the area of the small Boston peninsula.[184] Along with several rotaries, roads change names and lose and add lanes seemingly at random. By contrast, streets in the Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston do follow a grid system.
Boston is the eastern terminus of cross-continent I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. Originally known as the Circumferential Highway, Route 128 carries I-95 over a portion of its route west and north of the city. U.S. 1 and I-93 run concurrently north to south through the city from Charlestown to Dorchester, joined by Massachusetts Route 3 after the Zakim Bridge over the Charles River. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried these routes through downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006.
With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country.[185] The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operates what was the first underground rapid transit system in the United States and is now the fourth busiest rapid transit system in the country,[18] having been expanded to 65.5 miles (105 km) of track,[186] reaching as far north as Malden, as far south as Braintree, and as far west as Newton—collectively known as the "T". The MBTA also operates the nation's seventh busiest bus network, as well as water shuttles, and the nation's busiest commuter rail network outside of New York City or Chicago, totaling over 200 miles (320 km),[186] extending north to the Merrimack Valley, west to Worcester, and south to Providence.
Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station and stop at Back Bay. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which serve New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston.[187] Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station.[188]
Nicknamed "The Walking City," Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as the compactness of the city and large student population, 13% of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities.[189] In 2011, Walk Score ranked Boston the third most walkable city in the United States.[190][191]
Between 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston as one of the worst cities in the U.S. for cycling three times;[192] regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting.[193] In September 2007, Mayor Menino started a bicycle program called Boston Bikes with a goal of improving bicycling conditions by adding bike lanes, racks, and offering bikeshare programs. In 2008, as a consequence the same magazine put Boston on its list of its "Five for the Future" list as a "Future Best City" for biking,[194][195] and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009.[196] The bikeshare program, called Hubway, launched in late July 2011,[197] logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season.[198] In tandem with the program, police announced intention to step up enforcement of traffic laws, both on drivers and bikers,[199] as part of an effort to improve safety and ameliorate the city's growing clash between bikers and motorists.[200][201][202] The neighboring cities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline all intend to sign on to the Hubway program for launch in summer 2012.[203]
Sister cities[link]
Main article: Sister cities of Boston
Boston has eight official sister cities as recognized by Sister Cities International.[204] The date column indicates the year in which the relationship was established. Kyoto was Boston's first sister city.
| City | Country | Date | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kyoto |  Japan |
1959 | [205] |
| Strasbourg |  France |
1960 | [206][207] |
| Barcelona |  Spain |
1980 | [208][209] |
| Hangzhou |  People's Republic of China |
1982 | [204] |
| Padua |  Italy |
1983 | [210] |
| Melbourne |  Australia |
1985 | |
| Taipei |  Republic of China (Taiwan) |
1996 | [212] |
| Sekondi-Takoradi |  Ghana |
2001 | [204] |
Boston also has less formal friendship or partnership relationships with an additional three cities.
| City | Country | Date | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boston |  United Kingdom |
1999 | [213][214] |
| Haifa |  Israel |
1999 | [215] |
| Valladolid | Spain |
2007 | [216] |
See also[link]
- Boston in fiction
- Boston nicknames
- List of diplomatic missions in Boston
- List of people from Boston
- List of songs about Boston
- List of tallest buildings in Boston
- List of television shows set in Boston
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston, Massachusetts
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d e Dalager, Norman (August 10, 2006). "What's in a nickname?". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/travel/boston/boston_nicknames/. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ a b "Boston Travel & Vacations". Britannia.com. 2006. http://www.britannia.com/travel/Market/boston-vacations.html. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=gct&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US12S&-tree_id=4001&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US25&-format=ST-7. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ "United States by Urbanized Area; and for Puerto Rico". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US12S&-CONTEXT=gct&-tree_id=808&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=&-format=US-12. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ "United States by County by State, and for Puerto Rico". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_US25&-CONTEXT=gct&-tree_id=808&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=&-format=US-25. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – State – County Subdivision, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST16&prodType=table. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
- ^ "Alphabetically sorted list of Census 2000 Urbanized Areas" (TXT). United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua2k.txt. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ a b "Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (CBSA-EST2008-alldata)" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on March 22, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090322152859/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2008/CBSA-EST2008-alldata.csv. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ a b "Combined statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (CSA-EST2008-alldata)" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2008/CSA-EST2008-alldata.csv. Retrieved April 11, 2009. [dead link]
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- ^ "massachusetts". infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108225.html. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ Steinbicker, Earl (2000). 50 one day adventures—Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire.. Hastings House/Daytrips Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 0-8038-2008-9.
- ^ "Boston Worcester Manchester Demographic Profile: Region 19". Federal Transit Administration. January 31, 2007. http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Boston_Worchester_Manchester_DemographicProfile19.doc. Retrieved August 30, 2010. 21 pp.
- ^ "Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH Combined Statistical Area". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. http://www.census.gov/econ/census07/pdf/maps/ma/metro/33000us148m.pdf. Retrieved June 20, 2009. Included in the CSA: MA counties: Bristol, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk and Worcester; NH counties: Belknap, Hillsborough, Merrimack, Rockingham and Strafford; RI counties (entire state): Bristol, Kent, Newport, Providence and Washington (South County)
- ^ a b c d e Banner, David. "Boston History – The History of Boston, Massachusetts". SearchBoston. http://www.searchboston.com/articles/history.html. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "Boston Tourism". Thomson Gale (Thomson Corporation). 2006. http://www.thetravelerszone.com/travel-destinations/top-25-most-visited-tourist-destinations-in-america/. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
- ^ a b c d "BPS at a Glance". Boston Public Schools. March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070403011648/http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
- ^ a b Fagundes, David; Grant, Anthony (April 28, 2003). The Rough Guide to Boston. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-044-9.
- ^ Banner, David. "Going to College in Boston". SearchBoston. http://www.searchboston.com/articles/college.html. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
- ^ "Boston City Guide". World Travel Guide. http://www.worldtravelguide.net/city/16/city_guide/North-America/Boston.html. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
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- ^ "The top 100 cities of the global innovation economy". 2THINKNOW. September 1, 2010. http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-top-100-index-top-cities/.
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- ^ ""Growth" to Boston in its Heyday, 1640s to 1730s" (PDF). Boston History & Innovation Collaborative. 2006. http://www.bostonhistorycollaborative.org/pdf/Era2.pdf. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
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- ^ "150th Anniversary of Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case". Suffolk University. April 24, 2004. http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
- ^ "About Boston". City of Boston. 2006. http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/about.asp. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
- ^ a b State Street Trust Company; Walton Advertising and Printing Company (1922) (TXT). Boston: one hundred years a city. 2. Boston: State Street Trust Company. http://www.archive.org/stream/bostononehundred02stat/bostononehundred02stat_djvu.txt. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
- ^ "People & Events: Boston's Immigrant Population". WGBH/PBS Online (American Experience). 2003. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/murder/peopleevents/p_immigrants.html. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
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- ^ "Boston People". city-data.com. 2007. http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Boston-People.html. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
- ^ "The History of Land Fill in Boston". iBoston.org. 2006. http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm. Retrieved January 9, 2006. . Also see Howe, Jeffery (1996). "Boston: History of the Landfills". Boston College. http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
- ^ Historical Atlas of Massachusetts. University of Massachusetts. 1991. p. 37.
- ^ Holleran, Michael (2001) "Problems with Change" Boston's Changeful Times: Origins of Preservation and Planning in America The Johns Hopkins University Press p. Pg. 41 ISBN 0-8018-6644-8 http://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC&lpg=PA41&pg=PA39#v=onepage&f=false. Retrieved August 22, 2010
- ^ Staff writer (March 26, 1892, Wednesday). "BOSTON'S ANNEXATION SCHEMES.; PROPOSAL TO ABSORB CAMBRIDGE AND OTHER NEAR-BY TOWNS". The New York Times: p. 11. Archived from the original on March 27, 1892. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C05E1DC1F39E233A25754C2A9659C94639ED7CF. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ Rezendes, Michael (October 13, 1991). "Has the time for Chelsea's annexation to Boston come? The Hub hasn't grown since 1912, and something has to follow that beleaguered community's receivership". The Boston Globe: p. 80. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ Estes, Andrea (September 9, 1991). "Flynn offers to annex Chelsea". Boston Herald: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9%2C+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
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- ^ Roessner, Jane. "A Decent Place to Live: from Columbia Point to Harbor Point – A Community History", Boston: Northeastern University Press, c2000. Cf. p. 80, "The Columbia Point Health Center: The First Community Health Center in the Country".
