- published: 08 Mar 2011
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- author: AmyChilsFansx
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- Accra
- Alan Haselhurst
- Anglo-Saxon
- Ashingdon
- Audley End
- Audley End House
- Augustinian
- Banknotes
- Basildon
- Basildon (borough)
- Basildon (district)
- Battle of Ashingdon
- Battle of Maldon
- Bedfordshire
- Berkshire
- Bernard Jenkin
- Billericay
- Bradwell-on-Sea
- Braintree (district)
- Braintree, Essex
- Brentwood (borough)
- Brentwood, Essex
- Brightlingsea
- Bristol
- British Army
- Britvic
- Brooks Newmark
- Buckhurst Hill
- Buckinghamshire
- Burnham-on-Crouch
- C2c
- Cambridge
- Cambridgeshire
- Camulodunum
- Canvey Island
- Castle Point
- Central Line
- Channel Islands
- Chelmsford
- Chelmsford (borough)
- Chelmsford Cathedral
- Cheshire
- Chigwell
- China
- Chipping Ongar
- City of London
- Clacton
- Clacton-on-Sea
- Coat of arms
- Cobbins Brook
- Coggeshall
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- Colchester (borough)
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- Colchester Zoo
- Colne Valley Railway
- Cornwall
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- David Amess
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- Douglas Carswell
- Dovercourt
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- Earl of Essex
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- Early Middle Ages
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- Eastwood, Essex
- Eleanor Laing
- Electronics
- English Heritage
- Epping
- Epping Forest
- Eric Pickles
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- Essex
- Essex County Council
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- Finchingfield
- Flitch of Bacon
- Ford Motor Company
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- France
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- Hedingham Castle
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- Ingatestone
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- Jackie Doyle-Price
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-
Accra
Accra /əˈkrɑː/ is the capital and largest city of Ghana, with an estimated urban population of 2,291,352 as of 2012[update]. Accra is also the capital of the Greater Accra Region and of the Accra Metropolitan District, with which it is coterminous. Accra is furthermore the anchor of a larger metropolitan area, the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), which is home to about 4 million people, making it the largest metropolitan conglomeration in Ghana by population, and the eleventh-largest metropolitan area in Africa.
Accra stretches along the Ghanaian Atlantic coast and extends north into the country's interior. Originally built around a port, it served as the capital of the British-ruled Gold Coast between 1877 and 1957. Once merely a 19th-century suburb of Victoriaborg, Accra has since transitioned into a modern metropolis; the city's architecture reflects this history, ranging from 19th-century British colonial buildings to modern skyscrapers and apartment blocks.
Accra is Ghana's primate city, serving as the nation's economic and administrative hub. It is furthermore a centre of culture and tourism, sporting a wide range of nightclubs, restaurants and hotels. Since the early 1990s, a number of new buildings have been built, including the multi-storey French-owned Novotel hotel. The city's National Theatre was built with Chinese assistance. In 2010, the GaWC designated Accra a Gamma-minus-level world city, indicating a growing level of international influence and connectedness.
wn.com/Accra -
Ashingdon
Coordinates: 51°36′10″N 0°41′41″E / 51.6028°N 0.6948°E / 51.6028; 0.6948
Ashingdon is a village and civil parish in Essex, England. It is located about 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Rochford and is 21 km (13 mi) southeast from the county town of Chelmsford. The village lies within Rochford District and the parliamentary constituency of Rayleigh.
Ashingdon has a Parish Council. It is a rural parish, one of 14 parishes in Rochford District. The Parish is approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Rochford and continues to the bank of the tidal River Crouch and the Parish includes the villages of Ashingdon and South Fambridge. Parts of Ashingdon Parish are within the village community of Hockley and the northeast part of Hawkwell Parish is within the Ashingdon village community, they face each other along the length of Ashingdon Road, a Roman Road that is still used to this day.
Ashingdon and South Fambridge have been in existence for more than one thousand years and both appear in The Domesday Book along with the Manor of Beckney within Ashingdon Parish.
wn.com/Ashingdon -
Audley End
Audley End House (grid reference TL524381) is largely an early 17th-century country house just outside Saffron Walden, Essex, south of Cambridge, England. It was once a palace in all but name and renowned as one of the finest Jacobean houses in England. Audley End is now only one-third of its original size, but is still large, with much to enjoy in its architectural features and varied collections. It is currently in the stewardship of English Heritage though remains the family seat of the Lords Braybrooke.
The nearby Audley End railway station is named after Audley End House.
Audley End was the site of a Benedictine monastery (Walden Abbey), granted to the Lord Chancellor Sir Thomas Audley in 1538 by Henry VIII. It was converted to a domestic house for him, known as Audley Inn. This dwelling was later demolished by his grandson, Thomas Howard (the first Earl of Suffolk and Lord Treasurer), and a much grander mansion was built, primarily for entertaining King James I.
The layout reflects the processional route of the King and Queen, each having their own suite of rooms. It is reputed that Thomas Howard told King James he had spent some £200,000 on creating this grand house, and it may be that the King had unwittingly contributed. In 1619, Thomas and his wife were found guilty of embezzlement and sent to the Tower of London. However, a huge fine secured their release, but Howard died in disgrace at Audley End in 1626.
wn.com/Audley_End -
Audley End House
Audley End House (grid reference TL524381) is largely an early 17th-century country house just outside Saffron Walden, Essex, south of Cambridge, England. It was once a palace in all but name and renowned as one of the finest Jacobean houses in England. Audley End is now only one-third of its original size, but is still large, with much to enjoy in its architectural features and varied collections. It is currently in the stewardship of English Heritage though remains the family seat of the Lords Braybrooke.
The nearby Audley End railway station is named after Audley End House.
Audley End was the site of a Benedictine monastery (Walden Abbey), granted to the Lord Chancellor Sir Thomas Audley in 1538 by Henry VIII. It was converted to a domestic house for him, known as Audley Inn. This dwelling was later demolished by his grandson, Thomas Howard (the first Earl of Suffolk and Lord Treasurer), and a much grander mansion was built, primarily for entertaining King James I.
The layout reflects the processional route of the King and Queen, each having their own suite of rooms. It is reputed that Thomas Howard told King James he had spent some £200,000 on creating this grand house, and it may be that the King had unwittingly contributed. In 1619, Thomas and his wife were found guilty of embezzlement and sent to the Tower of London. However, a huge fine secured their release, but Howard died in disgrace at Audley End in 1626.
wn.com/Audley_End_House -
Basildon
Coordinates: 51°34′34″N 0°29′19″E / 51.5761°N 0.4886°E / 51.5761; 0.4886
Basildon (
/ˈbæzɪldən/)[citation needed] is a town located in the Basildon District of the county of Essex, England.
It lies 25 miles (40 km) east of Central London and 11 miles (18 km) south of the county town of Chelmsford. Nearby towns include Billericay to the north, Wickford northeast and South Benfleet to the east.
It was designated as a new town after World War II in 1948 to accommodate the London population overspill, created from the conglomeration of four small villages, namely Pitsea, Laindon, Basildon and Vange (the new town took the name Basildon as it was the most central of the four villages).
The local government district of Basildon, formed in 1974 was first led by Ryan O'Rourke and encapsulates a larger area than the town itself; the two neighbouring towns of Billericay and Wickford, as well as rural villages and smaller settlements set among the surrounding countryside, fall within its borders.
Basildon Town is one of the most densely populated areas in the County of Essex, mostly due to its influx of families from the Boroughs of London. However, it is thought that Basildon's population will continue to increase as many people are re-locating to the Town from the Boroughs of London, Essex and the Country. This is mostly due to Basildon's booming economy in industrial areas, the Towns tertiary sector, and its close travel link to Central London.
wn.com/Basildon -
Battle of Maldon
Coordinates: 51°42′55″N 0°42′3″E / 51.71528°N 0.70083°E / 51.71528; 0.70083
The Battle of Maldon took place on 10 August 991 near Maldon beside the River Blackwater in Essex, England, during the reign of Aethelred the Unready. Earl Byrhtnoth and his thegns led the English against a Viking invasion. The battle ended in an Anglo-Saxon defeat. After the battle Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury and the aldermen of the south-western provinces advised King Aethelred to buy off the Vikings rather than continue the armed struggle. The result was a payment of 10,000 Roman pounds (3,300 kg) of silver, the first example of Danegeld in England.
