SMPTE 421M, informally known as VC-1, which was initially developed as a proprietary video format by Microsoft, was released as a SMPTE video codec standard on April 3, 2006. It is today a supported standard found in Blu-ray Discs, Windows Media, Microsoft's Silverlight framework, Slingbox,^[1] and the now-discontinued HD DVD.

Format[link]

VC-1 is an evolution of the conventional DCT-based video codec design also found in H.261, H.263, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4 Part 2. It is widely characterized as an alternative to the latest ITU-T and MPEG video codec standard known as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. VC-1 contains coding tools for interlaced video sequences as well as progressive encoding. The main goal of VC-1 Advanced Profile development and standardization was to support the compression of interlaced content without first converting it to progressive, making it more attractive to broadcast and video industry professionals.

Both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc have adopted VC-1 as a video standard, meaning their video playback devices will be capable of decoding and playing video-content compressed using VC-1. Windows Vista partially supports HD DVD playback by including the VC-1 decoder and some related components needed for playback of VC-1 encoded HD DVD movies.^[2]

Microsoft has designated VC-1 as the Xbox 360 video game console’s official video format, and game developers may use VC-1 for full motion video included with games. By means of an October 31, 2006 update, people can now play all formats of Windows Media Video on the Xbox 360 from a disc, USB storage device, or streaming from their PC via Windows Media Connect/Windows Media Player 11. This allows anyone to play VC-1 encoded video on the console.

VC-1 is also supported in the PlayStation 3 console and the FFmpeg project includes a free VC-1 decoder.^[3]

Microsoft codec implementations[link]

The VC-1 codec specification has so far been implemented by Microsoft in the form of 3 codecs, each identified with a unique four character code.^[4]

WMV3[link]

Simple and Main Profiles of VC-1 remained completely faithful to the existing WMV3 implementation, making WMV3 bitstreams fully VC-1 compliant. The WMV3 codec was designed to primarily support progressive encoding for computer displays. An interlaced encoding mode was implemented, but quickly became deprecated when Microsoft started implementing WMV Advanced Profile. Whereas WMV3 progressive encoding was implemented in the YUV 4:2:0 color space, the deprecated interlaced mode was implemented in the less common YUV 4:1:1 color space.

The Windows Media Video 9 (WMV3) codec implements the Simple and Main modes of the VC-1 codec standard, providing high-quality video for streaming and downloading. "It provides support for a wide range of bit rates, from high-definition content at one-half to one-third the bit rate of MPEG-2, to low-bit-rate Internet video delivered over a dial-up modem. This codec also supports professional-quality downloadable video with two-pass and variable bit rate (VBR) encoding. Windows Media Video 9 is already supported by a wide variety of players and devices."^{[citation needed]}

A number of high definition movies and videos have been released commercially in a format dubbed WMV HD. These titles are encoded with WMV3 Main Profile @ High Level (MP@HL).

WMVA[link]

WMVA was the original implementation of WMV Advanced Profile prior to the acceptance of the VC-1 draft by SMPTE. The codec was distributed with Windows Media Player 10 and Windows Media Format SDK 9.5 install packages. There are slight bitstream differences between WMVA and WVC1, so consequently WMVA is handled by a different DirectShow decoder than WVC1. Some 3rd party hardware and software decoders only decode WMVA based content. As of 2006, WMVA is considered a deprecated codec because it is not fully VC-1 compliant.

WVC1[link]

WVC1, also known as Windows Media Video 9 Advanced Profile, implements a more recent and fully compliant Advanced Profile of the VC-1 codec standard. It offers support for interlaced content and is transport independent. With the previous version of the Windows Media Video 9 Series codec, users could deliver progressive content at data rates as low as one-third that of the MPEG-2 codec and still get equivalent or comparable quality to MPEG-2^{[citation needed]}. The Windows Media Video 9 Advanced Profile codec also offers this same improvement in encoding efficiency with interlaced contents^{[citation needed]}. A decoder for WVC1 is included in Windows Media Player 11, which is bundled with Windows Vista and is available as a download for Windows XP. This implementation is supported in Microsoft Silverlight.