- ^ Cf. Roessner, p.293. "The HOPE VI housing program, inspired in part by the success of Harbor Point, was created by legislation passed by Congress in 1992."
- ^ Puleo, Stephen (2007). "Epilogue: Today". The Boston Italians (illustrated ed.). Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-5036-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC&printsec=frontcover#PPA281,M1. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
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- ^ After New York City and San Francisco. Many cities, such as Paterson, New Jersey, are denser but are part of a larger city's metropolitan area.
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- ^ "Boston Economy". City-Data.com. Advameg Inc.. 2007. http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-Northeast/Boston-Economy.html. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
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- ^ Leading World Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University
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- ^ "Your Drinking Water: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, 2006 Drinking Water Report" (Press release). Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. June 19, 2007.
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- ^ Of cities over 250,000 "Carfree Database Results – Highest percentage (Cities over 250,000)". Bikes at Work Inc.. 2007. http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=*&lower_pop=250000&upper_pop=999999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0.. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
- ^ Said, Carolyn (July 20, 2011). "S.F., Oakland in top 10 most walkable U.S. cities". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/07/20/BUUK1KCC67.DTL&tsp=1. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
- ^ "The 10 most walkable U.S. cities". MarketWatch. 2011. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-10-most-walkable-us-cities-2011-07-20?link=MW_popular. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
- ^ MacLaughlin, Nina (2006). "Boston Can Be Bike City...If You Fix These Five Big Problems". The Phoenix – Bicycle Bible 2006. http://thephoenix.com/supplements/2006/bicyclebible/article.aspx?ID=Boston.
- ^ "Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them – Another Look" (PDF). Dill bike facilities. 2003. p. 5. http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP178/Dill_bike_facilities.pdf. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
- ^ KATIE ZEZIMA (August 9, 2009). "Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists’ Minefield". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html?_r=3&ref=us. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
- ^ "A Future Best City: Boston". Rodale Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20100211195827/http://www.bicycling.com/article/0,6610,s1-2-13-17078-1,00.html. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
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- ^ "Hub set to launch bike-share program". Boston Globe. http://articles.boston.com/2011-04-21/news/29460074_1_bike-bicycles-kiosks. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Hubway bike system to be fully launched by April 1". 2012 NY Times Co.. http://articles.boston.com/2012-03-29/yourtown/31255679_1_bike-stations-miles-of-bike-lane-new-bike-lines. Retrieved 2012-04-20. .
- ^ "Boston gear up for influx of new bicycle riders". Boston Globe. July 13, 2011. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/07/13/boston_gear_up_for_influx_of_new_bicycle_riders/?rss_id=Boston.com+--+Local+news. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Make Boston bicycle-free". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/07/15/make_boston_bicycle_free/?p1=News_links. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Drivers, bicyclists clash on road sharing". Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.. October 18, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/05/11/bicycle.wars/index.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
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References[link]
- Boston (1909). Records Relating to the Early History of Boston – Selectmen Minutes 1818–1822.. City of Boston. http://books.google.com/books?id=olMMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA98&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Boston&num=50#PPP5,M1.
- Downst, Henry P. (1916). Random Notes of Boston. Humphrey Publishing. http://kellscraft.com/NotesBoston/NotesBostoncontentpage.html.
- Gershkoff, Ira; Trachtman, Richard (2004). The Boston Driver's Handbook. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81326-2.
- Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (1999). Boston. Oakland, CA: Compass American Guides. ISBN 0-679-00284-7.
- Jones, Howard Mumford; Jones, Bessie Zaban (1975). The Many Voices of Boston: A Historical Anthology 1630–1975. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-47282-4.
- Rambow, John D. et al. (2003). Fodor's Boston. New York: Fodors Travel Publication. ISBN 1-4000-1028-4.
- Seasholes, Nancy S. (2003). Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19494-5.
- Snow, Caleb H. (1828). History of Boston. Abel Bowen. http://books.google.com/books?id=7eovZyvw7S8C&pg=PA9&dq=editions:0tsIsk90aiMeVh&cad=0_0#PPP13,M1.
- Vanderwarker, Peter (1982). Boston Then and Now. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24312-5.
- Winsor, Justin (1881). Memorial History of Boston, Vol.1 [http://books.google.com/books?id=U0AOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Memorial+intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Boston&num=50&cad=3_1 Vol.2 Vol.3. Vol.4.]. James R. Osgood and Company. http://books.google.com/books?id=1z8OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0jkSXQveT0SxV7GZV0DYhMn#PPR3,M1.
Further reading[link]
- Boston: A to Z (2000), Thomas H. O'Connor, ISBN 0-674-00310-1
- Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800–2000 (2000), Douglass Shand-Tucci, ISBN 1-55849-201-1
- Lost Boston (1999), Mariner Books, ISBN 0-395-96610-8
- Boston: A Topographical History, Third Enlarged Edition (2000), Belknap Press, ISBN 0-674-00268-7
- When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac (2004), Northeastern, ISBN 1-55553-620-4
- Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston (2003), Nancy S. Seasholes, ISBN 0-262-19494-5
- Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub, (2009), Globe Pequot; First edition ISBN 0-7627-5062-6
- AIA Guide to Boston, 3rd Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods, (2008), Michael Southworth and Susan Southworth, GPP Travel, ISBN 0-7627-4337-9
- Boston: A Pictorial Celebration (2006), Jonathan M. Beagle, Elan Penn (photographer), ISBN 1-4027-1977-9
- City in Time: Boston (2008), Jeffrey Hantover, Gilbert King (photographer), ISBN 1-4027-3300-3
- Mapping Boston (2001), Alex Krieger (editor), David Cobb (editor), Amy Turner (editor), Norman B. Leventhal (Foreword by) MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-61173-2
- Boston Beheld: Antique Town and Country Views (2008), D. Brenton Simons, University Press of New England, ISBN 1-58465-740-5
- Boston (2010) by Jordan Worek; photographs by Bill Horsman, Firefly Books, ISBN 1-55407-591-2
- Boston's immigrants, 1840–1925 (2000), by Michael Price, Anthony Mitchell Sammarco, Arcadia Publishing, Images of America series
- Boston: A Century of Progress (1995), by Anthony Mitchell Sammarco, Arcadia Publishing, Images of America series
External links[link]
| Find more about Boston on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Boston at the Open Directory Project
- City of Boston official website
- Boston travel guide from Wikitravel
- Open Space Plan 2002–2006 from the City of Boston official website
- Historical Maps of Boston from the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library
- Boston Streets: Mapping Directory Data from Tufts University, with support from the Institute of Museum and Library Services and The Bostonian Society
- Maps of income, landfill growth, public transport, and squares from Radical Cartography
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Kim Carrigan (born in 1958) was Australia's leading exponent of rockclimbing[1] during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Carrigan put up several hundred new routes on crags around the country, in particular at Mount Arapiles, Victoria, where he was based for several years. He repeatedly extended the limits of Australian climbing, initially by free climbing an old aid route Procul Harum to establish the first Australian climb graded 26 under the Ewbank grading system. He went on to climb the first grade 27 (Denim), grade 28 (Yesterday), grade 29 (India) and grade 30 (Masada). All of these climbs are located at Mount Arapiles. Later he moved to Switzerland and became a triathlete.[1] In the Swiss alps he did some difficult first ascents with the famous Swiss climber Martin Scheel, e.g. Truth of human desire at the Titlis.[2]
References[link]
- ^ a b Carter, H. Adams, ed. (1997). The American Alpine Journal. Volume 62 of American Alpine Club Annual Resources Series. The Mountaineers Books. p. 63. ISBN 0-930410-33-5, 9780930410339. http://books.google.com/books?id=2supqqoGy7wC&pg=PA63&dq=%22Kim+Carrigan%22#v=onepage&q=%22Kim%20Carrigan%22&f=false.
