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Antiseptics (from Greek ἀντί: anti, '"against"^[1] + σηπτικός: sēptikos, "putrefactive"^[2]) are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from antibiotics by the latter's ability to be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects.

Some antiseptics are true germicides, capable of destroying microbes (bacteriocidal), while others are bacteriostatic and only prevent or inhibit their growth.

Antibacterials are antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria. Microbicides which destroy virus particles are called viricides or antivirals.

Usage in surgery[link]

Joseph Lister

The widespread introduction of antiseptic surgical methods followed the publishing of the paper Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery in 1867 by Joseph Lister, inspired by Louis Pasteur's germ theory of putrefaction. In this paper, Lister advocated the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a method of ensuring that any germs present were killed. Some of this work was anticipated by:

• Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., who published The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever in 1843.
• Ignaz Semmelweis, who published his work The Cause, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever in 1861, summarizing experiments and observations since 1847.^[3]
• Florence Nightingale, who contributed substantially to the report on the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army (1856–1857), based on her earlier work.
• George H. Tichenor, who experimented with the use of alcohol on wounds c. 1861–1863 during the American Civil War.
• Ancient Greek physicians Galen (c. 130–200 C.E.) and Hippocrates (c. 400 B.C.E.) and Sumerian clay tablets dating from 2,150 B.C.E. that advocate the use of similar techniques.^[4]

Every antiseptic, however good, is more or less toxic and irritating to a wounded surface; as a result, in surgery, the antiseptic method has been replaced by aseptic method, which is preventative in nature and relies on keeping free from the invasion of bacteria rather than destroying them when present.

Functionality[link]

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For the growth of bacteria, there must be a food supply, moisture, oxygen (if the bacteria is an obligate aerobe), and a certain minimum temperature (see bacteriology). These conditions have been studied and dealt with in food preservation and the ancient practice of embalming the dead, which is the earliest known systematic use of antiseptics.

In early inquiries before there was an understanding of microbes, much emphasis was given to the prevention of putrefaction, and procedures were carried out to determine the amount of agent that was to be added to a given solution in order to prevent the development of pus and putrefaction; however, due to a lack of a developed understanding of germ theory this method was inaccurate and, today, an antiseptic is judged by its effect on pure cultures of a defined microbe and/or their vegetative and spore forms. The standardization of antiseptics has been implemented in many instances, and a water solution of phenol of a certain fixed strength is now used as the standard to which other antiseptics are compared.

Some common antiseptics[link]

A bottle of ethanol (95%) - an antiseptic

• Alcohols

  Most commonly used are ethanol (60–90%), 1-propanol (60–70%) and 2-propanol/isopropanol (70–80%) or mixtures of these alcohols. They are commonly referred to as "surgical alcohol". Used to disinfect the skin before injections are given, often along with iodine (tincture of iodine) or some cationic surfactants (benzalkonium chloride 0.05–0.5%, chlorhexidine 0.2–4.0% or octenidine dihydrochloride 0.1–2.0%).

• Quaternary ammonium compounds

  Also known as Quats or QAC's, include the chemicals benzalkonium chloride (BAC), cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTMB), cetylpyridinium chloride (Cetrim, CPC) and benzethonium chloride (BZT). Benzalkonium chloride is used in some pre-operative skin disinfectants (conc. 0.05–0.5%) and antiseptic towels. The antimicrobial activity of Quats is inactivated by anionic surfactants, such as soaps. Related disinfectants include chlorhexidine and octenidine.

• Boric acid

  Used in suppositories to treat yeast infections of the vagina, in eyewashes, and as an antiviral to shorten the duration of cold sore attacks. Put into creams for burns. Also common in trace amounts in eye contact solution.

• Brilliant Green

  A triarylmethane dye still widely used as 1% ethanol solution in Eastern Europe and ex-USSR countries for treatment of small wounds and abscesses. Efficient against gram-positive bacteria.

• Chlorhexidine Gluconate

  A biguanidine derivative, used in concentrations of 0.5–4.0% alone or in lower concentrations in combination with other compounds, such as alcohols. Used as a skin antiseptic and to treat inflammation of the gums (gingivitis). The microbicidal action is somewhat slow, but remanent. It is a cationic surfactant, similar to Quats.

• Hydrogen peroxide

  Used as a 6% (20 Vols) solution to clean and deodorize wounds and ulcers. More common 3% solutions of hydrogen peroxide have been used in household first aid for scrapes, etc. However, even this less potent form is no longer recommended for typical wound care as the strong oxidization causes scar formation and increases healing time.^{[citation needed]} Gentle washing with mild soap and water or rinsing a scrape with sterile saline is a better practice.

