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The Himalayas, the world's highest mountain range, seen from space.

The Ocean Ridge, the world's longest mountain range (chain), by USGS.

The Andes, the world's longest mountain range on the surface of a continent, seen from the air.

A mountain range is a geographic area containing numerous geologically related mountains. A mountain system or system of mountain ranges sometimes is used to combine several geological features that are geographically (regionally) related.

Mountain ranges are usually segmented by highlands or mountain passes and valleys. Individual mountains within the same mountain range do not necessarily have the same geologic structure or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terranes, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, and volcanic landforms resulting in a variety of rock types.

Major ranges[link]

Considering underwater topography, the Ocean Ridges of the world form the longest mountain systems on Earth. Above sea level major mountain systems are chiefly arranged in two regions; the Pacific Ring of Fire and the Alpide Belt. The first includes the mountains of the western coast of the Americas, Kamatchaka, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, as well as parts of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The Alpide Belt runs from Indonesia to the Alps including the Himalayas and other European and Asian ranges. Above sea level the Andes is usually considered the world's longest mountain system; it is 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) in length. The Himalaya Range contains the highest mountains on the Earth's surface, the highest of which is Mount Everest. The world's longest mountain system is known as Ocean Ridge, which is a chain of mountains that runs on the seafloor of five oceans around the world; it has a length of 65,000 kilometres (40,400 mi), and the total length of the system is 80,000 kilometres (49,700 mi). The Andes is the world's longest mountain system on the surface of a continent; it is 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) in length. To clarify, the Andes is the world's largest chain of mountains above sea level. The Arctic Cordillera is the world's northernmost mountain system and contains the highest point in eastern North America.

Divisions and categories[link]

The mountain systems of the earth are characterized by a tree structure, that is, many mountain ranges have sub-ranges within them. It can be thought of as a parent-child relationship. For example, the Appalachian Mountains range is the parent of other ranges it comprises, some of which are the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains. The White Mountains are a child of the Appalachians, and there are also children of the Whites, including the Sandwich Range and the Presidential Range. Further, the Presidential Range can be broken up into the Northern Presidential Range and Southern Presidential Range.

Climate[link]

The position of mountains influences climate, such as rain or snow. When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools producing orographic precipitation (rain or snow). As the air descends on the leeward side, it warms again (in accordance with the adiabatic lapse rate) and is drier, having been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a rain shadow will affect the leeward side of a range.

Erosion[link]

Mountain ranges are constantly subjected to erosional forces which work to tear them down. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted and long after until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains. The rugged topography of a mountain range is the product of erosion. The basins adjacent to an eroding mountain range are filled with sediments which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock.

The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado provide an example. As the uplift was occurring some 10,000 feet (3,000 m) of mostly Mesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion over the core of the mountain range and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to the east.^[1] This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift. The removal of such a mass from the core of the range most likely caused further uplift as the region adjusted isostatically in response to the removed weight.

See also[link]

	Environment portal
	Earth sciences portal

• List of mountain ranges
• List of mountains
• Plate tectonics
• Mountain building

References[link]

External links[link]

• Peakbagger Ranges Home Page
• Bivouac.com

lez:Суварин цӀиргъ

Medwyn 'Jack' Goodall (born in 1961) is a composer and musician mostly associated with the New Age genre. He was born in Yorkshire, England. He lives with his wife Wendy in Cornwall, England. According to Allmusic, "Goodall began composing original songs as a teen, earning local notoriety with his band Trax; in the years to follow, he learned to play a vast range of instruments, including mandolin, piano, drums, harp, flute, glockenspiel, panpipes, vibraphone and synthesizer, and cut his first album at age 26".^[1] He is a prolific recorder, having recorded over 75 albums. He also topped the UK music charts twice and sold over three million albums.^[2] His first album was Emergence (1987), published by New World Music.^[3] His early albums were published also by Oreade Music. Medwyn Goodall recently started MG Music,^[4] a record label which specializes in New Age music.