- ^ Daniel Anker: Titlis, Spielplatz der Schweiz. AS Verlag, Zuerich 2001 p.66 ISBN 3-905111-62-4
| Persondata | |
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| Name | Carrigan, Kim |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1958 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Kim_Carrigan
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Yaron Brook (Hebrew: ירון ברוק; born 1961) is a political activist and the current president and executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute, a non-profit organization in Irvine, California, whose mission is to promote the novels of Ayn Rand and her philosophy of Objectivism.
Contents |
Early life in Israel[link]
Brook was born and raised in Israel. His parents were Jewish socialists who were originally from South Africa. A friend lent him a copy of Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged when he was 16, and he eventually embraced Objectivism.[1] At the age of 18 he was drafted into the Israeli Army. He served for three years (1979–1982), and was a First Sergeant in Israeli military intelligence. Once out of the army, he attended college at the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology located in Haifa, and in 1986 he received his B.Sc. in Civil Engineering.[2]
Emigration to the U.S.[link]
In 1987, Brook moved to the United States to study at the University of Texas at Austin. There, he received his MBA in 1989 and his PhD in Finance in 1994. He was subsequently hired to teach Finance at Santa Clara University in California, where he was an assistant professor for seven years. He was a teacher and developed a class on "Finance and Ethics."[3] In 1998 Brook (with Robert Hendershott) started an investment consulting business called BH Equity Research, located in San Jose, California. He is currently a managing partner of that firm.[4]
Becoming an associate of leading Objectivists such as philosopher Leonard Peikoff, Brook co-founded Lyceum International in 1994, a company that organized Objectivist conferences and offered distance-learning courses.[5] In 2000, he left Santa Clara University to succeed Michael Berliner as president and executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute, which was then located in Marina del Rey, California. The Institute moved to Irvine, California in 2002.[6]
Advocacy of Objectivism[link]
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As head of the Ayn Rand Institute (ARI), Brook has become a well-known advocate of Objectivism. His philosophical activism includes teaching and public lecturing at ARI-sponsored events and conferences held predominantly in North America, speaking and debating at numerous American universities, delivering seminars for businesses and corporations in the United States and abroad, and writing opinion editorials for leading newspapers and websites.
He is a columnist for Forbes.com[7] and a contributing editor of The Objective Standard. He regularly speaks at universities, corporations, and professional and community groups across America, addressing a wide-range of current events and philosophical issues from an Objectivist perspective. He is a frequent radio guest on The Thom Hartmann Program, which is carried by the Air America Radio network,[8] as well as a weekly guest on the Fox Business Network.[9] He is a frequent guest on The Fox News Channel,[10] on programs such as the Glenn Beck Program, and on CNBC programs such as On the Money[11] and Morning Call.[12] He has been interviewed for his expertise on the Middle East, foreign policy, economics and business ethics.[2] Brook's writings and interviews have also appeared on Glenn Reynolds' Instapundit.[13]
Philosophical and political views[link]
Rational selfishness[link]
As an Objectivist, Brook promotes the philosophical principles advocated by Ayn Rand, in particular her philosophy of "enlightened," or rational selfishness as a moral virtue (a position also known as ethical egoism). In addition to teaching classes on her view of egoism at the Ayn Rand Institute and as a guest lecturer at Brown University, Brook has also defended the egoist position in a 2006 debate against former U.S. Senator Robert Krueger at Texas State University, San Marcos.
Foreign policy and war[link]
American foreign policy
Brook has gained much attention for his application of Objectivist moral philosophy to the question of American foreign policy in the Middle East.
He advocates an American foreign policy of rational self-interest that would serve only to protect the rights of Americans (as opposed to any form of government monetary aid, or state-building, or spreading democracy).[14]
The war against Islamic totalitarianism
Brook claims that the Islamic terrorists initiated a war against the West because they hate the West's culture, wealth, love of life, and global influence.[15] This is opposed to the ideas that Islamic terrorists attack the West because they are poor, or because the West supports Israel, or any other reason.[16]
They [Islamic terrorists] don't hate us because we support Israel, they hate Israel because they look like us[17]
Brook claims that the West isn't at war with terrorism, but the ideology of Islamic totalitarianism. He repeatedly says that just like in World War II, America wasn't at war against Japanese Kamikaze pilots or German tanks, but the ideas of Nazism and Japanese Imperialism.[18][19]
Brook claims that Islamic totalitarians are Muslims who wish to dictate every part of life from the teachings of Islam, taken to its logical extreme.[19] He believes Islamic totalitarians want to organize their governments according to Islam, and that they wish to spread a global Islamic government across the world, sometimes using legitimate means, but mainly by using physical force, i.e. terrorism.[19] Brook claims that the Islamic totalitarians repeatedly express this, openly.
...it is a movement that believes in conquest...Islam should rule every aspect of one's life...they don't believe in separation of religion and state...and those who disagree are second class citizens or worthy of death, they want an empire in middle east, but their goal ultimately is world domination, and they state this. They are never satisfied with oppressing their own people or the people around them, they want world domination.[19]
The morality of war
Brook has done a fair amount of work to formulate a unique morality of war[20][21] (but a morality originated by Ayn Rand[22] and also advocated by other Objectivists like Leonard Peikoff,[23] Onkar Ghate,[24] and Craig Biddle).[25]
Brook claims that when America goes to war, it should only be to protect the rights of its people, and the government must do everything in its power to end the threat to its citizens, as soon as possible, by using overwhelming military force (or the threat of force).[20] If torturing enemy POWs and purposely targeting civilian population centers will end a war against American citizens, Brook is for it. The specific goal of this total war would be to crush the will of the people who started the war against the United States. After the government of the enemy country is destroyed, the United States should leave unless there is a special circumstance in which the people of the defeated country are realistically willing to adopt Western-style governments.[26]
In his article "'Just War Theory' vs. American Self-Defense," co-authored with Alex Epstein in The Objective Standard, Brook writes:
Without physical and spiritual support by these states, the Islamic Totalitarian cause would be a hopeless, discredited one, with few if any willing to kill in its name. Thus, the first order of business in a proper response to 9/11 would have been to end state support of Islamic Totalitarianism—including ending the Iranian regime that is its fatherland.[27]
Brook further argues that these Islamic states must be severely attacked in order to crush their will to engage in and support terrorism.
The US has been attacked first thus it has the moral right to fight Islamism. The sole moral duty of the United States is to defend its citizens against its enemies by all means, even with the use of the atom bomb if necessary.[28]
What specific military actions would have been required post-9/11 to end state support of Islamic Totalitarianism is a question for specialists in military strategy, but even a cursory look at history can tell us one thing for sure: It would have required the willingness to take devastating military action against enemy regimes—to oust their leaders and prominent supporters, to make examples of certain regimes or cities in order to win the surrender of others, and to inflict suffering on complicit civilian populations, who enable terrorist-supporting regimes to remain in power.[20]
From the beginning of the War on Terrorism, Brook has argued that Iran should be the primary target of U.S. retaliation for Sept. 11, secondary targets being Saudi Arabia and Syria.[14]
He is for waging war on Islamic totalitarian states, but he believes that Bush’s "Forward Strategy of Freedom" is altruistic, self-defeating, and in opposition to America’s national self-interest.[29]
In his 2006 speech "Democracy vs. Victory: Why the 'Forward Strategy of Freedom' Had to Fail"[30] given at the Ford Hall Forum in Boston he said:
Washington commanded the military to tip-toe around Iraq. Troops were coached in all manner of cultural sensitivity training, so they would not offend the customs of the locals. The welfare of Iraqis was placed above the lives of our soldiers, who were put in the line of fire but prevented from using all the necessary force necessary to win. U.S. troops died as a result. Washington treats the lives of our military personnel as expendable. Their blood is spilled for the sake of serving Iraqis, a people overwhelmingly hostile to America. Bush had committed America to this selfless mission in the run-up to the war.