• Iodine

  Usually used in an alcoholic solution (called tincture of iodine) or as Lugol's iodine solution as a pre- and post-operative antiseptic. No longer recommended to disinfect minor wounds because it induces scar tissue formation and increases healing time. Gentle washing with mild soap and water or rinsing a scrape with sterile saline is a comparatively better practice. Novel iodine antiseptics containing povidone-iodine (an iodophor, complex of povidone, a water-soluble polymer, with triiodide anions I₃^-, containing about 10% of active iodine) are far better tolerated, don't negatively affect wound healing, and leave a deposit of active iodine, thereby creating the so-called "remnant," or persistent, effect. The great advantage of iodine antiseptics is their wide scope of antimicrobial activity, killing all principal pathogens and, given enough time, even spores, which are considered to be the most difficult form of microorganisms to be inactivated by disinfectants and antiseptics.

• Mercurochrome

  Not recognized as safe and effective by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to concerns about its mercury content. Other obsolete organomercury antiseptics include bis-(phenylmercuric) monohydrogenborate (Famosept).

• Manuka Honey

  Recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a medical device for use in wounds and burns. Active +15 is equal to a 15% solution of phenol.

• Octenidine dihydrochloride

  A cationic surfactant and bis-(dihydropyridinyl)-decane derivative, used in concentrations of 0.1–2.0%. It is similar in its action to the Quats, but is of somewhat broader spectrum of activity. Octenidine is currently increasingly used in continental Europe as a QAC's and chlorhexidine (with respect to its slow action and concerns about the carcinogenic impurity 4-chloroaniline) substitute in water- or alcohol-based skin, mucosa and wound antiseptic. In aqueous formulations, it is often potentiated with addition of 2-phenoxyethanol.

• Phenol (carbolic acid) compounds

  Phenol is germicidal in strong solution, inhibitory in weaker ones. Used as a "scrub" for pre-operative hand cleansing. Used in the form of a powder as an antiseptic baby powder, where it is dusted onto the navel as it heals. Also used in mouthwashes and throat lozenges, where it has a painkilling effect as well as an antiseptic one. Example: TCP. Other phenolic antiseptics include historically important, but today rarely used (sometimes in dental surgery) thymol, today obsolete hexachlorophene, still used triclosan and sodium 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (Dibromol).

• Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB)

  Antimicrobial compound suitable for clinical use in critically colonized or infected acute and chronic wounds. The physicochemical action on the bacterial envelope prevents or impedes the development of resistant bacterial strains.^[5][6][7]

• Sodium chloride

  Used as a general cleanser. Also used as an antiseptic mouthwash. Only a weak antiseptic effect, due to hyperosmolality of the solution above 0.9%.

• Sodium hypochlorite

  Used in the past, diluted, neutralized and combined with boric acid in Dakin's solution.

• Calcium hypochlorite

  Used by Semmelweis, as "chlorinated lime", in his revolutionary efforts against childbed fever.

• Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

  has antiseptic and disinfectant properties.^[8][9]

Evolved resistance[link]

See also Antibiotic resistance, Multiple drug resistance

By continued exposure to significant levels of antiseptics or antibiotics, bacteria can evolve to the point where they are no longer harmed by these compounds.^[10]

Different antiseptics differ in how they cause bacteria to evolve, which leads to genetic defenses against particular compounds. It can also be dose dependent; resistance can occur at low doses but not at high; and resistance to one compound can sometimes increase resistance to others.

See also[link]

• Henry Jacques Garrigues, introduced antiseptic obstetrics to North America
• Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister
• Louis Pasteur

Notes[link]

References[link]

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since February 2011. It includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Tagged since February 2011. It relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Tagged since February 2011.

Ted Kirkpatrick
Background information
Born	May 22, 1960
Origin	Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Genres	Heavy metal, hard rock, Christian metal, classical
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, bandleader
Instruments	Drums, guitar, percussion
Years active	1989–present
Associated acts	Tourniquet, Trouble
Website	www.tourniquet.net

Ted Kirkpatrick (born 1960) is an American heavy metal drummer best known for his work with the American Christian metal band Tourniquet.

Biography[link]

A founding member of the band Tourniquet - drummer, songwriter and lyricist Ted Kirkpatrick’s aggressive, musical, and often unorthodox approach to drumming has been recognized by thousands - critics and fans alike. A native of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Ted began playing drums at age 12. By age 14, Ted was playing drums along with the records of many of his early influences, bands like Rush, King Crimson, and ELP. He holds a business degree from the University of Texas, Austin, where he graduated with honors, and often finds himself using the skills learned in college in the many facets of successfully operating the band.

Entirely self taught, Ted began to develop his own unique drumming style through a variety of influences. He is a great admirer of the classical masters and has attended countless classical concerts, and his drumming and songwriting are influenced by the power of Beethoven and Mahler symphonies, the staccato bursts of Scarlatti’s harpsichord sonatas, and the counterpoint of Bach’s fugues, to name a few. His latest solo release (2010) IN THE SHADOW OF THE MASTERS features Ted drumming to classics by Mozart, Beethoven, Rossini, Chopin, Paganini and others. “To me, the fantastic music of the classical masters is in a totally different realm - there simply is no other music to compare it to. I believe it was a time in history that will never be repeated - kind of like when dinosaurs roamed the earth. In drumming to these timeless works as with any music, I always strive to treat the drums as a musical instrument - not just a noisy time keeper.”