Profiles[link]

Bit rates and resolutions[link]

Other implementations[link]

Due to its origins in Microsoft's WMV9 codec, the most popular implementations of VC-1 encoders have so far been done by Microsoft, though third-party implementations exist as well. Sonic Cinevision PSE, a professional VC-1 encoding tool used predominantly in HD DVD and Blu-ray encoding, is a commercial version of Microsoft's PEP (Parallel Encoder) encoding tool and VC-1 Analyzer tool. Microsoft owns the code development whereas Sonic Solutions owns the sales and distribution. Microsoft also provides a separate VC-1 Encoder SDK which allows any company or software developer to integrate VC-1 encoding into their applications. Non-Microsoft VC-1 implementations (based entirely on the SMPTE specifications) have been done by Tandberg Television, MainConcept^[5] and Enciris Technologies. The FFmpeg project includes a free VC-1 decoder.^[3][6]

Encoding software[link]

Windows Media Encoder 9 Series encodes VC-1 compliant video files, including WVC1 FourCC media. Windows Media Format 11 Runtime or Windows Media Player 11 must be installed on the computer to ensure full VC-1 compliance across all three profiles (Simple, Main and Advanced). If either of these are installed, Windows Movie Maker can also save VC-1 compliant videos, as can any other application built on the Windows Media Format SDK or Windows Media Codec DMOs. A Windows Media Encoder Studio Edition was initially announced for professional encoding but later cancelled by Microsoft. Microsoft Expression Encoder which is part of Expression Studio supports encoding VC-1 video to the Windows Media (ASF) file format and the IIS Smooth Streaming format.

Video encoder products made by Inlet, Digital Rapids, Harmonic, Envivio, Elemental, Anystream, Telestream and Rhozet support VC-1 encoding (based on the Microsoft VC-1 Encoder SDK) for IPTV and Web streaming.

Hardware-based encoding and decoding[link]

Because VC-1 encoding and decoding requires significant computing power, software implementation that run on a general-purpose CPU are typically slow, especially when dealing with HD video content. To reduce CPU usage or to do real-time encoding, special-purpose hardware may be employed, either for the complete encoding or decoding process, or for acceleration assistance within a CPU-controlled environment. A hardware VC-1 encoder can be an ASIC or an FPGA.

Hardware-accelerated (also known as hardware-assisted) video decoding can either be done on dedicated, special-purpose hardware or on generic, multi-purpose hardware such as GPUs. The former is typically found in consumer electronics devices such as Blu-ray Disc players and 3G/4G mobile phones, while the latter is typically found in PCs. Nearly all video cards manufactured since 2006 support some level of GPU-accelerated VC-1 decoding on the Windows platform via DirectX Video Acceleration APIs. The native Windows WMV9/VC-1 decoder (wmvdecod.dll) only supports DXVA profiles A, B and C, while 3rd party VC-1 decoders such as Cyberlink's support the full DXVA Profile D decode acceleration. There is no support for GPU-accelerated VC-1 decode on the MacOS platform.

Legal status[link]

Although widely considered to be Microsoft’s product, there are fifteen member companies within the VC-1 patent pool (as of August 17, 2006). As an SMPTE standard, VC-1 is open to implementation by anyone, although implementers may be required to pay licensing fees to the MPEG LA, LLC licensing body or directly to its members, who claim to hold essential patents on the format (since it is a non-exclusive licensing body).^[7]

See also[link]

• Comparison of H.264 and VC-1
• Video Compression
• VC-2 (Dirac)

References[link]