On December 17, 2004, Yaron Brook appeared on O’Reilly Factor, Impact Segment, "Aftermath of Fallujah activities", the context was that an embedded journalist had reported about the shooting of previously disarmed Iraqi soldiers in Fallujah. During this interview he said:
I'm suggesting that we start bringing this war to the civilians, the consequences of this war, to the civilians who are harboring and helping and supporting the insurgents in Fallujah and other places. ... I would like to see the United States turn Fallujah into dust, and tell the Iraqis: If you’re going to continue to support the insurgents you will not have homes, you will not have schools, you will not have mosques ...
Brook argued that if "flattening Fallujah to end the Iraqi insurgency will save American lives, to refrain from [doing so] is morally evil."[31]
Israel
Brook considers Israel to be a morally good nation because its Western-style government protects the rights of its citizens, Arab and Jewish alike, vastly more than neighboring countries.[32][33] Brook is highly critical of Zionism, arguing that "Zionism fused a valid concern - self-preservation amid a storm of hostility - with a toxic premise - ethnically based collectivism and religion".[34]
Brook advocates morally (but not necessarily financially) supporting Israel, which he sees as a Western ally against Islamic terrorism.[35]
Brook strongly disagrees with many aspects of Israel's policies, including its collectivist and religious influences, and its 'self-sacrificial' foreign policy of giving its enemies land, money, and other goods.[32][36]
Capitalism and business[link]
Brook is also an outspoken proponent of laissez-faire capitalism. In appearances on CNBC[37] and in several articles[38] and speeches, he has defended the rights of corporations and businessmen and upheld the virtues of capitalism. In a January 7, 2007 editorial in USA Today, he defends multi-million dollar CEO pay packages against the attempt by government to regulate them.[39] In a 2010 interview Brook called the efforts of Democrats to raise taxes on multi-millionaires "totally immoral." He has criticized President Bush for signing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which regulates corporate accounting practices.[40] And he has argued that antitrust laws are "unjust and make no sense ethically or economically."[41]
Environment and climate change[link]
Brook has stated that he does not believe regulation has any role to play in protecting the environment and believes human-originated climate change to be a conspiracy propagated by environmentalists. He has indicated that the conspiracy goes back decades, and that global warming is another in a line of failed scare stories, with preferential funding given to researchers promoting it. Drawing a comparison between the role played by low quality housing and infrastructure in the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the contrasting resilience of more developed countries, he suggests the solution to supposed environmental changes is simply to raise standards of living.[42]
Bibliography[link]
- Corporate governance: a study of director liability, firm performance and shareholder wealth, University of Texas, Austin, 1994 [thesis]
- Shareholder wealth effects of directors' liability limitation provisions, Brook, Yaron ; Rao, Ramesh K. S., Journal of Financial & Quantitative Analysis, vol. 3, 1994, 481-497
- Terrorism in Israel, Yaron Brook, The Intellectual Activist, Vol. 10, No. 4, July 1996
- The gains from takeover deregulation: Evidence from the end of interstate banking restrictions, Brook, Yaron ; Hendershott, Robert ; Darrell Lee, Journal of Finance the journal of the American Finance Association, {Malden, Mass. et al.: Blackwell}, vol. 6, 1998, 2185-2204
- Do Firms Use Dividends to Signal Large Future Cash Flow Increases?, Brook, Yaron ; Charlton, William T., Jr. ; Hendershott, Robert J., Financial Management, (Tampa, Fla. : Financial Management Association International) vol. 3, 1998, 46-57
- Corporate Governance and Recent Consolidation in the Banking Industry, Brook, Yaron ; Hendershott, Robert J. ; Lee, Darrell, Journal of Corporate Finance: contracting, governance and organization, (Santa Clara U; Kennesaw State U), vol. 2, 2000, p. 141-64
- Hype and Internet Stocks, Brook, Yaron ; Hendershott, Robert J., The Journal of Investing, vol. 2, 53-64
- "Just War Theory" vs. American Self-Defense, Yaron Brook, Alex Epstein, The Objective Standard, Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 2006
- "The 'Forward Strategy' For Failure, Yaron Brook, Elan Journo, The Objective Standard, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 2007
- Brook's article on CEO compensation in USA Today
References[link]
- ^ http://www.ocregister.com/news/brook-rand-institute-1884783-self-money
- ^ a b "Yaron Brook". Ayn Rand Institute. http://www.aynrand.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=5151. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
- ^ http://www.aynrand.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=5151&news_iv_ctrl=1181
- ^ BH Equity Research
- ^ http://www.wju.edu/academics/bus/iscm/brook.asp
- ^ Letran, Vivian (June 7, 2002). "Ayn Rand Institute to Move to Orange County". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/07/local/me-rand7. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
- ^ Forbes. http://search.forbes.com/search/colArchiveSearch?aname=Yaron+Brook&author=yaron+and+brook.
- ^ "Interviews on The Thom Hartmann Program". Ayn Rand Institute. http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=interviews_hartmann. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ YouTube - Fox Business News Mortgage Reform Commentary
- ^ YouTube - Fox Business News: Peter Schiff plugs in Ron Paul
- ^ Search Results - CNBC.com
- ^ [1]
- ^ http://pajamasmedia.com/instapundit/73624/
- ^ a b http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reg_ls_1yrlater
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVz4hsx0uns
- ^ http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reg_ls_1yrlater Lecture from 2002: 9/11—One Year Later: Why America Is Losing the War!
- ^ 9/11—One Year Later: Why America Is Losing the War! Q and A http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reg_ls_1yrlater
- ^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1184168546756&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
- ^ a b c d http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZVNYH5aR9E
- ^ a b c http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2006-spring/just-war-theory.asp
- ^ http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reg_ls_moralityofwar
- ^ http://www.aynrand.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=5138
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoAWCwm-UXw
- ^ http://www.aynrand.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=6418&news_iv_ctrl=1021
- ^ http://theobjectivestandard.com/blog/2006/10/reply-to-question-about-targeting-non.asp
- ^ Democracy vs. Victory: Why the "Forward Strategy of Freedom" Had to Fail Question and Answer period http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reg_ls_democracy
- ^ "'Just War Theory' vs. American Self-Defense"
- ^ http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=4342
- ^ http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2007-spring/forward-strategy-for-failure.asp
- ^ http://forum.wgbh.org/wgbh/forum.php?lecture_id=3228
- ^ Harkinson, Josh. The Apostles of Ron Paul, Mother Jones (January/February 2008)
- ^ a b http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reg_ls_israel
- ^ http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=1674
- ^ Arfa, Orit (July 12, 2007). "'You don't fight a tactic'". The Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1184168546756&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ http://freemarketmojo.com/?p=3522
- ^ Brook, Yaron (June 23, 2002). "Israel Has A Moral Right To Its Life". http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=1674. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ http://search.cnbc.com/main.do?keywords=yaron+brook&target=video&x=0&y=0
- ^ Epstein, Alex; Brook, Yaron (October 22, 2002). "Paralyzing America's Producers". Ayn Rand Institute. http://www.aynrand.org/site/News2?news_iv_ctrl=-1&page=NewsArticle&id=5455. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ Brook, Yaron (January 7, 2007). "Pay is company's prerogative". USA Today: p. 19A. http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20070108/oppose08.art.htm.
- ^ Brook, Yaron; Epstein, Alex (July 14, 2003). "The cost of the 'ethical' assault on honest businessmen". http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0703/0703businessassault.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ "Capitalism and Business Ethics: Yaron Brook, Executive Director of the Ayn Rand Institute". Washingtonpost.com. July 19, 2000. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/00/business/specials/brook0719.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ Yaron Brook - Q&A Part 2, http://vimeo.com/9311026
External links[link]
- Yaron Brook's personal website
- Yaron Brook's column on Forbes.com
- Yaron Brook's Curriculum Vitae includes an extensive bibliography
- Link to a search of YouTube videos referring to Yaron Brook
- Capitalism without Guilt: The Moral Case for Freedom Yaron Brook Lecture in Berkeley 24 November 2008
- Free video of "Totalitarian Islam's Threat to the West" panel discussion with Yaron Brook, Daniel Pipes, and Wafa Sultan. Held at UCLA on April 12, 2007.