He produced albums on which he arranged, performed, mixed and mastered every song, although his album, Om (2006), was produced together with Terry Oldfield and Om2 (2010), was produced together with Aroshanti. There is an updated list of his albums at MG Music^[4] and at All Music^[3] web sites.

Many of Goodall's recent releases have been under the alias Midori. He explains that he chose this alias so he "could record projects that were more ethnic, eastern, or produced for the healing arts" without confusing fans of his other music. ^[5] However, there are also other musical artists using or known by the name Midori (such as the jazz-punk combo Midori and the Japanese violinist Midori Goto).

One of Goodall's tracks, "Free Spirit" from his album Meditations and Visualisations (2001) features the same Spectrasonics "Distorted Reality" sample featured in the "Summer Forest" music in the video game Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage!, as composed by Stewart Copeland.

Discography[link]

Until April 2012, about 110 studio albums were released by Medwyn Goodall by various music companies. The list below does not contain albums released under the name Midori, Medwyn Goodall's alias for healing music.

Studio Albums[link]

• 1986 – Emergence
• 1987 – Innocence
• 1988 – Kindred Spirits
• 1988 – Paradise Moon
• 1988 – In the Stillness of a Moment
• 1989 – Angel Sleep
• 1989 – Gifts of Comfort and Joy
• 1990 – The Druid Trilogy Volume 1: Druid
• 1990 – The Druid Trilogy Volume 2: Merlin
• 1990 – The Druid Trilogy Volume 3: Excalibur
• 1991 – Medicine Woman
• 1991 – Earth Healer
• 1992 – Great Spirit
• 1992 – The Way of the Dolphin
• 1992 – Kingdom of the Sun God
• 1993 – Eagle Spirit
• 1993 – Coral Sand
• 1993 – Antarctica, The Last Wilderness
• 1993 – Leo, 24 July – 23 August
• 1994 – Four Horsemen, The Waves of Ascension
• 1994 – Return To Eden, Part 2 of the Waves of Ascension Trilogy
• 1994 – Alpha & Omega, Part 3 of the Ascension Trilogy
• 1994 – Siesta
• 1994 – Golden Dreams, Forever
• 1994 – Nazca, Land of the Incas
• 1994 – Green Dream, Chill Out 1
• 1995 – Purple Dream, Chill Out 2
• 1995 – Where Angels Tread
• 1995 – Guardian Spirit
• 1995 – Neptune, God of the Oceans
• 1996 – The Arthurian Collection 1: The Grail Quest (The Grail Quest)
• 1996 – The Arthurian Collection 2: The Gift of Excalibur (The Gift of Excalibur)
• 1996 – The Arthurian Collection 3: Fair Queen Guinevere (Guinevere)
• 1995 – The Arthurian Collection 4: Tintagel, Castle Of Arthur (Tintagel)
• 1996 – The Arthurian Collection 5: The Round Table (The Round Table)
• 1995 – Moon Goddess
• 1996 – Priestess, Return to Atlantis
• 1996 – Winds Across the Pacific
• 1996 – Alcazar, Flame of Passion
• 1996 – Spirit of Christmas
• 1996 – Shoshone Dream
• 1996 – King Shaman: Rhythms of the World
• 1997 – Ancient Nazca: Inca Mysteries
• 1997 – The Dolphin Quest
• 1997 – Clan: A Celtic Journey
• 1997 – The Way of the Ocean
• 1997 – A Christmas Tapestry
• 1997 – Goddess from the Sea (remastered version of Neptune, God of the Oceans)
• 1998 – Medicine Woman II: The Gift
• 1999 – Comet
• 1999 – Millennium
• 1999 – The Scroll: Part II of the Clan Trilogy
• 2000 – Essence of Magic
• 2000 – Timeless
• 2000 – Lightstream
• 2000 – Sacred Medicine
• 2000 – Dragon’s Keep
• 2000 – Natrual Sounds With Music: Water
• 2000 – Natrual Sounds With Music: Island
• 2001 – Natrual Sounds With Music: Birds
• 2001 – Natrual Sounds With Music: Farm
• 2001 – Snows of Kilimanjaro
• 2001 – Anam Cara
• 2001 – Earth Love
• 2001 – Medwyn Goodall's Seasons: Autumn
• 2001 – Medwyn Goodall's Seasons: Spring
• 2001 – Medwyn Goodall's Seasons: Summer
• 2001 – Medwyn Goodall's Seasons: Winter
• 2001 – Natural Balance: English Summer
• 2001 – Natural Balance: April Showers
• 2001 – Natural Balance: Calm Ocean
• 2007 – Natural Balance: Call of the Colphin
• 2002 – Rhythm of the Ancients
• 2003 – Chronicles: An Epic Tale in Music
• 2003 – Medicine Woman III: The Rising
• 2003 – Classics for Healing
• 2004 – Classics for Tranquillity
• 2004 – Classics for Creativity
• 2004 – Eye of the Wolf
• 2004 – The Dragon’s Breath (re-release of Dragon’s Keep)
• 2004 – Medwyn Goodall’s Copyright Free Volume 1: Movement
• 2004 – Medwyn Goodall’s Copyright Free Volume 2: Stillness
• 2004 – Medwyn Goodall’s Copyright Free Volume 4: Expression
• 2004 – Medwyn Goodall’s Copyright Free Volume 5: Overdub
• 2004 – Medwyn Goodall’s Copyright Free Volume 6: Christmas
• 2004 – Medwyn Goodall’s Copyright Free Volume 7: Elizabethan Weddings 1
• 2004 – Medwyn Goodall’s Copyright Free Volume 8: Celtic
• 2004 – Land of the Inca
• 2005 – Tribal Nation
• 2005 – OM
• 2005 – The Sorcerer’s Daughter
• 2006 – Earth Goddess (same as Island Bliss)
• 2006 – Life Style Series Music For Crystal Healing
• 2006 – Life Style Series Music For The Dolphin Experience
• 2006 – Life Style Series Music For Healing
• 2006 – Life Style Series Music For Perfect Sleep
• 2006 – Life Style Series Music For Aromatherapy & Massage
• 2006 – Medwyn’s Cornwall
• 2008 – Serve Chilled (with Tim Rock)
• 2008 – Amun Ra
• 2008 – Origins
• 2009 – Medicine Woman IV: Prophecy 2012
• 2009 – OM 2
• 2009 – Druid II
• 2010 – Clan III: The Lands Beyond
• 2011 – With Every Breath (with Aroshanti)
• 2011 – Tears of the Dragon
• 2011 – Knight
• 2012 – Earth Healer 2