1. ^ Hohenberger, Anne; Claire Towlson (2005-06-30). "Sling Media’s Newly-Released Slingbox Uses Microsoft Windows Media and Texas Instruments Digital Media Technology to Deliver On-the-Go Entertainment". Sling Media. http://us.slingmedia.com/object/io_1157566629962.html. Retrieved 29 October 2010. 
2. ^ "VC-1 Technical Overview". Microsoft Corporation. 2006. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/howto/articles/vc1techoverview.aspx. Retrieved October 5, 2006. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "VC-1 - Google Summer of Code". http://code.google.com/soc/2006/ffmpeg/about.html. Retrieved 2007-03-21. 
4. ^ Sullivan, Gary J. (December 2007, updated August 2010). "DirectX Video Acceleration Specification for Windows Media Video v8, v9 and vA Decoding (Including SMPTE 421M "VC-1")". Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) Library, Windows Development Kit, Windows Driver Kit, Device and Driver Technologies, Display Devices (Adapters and Monitors), Design Guide, Windows 2000 Display Driver Model Design Guide. Microsoft. http://download.microsoft.com/download/5/d/c/5dc91455-0a8c-4d57-8975-0afe1cfaf0dd/DXVA_WMV.pdf. Retrieved 29 October 2010. 
5. ^ "MainConcept VC-1 Codec Package". MainConcept. http://www.mainconcept.com/products/sdks/video/vc-1.html. Retrieved September 24, 2010. 
6. ^ "FFmpeg Home/News". FFmpeg. March 9, 2007. http://www.ffmpeg.org/. Retrieved 29 October 2010. "Nine months without news but with heavy development. A few select highlights are decoders for VC-1/WMV3/WMV9, VMware, VP5, VP6 video and WavPack, IMC, DCA audio and a WMA encoder." 
7. ^ "MPEG LA, LLC. Press Release" (PDF). Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061113145526/http://www.mpegla.com/news/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf. Retrieved August 17, 2006. 

External links[link]

• "VC-1 Profiles and Levels". VC-1. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/forpros/events/NAB2005/VC-1.aspx#VC1_Profiles_and_Levels. Retrieved December 12, 2005. 
• "Microsoft WMV Codec Implementations". VC-1. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/9series/codecs/video.aspx. Retrieved February 28, 2006. 
• VC-1 reference software analysis at the MultimediaWiki
• RFC 4425 – IETF RTP Payload Format for Video Codec 1

William Quigley (born April 29, 1961) is an American painter from Pennsylvania.

Education[link]

William Quigley graduated from the Philadelphia College of Art in Pennsylvania in 1984. He also studied abroad at the Tyler School of Art in Italy for one year before enrolling at the University of Pennsylvania in 1984 to study Political Science. In 1985 he entered Columbia University Graduate School of Fine Arts in New York City for his MFA and opened for Andy Warhol at the McNeil Gallery for the Images of a Child's World exhibition.

History[link]

William Quigley has traveled extensively creating and exhibiting all over the World. After completing a BFA program at Philadelphia College of Art, studied sculpture, painting and printmaking at Tyler School of Art in Rome, followed by a continued study of political science and art at University of Pennsylvania. His first career show was June 1985, less than a year out of Undergraduate school at the infamous Henry McNeil Gallery in Philadelphia. Showing in the back room of Andy Warhol's exhibit prior to his shocking death in 1987. It was one of Warhol's last shows, "images of a child's world." with a striking catalog published by Swiss Dealer Bruno Bischofberger. McNeil chose three abstract Quigley works and sold them within the first hour. In 1985 attended Columbia University Graduate School of the Arts in New York City. Painted in Venezuela in 1989, before landing in Los Angeles in 1990-2004, where he would meet and work with LA dealer Manny Silverman and open his own gallery MayB which later became AB Gallery directed by Dan Bernier. Participating in ARTLA Fair in December 1992-3, met art dealers Ferran and Marisa Cano, from Mallorca, Spain. Ferran Cano was a close friend of painter Joan Miró and his gallery made a promise to Miró to keep young Spanish and International art alive in Barcelona and Mallorca. Quigley was offered to come paint for a six months in Mallorca in June 1992, where he made 44 works at the gallery and was given access to explore the work and studio of Joan Miró. After returning to Los Angeles, he opened artist run Mayb, which became the infamous AB Gallery, 1994, directed by Dan Bernier, a hotbed for young artists such as Quigley, George Stoll, Martin Kersels, Marc Chiat, Steve Hurd, Russell Crotty, Jason Rhoades, Manuel Ocampo and Kevin Sullivan. In 1998 and 1999 he traveled to India and made a series of works that has had tremendous impact on his overall style and direction. In 1999 set up a second studio in Soho, New York. While in Los Angeles trying to make a living turned to film, commercials and music videos as both and art director and set designer working on the sets for directors such as David Fincher, Marc Chiat, Nigel Dick, David Kellogg, Phaidon Papamichael Gregory Dark and Dick George. Films included "Punch the Clock" and "Dark side of Genius" and music videos, Madonna's "oh Father", "express yourself" and "like a prayer". Prince's "Get off", Paula Abdul "straight up", Tom Petty's "Freefallin", and OutKast's "the art of storytelling"; and a host of commercials like Doritos "who's bob". Where Red Dog Films director Marc Chiat cast an unknown, 13 year old future star named Toby MacGuire for the lead role. The move to New York 1999 sparked an incredibly productive period working with a few different band's such as Pete Francis, Dispatch, and Piano genius Paul Tillotson, creating albums, stages, and developed a company with Francis in 2000 called "Skrapper". A t-shirt company using Quigleys Boxer paintings and quirky sayings on their products, tshirts, stages, and albums. Scrapper Records was formed by Pete Francis using the original logo designed by web designer Jeremy Miller from a Quigley portrait of Marvin Hart.

