Peter Rachman (1919 – 29 November 1962) was a
Jewish immigrant to England who through criminal activity and fraud became a notorious
London landlord in the
Notting Hill area in the 1950s and 1960s. His notoriety as an exploitive landlord of his
tenants was such that the word "
Rachmanism" entered the
OED as a synonym for any greedy, unscrupulous landlord.
Career
Rachman was a Polish Jew born Perec Rachman in
Lvov,
Poland in 1919, the son of a noted Jewish dentist who also operated a side business as a criminal racketeer for the
Jewish Mafia. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Rachman may have joined the Polish resistance and with other Jewish racketeers and refugees helped form the nucleus of the wide ranging Polish
Communist Partisan network. However, shortly after the occupation of Poland, he was interned by the Germans who suspected him of being a Polish resistance leader. Nonetheless, he subsequently supposedly escaped and fled to Russia. According to his immigration and refugee declaration, he was, along with many other Jewish refugees of Poland, suspected of being an unreconstructed
Bolshevik or Jewish mobster. Consequently, he declared in his refugee papers that, rather than being accepted into the Soviet Army, he was interned in a
Soviet labour camp in Siberia where he was very cruelly treated. After the Germans declared war on Russia in 1941, Rachman and other Polish prisoners were allowed to join the
2nd Polish Corps, and he fought on behalf of the British in the Middle East and Italy. After the war he stayed with his unit, which remained as an occupying force in Sicily and Italy until 1946, when they transferred to England. Rachman was eventually demobilised in 1948 and, due to the
Soviet occupation of Poland, was allowed to remain in Britain as a refugee, later becoming a British resident.
In England, the relatively poor Rachman managed to build up a property empire in West London consisting of more than one hundred mansion blocks and several nightclubs. Operating from his office at 91-93 Westbourne Grove, in Bayswater, the first house he purchased and used for multi-occupation was nearby in now-fashionable St. Stephen's Gardens, London W2. Rachman is suspected of coordinating a campaign of criminal attacks, extortion, graffiti, and random robberies in adjacent areas of Notting Hill (W11), including Powis Square, Powis Gardens, Powis Terrace, Colville Road and Colville Terrace. As the criminal activity disrupted the post-war community, many of the native English residents fled, and in a precursor to American style Block busting, Rachman’s crime wave managed to lower property values to such an extent that he was able to buy substantial parts of the formerly well-ordered neighborhood. These homes he further subdivided and let, principally to petty thieves and prostitutes, further bringing blight to the community, displacing more English families, and in turn allowing for further purchases. Later, much of this area south of Westbourne Park Road, having become totally derelict, was compulsorily purchased by Westminster City council in the late 1960s and demolished in 1973-4 to make way for the "Wessex Gardens" estate.
Much as was later practiced on a vast scale in American cities in the 1960‘s and 1970‘s era of Block busting, Rachman would maximize his rental from his properties by purchasing properties further outside of his Rachmanized zone, and these homes were in turn quickly rented out at a higher rate to the fleeing English tenants of the properties he owned in the collapsing Notting Hill area. Then, Rachman conspired with foreign contractors, principally from New York City and other parts of the British Empire, in settling and packing the abandoned Notting Hill homes with immigrants from South Asia and the West Indies as part of an immigration wave which continues to transform the UK today.
Furthermore, the new tenants as refugees, immigrants, or illegal coolie laborers did not have the same protection under the law as the native English tenants had possessed, and so could be charged any amount Rachman wished.fact Furthermore, because most of the new tenants were Afro-Caribbean immigrants, had no right by Deed of trust, Restrictive covenant, and other colour bars to inhabiting the homes. As a result of these activities, the very system of laws which had protected housing and stopped the establishment of ghettos and manhattanization of central cities which plagued America.
Indeed, with the active connivance of a corrupt court system which was unwilling to investigate these illegal activities, and fearful of complaining should their illegal abode in these houses be exposed, the immigrants had no choice but to accept the high rents, whilst the growing foreign population and asset accumulation by Rachman and other of his contemporaries kept raising housing prices for the English. Yet, despite the manifold laws prohibiting the settling of these immigrants in most of England, especially in London , the media promoted Rachman's initial reputation as someone who could help to find and provide accommodation for those immigrants who would otherwise find it difficult in the then current climate which was described in the press as racially discriminatory and unfair.
However, according to his biographer, Shirley Green, certain elements of the traditional story about Rachman, such as the use of violence by underworld figures, shadowy gangs, and other groups to drive away the sitting tenants, may be mythical, and more devious methods were used, such as relocating the protected tenants in a smaller concentration of properties or buying them out, in order to minimize the number of tenancies with statutory rent controls. Also, houses were subdivided into a number of flats in order to increase the number of tenancies without rent controls.