An account of the battle, embellished with many speeches attributed to the warriors and with other details, is related in an Old English poem which is usually named The Battle of Maldon. A modern embroidery created for the millennium celebration in 1991 and, in part, depicting the battle can be seen at the Maeldune Centre in Maldon.
One manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle said a Norwegian, Olaf Tryggvason, led the Viking forces, estimated to have been between 2,000 and 4,000 fighting men. A source from the 12th century, Liber Eliensis, written by the monks at Ely, suggests that Byrhtnoth had only a few men to command: "he was neither shaken by the small number of his men, nor fearful of the multitude of the enemy". Not all sources indicate such a disparity in numbers.
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Bedfordshire
Bedfordshire ( /ˈbɛdfərdʃər/ or /ˈbɛdfərdʃɪər/; abbreviated Beds.) is a ceremonial county of historic origin in England that forms part of the East of England region.
It borders Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Northamptonshire to the north, Buckinghamshire to the west and Hertfordshire to the south-east.
The highest elevation point is 243 metres (797 ft) on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns.
As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the Bee Orchid as the county flower.
The traditional nickname for people from Bedfordshire is "Bedfordshire Bulldogs" or "Clangers", this last deriving from a local dish comprising a suet crust dumpling filled with meat or jam or both.
It is the 14th most densely populated county of England and the fifth most densly populated non-metropolitan county with over half the population of the county living in the two largest built up areas of Bedford (102,000) and Luton (236,000).
The first recorded use of the name was in 1011 as "Bedanfordscir," meaning the shire or county of Bedford, which itself means "Beda's ford" (river crossing).
wn.com/Bedfordshire -
Berkshire
Berkshire ( /ˈbɑrkʃər/ or /ˈbɑrkʃɪər/, abbreviated Berks) is both a ceremonial county and a historic county of England. The administrative county of Berkshire including the Berkshire County Council were abolished in 1998. The county is often referred to as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of the royal residence of Windsor Castle in the county; this usage, which dates to the 19th century at least, was recognised by the Queen in 1957, and letters patent issued confirming this in 1974.
The ceremonial county has the same boundaries as the former administrative county, but historically the county was not co-terminous with this. The county borders the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Wiltshire and Hampshire. Historically the county included several towns to the northwest of the county (including Abingdon, Didcot and Wantage) that were moved into Oxfordshire in 1974 boundary changes. At the same time the town of Slough was moved into Berkshire from Buckinghamshire.
wn.com/Berkshire -
Billericay
Coordinates: 51°37′41″N 0°25′06″E / 51.628°N 0.4184°E / 51.628; 0.4184
Billericay (
i/bɪləˈrɪkiː/ BIL-ə-RIK-ee) is a town and civil parish in the Basildon borough of Essex, England. It lies within the London Basin, has a population of around 40,000, and constitutes a commuter town 28 miles (45 km) east of central London. The town has three secondary schools and a variety of open spaces. It is thought to have been occupied since the Bronze Ages.
Some of the earliest records of human occupation of Billericay are the burial mounds in Norsey Wood: evidence of occupation in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Evidence of Roman occupation has been found at a number of locations in the town and there may have been a small cavalry fort at Blunts Wall.
The Saxons did not settle in the centre of Billericay. They established themselves two miles south, at Great Burstead. In the late 10th century it was known as 'Burhstede'. Billericay was not mentioned in the Domesday Book, as it lay within Great Burstead. At this time the parish church for Billericay was at Great Burstead. In 1291 the name 'Byllyrica' is first recorded. This is believed to be from a medieval Latin word, bellerīca, meaning 'dyehouse or tanhouse'.
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Bradwell-on-Sea
Coordinates: 51°43′24″N 0°53′41″E / 51.7234°N 0.8946°E / 51.7234; 0.8946
Bradwell-on-Sea is a village and civil parish in Essex, England. The village is on the Dengie peninsula. It is located about 9 km (5.6 mi) north-northeast of Southminster and is 30 km (19 mi) east from the county town of Chelmsford. The village is in the District of Maldon in the parliamentary constituency of Maldon whose boundaries were last varied at the United Kingdom General Election, 2010. It has a population of 877.
Bradwell-on-Sea was a Saxon Shore fort in Roman times known as Othona. The Anglo-Saxons originally called it Ithancester. Saint Cedd founded a monastery within the old walls in 653, which survives as the restored chapel of St Peter-on-the-Wall, one of the oldest churches in Britain. From there, he continued the evangelisation of Essex. In the 20th century, the village became more well known as the site for the Bradwell nuclear power station. It also has a very good sailing club and outdoor leisure facilities. There is a school - St. Cedd's C. of E. Primary School.
wn.com/Bradwell-on-Sea -
Braintree (district)
Braintree is a local government district in the English county of Essex. Its main town is Braintree.
The main centres of population are Braintree, Witham and Halstead.
The district was formed on April 1, 1974 by the merger of the urban districts of Braintree and Bocking, Halstead, and Witham and (for list of Parishes) Braintree Rural District and Halstead Rural District.
Coordinates: 51°52′55″N 0°33′09″E / 51.8819°N 0.5525°E / 51.8819; 0.5525
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Braintree, Essex
Coordinates: 51°52′41″N 0°32′58″E / 51.8781°N 0.5495°E / 51.8781; 0.5495
Braintree is a town of about 42,000 people and the principal settlement of the Braintree district of Essex in the East of England. It is 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Chelmsford and 15 miles (24 km) west of Colchester on the River Blackwater, A120 road and a branch of the Great Eastern Main Line.
Braintree has grown contiguous with several surrounding settlements: Braintree proper lies to the south of Stane Street, and Bocking lies to the north. The two together can be referred to as Braintree and Bocking, although many people refer to them together as "Braintree"[citation needed].
Braintree is twinned with the French town of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine.
Braintree, Massachusetts, United States, was named after the town in 1640.
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Brentwood, Essex
Coordinates: 51°37′13″N 0°18′18″E / 51.620355°N 0.305006°E / 51.620355; 0.305006
Brentwood is a town and the principal settlement of the Borough of Brentwood, in the county of Essex in the east of England. It is located in the London commuter belt, 20 miles (30 km) east north-east of Charing Cross, and near the M25 motorway.
Brentwood is an affluent suburban town of 47,593 people and with a small, but expanding, shopping area and high street. Beyond this is extensive sprawling residential development entirely surrounded by open countryside and woodland; some penetrating to within only a few hundred yards of the town centre. It is perhaps most widely known for Brentwood School and for several businesses based in the town.
The name was assumed by antiquaries in the 1700s to derive from a corruption of the words 'burnt' and 'wood', with the name Burntwood still visible on some 18th century maps. However, "brent" was the middle English for "burnt". The name describes the presumed reason for settlement in the part of the Forest of Essex (later Epping Forest) that would have covered the area, where the main occupation was charcoal burning. An alternative meaning of "brent" is "holy one", which could refer to the chapel dedicated to Thomas Becket, for the use of pilgrims to Canterbury.
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Brightlingsea
Coordinates: 51°49′N 1°02′E / 51.81°N 1.03°E / 51.81; 1.03
Brightlingsea is a coastal town in the Tendring district of Essex, England, located between Colchester and Clacton-on-Sea, situated at the mouth of the River Colne, on Brightlingsea Creek. It has an estimated population of 8500.
Its traditional industries included fishery (with a renowned oyster fishery) and shipbuilding. With the decline of these industries, the town is largely a dormitory town for Colchester, and a popular retirement destination.
Brightlingsea is a limb of Sandwich, one of the Cinque Ports. The town retains an active ceremonial connection with the Cinque Ports, electing a Deputy from a guild of Freemen.
Brightlingsea was for many years twinned with French oyster fishery port Marennes, Charente-Maritime, but the relationship fell into disuse. In the mid 1990s, the port of Brightlingsea was used for the export of live animals for slaughter, leading to a protest campaign dubbed "The Battle of Brightlingsea".