Quigley's work is collected by over 600 people worldwide, including influential figures as President Bill Clinton, California Governor Arnold Schwarzeneggar to athletes like Shaquille Oneal and Michael Jordan, Eminem, Woody Allen and Kevin Spacey.

Works[link]

The Boxer Series[link]

In 1999, downtown New York artist William Quigley was commissioned to create a "no contemporary" fighter painting for a friend. The Boxer Series is a continuing work in progress that investigates through visual study the growth, history, character and impact of the boxing fighter since its birth in the late 1800s. Consisting of confident portraits, traditional confrontational boxing poses, head to head battles, and an occasional knockdown, the subject matter subtly makes comparisons between the life of a prize fighter and one of a painter aiming for something else from his SoHo art space: Skrapper^[1][2] sustainable fashion.

Civil War Show[link]

It consisted of 16 paintings, one carved sculpture of a 15-year-old black Union soldier, and a 40-page hand painted book visually illustrating an interplanetary diary of the War. As the series developed, the theme became more focused on not only the individual lives of the soldiers, generals, and President Abraham Lincoln, but the fight for freedom and respect for the black culture, then considered slaves.

The Civil War Book[link]

The Civil War Book was the fourth book made by William Quigley. Originally it was intended to be a sketch pad for ideas and information about the American Civil War, yet, it later became an elaborate compliment to the Civil War Paintings and was shown at the Lawrence Gallery in 1996. The book's gritty design incorporates war documentation, random notes, photos and nostalgic battlefield tales illustrating one of the most complex and misunderstood wars in American history.

Bibliography[link]

• Its Time For My Closeup Mr. Quigley, Amanda Von Poggense, Zink Magazine, September 2004
• Side Dish, Joanna Molloy, NY Daily News, May 25, 2004
• Fame Brushes, Joanna Molloy, NY Daily News, June 1, 2004
• Page Six, Richard Johnson, NY Post, June 2, 2004
• Page Six, Richard Johnson, NY Post, June 15, 2004
• Now Served: a course in Restaurants Cater to Art, Joe Dziemianowicz, NY Daily News, Sept 15, 2004
• Jasper, Joanna Molloy, NY Daily News, August 10, 2004
• Fame Brushes, Ryan D'Agostino, New York Observer, September 2002
• How to Spend a Million Dollars, Ryan D'Agostino, MBA Jungle, October 2002
• New Light Gallery, Anne Jennings, Virginia, September 2000
• Quigley Hangs in My House, Michael Allante, Vanity Fair, March 1999
• I want to Touch Life, Pankaj Tuli, Hindustan Times, Delhi India, October 1998
• A survey of Paintings (published in Delhi by American Artist) The Times of India, Arts section, November 1998
• Thin on Attitude, Susan Kandell, Los Angeles Times, February 1994
• AB Gallery Opens Moves and Changes (feature Galley Guide) New York, LA, 1994
• Dark Side of Genius, Filmaker Magazine, 1993
• William Quigley: del expresimo a la tradition, Maria J.Bonafe, Ultima Hora, Mallorca, Spain, October 21, 1993
• William Quigley: at Ferran Cano, El Pais, Television Guide, Madrid, Spain, October 1993
• Trebals de Mallorca: William Quigley, Juan Gacra Sevilla, El Diario De Mallorca, October 1993
• New Art, Phillip Dash, Details Magazine, May 1991
• Andy Warhol: at McNeil Gallery/Fledging new artist William Quigley, Philadelphia Inquirer, June 1985
• Sculptured Skywriting and Mythic Photography, Victoria Donohoe, Page C03, Philadelphia Inquirer, July 20, 1985