- Yaron Brook Lecture Free audio and video of Yaron Brook's WGBH Forum talk "Why the Forward Strategy of Freedom Had to Fail"
- Yaron Brook Lecture Audio of Yaron Brook's talk "'Just War Theory' vs. American Self-Defense" at the National Press Club (Scroll down to find audio link)
- About Yaron Brook Profile and list of articles published at the Capitalism Magazine website.
- Webchat on Capitalism and Business Ethics with Yaron Brook, hosted by the Washington Post July 19, 2000
- Eminent Domain Debate Free audio of Eminent Domain Debate between Yaron Brook and Jeffrey Finkle
- An Interview With Yaron Brook Part II at Free Market Mojo.
- Interview with Yaron Brook in Imagineer magazine on how Objectivist philosophy applies to economics, the status quo of the American economic system, and the role democracy should play in society.
| Persondata | |
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| Name | Brook, Yaron |
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| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1961 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Yaron_Brook
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For other people named Elizabeth Warren, see Elizabeth Warren (disambiguation).
| Elizabeth Warren | |
|---|---|
| File:Photo-warren-s.jpg | |
| Special Advisor for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau | |
| In office September 17, 2010 – August 1, 2011 |
|
| President | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Raj Date |
| Chairperson of the Congressional Oversight Panel | |
| In office November 25, 2008 – November 15, 2010 |
|
| Deputy | Damon Silvers |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Ted Kaufman |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Elizabeth Herring (1949-06-22) June 22, 1949 (age 63) Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic Party (1995–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Republican Party (Before 1995) |
| Spouse(s) | Jim Warren (1968–1978) Bruce Mann (1980–present) |
| Children | Amelia Alexander |
| Alma mater | George Washington University University of Houston Rutgers University, Newark |
| Religion | Methodist |
| Website | Harvard biography Campaign website |
Elizabeth Warren (born June 22, 1949) is an American bankruptcy law expert, policy advocate, Harvard Law School professor, and Democratic Party candidate in the 2012 United States Senate election in Massachusetts. She has written several academic and popular books concerning the American economy and personal finance. She contributed to the oversight of the 2008 U.S. bailout program, and also led the conception and establishment of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Warren attended The George Washington University and the University of Houston. She received a J.D. from Rutgers School of Law–Newark in 1976. Warren taught law at several universities and was listed by the Association of American Law Schools as a minority law professor throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In the wake of the U.S. financial crisis, Warren served as chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the Troubled Assets Relief Program in 2008. She later served as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau under U.S. President Barack Obama.
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Early life and education[link]
Elizabeth Herring[1] was born June 22, 1949,[2] in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to working class parents Pauline (née Reed) and Donald Jones Herring.[3][4][5] She was the Herrings' fourth child, with three older brothers.[6] When Warren was twelve, her father, a janitor, had a heart attack, which led to a pay cut, medical bills, and eventually the loss of their car. Her mother answered phones at Sears and Warren worked as a waitress.[6][7]
At Northwest Classen High School she was named "Oklahoma's top high-school debater". She received a debate-team scholarship to George Washington University at the age of 16. Initially aspiring to be a teacher, she left GWU after two years to marry her high-school boyfriend Jim Warren.[6][8] She moved to Houston to be with her husband, who was a NASA engineer. There she enrolled in the University of Houston where she graduated in 1970 with a degree in speech pathology and audiology.[9] She taught children with disabilities for a year in a public school. However, she had not taken the required education courses to get a teaching certificate (she previously taught under an "emergency certificate"). After taking several graduate education courses, she decided she no longer wanted to pursue education as a career. She and her husband moved to New Jersey and since she was pregnant with their first child, she decided to stay at home for a few years.[10][11][12]
After making a decision to study law, Warren enrolled at the Rutgers School of Law–Newark,[10] where she served as an editor of the Rutgers Law Review, and was a summer associate at Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft's.[13] Shortly before her graduation in 1976, she became pregnant with her second child and she worked from home, writing wills and doing real estate closings.[8][10]
She and Jim had two children before divorcing in 1978: Amelia Warren Tyagi, with whom Elizabeth would later coauthor two books and several articles, and a son, Alexander Warren. Today they have three grandchildren.[14] In 1980, Warren married Bruce Mann, also a Harvard law professor. She cites Methodist founder John Wesley as an inspiration.[15]
Academic career[link]
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s she taught law at several universities throughout the country, while researching bankruptcy and middle-class personal finance.[10] In 1978 Congress had passed a law that made it easier for companies and individuals to declare bankruptcy and Warren decided "to set out to prove they were all a bunch of cheaters... I was going to expose these people who were taking advantage of the rest of us". However, she instead found that the vast majority of those in bankruptcy courts were from hardworking middle-class families: people who had lost their jobs or had family breakups or illnesses that had wiped out their savings. "It changed my vision," she said.[6]
According to her CV, she taught at the Rutgers School of Law–Newark (1977–78), the University of Houston Law Center (1978–83), the University of Michigan (visiting, 1985), and the University of Texas School of Law (1981–87). She also worked as a research associate at the University of Texas at Austin (1983–87). She joined the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1987, where she became the William A Schnader Professor of Commercial Law in 1990. She joined Harvard Law School in 1992 as the Robert Braucher Visiting Professor of Commercial Law, and began a permanent position as the Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law in 1995.[16]
In 1995 Warren was asked to advise the National Bankruptcy Review Commission. She helped to draft the commission's report and then spent several years opposing legislation meant to severely restrict the right of consumers to file for bankruptcy. Warren and others opposing the legislation were not successful and in 2005 the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 was passed by Congress.[17]
Warren appeared in the documentary film Maxed Out in 2006, has appeared several times on Dr. Phil to talk about money and families, has been a guest on The Daily Show,[18] is interviewed frequently on cable news networks,[19] appears in Michael Moore's Capitalism: A Love Story, has appeared on the Charlie Rose talk show,[20] and has appeared on the Real Time With Bill Maher talk show.[21] She has also appeared on the PBS show NOW.[22]
From November 2006 to November 2010, Warren was a member of the FDIC Advisory Committee on Economic Inclusion, which advises the FDIC "on important initiatives focused on expanding access to banking services by underserved populations".[23] She is a member of the National Bankruptcy Conference, an independent organization which advises the U.S. Congress on bankruptcy law.[24] She is a former Vice-President of the American Law Institute and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. From 2005 to 2008, Warren and her law students wrote a blog called Warren Reports, part of Josh Marshall's TPMCafe.
Popular works[link]
In addition to writing more than 100 scholarly articles and six academic books, Warren has written several best-selling books, including All Your Worth: The Ultimate Lifetime Money Plan, coauthored with her daughter, Amelia Tyagi.
Warren and Tyagi also wrote The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke. Warren and Tyagi point out that a fully employed worker today earns less inflation-adjusted income than a fully employed worker did 30 years ago. To increase their income, families have sent a second parent into the workforce. Although families spend less today on clothing, appliances, and other consumption, the costs of core expenses such as mortgages, health care, transportation, and child care have increased dramatically. The result is that even with two-income earners, families are no longer able to save and have incurred greater and greater debt.