In the centre of the town is Jacob's Hall, reputedly the oldest timber-framed building in England, built during the fourteenth century. Also in the town centre is Victoria Place, where many local businesses are based.
wn.com/Brightlingsea -
Bristol
Bristoli/ˈbrɪstəl/ is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,070,000 residents in 2007. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
Historically within Gloucestershire, the city received a Royal Charter in 1155 and was granted County status in 1373. From the 13th century, for half a millennium, it ranked amongst the top three English cities after London, alongside York and Norwich, on the basis of tax receipts, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th century. It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, and is also located near the historic cities of Bath to the south east and Gloucester to the north. The city is built around the River Avon, and it also has a short coastline on the Severn Estuary, which flows into the Bristol Channel.
wn.com/Bristol -
Buckhurst Hill
Coordinates: 51°37′23″N 0°02′36″E / 51.623°N 0.0434°E / 51.623; 0.0434
Buckhurst Hill is an affluent suburban town in the Epping Forest district of Essex, England. Located adjacent to the northern boundary of Greater London, it forms part of the Greater London Urban Area.
It is at the western edge of Essex, 10.7 miles (17.2 km) north east of Charing Cross and near to the boundary with the London Borough of Redbridge. Parts of Epping Forest are in Buckhurst Hill intermingled with residential areas.
It was featured on the ITV1 series Essex Wives a programme about women in the area who were in business or fairly well-off. With Loughton and Chigwell, it is said to form part of the Essex golden triangle of wealthy places. Filming for The Only Way Is Essex takes place on Queens Road and at Belles & Beaus and Pet Couture.
Buckhurst Hill is served by Buckhurst Hill tube station and Roding Valley tube station, which are on the Central Line of the London Underground. The railway line was opened in 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway and it is the middle-class development that resulted from this line that gives Buckhurst Hill its typical Victorian ambience.
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Burnham-on-Crouch
Coordinates: 51°37′42″N 0°48′52″E / 51.6284°N 0.8145°E / 51.6284; 0.8145
Burnham-on-Crouch is a town in the Maldon district of Essex in the East of England. It lies on the north bank of the River Crouch.
Historically, it has benefited from its location on the coast - first as a ferry port, later as a fishing port known for its oyster beds, and most recently as a centre for yachting. There are many listed buildings in the town, including the Grade II* listed Royal Corinthian Yacht Club designed in 1931 by the modernist architect Joseph Emberton. The Mangapps Railway Museum is located nearby.
Although the town has a population of little over 7,500, it is the principal settlement in the wider Dengie peninsula area (population 20,000): it thus has facilities that are uncommon in small towns, such as a cinema, a laundrette, a post office, 22 licensed drinking establishments and three pharmacies.
Burnham-on-Crouch holds a bi-annual charity fund-raising pub crawl, an event which first took place in June 2007. Typically more than 100 local people walk through the town in themed fancy dress raising money for The Samaritans. There is both a summer and winter edition of the crawl.
wn.com/Burnham-on-Crouch -
Cambridge
The city of Cambridge (i/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij) is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia, on the River Cam, about 50 miles (80 km) north of London. According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, its population was 108,863 (including 22,153 students), and was estimated to be 125,717 in mid-2010. There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in bronze age and Roman times, and under Viking rule Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951.
Cambridge is most widely known as the home of the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209 and consistently ranked one of the top five universities in the world. The university includes the renowned Cavendish Laboratory, King's College Chapel, and the Cambridge University Library. The Cambridge skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital in the far south of the city and St John's College Chapel tower.
wn.com/Cambridge -
Canvey Island
Coordinates: 51°30′58″N 0°34′59″E / 51.516°N 0.583°E / 51.516; 0.583
Canvey Island (area 18.45 km² - 7.12 mi²; pop. 37,479) is a civil parish and reclaimed island in the Thames estuary in England. It is separated from the mainland of south Essex by a network of creeks. Lying only just above sea level it is prone to flooding at exceptional tides, but has nevertheless been inhabited since the Roman invasion of Britain.
The island was mainly agricultural land until the 20th century when it became the fastest growing seaside resort in Britain between 1911-1951. The North Sea flood of 1953 devastated the island costing the lives of 58 islanders, and led to the temporary evacuation of the 13,000 residents. Canvey is consequently protected by modern sea defences comprising 15 miles (24 km) of concrete seawall.
Canvey is also notable for its relationship to the petrochemical industry. The island was the site of the first delivery in the world of liquefied natural gas by container ship, and later became the subject of an influential assessment on the risks to a population living within the vicinity of petrochemical shipping and storage facilities.
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Castle Point
Castle Point is a local government district and borough in south Essex,30 miles (48 km) from Central London. The borough comprises the towns of Canvey Island, Hadleigh, South Benfleet, and Thundersley, the site of the council headquarters.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the Benfleet Urban District and the Canvey Island Urban District. The name of the new district contains references to the principal landmarks of the two combined urban districts: Hadleigh Castle and Canvey Point. The district was granted borough status in 1992.
Castle Point is twinned with three towns and counties:
Hadleigh Castle is preserved as an ancient monument from the 13th century, forming the most important historic site in the borough and the most important late medieval castle in Essex. The Dutch Cottage Museum contains a variety of exhibits that illustrate the history of Canvey Island, and the Castle Point Transport Museum, also situated on Canvey in the retired District bus depot, features a display of over thirty old buses, coaches and commercial vehicles.
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Cheshire
Cheshire ( /ˈtʃɛʃər/ or /ˈtʃɛʃɪər/; also known as the County Palatine of Chester, and archaically, as the County of Chester; abbreviated Ches.) is a ceremonial county in North West England. Cheshire's county town is the city of Chester, although the largest town since county boundary changes in 1974 is Warrington (moved from Lancashire for administrative purposes in 1974). Other major towns include Widnes (also moved from Lancashire in 1974), Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Runcorn, Macclesfield, Winsford, Northwich, and Wilmslow. Historically the county contained the Wirral, Stockport, Altrincham and other towns. The county is bordered by Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south, and Flintshire and Wrexham in Wales to the west. The county is a part of the Welsh Marches.
Cheshire's area is 2,343 square kilometres (905 sq mi) and its population is around 700,000. Apart from the large towns along the River Mersey and the historic city of Chester, it is mostly rural, with a number of small towns and villages that support an agricultural industry. It is historically famous as a former principality and for the production of Cheshire cheese, salt, bulk chemicals, and woven silk.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Chipping Ongar
Coordinates: 51°42′11″N 0°14′38″E / 51.703°N 0.244°E / 51.703; 0.244
Chipping Ongar is a small market town, and a civil parish called Ongar, in the Epping Forest district of the county of Essex, England. It is located 5.4 miles (8.7 km) East of Epping, 6.5 miles (10.5 km) South-East of Harlow and 6 miles (9.7 km) North-West of Brentwood.
Ongar is located at the convergence of several old roads, being between Chelmsford and Epping on an east-west axis and between Dunmow and Chigwell (beyond which is London) on a north-south axis. To the south-east lies Brentwood, on the old road to the former River Thames ferry crossing at Tilbury, though the building in the 1970s of the M11 and M25 motorways means that Ongar is no longer directly on a principal route for petrol tankers (and other less prominent vehicles) travelling from the current Dartford Crossing and the Thames Estuary oil refineries.
The civil parish of Ongar, which has a town council, includes from north-to-south Shelley, Chipping Ongar and Marden Ash, with Greensted to the southwest.
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City of London
The City of London is an area in central London, England. In the medieval period it constituted most of London, but the conurbation has grown far beyond it. As the City’s boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages, it is now only a tiny part of the metropolis, though it remains a notable part of central London, holds city status in its own right, and is a separate ceremonial county.
It is often referred to as the City (often written on maps as "City") or the Square Mile, as it is just over one square mile (1.12 sq mi/2.90 km2) in area. These terms are also often used as metonyms for the United Kingdom's financial services industry, which continues a notable history of being based in the City.
The term London now refers to a much larger conurbation roughly corresponding to Greater London, a local government area which includes 32 London boroughs including the City of Westminster as well as the City of London. The local authority for the City, the City of London Corporation, is unique in the United Kingdom, and has some unusual responsibilities for a local authority in Britain, such as being the police authority for the City. It also has responsibilities and ownerships beyond the City's boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, an office separate from (and much older than) the Mayor of London.