Individual exhibitions[link]

• 2004 - NEW PAINTINGS, Mayb Gallery, November, New York
• 2002 - IRELAND SHOW, Berkeley Court, October, Dublin, Ireland
• 2000 - THE BOXERS, Mayb Gallery, June, New York
• 1999 - I ALWAYS WANTED TO GO TO IRELAND, Mayb Gallery, April, New York
• 1998 - SURVEY Of PAINTINGS FROM INDIA, Relaeas of new book, Cypher Fine Art,December, Bel Air
• 1997 - UNTITLED, collection of paintings in the home of Abdoul Sesay, March, Los Angeles
  • NEW PAINTINGS Heidi Voltafiedl Gallery, January, Basel, Switzerland
• 1996 - CIVIL WAR PAINTINGS, Lawrence Gallery, October, Beverly Hills
  • MINI MALL SHOW, Mini Mall Six Gallery, April, Los Angeles
• 1995 - NEW PAINTINGS, Ikon Fine Art, Gramercy Art Fair, Chateau Marmount, December, Los Angeles
  • MINI MALL SHOW, Mini Mall Six Gallery, December, Los Angeles
• 1994 - NEW PAINTINGS AB Gallery, February, Los Angeles
• 1993 - TREBALLS DESDE MURO Galeria Ferran Cano, Sept., Palma de Mallorca, Spain
  • UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Hosptial Gallery, Dept. of Nuerosurgery, Philadelphia
  • NINE WORKS The Place, Pazzia, April, Los Angeles
• 1990 - BLACK AND BLOO, April, Los Angeles
• 1989 - NEW WORKS, Tendler/Brachman, February, New York
• 1987 - NEW WORKS, Andrew Calle Gallery, November, Paris
• 1985 - PRINTS AND DRAWINGS BY BILL QUIGLEY" Steward Lamlee Gallery, September, New York

Group exhibitions[link]

• 2004 - ART IS NOT UNTOUCHABLE, Pablos Birthday, April, New York
• 2003 - JUDGEMENT DAY, December, PablosBirthday, New York
• 2003 - SCOPE, December, Gavensvort Hotel, New York
• 2001 - NEW LIGHT GALLERY, New Light Gallery, Abingdon,Virginia, August 2001
• 2000 - NEW LIGHT GALLERY, New Light Gallery, Abingdon,Virginia, May 2000
• 1998 - NAVY PIER, CHICAGO ART FAIR, Ferran Cano Gallery, May, Chicago
• 1996 - NEW PAINTINGS, Grammercy Art Fair, December, New York
  • COLLECTION OF CHARLES CRAIG, CONEJO VALLEY MUSEUM, May, Conejo Valley, CA
  • CHICAGO ART FAIR, Ferran Cano Gallery, May
  • CHRISTMAS SHOW, Couturier Gallery, December, Los Angeles
• 1995 - BUTTERFIELD & BUTTERFIELD, December Auction Project Angel Food, December, Los Angeles
  • RAINFORREST, Laddie John Dill Studio, December, Venice, CA
  • LAST EXIT, Soho West Gallery, January, Los Angeles
• 1994 - SIXTH BIENNIAL ART AUCTION MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART June, Los Angeles
  • PROJECT ANGEL FOOD, Pacific Design Center, December, Los Angeles
  • LA ART FAIR, December,Los Angeles
  • OUT WITH THE OLDE, Jeffrey Gold Gallery, April, New York
• 1993 - THE NEW PIER SHOW CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL ART FAIR, Galeria Ferran Cano,May, Chicago
  • "THE LIVING ROOM SHOW" MAY b Gallery, June, Los Angeles
  • COUNTDOWN TO THE NEXT MILLENIUM, LACE Gallery, April, Los Angeles
• 1992 - ART '23 BASEL, Galeria Ferran Cano, July, Basel, Switerland
  • Free Clinic of Los Angeles Auction, February, Los Angeles
  • Metropolitan Art Gallery, May, Los Angeles
• 1991 - Manny Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles
  • CHRISTMAS SHOW 8500 Holloway, May b Gallery, Los Angeles
• 1990 - 100 EMERGING ARTISTS PHILADELPHIA MUSEUM OF ART, May, Philadelphia
  • FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONTEMPORARY ART FAIR William Turner Gallery, Los Angeles
  • LOS ANGELES FREE CLINIC HEALTH AUCTION June, Los Angeles
  • Gail Feingarten Gallery, Los Angeles
• 1989 - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONTEMPORARY ART FAIR, Dec. 7-11 Manny Silverman Gallery
  • Couturier Gallery, January, Los Angeles
• 1987 - ART FIGHTING AIDS, McNeil Gallery, May, Philadelphia
  • ART AGAINST AIDS, Tendler/Brachman, June, New York
  • ART FIGHTING AIDS, PORT AUTHORITY MUSEUM, June, Philadelphia
• 1986 - TWO GERMANS, ONE AMERICAN,Klaus Nuefert Gallery, May, Cologne, Germany
• 1985 - IMAGES OF A CHILD'S WORLD, Andy Warhol, McNeil Gallery, June, Philadelphia
  • APPROPRIATIONS/ABSTRACTIONS, McNeil Gallery, July, Philadelphia
• 1984 - PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF ART AWARD SHOW, UNIVERSITY OF THE ARTS, June, Philadelphia