In an article in The New York Times, Jeff Madrick said of Warren's book:
The upshot is that two-income families often have even less income left over today than did an equivalent single-income family 30 years ago, even when they make almost twice as much. And they go deeper in debt. The authors find that it is not the free-spending young or the incapacitated elderly who are declaring bankruptcy so much as families with children... their main thesis is undeniable. Typical families often cannot afford the high-quality education, health care and neighborhoods required to be middle class today. More clearly than anyone else, I think, Ms. Warren and Ms. Tyagi have shown how little attention the nation and our government have paid to the way Americans really live.[25]
In an article in Time magazine by Maryanna Murray Buechner, "Parent Trap" (subtitled "Want to go bust? Have a kid. Educate same. Why the middle class never had it so bad"), Buechner said of Warren's book:
For families looking for ways to cope, Warren and Tyagi mainly offer palliatives: Buy a cheaper house. Squirrel away a six-month cash cushion. Yeah, right. But they also know that there are no easy solutions. Readers who are already committed to a house and parenthood will find little to mitigate the deflating sense that they have nowhere to go but down.[26]
In 2005, David Himmelstein and Warren published a study on bankruptcy and medical bills,[27] which said that half of all families filing for bankruptcy did so in the aftermath of a serious medical problem. The finding was particularly noteworthy because 75 percent of families who fit that description had medical insurance.[28] This study was widely cited in academic studies and policy debates, though some have challenged the study's methods and offered alternative interpretations of the data.[29]
TARP oversight[link]
On November 14, 2008, Warren was appointed by United States Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid to chair the five-member Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the implementation of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act.[30] The Panel releases monthly oversight reports that evaluate the government bailout and related programs.[15] The Panel's monthly reports under Warren's leadership covered foreclosure mitigation, consumer and small business lending, commercial real estate, AIG, bank stress tests, the impact of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) on the financial markets, government guarantees, the automotive industry, and many other topics. The Panel has also released special reports on financial regulatory reform and farm loans. For each report, Warren released a video on the Congressional Oversight Panel's website explaining key findings.[a]
In an interview at Newsweek, Warren commented, "To restore some basic sanity to the financial system, we need two central changes: fix broken consumer-credit markets and end guarantees for the big players that threaten our entire economic system."[31]
On July 29, 2011, she left her role with the agency to return to academic life at Harvard Law School. Her departing address indicated how she first became involved:
Four years ago, I submitted an article to Democracy Journal that argued for a new government agency called the Financial Product Safety Commission. I threw myself into that piece because I felt strongly that a new consumer agency would make the credit markets work better for American families and strengthen the economic security of the middle class... I leave this agency, but not this fight... the issues we deal with – a middle class that has been squeezed and business models built on tricks and traps – are deeply personal to me, and they always will be.[32]
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau[link]
File:Nomination of Richard Cordray.jpg
Warren stands next to President Barack Obama as he announces the nomination of Richard Cordray as the first director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau during a statement at the White House.
Warren has long advocated for the creation of a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, a watchdog agency designed to "make basic financial practices such as taking out a mortgage or loan more clear and transparent while ferreting out unfair lending practices," according to CNN. In an interview with the Huffington Post, Warren said "My first choice is a strong consumer agency. My second choice is no agency at all and plenty of blood and teeth left on the floor".[33] Through Warren's efforts, the bureau was established by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act signed into law by Obama in July 2010. For the first year after the bill's signing, Warren worked on implementation of the bureau as a Special Assistant to the President in anticipation of the agency's formal opening. While liberal groups and consumer advocacy groups pushed for Obama to nominate Warren as the agency's permanent director, Warren was strongly opposed by financial institutions which had criticized Warren as overly aggressive in pursuing regulations, and by the Republican members of Congress. Furthermore, she did not have the strong support of the Obama administration, particularly Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner. In July 2011, Obama instead announced the nomination of former Ohio Attorney General Richard Cordray as the bureau's director, subject to Congressional approval.[34] However, in December his nomination was blocked by a Republican-led filibuster in the Senate. Until a director is confirmed, the agency will not gain the full measure of its powers. It can supervise the compliance of banks with existing laws, but the Dodd-Frank financial legislation dictates that it cannot supervise other financial companies or write new rules. On 4 January 2012, President Obama named Ohio Attorney General Richard Cordray the Bureau's Director in a recess appointment.[35]
2012 US Senate run[link]
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Main article: United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2012
On September 14, 2011, Warren declared that she intended to run for the Democratic nomination for the 2012 election in Massachusetts for the United States Senate seat currently held by incumbent Scott Brown.[36][37] On September 21, a video of Warren explaining the rationale of her economic policy received attention on the Internet.[38]
Cherokee self-identification controversy[link]
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Warren listed herself as a minority in the Association of American Law Schools directory of law professors, from 1986 to 1995.[39] The Brown campaign, the Native American Rights Fund, and a group of more than 150 Cherokees organized by Cherokee genealogist and activist David Cornsilk[40][41] have questioned her motives for the claim and its propriety.[42][43][44][45][46] The group, “Cherokees Demand Truth from Elizabeth Warren”, plans a protest at the Massachusetts Democratic Convention on June 2, 2012.[47]
Genealogist Chris Child at the New England Historic Genealogical Society researched Warren's claimed native ancestry but found nothing conclusive. According to Child, “Once you go back further than 150 years the records are more complicated to go through,” and it may take weeks to months to make a determination.[48][49][50] Warren said that she had heard family stories about her Cherokee ancestors her entire life [51] and had hoped it would create opportunities to meet people like her (even though the directory does not specify which minority professors belong to).[39] But according to Warren, such opportunities never materialized and she eventually "stopped checking it off".[52]
A month after the controversy began the Boston Globe discovered documents indicating that the Harvard University Law School had reported employing a Native American professor to the U.S. government in the years immediately before and after Warren left Harvard for a stint at the University of Pennsylvania.[53] The most recent diversity census, for 2011, still shows one Native American professor. The census says that “Race/Ethnicity designations are from self-report data”.[39] Warren, who does not meet the federal diversity definition of "Native American," admitted providing the information that she was a Native American to University of Pennsylvania and Harvard faculty in conversations after she was hired but denied that "there was [any] reporting for this".[53] The Washington Post observed that she had "turned what could have been a small problem into a major story" by the way she had handled the issue.[54]
According to a Suffolk University/7NEWS (WHDH-Boston) poll of 600 likely voters on May 20-22, 2012 there was 72 percent awareness of the controversy. 69 percent said Warren’s Native American heritage listing was not a significant story and 27 percent said it was.[55][56]
Recognition[link]
Since about 2009, Warren has been recognized by several institutions as a major political figure. In 2009, the Boston Globe named her the Bostonian of the Year,[9] and the Women's Bar Association of Massachusetts honored her with the Lelia J. Robinson Award.[57] She was named one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World in 2009 and 2010.[58] The National Law Journal has repeatedly named Warren as one of the Fifty Most Influential Women Attorneys in America,[59] and in 2010 they honored her as one of the 40 most influential attorneys of the decade.[60]
Warren has been recognized for her dynamic teaching style. In 2009, Warren became the first professor in Harvard's history to win the law school's teaching award twice. The Sacks-Freund Teaching Award was voted on by the graduating class in honor of "her teaching ability, openness to student concerns, and contributions to student life at Harvard."[61] Warren also has won awards from her students at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Michigan, and the University of Houston Law Center. She delivered the commencement address at the Rutgers School of Law–Newark in May 2011, where she was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree and was conferred membership into the Order of the Coif.[62]
Publications[link]
- Selected articles
- Warren, E. (1987). "Bankruptcy Policy". The University of Chicago Law Review 54 (3): 775–814. JSTOR 1599826.
- Warren, E. (1992). "The Untenable Case for Repeal of Chapter 11". The Yale Law Journal 102 (2): 437–479. JSTOR 796843.
- Warren, E. (1993). "Bankruptcy Policymaking in an Imperfect World". Michigan Law Review 92 (2): 336–387. JSTOR 1289668.
- "Principled Approach to Consumer Bankruptcy". American Bankruptcy Law Journal 71: 483. 1997. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/ambank71&div=25&id=&page=.
- "The Bankruptcy Crisis". Indiana Law Journal 73 (4): 1079. Fall 1998. http://www.law.indiana.edu/ilj/volumes/v73/no4/index.shtml.
- Warren, Elizabeth; Westbrook, Jay Lawrence (January 2000). "Financial Characteristics of Businesses in Bankruptcy". SSRN Electronic Journal 73: 499. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.194750. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=194750.
- Himmelstein, DU; Warren, E; Thorne, D; Woolhandler, S (2005). "Illness and injury as contributors to bankruptcy". Health affairs (Project Hope) Suppl Web Exclusives: W5–63–W5–73. DOI:10.1377/hlthaff.w5.63. PMID 15689369.
- "The Vanishing Middle Class". In Edwards, John, ed. (2007). Ending Poverty in America: How to Restore the American Dream. The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-176-1.
- Himmelstein, David U.; Warren, Elizabeth; Thorne, Deborah; Woolhandler, Steffie J. (2005). "Illness and Injury as Contributors to Bankruptcy". SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.664565.