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Clacton-on-Sea
Coordinates: 51°47′30″N 1°08′45″E / 51.7918°N 1.1457°E / 51.7918; 1.1457
Clacton-on-Sea is the largest town on the Tendring peninsula, in Essex, England and was founded in 1871. It is a seaside resort that attracted many tourists in the summer months between the 1950s and 1970s, but which like many other British sea-side resorts went into decline as a holiday destination since holidays abroad became more affordable. These days it is more popular as a retirement location.
It is located between Jaywick and Holland-on-sea along the coastline and Great Clacton to the north. The relevant local authority is Tendring District Council.
It is situated at the eastern end of the A133, accessed via a largely improved road from the A120 junction at Hare Green, four miles east of Colchester. Nearby to the north-east is the neighbouring resort of Frinton-on-Sea.
Clacton has a pleasure pier, arcades, a golf course, caravan parks and an airfield. The town and its beaches are still popular with tourists in the summer, and there is an annual entertainment programme including the Clacton carnival held the second Saturday in August and lasting for a week. Clacton Airshow, an aerial display takes place on the Thursday and Friday before the August Bank Holiday involving historic and modern aircraft such as the Lancaster, Spitfire, Hurricane, helicopters, Harrier, Jaguar, Tornado, wing-walkers and the Red Arrows.
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Cobbins Brook
Cobbins Brook is a minor tributary of the River Lea. It forms at the north of Epping, Essex and flows past Epping Uplands, Waltham Abbey until it joins the River Lee Flood Relief Channel below the M25 near Rammey Marsh.
A local legend claims Boudica's rebellion against the Romans ended in the Waltham Abbey neighbourhood when she poisoned herself with hemlock gathered from the banks of Cobbins Brook.
Coordinates: 51°40′47″N 0°00′36″W / 51.6797°N 0.0101°W / 51.6797; -0.0101
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Colchester
Coordinates: 51°53′30″N 0°54′11″E / 51.8917°N 0.903°E / 51.8917; 0.903
Colchesteri/ˈkoʊltʃɛstə/ is an historic town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester in Essex, England.
At the time of the census in 2001, it had a population of 104,390. However, the population is rapidly increasing, and has been named as one of Britain's fastest growing towns. As the oldest recorded Roman town in Britain, Colchester claims to be the oldest town in Britain. It was for a time the capital of Roman Britain and also claims to have the United Kingdom's oldest recorded market. The town is a member of the Most Ancient European Towns Network.
Colchester is 60 miles (97 km) northeast of London. It is connected to the capital by the A12 road and the Great Eastern Main Line. It is seen as a popular town for commuters, and is less than 30 miles away from Stansted Airport.
Colchester is home to Colchester Castle and Colchester United Football Club. It has a Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament.
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Colchester (borough)
The Borough of Colchester is a local government district and borough in Essex, England, the district is named after its main town, Colchester. The borough covers an area of 125 square miles (320 km2) and stretches from Dedham Vale on the Suffolk border in the north to Mersea Island on the Colne Estuary in the south.
The borough was formed on April 1, 1974 by the merger of the former borough of Colchester with the urban districts of West Mersea and Wivenhoe, along with Lexden and Winstree Rural District.
The Essex County Standard of September 4, 2009 said that "Government estimates" made Colchester the largest borough in the county: its officially acknowledged population is second highest among non-London boroughs, behind Northampton.
According to the Office for National Statistics as of 2008, Colchester had a population of approximately 181,000. Average life expectancy was 78.7 for males. and 83.3 for females.
Based on ethnic groups, predominantly of 92.1% of the population is White (86.9% British, 0.7% Irish and 4.5 other), Asians were the second largest making up 2.5% (1.1% Indian, 0.3% Pakistani and 0.3% Bangladeshi, other 0.8%), Blacks constituted 1.5% (0.4% Caribbean, 0.9% African, 0.1% other), those of mixed race made up 1.7% and the remaining were Chinese and other ethnic groups (2.2%).
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Cornwall
Cornwall ( /ˈkɔrnwɔːl/ or /ˈkɔrnwəl/;Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]; Latin: Cornubia or Cornuvia) is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 537,400 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the Tamar. From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories.
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Corringham, Essex
Coordinates: 51°31′21″N 0°27′43″E / 51.5224°N 0.462°E / 51.5224; 0.462
Corringham is a small English town within the unitary authority of Thurrock and one of the traditional (Church of England) parishes. It is situated in the east of the borough of Thurrock and has over time come to be considered an area within the larger neighbouring town of Stanford-Le-Hope. The parish church originated in the Saxon period. Corringham was formerly served by the Corringham Light Railway which connected the Kynoch munitions factory with the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. It is one of the seven conservation areas within the Thurrock Unitary Authority.
Thought to originate from derivation of a Saxon chieftain named Curra, the ‘ing’, which means followers, and ‘ham’ which means ‘home’
The south wall of the parish church contains examples of Saxon herringbone stonework in both the nave and the chancel. There are other Saxon features inside the church. The tower is also likely to be Saxon.
Corringham Primary School, Herd Lane. Age range 4–11 years Number of students: 412
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Cumbria
Cumbria ( /ˈkʌmbriə/, locally [ˈkʊmbɾiə]) is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local authority, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbria's largest settlement and county town is Carlisle and the only other major urban area is the town of Barrow-in-Furness on the south-western tip of the county. It consists of six districts, and in 2008 had a population of just under half a million. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the United Kingdom, with 73.4 people per km2 (190/sq mi). In comparison, the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness, in the south, has a population density over twelve times this at 921/km2 (2,385.3/sq mi).
Cumbria, the third largest ceremonial county in England by area, is bounded to the north by the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders, to the west by the Irish Sea, to the south by Lancashire, to the southeast by North Yorkshire, and to the east by County Durham and Northumberland.
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Dartford
Coordinates: 51°27′50″N 0°15′14″E / 51.464°N 0.254°E / 51.464; 0.254
Dartford is the principal town in the borough of Dartford. It is situated in the northwest corner of Kent, England, 16 miles (26 km) east south-east of central London.
The town centre is situated in a valley through which the River Darent flows, and where the old road from London to Dover crossed: hence the name, from Darent + ford. Dartford became a market town in medieval times and, although today it is principally a commuter town for Greater London, it has a long history of religious, industrial and cultural importance. It is an important rail hub; the main through-road now avoids the town itself.
In prehistory, the first people appeared in the Dartford area around 250,000 years ago: a tribe of prehistoric hunter-gatherers whose exemplar is called Swanscombe Man. Many other archaeological investigations have revealed a good picture of occupation of the district with important finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age.
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Dartford Crossing
The Dartford - Thurrock River Crossing, Dartford River Crossing (DRC) (or simply the Dartford Crossing) is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, connecting Dartford in the south to Thurrock in the north, via two road tunnels and the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. It opened in stages, the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980, and the bridge in 1991. Until the opening of the bridge, built to the east of the two tunnels, the crossing was known as the Dartford Tunnel.
The two tunnels are 1,430 m (1,560 yd) long, while the cable-stayed bridge is 137 metres (449 ft) high with a main span of 450 metres (490 yd). The crossing carries nearly 150,000 vehicles a day and forms part of London's orbital route, the M25—although the crossing and its approach road are actually the A282, allowing traffic prohibited from motorways to use the crossing. Southbound traffic crosses the four lane bridge; northbound traffic uses both of the two lane road tunnels. However, in bad weather or high winds, the bridge is closed and the crossing reverts to using the tunnels for both directions.
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Derbyshire
Coordinates: 53°8′N 1°36′W / 53.133°N 1.6°W / 53.133; -1.6
Derbyshire (i/ˈdɑrbɨʃə/ DAR-bi-shər or /ˈdɑrbɪʃɪər/ DAR-bi-sheer; abbreviated Derbys. or Derbs.) is a county in the East Midlands of England. A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire. The southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills extends into the north of the county. The county contains within its boundary of approximately 225 miles part of the National Forest. It borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest, West Yorkshire to the north, South Yorkshire to the northeast, Nottinghamshire to the east, Leicestershire to the southeast, Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west. In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts farm, near Coton in the Elms, as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain.