Compilations[link]

• 1995 – Pagan Dawn
• 1997 – All Good Things
• 1997 – Visions
• 1999 – The Best of Medwyn Goodall
• 2004 – King Arthur (3-CD box set)
• 2004 – Momentum (1990-2004)
• 2009 – 25th Anniversary Best Of

Remaster / Re-release[link]

• The Arthurian Collection (remastered version of the original five titles)
• Goddess from the Sea (remastered version of Neptune, God of the Oceans)
• The Dragon’s Breath (re-release of Dragon’s Keep)

Miscellaneous[link]

• Autobiography – No Strings Attached
• DVD – Dolphins And Sea
• DVD – Medwyn Goodall’s Natural World
• DVD – Native Spirit

References[link]

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Greg Minnaar

Personal information
Full name	Greg Minnaar
Nickname	GM
Born	(1981-11-13) November 13, 1981 (age 30)  South Africa
Height	190 cm
Weight	87 kg
Team information
Current team	Santa Cruz Syndicate
Discipline	MTB
Role	Rider
Rider type	DH & 4X
Professional team(s)
1999 2000 2001–2002 2003 2004–2007 2008–	Local bike shop Animal Orange Global Racing Haro Lee Dungarees Team G Cross Honda Santa Cruz Syndicate
Major wins
NORBA Champion (2 Wins) UCI DH World Champion (1 Wins) UCI DH World Cup Overall (3 Wins)
Medal record Competitor for  South Africa Mountain Bike World Championships Gold 2003 Lugano Downhill Silver 2004 Les Gets Downhill Silver 2006 Rotorua Downhill Bronze 2001 Vail Downhill Bronze 2005 Livigno Downhill Bronze 2010 Mont-Sainte-Anne Downhill
Infobox last updated on 07 Sept 2009