- Himmelstein, DU; Thorne, D; Warren, E; Woolhandler, S (2009). "Medical bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a national study". The American Journal of Medicine 122 (8): 741–6. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.04.012. PMID 19501347.
- Books
- As We Forgive Our Debtors: Bankruptcy and Consumer Credit in America. Oxford University Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-19-505578-8. (with Teresa A. Sullivan and Jay Westbrook)
- The Fragile Middle Class: Americans in Debt. Yale University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-300-09171-7. (with Teresa A. Sullivan and Jay Westbrook)
- The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Parents are Going Broke. Basic Books. 2004. ISBN 978-0-465-09090-7. (with Amelia Warren Tyagi)
- All Your Worth: The Ultimate Lifetime Money Plan. Simon and Schuster. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7432-6988-9. (with Amelia Warren Tyagi)
- Casenote Legal Briefs: Commercial Law. Aspen Publishers. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7355-5827-4. (with Lynn M. LoPucki, Daniel Keating, Ronald Mann, and Normal Goldenberg)
- The Law of Debtors and Creditors: Text, Cases, and Problems (6th ed.). Aspen Publishers. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7355-7626-1. (with Jay Westbrook)
- Chapter 11: Reorganizing American Businesses (Essentials). Aspen Publishers. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7355-7654-4.
- Secured Credit: A Systems Approach. Wolters Kluwer. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7355-7649-0. (with Lynn M. LoPucki)
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ All reports and videos are available online at cop.senate.gov.
References[link]
- ^ Dennis, Brady (August 13, 2010). "Elizabeth Warren, likely to head new consumer agency, provokes strong feelings". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/12/AR2010081206356.html. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ "Law School Faculty Member Profile: Elizabeth Warren". LexisNexis Martindale-Hubbell. http://www.martindale.com/profile/attorneys.aspx?alid=672216&ft=1. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
- ^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Elizabeth Warren". US News and World Report. October 4, 2010. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/04/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-elizabeth-warren. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
- ^ http://northshorejournal.org/LinkedImages//2012/05/Ancestors-of-Herring-Elizabeth.pdf
- ^ http://articles.boston.com/2012-02-12/metro/31050530_1_family-stability-studebaker-elizabeth-warren/2
- ^ a b c d Andrews, Suzanna (November 2011). "The Woman Who Knew Too Much". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2011/11/elizabeth-warren-201111.
- ^ "Elizabeth Warren". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/elizabeth-warren.
- ^ a b "Warren Winning Means No Sale If You Can't Explain It". Bloomberg. November 19, 2009. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&pos=10&sid=a.DEiDrOr.ms.
- ^ a b Pierce, Charles (December 20, 2009). "Bostonian of the Year". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2009/12/20/elizabeth_warren_is_the_bostonian_of_the_year/. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Kreisler, Harry (March 8, 2007). "Conversation with Elizabeth Warren". Conversations with History. Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley. http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people7/Warren/warren-con0.html.
- ^ Klump, Michelle. "Protecting the Interests of the American Middle Class: UH Alum Elizabeth Warren To Help Develop Consumer Financial Protection Bureau". Pride Stories. University of Houston. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20100922210504/http://www.uh.edu/pride-stories/Elizabeth-Warren/Elizabeth-Warren-Story/index.php.
- ^ "Elizabeth Warren". NNDB. http://www.nndb.com/people/408/000103099/.
- ^ Scherer, Michael (May 13, 2010). "The New Sheriffs of Wall Street". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1988953,00.html.
- ^ Kim, Mallie Jane (October 4, 2010). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Elizabeth Warren". U.S. News and World Report. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/04/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-elizabeth-warren.
- ^ a b Kantor, Jodi (March 25, 2010). "Behind Consumer Agency Idea, a Tireless Advocate". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/business/25warren.html.
- ^ Warren, Elizabeth (2008). "Curriculum Vitae". Harvard Law School. http://bdp.law.harvard.edu/pdfs/cv/Warren_CV.pdf.
- ^ Andrews, Suzanna (November 2011). "The Woman Who Knew Too Much". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2011/11/elizabeth-warren-201111#gotopage3. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ "Elizabeth Warren on the Daily Show". April 15, 2009. http://lincmad.blogspot.com/2009/04/tarp-cop-on-daily-show.html. "Elizabeth Warren on the Daily Show". January 28, 2010. http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-january-26-2010/elizabeth-warren.
- ^ "Elizabeth Warren on AIG". Morning Joe. June 10, 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036789/#37612238. "Elizabeth Warren on commercial real estate". Fox Business News. February 11, 2010. http://www.foxbusiness.com/search-results/m/28993630/tarp-panel-chair-on-real-estate-risk.htm#q=%22elizabeth+warren%22. "Elizabeth Warren on regulatory reform". Rachel Maddow. January 21, 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26315908/vp/34985877#34985877%20. "Elizabeth Warren on the Economy". Morning Joe. January 14, 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036789/vp/34858157#34858157%20. "Elizabeth Warren on Morning Joe". Morning Joe. Nov. 6, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036789/#33716495. Stein, Sam (Apr. 15, 2009). "Elizabeth Warren on Morning Joe". Morning Joe. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/16/elizabeth-warren-makes-jo_n_187635.html.
- ^ "Elizabeth Warren on Charlie Rose". May 11, 2009. http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/10292. "Elizabeth Warren on Charlie Rose". March 4, 2010. http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/10895.
- ^ Ortenzi, Tj (February 20, 2010). "Elizabeth Warren: It's Bank Lobbyists vs. American Families In Fight For Financial Reform". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/20/elizabeth-warren-its-bank_n_469939.html.
- ^ "Elizabeth Warren on NOW". March 25, 2005. http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/warren.html.
- ^ "Advisory Committee on Economic Inclusion (ComE-IN)". FDIC. http://www.fdic.gov/about/comein/. .
- Resignation announced in "Meeting Minutes: November 16, 2010". FDIC Advisory Committee on Economic Inclusion. http://www.fdic.gov/about/comein/2010NovMins.pdf.
- ^ "Committees". National Bankruptcy Conference. http://www.nationalbankruptcyconference.org/committees.cfm.
- "Mission". National Bankruptcy Conference. http://www.nationalbankruptcyconference.org/mission.cfm.
- ^ Madrick, Jeff (September 4, 2003). "Necessities, not luxuries, are driving Americans into debt, a new book says". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/04/business/economic-scene-necessities-not-luxuries-are-driving-americans-into-debt-new-book.html. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
- ^ Buechner, Maryanne Murray (September 8, 2003). "Parent Trap". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/insidebiz/article/0,9171,1101030915-483310,00.html. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
- ^ Himmelstein, David U.; Warren, Elizabeth; Deborah, Deborah; Woolhandler, Steffie J. (2005-02-08). "Illness and Injury as Contributors to Bankruptcy". SSRN Electronic Journal (Social Science Research Network). DOI:10.2139/ssrn.664565. SSRN 664565.
- ^ Warren, Elizabeth (2005-02-09). "Sick and Broke". The Washington Post: p. A23.
- ^ Langer, Gary (March 5, 2009). "Medical Bankruptcies: A Data-Check". The Numbers blog. ABC News. http://blogs.abcnews.com/thenumbers/2009/03/medical-bankrup.html. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
- ^ Host: Terry Gross (December 11, 2008). "What Does $700 Billion Buy Taxpayers?". Fresh Air from WHYY. National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98123372. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ "Reining in, and Reigning Over, Wall Street". Newsweek. December 7, 2009. http://www.newsweek.com/2009/12/07/reining-in-and-reigning-over-wall-street.html.
- ^ Nasiripour, Shahien (July 29, 2011). "Elizabeth Warren's Farewell Note: 'I Leave This Agency, But Not This Fight'". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/29/elizabeth-warren-farewell-note_n_913425.html?ref=fb&src=sp. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ Nasiripour, Shahien (May 3, 2010). "Fight For The CFPA Is 'A Dispute Between Families And Banks,' Says Elizabeth Warren". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/03/fight-for-the-cfpa-is-a-d_n_483707.html. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
- ^ Yellin, Jessica (July 18, 2011). "Obama will nominate Cordray to head new consumer protection bureau". CNN Politics. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-07-18/politics/consumer.bureau_1_consumer-financial-protection-bureau-elizabeth-warren-law-professor?_s=PM:POLITICS.