The city of Derby is now a unitary authority area, but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland: 75% of the population live in 25% of the area.[citation needed]
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Devon
Coordinates: 50°42′N 3°48′W / 50.7°N 3.8°W / 50.7; -3.8
Devon ( /ˈdɛvən/) is a large county in southwestern England. The county is sometimes referred to as Devonshire, although it has never been officially "shired" and that use often indicates a traditional or historical context. Nowadays, "Devonshire" is mostly a demonym.
The county shares borders with Cornwall to the west and Dorset and Somerset to the east. Its southern coast abuts the English Channel and its northern coast the Bristol Channel and Celtic Sea. The name "Devon" derives from the ancient Dumnonia, which was home to the independent kingdom of Brythonic Celtic speaking people who inhabited this area of the southwestern peninsula of Britain continuously from through the Roman era until partial absorption into the English-speaking Kingdom of Wessex some time in the eighth or ninth century, with some emigration to the sister Kingdom of Domnonee in Brittany taking place.
Devon is the fourth largest of the English counties by area and has a population of 1,141,600 making it the 11th most populous. The county town is the cathedral city of Exeter. In addition to Devon County Council, the county contains two unitary authorities (independent from Devon County Council's control): the port city of Plymouth and Torbay, a conurbation of seaside resorts. Plymouth is also the largest city in Devon. Much of the county is rural (including national park) land, with a low population density by British standards. It contains Dartmoor 954 km2 (368 sq mi), the largest open space in southern England. It is the only English county to have two separate coastlines – a north and southern coastline.
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Dovercourt
For the neighbourhood in Toronto see Dovercourt-Wallace Emerson-Junction
Coordinates: 51°55′51″N 1°15′49″E / 51.9308°N 1.2637°E / 51.9308; 1.2637
Dovercourt is a small seaside town in Essex, England. It is older than its smaller but better-known neighbour, the port of Harwich, and appears in the Domesday Book of 1086. Today the towns are contiguous.
The Saxon lord Wulwin/Ulwin was lord in 1066; by 1086 the estate was in possession of Aubrey de Vere I and remained part of the barony of his descendants the Earls of Oxford until the 16th century. It formed part of the dowry of Juliana de Vere when she married Hugh Bigod[disambiguation needed
] in the mid-12th century, and the sub-tenancy passed to the Bigod earls of Norfolk who held it as one knight's fee of the Veres. Countess Juliana's son Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk founded a chapel at Harwich and granted it to Colne Priory, Essex, a Vere foundation.
Dovercourt is rich with civil war history and as a seaside resort offers shops and cafes for visitors and residents. The main shopping area is The High Street, with shops from independents to the national chains. The town is served by Dovercourt railway station.
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E4 postcode district
Coordinates: 51°32′42″N 0°00′50″W / 51.545°N 0.014°W / 51.545; -0.014
The E (Eastern) postcode area, also known as the London E postcode area, is the part of the London post town covering part of east London, England and also Sewardstone in Essex.
The current E postcode area was originally formed in 1866 as a merger of the E and NE areas created in 1858. In 1917, the postal districts were numbered alphabetically by their location; the districts usually cover a wider area than their names might suggest. As of 2004, the district names do not form part of the postal address. Due to high demand, sector 9 of the E1 postcode district was split and recoded in 1999 to create an E1W postcode district around Wapping; the rest of the district did not gain an additional character. Where districts are used for purposes other than the sorting of mail, such as use as a geographic reference and on street signs, E1 and E1W continue to be classed as one "district". The E postcode area contains two non-geographic postcode districts for high-volume business users, E77 and E98.
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Earls Colne Airfield
Earls Colne Airfield (ICAO: EGSR) is a former World War II airfield in Essex, England. The airfield is located 3 NM (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) southeast of Halstead, approximately 5 mi (8.0 km) east-northeast of Braintree; about 40 mi (64 km) north-northeast of London
Opened in 1942, it was used by both the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Force. During the war it was used primarily as a combat bomber airfield. After the war it was closed in 1955 after many years of being in a reserve status.
Much of the airfield today is being used as a golf course. A flying club also operates from the old airfield.
Earls Colne airfield was built to the Class A airfield bomber standard set by the Air Ministry, the main feature of which was a set of three converging runways each containing a concrete runway for takeoffs and landings, optimally placed at 60 degree angles to each other in a triangular pattern. It had a 6,000 ft (1,829 m) main runway aligned 01/19 and two auxiliaries of 4,200 ft (1,280 m) aligned 07/25 and 12/30. Like other airfields of the same period, it was originally laid out with 36 pan type dispersal hardstands but, after Earls Colne was allocated for USAAF use on 4 June 1942, an additional 16 loop dispersal hardstands were added, one pan being eliminated in the process connecting to an enclosing perimeter track, of a standard width of 50 ft (15 m).
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East Sussex
East Sussex ( /ˈsʌsɨks/) is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel.
East Sussex is part of the historic county of Sussex, which has its roots in the ancient kingdom of the South Saxons, who established themselves there in the 5th century AD, after the departure of the Romans. Archaeological remains are plentiful, especially in the upland areas. The area's position on the coast has also meant that there were many invaders, including the Romans and later the Normans. Earlier industries have included fishing, iron-making, and the wool trade, all of which have declined, or been lost completely.
Sussex is traditionally divided into six sub-divisions known as rapes. From the 12th century the three eastern rapes and the three western rapes each had separate quarter sessions, with the county town of the three eastern rapes being Lewes. This situation was formalised by Parliament in 1865, and the two parts were made into administrative counties, each with distinct elected county councils in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888. In East Sussex there were also three self-administered county boroughs: Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings.
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Eastwood, Essex
Coordinates: 51°34′08″N 0°39′49″E / 51.569°N 0.6636°E / 51.569; 0.6636
Eastwood is a town four miles west of Southend-on-Sea in Essex, England. It is a suburb of Southend and part of the Southend-on-Sea unitary district. Eastwood is sometimes called Eastwood Park, such as for local elections.
It is bordered by Rayleigh to the west, Rochford to the north-east, and Belfairs, part of Leigh-on-Sea, to the south. To the north lies Edwards Hall Park, a large area of open countryside, part of which is farmland. This green space extends all the way to Hockley Woods, and Hockley. There are also several swing parks throughout Eastwood.
Eastwood has good bus links to both Southend and the surrounding areas, with popular services including Arriva Southend's route 9 service, and First Essex's route 20 service. The nearby Southend Airport is in the process of being re-developed to operate a range of European passenger flights once again. However, the nearest railway stations are Rayleigh station and Rochford station on the Great Eastern Main Line with services to London Liverpool Street operated by Greater Anglia, and Leigh-on-Sea station on the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway, with services to London Fenchurch Street operated by c2c. There are currently no buses connecting The north side of Eastwood (north of the A127) with south side and it's administrative town of Leigh-on-Sea.
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Epping
Coordinates: 51°42′01″N 0°06′31″E / 51.7004°N 0.1087°E / 51.7004; 0.1087
Epping is a small market town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England. It is located 3.5 miles (5.6 km) north-east of Loughton, 4.6 miles (7.4 km) south of Harlow and 10.9 miles (17.5 km) north-west of Brentwood.
The town retains a rural appearance being surrounded by Epping Forest and working farmland, and has many very old buildings, many of which are Grade I and II listed buildings. The town also retains its weekly market which is held every Monday and dates back to 1253. In 2001 the parish had a population of 11,047 although this has increased marginally since then.
Epping has been twinned with the German town of Eppingen in north-west Baden-Württemberg since 1981. Although the once-famous Epping Butter, which was highly sought after in the 18th and 19th centuries, is no longer made, the equally well-known Epping sausages are still manufactured by Church's Butchers who have been trading on the same site since 1888.
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Epping Forest
Epping Forest is an area of ancient woodland in south-east England, straddling the border between north-east Greater London and Essex. It is a former royal forest, and is managed by the City of London Corporation.
It covers 2,476 hectares and contains areas of woodland, grassland, heath, rivers, bogs and ponds. Stretching between Forest Gate in the south and Epping in the north, Epping Forest is approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) long in the north-south direction, but no more than 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from east to west at its widest point, and in most places considerably narrower. The forest lies on a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Lea and Roding; its elevation and thin gravelly soil (the result of glaciation) historically made it unsuitable for agriculture. It gives its name to the Epping Forest local government district which covers part of it.
The name "Epping Forest" was first recorded in the 17th century; prior to this it was known as Waltham Forest (which gives its name to the present-day London Borough of Waltham Forest, which covers part of the modern forest).