Greg Minnaar (born November 13, 1981 in Pietermaritzburg) is a South African World Champion mountain bike racer competing in downhill cycling. Greg first started to get noticed as a world class downhill racer at the age of 17, in 1999, racing select World Cups (including one in his home country of South Africa, in Stellenbosch) on a local shop team, aboard a Kona Stab Dee-Lux bike with a Marzocchi Monster T. fork. The following year, still a junior, he was picked up by British international team Animal Orange, which used Orange frames (222 for downhill and Ms. Isle for dual slalom) and RockShox suspension. That year (2000) Greg podiumed at a World Cup points series race for the first time. The following two years Greg rode for the mighty Global Racing team, aboard similar bikes to the previous years', and on this team, at the age of 19, he won the overall World Cup points series in the Elite downhill. In 2003 Greg switched to the Haro Lee Dungarees team, which used Intense designed and built DHR frames for the dowhill and their own short travel Werx trailbike frames for Four Cross, with Manitou suspension. It was aboard this team that, at the age of 21, Greg became World Champion of downhill. Following this, Greg was offered a spot on the infamous Team G Cross Honda, which used one-off internally geared framesmade by Honda, and Showa suspension. He accepted, and stayed on that team for four years, which included his second World Cup points series overall victory in 2005. After the sudden pulling out of the sport by Honda after the 2007 season, which ended on a bittersweet note with a dislocated and fractured shoulder early in his winning World Championship final run (Greg got back on the bike to salvage a painful 4th place finish), Greg was forced to switch teams yet again. He recently chose the Santa Cruz Syndicate team, alongside riders Steve Peat, Nathan Rennie, and Josh Bryceland for the 2008 season. He competes in the NORBA and Mountain Bike World Cup points series races, in the Elite Downhill and Four Cross events.

Championships[link]

Downhill World Cup[link]

Minnaar has been crowned Downhill World Cup champion three times (2001, 2005, and the recently concluded 2008 series) for winning the Mountain Bike World Cup points series. He was also crowned Downhill World Champion in 2003 for winning the season ending event. He has also done well in the Four Cross event, with one win in the 2003 World Cup points series, in Fort William, Scotland, and a fourth place finish at the 2005 World Championships.

In the 2008 World Cup, Minnaar podiumed at every one of the seven events in the series, taking the win at Fort William, Mont-Sainte-Anne and Canberra. This gave him a comfortable lead going into the finals at Schladming, Austria, where he placed fifth and clenched his overall lead to take the well-deserved title.

In 2009 World Cup series, Minnaar took first place at Pietermaritzburg South Africa, Fort William Scotland and Bromont Canada. He also came 6th at La Bresse in France, 3rd at Vallnord in Andorra, Maribor in Slovenia and in Schladming Austria. Greg also came 22nd in Mont-Sainte-Anne leaving him with a 2nd place overall. In the World Championships at Canberra Australia he lost 1st place to his team mate Steve Peat by 0.05seconds

NORBA[link]

Minnaar has twice (2003, 2004) been crowned the champion of the NORBA points series.

Palmarès[link]

2009

1st DH, UCI Mountain Bike World Cup, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Fort William, Scotland; Bromont, Canada

2010

2nd DH, UCI Mountain Bike World Cup, Series Overall

3rd DH, UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships, Mont-Sainte-Anne, Canada

2011

2nd DH, UCI Mountain Bike World Cup, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

1st DH, UCI Mountain Bike World Cup, Fort William, Scotland

1st DH, UCI Mountain Bike World Cup, La Bresse, France

^[1]

2012

1st DH, UCI Mountain Bike World Cup, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa ^[2]

See also[link]

• Steve Peat, Minnaar's team mate on the Syndicate Team.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Team Santa Cruz Syndicate Official site