Rachman did not achieve general notoriety until after his death, when the Profumo affair of 1963 hit the headlines and it emerged that both Christine Keeler and Mandy Rice-Davies had been his mistresses, and that he had owned the mews house in Marylebone which Rice-Davies and Keeler had used as a base for their trade in corrupting the British Establishment. Prior to his death, having developed substantial financial and political capital for himself through blackmail, extortion, usury and protection rackets, he used his ill-gotten gains into property development. By 1958 Rachman was presenting himself to the public as a hard-working immigrant indicative of what Britain could gain by abandoning its parochial and jingoistic attitudes through embracing immigration.
Despite leaving the active leadership of his criminal empire which he delegated to his former henchmen, the equally-notorious Michael de Freitas (aka, Michael X/Abdul Malik), he maintained an influence and income from the rackets. Furthermore, Michael X managed to build an almost separate life and reputation as a black-power leader and event-promoter of jazz and blues, and helped spread Rachman's influence by keeping him in the limelight as a friend of Britain's growing Black community.
However, as full details of his activities were revealed, there was a call for new legislation to prevent such practices, led by Ben Parkin, MP for North Paddington, who coined the phrase "Rachmanism". Following Rachman's death, the subsequent 1965 Rent Act added to the security of tenants, but had the unintended consequence that private rented housing became scarce.
Personal life
According to his biographer who portrayed him in kinder light than his contemporaries, Rachman was an intelligent man with a genial personality. Though not blessed with conventional good looks, being short, balding and dumpy, he supposedly had the power to charm women and mixed with all classes of society from prostitutes to the aristocracy. His detractors however say this was merely because of his connections with a few corrupt persons in the British Establishment which he further leveraged with his money and criminal activities in seducing and corrupting others. In contrast to the older generation which disdained his flashy American Jewish gangster behaviour, he was flamboyant about the way he displayed his wealth and was a prototype for the later 1980‘s generation behaviour: driving a Rolls Royce, chewing on a cigar and sporting dark sunglasses. Though generally and outwardly happy about his neo-Englishness, he was somewhat conflicted between his Jewish and Polish heritage and that of the Christian and English heritage of his adopted country. This confusion of identity was made worse by the fact that his home town of Lvov was transferred from Poland to the Soviet Union after World War Two, and, being denied British citizenship, he was technically
stateless. Lvov is now a major city in western Ukraine and is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine.
The Irish Catholic Audrey O'Donnell, one of his former prostitutes, became his long-standing girlfriend. He married her in 1960, but remained a compulsive womaniser, maintaining Mandy Rice-Davies as his mistress at 1 Bryanston Mews West W1, where he had previously installed Christine Keeler. After suffering two heart attacks, Peter Rachman died in Edgware General Hospital on 29 November 1962. He was forty-two years old. He is buried in the Jewish Cemetery at Bushey, Hertfordshire.
In the 1989 film about the Profumo affair, Scandal, he is portrayed by actor Johnny Shannon. In the film An Education (2009), Rachman has a minor role and is portrayed by Luis Soto.
Bibliography
Shirley Green (1979) Rachman, London: Michael Joseph.
John L. Williams (2008) Michael X: A Life in Black and White, London: Century
In popular culture
Linda Grant (2008) The Clothes On Their Backs, Virago Press, features a main character modeled on Rachman.
Harry Starks, the fictional protagonist of Jake Arnott's novel The Long Firm, began his career working for Peter Rachman, who is described in the book as a Holocaust survivor, and said to hoard bread crusts.
Peter Flannery (1989) Singer, inspired, in part, by Rachman's life.
Indie-Pop band Carter USM's hit 1989 single Sheriff Fatman makes reference to Rachman - along with other notable slum landlord Nicholas Van Hoogstraten.
Julien Temple's 1986 musical film, Absolute Beginners, loosely based on Colin MacInnes' 1959 novel of the same name, features a predatory Notting Hill slum landlord named Saltzman, who is clearly modeled on Rachman. In the film Saltzman evicts West Indian tenants from his properties in order to facilitate a redevelopment and gentrification scheme. Perhaps not coincidentally, the actor who plays Saltzman in the film, Johnny Shannon, later played Peter Rachman in Michael Caton-Jones' 1989 film, Scandal, about the Profumo affair. It also likely not a coincidence that Rachman's one-time mistress, Mandy Rice-Davies, also appears in Temple's film as the teenage protagonist's promiscuous mother who runs the boarding house where she resides and often cuckolds her husband with "gigolo lodgers".
In 1973-74, the British rock band, The Kinks, released a two-part rock opera, Preservation Act 1 and Preservation Act 2, which chronicles the rise and fall of a wicked property developer called Flash — a character that is probably based, at least in part, on Peter Rachman.
In the recently successful film An Education, the character of David Goldman, (played by Peter Sarsgaard) is very similar in his rental schemes, borderline criminality, womanising, and Jewish identity to Rachman. The film is based on Lynn Barber's memoirs, and in fact used a real-life acquaintance of Rachman's as a character template.
References
Category:Crime in London
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:English Jews
Category:Polish immigrants to the United Kingdom
Category:People from Lviv
Category:Polish Jews
Category:1920 births
Category:1962 deaths