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Finchingfield
Coordinates: 51°58′03″N 0°27′00″E / 51.96747°N 0.44995°E / 51.96747; 0.44995
Finchingfield is a village situated in the Braintree district of Essex. It is in the north-west of the county, which is a primarily rural area. It is situated approximately six miles from Thaxted somewhat further from the larger towns of Saffron Walden & Braintree.
Nearby villages include Great Bardfield, Great Sampford & Wethersfield.
There has been a settlement at the site since records began; in the time of William the Conqueror it was called Phincingfelda and there is archeological evidence for a Roman villa having been situated some 400 metres south-south-west of the village church. The village was an official stop for horse-drawn coaches journeying from London to Norwich. Spains Hall, the nearby Elizabethan country house, was built in the early 15th century and was the hub of the community, owning much of the village and employing most of the villagers.
The Civil Parish of Finchingfield had a population of about 1,348 according to the United Kingdom Census 2001 with three types of inhabitants: those who have lived and worked in the area all their lives; those who have moved to the village to work locally or retire; and commuters. One of the main pubs in the village is the Red Lion Inn, situated up Church Hill, opposite the Guildhall. The Red Lion is an old 15c Coaching Inn, offering traditional British Food and a selection of Real Ales and is blessed as being the only pub in the village with a garden.
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Forestry Commission
The Forestry Commission is a non-ministerial government department responsible for forestry in Great Britain. It was set up in 1919 to expand Britain's forests and woodland after depletion during the First World War. To do this the commission bought large amounts of former agricultural land, eventually becoming the largest land owner in Britain.
Over time the purpose of the Commission broadened to include many other activities beyond timber production. One major activity is scientific research, carried out at several designated "research forests" across Britain. Recreation is also important, with several outdoor activities being actively promoted. Protecting and improving biodiversity within Britain's forests are both part of the Forestry Commission's remit.
The Forestry Commission manages almost one million hectares of land in Great Britain, making it the country's biggest land manager. The majority of the land (60%) is in Scotland, 26% of the landholding is in England and the remainder in Wales. Some of Britain's best-loved and most spectacular landscapes are in its care. Activities carried out on the forest estate include maintenance and improvement of the natural environment and the provision of recreation, timber harvesting to supply domestic industry, regenerating brownfield and replanting of harvested areas.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Frinton
Coordinates: 51°49′58″N 1°14′43″E / 51.8327°N 1.2452°E / 51.8327; 1.2452
Frinton-on-Sea is a small seaside town in the Tendring District of Essex, England. It is part of the Parish of Frinton and Walton.
Until late Victorian times Frinton-on-Sea was a church, several farms and a handful of cottages. In the 1890s, the original developer of the town, Peter Bruff, was bought out by R Powell Cooper, who had already laid out the golf course. Powell Cooper rejected Bruff's plans for a pier, stipulated the quality of housing to be built and prohibited boarding houses and pubs. The Sea Defence Act 1903 established a project to stabilise the cliffs, with the Greensward, which separates the Esplanade from the sea, put in place to stabilise the land further.
In the first half of the 20th century, the town attracted visitors from high society with a lido complete with palm trees, shopping with, Connaught Avenue, named after the Duke of Connaught and opened by his wife, being dubbed East Anglia's Bond Street, high class hotels along the Esplanade, a tennis tournament second only to Wimbledon; the Prince of Wales frequented the golf club and Winston Churchill rented a house. Frinton was the last target in England attacked by the Luftwaffe, in 1944.
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Frinton-on-Sea
Coordinates: 51°49′58″N 1°14′43″E / 51.8327°N 1.2452°E / 51.8327; 1.2452
Frinton-on-Sea is a small seaside town in the Tendring District of Essex, England. It is part of the Parish of Frinton and Walton.
Until late Victorian times Frinton-on-Sea was a church, several farms and a handful of cottages. In the 1890s, the original developer of the town, Peter Bruff, was bought out by R Powell Cooper, who had already laid out the golf course. Powell Cooper rejected Bruff's plans for a pier, stipulated the quality of housing to be built and prohibited boarding houses and pubs. The Sea Defence Act 1903 established a project to stabilise the cliffs, with the Greensward, which separates the Esplanade from the sea, put in place to stabilise the land further.
In the first half of the 20th century, the town attracted visitors from high society with a lido complete with palm trees, shopping with, Connaught Avenue, named after the Duke of Connaught and opened by his wife, being dubbed East Anglia's Bond Street, high class hotels along the Esplanade, a tennis tournament second only to Wimbledon; the Prince of Wales frequented the golf club and Winston Churchill rented a house. Frinton was the last target in England attacked by the Luftwaffe, in 1944.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Ghana
Ghana
i/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire (i/ˈɡlɒstərʃər/ GLOSS-tər-shər; abbreviated Glos.) is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.
The county town is the city of Gloucester, and other principal towns include Cheltenham, Cirencester, Stroud, and Tewkesbury.
When considered as a ceremonial county, Gloucestershire borders the preserved county of Gwent in Wales (now Monmouthshire), and in England the ceremonial counties of Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire and Somerset. Ceremonially, it includes the area covered by the South Gloucestershire unitary authority.
According to a 2002 campaign by the charity Plantlife, the county flower of Gloucestershire is the Wild Daffodil.
Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century, though the areas of Winchcombe and the Forest of Dean were not added until the late 11th century. Gloucestershire originally included the then "small town" of Bristol. The "local" rural community moved to the port city, (as Bristol was to become) and Bristol's population growth accelerated during the industrial revolution. Bristol became part of the administrative County of Avon in 1974.
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Gravesend, Kent
Coordinates: 51°26′29″N 0°22′07″E / 51.4415°N 0.3685°E / 51.4415; 0.3685
Gravesend is a town in northwest Kent, England, on the south bank of the Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. It is the administrative town of the Borough of Gravesham and, because of its geographical position, has always had an important role to play in the history and communications of this part of England. It still retains today a strong link with the river. The opening of the Eurostar railway station at Ebbsfleet, the arrival of the High Speed service at Gravesend station itself and the fact that it lies within the Thames Gateway, add to the town's importance.
The town was recorded as Gravesham in the Domesday Book in 1086 as belonging to Odo, Bishop of Bayeux: the name probably derived from "graaf-ham": the home of the Reeve, or Bailiff, of the Lord of the Manor. Another theory suggests that the name Gravesham may be a corruption of the words grafs-ham – a place "at the end of the grove". Frank Carr asserts that the name derives from the Saxon Gerevesend, the end of the authority of the Portreve, (originally Portgereve), the officer in charge of the town. The Domesday spelling is the only historical record; all other spellings – in the later (c1100) Domesday Monarchorum and in Textus Roffensis the town is Gravesend/Gravesende. Gravesham has however been adopted for the 1974 Borough title. Some of the locals believe, erroneously, that the name was born when the bodies of those who died from the plague in London were buried in the town in attempts to put an end to it. Hence the name Graves-end. This is clearly not the case as the plague was in 1665 – a full 500 years after the name Gravesend/Gravesende was referred to (see above).
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Grays
Coordinates: 51°28′21″N 0°19′29″E / 51.4724°N 0.3247°E / 51.4724; 0.3247
Grays (or Grays Thurrock) is the largest town in the borough and unitary authority of Thurrock in Essex and one of the Thurrock's traditional (Church of England) parishes. It is situated approximately 20 miles (32 km) to the east of London on the north bank of the River Thames, and near the M25 motorway.
Parts of Grays and Chafford Hundred are set within three Victorian chalk pits; the largest two being the Lion Gorge, and the Warren Gorge. Another area of the Chafford Hundred residential development is built on a Victorian landfill site.
Thurrock is a Saxon name meaning "the bottom of a ship". The element "Grays" comes from Henry de Grai, a descendant of the Norman knight Anchetil de Greye, who was granted the manor of Grays Thurrock 1195 by Richard I.
Nearest places:
Local sites of interest include the Thameside Theatre, the Thurrock History Museum, Grays Beach and the now-disused State Cinema (which was used as a location in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit and for sections of Jamiroquai's video of "Deeper Underground" for the film Godzilla).