See also[link]

• Francis Picabia
• Jasper Johns
• William T. Quigley

References[link]

External links[link]

• Life of Luxury: George Hamilton interviews William Quigley for National TV
• WQ Civil War Archive

v t e Avant-garde movements Visual art Abstract expressionism Art Nouveau Conceptual art Cubism Cubo-Futurism De Stijl Ego-Futurism Fauvism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Color Field Incoherents Lyrical Abstraction Minimalism Mail art Neue Slowenische Kunst Nonconformism Pop art Rayonism Suprematism Vorticism Nouveau réalisme Music Ars subtilior Avant-garde jazz Avant-garde metal Free jazz Industrial music Krautrock Musique concrète No Wave Noise music Post-rock Progressive Rock Rock in Opposition Serialism Second Viennese School Drone music Literature and poetry Acmeist poetry Angry Penguins Asemic writing Cyberpunk Experimental literature Flarf poetry Imaginism Language poets Neoteric Oberiu Oulipo Visual poetry Nouveau roman Cinema and theatre Cinema pur Dogme 95 Drop Art Epic theatre Remodernist film Theatre of the Absurd Theatre of Cruelty General Bauhaus Dada Expressionism Fluxus Futurism Lettrism Modernism Minimalism Postminimalism Neo-minimalism Neo-Dada Neoism Postmodernism Primitivism Russian Futurism Russian symbolism Situationist International Social realism Socialist realism Surrealism Symbolism Book

Mark Suster is an American entrepreneur, angel investor and investment partner at GRP Partners.^[1] He is a prominent blogger in the startup venture capital world^[2] and mentor at Techstars (a mentorship-driven seed stage investment fund).^[3] Suster is married and has two sons, Jacob and Andy.^[4]

Education and entrepreneur career[link]

Suster grew up in Northern California and is a dual citizen of both the United Kingdom and the United States. He graduated from University of California, San Diego with a Bachelor of Arts in Economics. He started his career as a programmer at Accenture, which later paid for a postgraduate Master of Business Administration from the University of Chicago.^[5]

In 1999, with Ireland-based property entrepreneur Brian Moran, he founded his first company, a construction collaboration technology business called BuildOnline, where he was also chief executive officer. BuildOnline merged with US-based rival Citadon in December 2006 and the combined business, CTSpace, was acquired by the French Sword Group corporation a year later in December 2007. By this stage, Suster had already left the business, having founded a second company, a content collaboration software business, Koral. In April 2007, Koral was acquired by Salesforce.com where Suster took the role of Vice President, Product Management. He joined GRP Partners, an investment firm, later in 2007.^[6][7]

Investing[link]

Suster focuses on early-stage technology companies. They include: Affordit, EagleCrest Energy, EcoMom, ExpenseCloud, Gendai Games, and LaughStub.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Profile on his weblog
• This Week in Venture Capital - Video Podcast
• Mark Suster's Quora Profile