- ^ Goodnough, Abby. "Times Topics: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection". The New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/c/consumer_financial_protection_bureau/index.html?inline=nyt-org.
- ^ Randall, Maya Jackson (September 14, 2011). "Warren Kicks Off Senate Campaign". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904060604576570492151601966.html.
- ^ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Weiner, Rachel (September 14, 2011). "Consumer advocate Elizabeth Warren launches US Senate campaign with tour of Massachusetts". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-announces-massachusetts-senate-run-against-republican-scott-brown/2011/09/14/gIQAz0IzSK_story.html.
- ^ "Class warfare, Elizabeth Warren style". The Washington Post. September 21, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/post/class-warfare-elizabeth-warren-style/2011/03/03/gIQAeB2WlK_blog.html.
- ^ a b c http://bostonherald.com/news/politics/view/20220504harvard_wont_say_if_liz_listed_as_minority
- ^ Lee, MJ (May 30, 2012). "Elizabeth Warren challenged by Cherokee group". POLITICO.com. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0512/76873.html. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ Pappas, Alex (May 30, 2012). "Cherokees to Elizabeth Warren: 'We don't claim you!'". The Daily Caller. http://dailycaller.com/2012/05/30/cherokees-to-elizabeth-warren-we-dont-claim-you/. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ http://bostonherald.com/news/politics/view/20220502warren_i_used_minority_listing_to_make_friends
- ^ Ebbert, Stephanie (April 30, 2012). "Directories identified Warren as minority". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/04/30/elizabeth_warren_was_listed_as_a_minority_professor_in_law_directories_in_the_80s_and_90s/.
- ^ Pappas, Alex (April 30, 2012). "Native American Group: Elizabeth Warren 'better be able to defend ancestry claim'". The Daily Caller. http://dailycaller.com/2012/04/30/native-american-group-elizabeth-warren-better-be-able-to-defend-ancestry-claim/. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ Cassidy, Chris (April 30, 2012). "Scott Brown calls on Warren camp to ‘come clean’". Boston Herald. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view.bg?articleid=1061128161&srvc=rss.
- ^ LeBlanc, Steve (April 30, 2012). "In Mass. US Senate race, a question of heritage". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2018109318_apusmassachusettssenate.html. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ Rizzuto, Robert (May 31, 2012). "Cherokee group to protest Elizabeth Warren outside state Democratic convention in Springfield". MassLive. http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/05/cherokee_group_to_protest_eliz.html. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ Bierman, Noah (April 30, 2012). "Genealogist says Warren may be able to claim Cherokee heritage; Brown and Warren campaigns continue to trade barbs". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/Boston/politicalintelligence/2012/04/brown-and-warren-campaigns-trade-jabs-over-whether-she-claimed-native-american-status-further-her-legal-career/YIJoy3TQSNCmesneEhHqHK/index.html. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Elizabeth Warren’s Cherokee Heritage Raises Questions". ABC News. 1 May 2012. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/elizabeth-warrens-cherokee-heritage-raises-questions/. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ Chabot, Hillary (May 2, 2012). "Warren: I used minority listing to share heritage". Boston Herald. http://bostonherald.com/news/politics/view/20220502warren_i_used_minority_listing_to_make_friends/. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Who's an American Indian? Warren case stirs query". New Jersey On-Line. 25 May 2012. http://www.nj.com/newsflash/index.ssf/story/whats-an-american-indian-warren-case-stirs-query/9923807969ad4285b58f492df3c67ade. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
- ^ Madison, Lucy (May 3, 2012). "Warren explains minority listing, talks of grandfather's "high cheekbones"". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57427355-503544/warren-explains-minority-listing-talks-of-grandfathers-high-cheekbones/. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ a b http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/05/31/elizabeth_warren_acknowledges_telling_harvard_penn_of_native_american_status/?page=full
- ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/for-elizabeth-warren-a-bump-becomes-a-hurdle/2012/05/31/gJQAqRqd5U_story.html?tid=pm_politics_pop
- ^ Catanese, David (May 23, 2012). "Poll: Elizabeth Warren unscathed by Cherokee flap". Politico.com. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0512/76701.html#ixzz1wUhhAXAj. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ http://www.suffolk.edu/offices/52625.html
- ^ "Women's Bar Association Announces Opening of Nominations for Lelia J. Robinson Awards". Women's Bar Association of Massachusetts. March 14, 2011. http://www.womensbar.org/content.aspx?page_id=3&club_id=808000.
- ^ Marshall, Josh (April 30, 2009). "Elizabeth Warren". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893847_1893842,00.html. Retrieved June 3, 2009. Bair, Sheila (April 29, 2010). "Elizabeth Warren". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984745_1984767,00.html. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ^ "Featured Profile: Elizabeth Warren". Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network. 2010. http://www.cpbn.org/profile/elizabeth-warren. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
- ^ Brown, David (March 29, 2010). "The Decade's Most Influential Lawyers: Forty attorneys who have defined the decade in a dozen key legal areas". The Recorder. http://www.law.com/jsp/ca/PubArticleFriendlyCA.jsp?id=1202446812068&slreturn=1. Originally published in The National Law Journal.
- ^ "Elizabeth Warren Wins Sacks-Freund Award for Teaching". 2009. http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2009/06/03_warren.html. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ Capizzi, Carla (May 10, 2011). "Legal Scholar Elizabeth Warren, Historian Annette Gordon-Reed, Entrepreneur Marc Berson to Address Graduates of Rutgers University, Newark". Rutgers–Newark Newscenter. http://www.newark.rutgers.edu/newscenter/2011/05/3281/.
External links[link]
- Elizabeth Warren U.S. Senate campaign website
- Elizabeth Warren at Harvard Law School
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Elizabeth Warren in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Elizabeth Warren collected news and commentary at Salon.com
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Interviews and articles
- Generation, Gap, and interview with Elizabeth Warrn in Guernica Magazine
- Elizabeth Warren: a tough sheriff in finance's Wild West, The Daily Telegraph
- Warren Winning Means You Won't Sell It If You Can't Explain It, Bloomberg
- In fight over credit rules, she wields a plan, Boston Globe
- "The TARP Queen: Why we should all bow before Elizabeth Warren (even if you've never heard of her)". Slate. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090427081845/http://www.thebigmoney.com/articles/judgments/2009/04/23/elizabeth-warren-my-hero.
- Bank Buster, Mother Jones
- The Debt Crusader: Inspired by Dr. Phil, Harvard's Elizabeth Warren has gone to D.C. to change the way America borrows, Newsweek
- Elizabeth Warren on the Economy, NOW on PBS
- Video: Elizabeth Warren, New Yorker, Nov. 16, 2009
- Interview with Yahoo! Finance, Oct. 16, 2009
- Voices of Power Video: Elizabeth Warren, Washington Post, Oct. 8, 2009
- Interview with Elizabeth Warren from Frontline
- Elizabeth Warren on NPR link to full interview for show of May 8, 2009
- UCTV programs with Elizabeth Warren
- Warren says Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is Obama's "Strongest Financial Reform" – video report by Democracy Now!
| Academic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New creation | Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law of Harvard Law School 1995–present |
Incumbent |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by Conrad Harper |
Second Vice President of the American Law Institute 2000–2004 |
Succeeded by Allen Black |
| Government offices | ||
| New office | Chairperson of the Congressional Oversight Panel 2008–2010 |
Succeeded by Ted Kaufman |
| Special Advisor for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 2010–2011 |
Succeeded by Raj Date |
|
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Warren, Elizabeth |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American lawyer |
| Date of birth | 1949-06-22 |
| Place of birth | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_Warren
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http://fr.wn.com/Elizabeth Warren
http://de.wn.com/Elizabeth Warren
http://it.wn.com/Elizabeth Warren
http://es.wn.com/Elizabeth Warren
http://pl.wn.com/Elizabeth Warren
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