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Great Bentley
Coordinates: 51°51′08″N 1°03′53″E / 51.8521°N 1.0648°E / 51.8521; 1.0648
Great Bentley is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of North East Essex, England, located midway between the towns of Colchester and Clacton-on-Sea. It is home to the largest village green in the country, at a size of 43 acres (170,000 m2) and has won 'Village of the Year' several times. Great Bentley railway station provides the village with frequent rail services along the Sunshine Coast Line to London Liverpool Street, Clacton-on-Sea, Colchester and Walton-on-the-Naze.
Great Bentley is scattered round an extensive level or common, of 43 acres (170,000 m2), on the eastern side of the vale of a rivulet, eight miles (13 km) east-south-east of Colchester. The parish contains 2500 inhabitants, and 3,188 acres (13 km²) of fertile land, including hills and valleys, and extending southward to the Flag Creek, a tidal creek which connects with the Colne, near Brightlingsea. Pubs in the area include The Plough Inn beside the village green and the Royal Fusilier in Aingers Green. (grid reference TM116203). The village has yet again retained the title for 'Best Kept Village in Essex', winning in both 2009 and 2010.
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Great Dunmow
Coordinates: 51°52′23″N 0°21′42″E / 51.873°N 0.3617°E / 51.873; 0.3617
Great Dunmow is an ancient market town in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. It is situated on the north of the A120 road, approximately midway between Bishop's Stortford and Braintree, 6 miles east of London Stansted Airport.
The second Halifax Rural Areas Quality of Life Survey ranked Uttlesford District as the 4th best place to live in the UK out of 114 rural authority areas surveyed (one in which the majority of residents live in towns or villages with populations of less than 10,000).
Originally the site of a Roman settlement on Stane Street, the town thrived during the Middle Ages. Many buildings survive from this period, including a sixteenth century town hall. Dunmow means "Meadow on the Hill". The settlement was variously referred to as Dunmow Magna, Much Dunmow, or most commonly Great Dunmow.
Great Dunmow borders the former estate of Easton Lodge, a country house belonging to the Maynard family. The most notable member, Frances Maynard, became the Countess of Warwick and later a mistress of King Edward VII. As the Prince of Wales he was reportedly a regular visitor to the Estate, travelling from London on the train to Easton Lodge railway station. The initials "CW" are visible on a number of Victorian era properties in Great Dunmow. Known as Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick she was a generous philanthropist in the local community.
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Greater London
Greater London is the top-level administrative division of England covering London. It was created in 1965 and spans the City of London and the 32 London boroughs. This territory has the same boundaries as the London Government Office Region and the London European Parliament constituency. The region has by far the highest GVA per capita in the United Kingdom. It covers 1,572 km2 (607 sq mi) and had a 2009 mid-year estimated population of 7,753,600. The term Greater London was in use before 1965 to refer to a variously defined area, larger than the County of London and often similar to the Metropolitan Police District.
In addition to its administrative and statistical functions, Greater London (excluding the City of London) is one of the 48 ceremonial counties of England, and is under the Greater London Lieutenancy.
Instead of forming a single political unit, London is divided into the small, interior City of London and the much wider Greater London. This arrangement has come about because as the area of London grew and absorbed neighbouring settlements, a series of administrative reforms did not fully amalgamate the City of London with the metropolitan area, and its unique political structure was retained. Outside the limited boundaries of the old city, a variety of arrangements governed the wider area since 1855, culminating with the creation of the Greater London administrative area in 1965.
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Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.6 million. It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs: Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan, and the cities of Manchester and Salford. Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972.
Greater Manchester spans 493 square miles (1,277 km2). It is landlocked and borders Cheshire (to the south-west and south), Derbyshire (to the south-east), West Yorkshire (to the north-east), Lancashire (to the north) and Merseyside (to the west). There is a mix of high-density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Greater Manchester, but overwhelmingly the land use is urban. It has a focused central business district, formed by Manchester city centre and the adjoining parts of Salford and Trafford, but Greater Manchester is also a polycentric county with ten metropolitan districts, each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs. The Greater Manchester Urban Area is the third most populous conurbation in the UK, and spans across most of the county's territory.
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Hadleigh, Essex
Coordinates: 51°33′13″N 0°36′34″E / 51.5535°N 0.6095°E / 51.5535; 0.6095
Hadleigh is a town in southeast Essex, England, on the A13 between Benfleet and Leigh-on-Sea with a population of about 18,300.
Hadleigh is known for its castle, and the country park that surrounds it. Most of the facing stones were stripped from the castle in the 16th century - the only bits still visible today being high inside the surviving towers and a small section on the 'gate house' - so most of what remains today is actually the rubble infill that was packed between the outer facing stones. Despite this the skeletal remains are pleasing to the eye and have been considered a romantic ruin for a few hundred years. John Constable painted Hadleigh Castle in 1829. The painting now belongs to the Yale Center for British Art, and is on permanent display in their museum on the Yale campus. Set at the top of a hill overlooking the Thames Estuary, the Canary Wharf development to the west can be seen when visibility is adequate. Another building of note is St. James the Less Church which was believed to be Norman but is now known to be Saxon because of its general dimensions, window alignments, Saxon Romanesque arches, pagan Saxon 'pudding stone' inclusions and the pagan Saxon 'fairy wheel' motif carved into the wall by the north door. The church remains picturesque despite the fact that it stands in the central reservation of the A13 road.
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Halstead
Coordinates: 51°56′42″N 0°38′28″E / 51.9451°N 0.6411°E / 51.9451; 0.6411
Halstead is a town and civil parish located in Braintree District of Essex, England, near Colchester and Sudbury. It has a population of 11,053. The town is situated in the Colne Valley, and originally developed on the hill to the north of the river. The name Halstead is said to have derived from the Old English hald (refuge, shelter, healthy) and stede (site, place or farm), meaning 'healthy farm' 'safe place' or 'place of refuge'.[1]
The single wide High Street is dominated by the 14th century church of St Andrew which was extensively renovated during the Victorian period but retains much earlier decoration including tomb monuments dating from the 14th century and earlier.
Halstead has been home to the well-known author, Sheila Jacobs (writer of various Christian novels, including Watchers), as well as Darts professional Bobby George and angler Bob Nudd. Its main attractions include a local Antiques Mill, the location of filming for some episodes of the television programme, Lovejoy. It is also the home of 2010's X Factor winner Matt Cardle and Richard Bryant who has lived here since 1957. Former Ramsey School pupil and White Horse Avenue resident, Steve Lamacq is a Radio 2 DJ.
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Harlow
Harlow is a new town and local government district in Essex, England. It is located in the west of the county and on the border with Hertfordshire, on the Stort Valley, The town is near the M11 motorway and forms part of the London commuter belt.The district has a current population of 78,889 (2010 estimate).
There is some dispute as to where the placename Harlow derives from. One theory is that it derives from the Anglo-Saxon words 'here' and 'hlaw', meaning "army hill", probably to be identified with Mulberry Hill, which was used as the moot or meeting place for the district.
The other theory is that it derives from the words 'here' and 'hearg', meaning "temple hill/mound", probably to be identified with an Iron Age burial mound, later a Roman temple site on River Way.
The original village, mentioned in the Norman Domesday Book, developed as a typical rural community around what is now known as Old Harlow, with many of its buildings still standing.
The earliest deposits are of a Mesolithic (circa 10,000 BC) hunting camp excavated by Davey in Northbrooks in the 1970s(Unpublished) closely followed by the large and unexcavated deposits of Neolithic flint located at Gilden Way. These deposits are mostly known of due to the large numbers of surface bound worked flint ; indeed there is substanital amounts to speculate on organised working of flint in the area. Large amounts of debetage litter the area and tools found include Axeheads, hammers, blades, dowles and other boring tools and multipuprpose flints such as scrapers. An organised Field Walk in the late 1990s by Bartlett(Unpublished)indicates that most of the area, some 80 hectares, produces worked flint from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age with a smattering of Mesolithic ; so basically it indicates organised industry from 5000 BC to 2000 BC. Indeed the deposits are so large and dispersed that any major archaeological work in the area will have to take this into consideration before any ground work is started.