Ted is well known for his ability to create and execute poly-rhythms within the framework of songs, for his advanced double bass technique, and most of all for bringing a musicality to his drumming which is always apparent in Tourniquet songs. His approach to the drums as a musical instrument makes even more sense in light of his role as Tourniquet's primary songwriter. He has written both music and lyrics for fifteen of Tourniquet’s #1 singles, in addition to many other songs that showcase the technical, melodic, and eccentric side of the band evident on all 11 Tourniquet albums and his 2 self recorded and produced solo albums. The readers of HM Magazine voted Ted "Favorite Drummer" 10 years in a row. He has been featured twice in Modern Drummer Magazine, and countless drummers list him as one of their drumming influences. Ted officially endorses DW drums, Paiste cymbals, Vic Firth sticks, and Evans drumheads.

Since the very first Tourniquet release in 1990, Stop the Bleeding, Ted has been a strong voice for animal welfare. "I have a life-long passion for helping God's creation - the animals - and it matters greatly to me how they are treated.” You can hear and feel that passion in songs like "Ark of Suffering", "Stereotaxic Atrocities", and "Going, Going, Gone". His first solo album, released in 2010 – ODE TO A ROADKILL- features "vocals" courtesy of authentic haunting animal sounds, reflecting Ted's deep respect for the animal realm. ODE is a 42 minute hypnotic heavy wall of sound made possible by vintage Orange and Sunn amps. Produced, recorded, and mixed by Ted himself. "I have always wanted to make a record like ODE TO A ROADKILL. I have been a fan of slow “stoner” music for many years, and this album definitely fits that category, with my own influence to it, of course. The title track refers to the sad reality of the millions of animals who die each year on our roadways.”

Ted has a special fascination with butterflies and other insects. He has traveled to many places including the jungles of Papua New Guinea, the Amazon Basin of Western Brazil, Malaysia, Taiwan, Ecuador, The Dominican Republic and the Solomon Islands. The fantastic, repetitive sounds of the jungle have influenced his drumming as well.

As principle lyricist for the band, Ted’s talent for allegory and symbolism, and using unusual and sometimes bizarre examples to convey God’s Word can be found throughout the Tourniquet catalog.

Ted composes music on guitar, and then writes it out using a bizarre scribbling only he can decipher. "A long time ago, like in high school, I could read music because I played the baritone horn in band. But after looking at the music once or twice, I had the music memorized, so I didn't need to see it anymore. I guess I just sort of forgot how to read music, so I developed this ridiculous scribbling. I just see songwriting as a great privilege, and a unique opportunity to share my faith in the Lord through music."

A fan of ethnic and world music, Ted has played or included other, less traditional (in terms of metal music) instruments on Tourniquet albums, including the Greek bouzouki, flute, banjo, and dulcimer. For the acoustic sets that Tourniquet occasionally performs, he plays 6 or 12 string guitar.

Drumming philosophy[link]

"Learn all you can from watching, listening, and talking to other drummers, then step outside the drumming world and observe... You may be surprised how much non-drumming factors can influence your playing!"

Influences[link]

Non-drumming influences[link]

bird, mammal, and insect sounds; Scarlatti Harpsichord Sonatas

Drumming influences[link]

• Simon Phillips
• Carl Palmer
• Dave Weckl
• Terry Bozzio
• Dean Castronovo
• Buddy Rich

Equipment[link]

Ted endorses and plays: DW drums and hardware Paiste cymbals Vic Firth sticks Evans drumheads Impact cases

Awards and achievements[link]

• Ted was voted "Favorite Drummer" for 10 years in a row, and again in 2003 by the readers of HM Magazine.
• Ted has been featured twice in Modern Drummer Magazine.

Bands[link]

• Tourniquet
• Trouble

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

with Tourniquet[link]

• Stop the Bleeding (1990)
• Psycho Surgery (1991) (2001 rerelease titled Psychosurgery)
• Pathogenic Ocular Dissonance (1992)
• Intense Live Series, Vol. 2 (1993) (also known as Recorded Live, Vol. 2)
• Vanishing Lessons (1994)
• Carry the Wounded (1995)
• The Collected Works of Tourniquet (1996)
• Crawl to China (1997)
• Acoustic Archives (1998)
• Microscopic View of a Telescopic Realm (2000)
• Where Moth and Rust Destroy (2003)

solo[link]

• Ode To A Roadkill (2010)
• In The Shadow Of The Masters (2010)

Videos[link]

• Ark of Suffering (1991) - Music Video
• Video Biopsy (1992) - VHS
• Pushin' Broom Video (1995) - VHS
• The Unreleased Drum Solos of Ted Kirkpatrick (1997) - VHS
• Guitar Instructional Video (1998) - VHS
• Tourniquet Live in California (1998) - VHS
• Video Biopsy (re-release) (2000) - VHS
• Circadian Rhythms - The Drumming World of Ted Kirkpatrick (2003) - DVD
• Ocular Digital (2003) - DVD
• Till Sverige Med Kärlek (To Sweden With Love) (2006) - DVD

References[link]

• Bio at Tourniquet.net