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Harwich
Coordinates: 51°56′08″N 1°15′45″E / 51.9355°N 1.2625°E / 51.9355; 1.2625
Harwich ( /ˈhærɪtʃ/) is a town in Essex, England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea to the east. It is in the Tendring district. Nearby places include Felixstowe to the northeast, Ipswich to the northwest, Colchester to the southwest and Clacton-on-Sea to the south. It is the northernmost coastal town within Essex.
Its position on the estuaries of the Stour and Orwell rivers and its usefulness to mariners as the only safe anchorage between the Thames and Humber led to a long period of maritime significance, both civil and military. The town became a naval base in 1657 and was heavily fortified, with Harwich Redoubt, Beacon Hill Battery, and Bath Side Battery.
Harwich today is contiguous with Dovercourt and the two, along with Parkeston, are often referred to collectively as Harwich.
The town's name means "military settlement," from Old English here-wic.
The town received its charter in 1238, although there is evidence of earlier settlement - for example, a record of a chapel in 1177, and some indications of a possible Roman presence.[citation needed]
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Haverhill, Suffolk
Coordinates: 52°05′N 0°26′E / 52.08°N 0.44°E / 52.08; 0.44
Haverhill (pronounced /ˈhævrɪl/) is an industrial market town and civil parish in the county of Suffolk, England, next to the borders of Essex and Cambridgeshire. It lies 14 miles (23 km) southeast of Cambridge and 45 miles (72 km) north of central London. Haverhill is the second largest town in the Borough of St Edmundsbury and has a population of 22,010, although this has grown considerably since the last census (2001).
The town centre lies at the base of a gentle dip in the chalk hills of the Newmarket Ridge; running through the town is the Stour Brook, which goes on to join the River Stour just outside the town. Rapid expansion of the town over the last two decades means that the western edge of Haverhill now includes the hamlet of Hanchet End. The surrounding countryside largely consists of arable land.
Haverhill dates back to at least Saxon times,[citation needed] and the town's market is recorded in the Domesday book (1086). Whilst most of its historical buildings were lost to the great fire on 14 June 1667,[citation needed] one notable Tudor-era house remains (reportedly given to Anne of Cleves as part of her divorce from Henry VIII and thus titled Anne of Cleves House) as well as many interesting Victorian buildings.
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Hedingham Castle
Hedingham Castle in Essex, England, is a Norman motte and bailey castle with a stone keep. For four centuries it was the primary seat of the de Vere family, Earls of Oxford.
The manor of Hedingham was awarded to Aubrey de Vere I by King William the Conqueror by 1086. The castle was constructed by the de Veres in the late 11th to early 12th century and the keep in the 1130s and1140s. To accommodate the existing castle, a large ditch was cut through a natural spur westward into the Colne Valley in order to form a ringwork and inner bailey; an outer bailey extended south further into the valley and what is now the modern village of Castle Hedingham. The stone keep survives in a very good state of preservation and is open to the public.
The keep is nearly square: the east and west sides are 53 ft (16 m) long and the north-south sides about 58 ft (18 m). It stands more than 70 ft (21 m) tall; (the turrets rise an additional 15 to 25 ft (4.6 to 7.6 m) above the parapets) and it commands the countryside around it from its elevated position atop the ringwork. The walls are about 11 ft (3.4 m) thick at the base and average 10 ft (3.0 m) at the top. They are constructed from flint rubble bound with lime mortar, but, very unusually for an Essex castle, are faced with ashlar stone transported from a quarry in Barnack, Northamptonshire.
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Herefordshire
Herefordshire ( /ˈhɛrɨfərdʃər/; abbreviated Herefs.) is a historic and ceremonial county in the West Midlands region of England. For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG11) and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire" NUTS 2 region. It also forms a unitary district known as the County of Herefordshire. It borders the English ceremonial counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south-east, and the Welsh preserved counties of Gwent to the south-west and Powys to the west. Hereford is a cathedral city and is the county town; with a population of approximately 55,800 inhabitants it is also the largest settlement.
The county is one of the most rural and sparsely populated in England, with a population density of 82/km² (212/sq mi). The land use is predominantly agricultural and the county is well known for its fruit and cider production, and the Hereford cattle breed.
From 1974 to 1998, Herefordshire was part of the former non-metropolitan county of Hereford and Worcester.
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Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire (i/ˈhɑrtfərdʃɪər/ or /ˈhɑrfərdʃər/; abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England. The county town is Hertford.
Hertfordshire is one of the home counties and lies inland, bordered by Greater London (to the south), Buckinghamshire (to the west), Bedfordshire (including the unitary authorities of Luton and Central Bedfordshire to the north), Cambridgeshire (to the north east) and Essex (to the east).
Hertfordshire was originally the area assigned to a fortress constructed at Hertford under the rule of Edward the Elder in 913. The name Hertford is derived from the Anglo-Saxon heort ford, meaning deer crossing (of a watercourse). The name Hertfordshire first appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1011. Deer feature prominently in many county emblems.
There is evidence of human beings living in Hertfordshire since the Middle Stone Age. It was first farmed during the Neolithic period and permanent habitation appeared at the beginning of the Bronze Age. This was followed by tribes settling in the area during the Iron Age.
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Hoek van Holland
Hook of Holland (Dutch:
Hoek van Holland, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦuk vɑn ˈɦɔlɐnt] - literally "Corner of Holland"), also known as the Hook (De Hoek), is a town in the western Netherlands. It is situated on the North Sea coast, on the north bank of the Nieuwe Waterweg ship canal. The town is administered by the municipality of Rotterdam as a district of that city. Its district covers an area of 16.7 km2 (of which 13.92 km2 is land). On 1 January 1999 it had an estimated population of 9,400.
Nearby towns include Monster, 's-Gravenzande, Naaldwijk and Delft to the northeast and Maassluis to the southeast. On the other side of the river is the Europoort and the Maasvlakte. The wide sandy beach, one section of which is designated for use by naturists, runs for approximately 18 kilometres to Scheveningen and for most of this distance is backed by extensive sand dunes through which there are foot and cycle paths.
On the north side of the Nieuwe Waterweg, to the west of the town, is a pier part of which is accessible to pedestrians and cyclists.
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Holland-on-Sea
Holland-on-Sea is a seaside town in east Essex in the United Kingdom. Located south of the little village of Great Holland and directly north of Clacton-on-Sea, it has bus links to Walton-on-the-Naze and Clacton-on-Sea. It is a short coastal walk down the coastline to Clacton.
There are four churches, St Bartholomew’s Church, All Souls Catholic Church, a Methodist and a Baptist church. The village has several independent shops, a village hall, a primary school, one main hotel, plus a number of guest houses and pubs. It has numerous fine beaches with facilities for safe bathing and boating.
Holland-on-Sea was known as Little Holland until the early 20th century.[citation needed]
During World War II Holland-on-Sea was fortified against German attack. There is in nearby Clacton, a martello tower which was also used during World War II. After World War II Holland-on-Sea went back to being a holiday town.[citation needed]
There are several elected representatives at different levels of government which act for Holland-On-Sea, Essex.[who?]
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Ingatestone
Coordinates: 51°40′12″N 0°22′48″E / 51.670°N 0.380°E / 51.670; 0.380
Ingatestone is a small town in Essex, England, with a population of about 4500 people. To the immediate north lies the village of Fryerning, and the two form the civil parish of Ingatestone and Fryerning.
Ingatestone sits within an area of Metropolitan Green Belt land, twenty miles (32 km) north east of London. The built-up area is largely situated between the A12 and the Great Eastern Railway. Today it is an affluent commuter town. Due to its rural yet well-serviced setting, the demographic is a mixture of young and old, skilled and unskilled, with a lure for the commercial and agricultural worker.
Ingatestone was established in Saxon times on the Essex Great Road (A12) that runs between the two Roman towns of London and Colchester. The name, derived from the Middle English Yenge-atte-Stone, and also Latinised as Ginge ad Petram, means parcel of land at the stone. Stone is not prevalent in the local geology, making the town's stone—deposited by glacial action—unusual for the area. The stone can still be seen, split into three stones, one by the west door of the church and one each side of the entrance to Fryerning Lane.
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Ipswich
Ipswichi/ˈɪpswɪtʃ/ is a large town and a non-metropolitan district. It is the county town of Suffolk, England. Ipswich is located on the estuary of the River Orwell. Nearby towns are Felixstowe, Needham Market and Stowmarket in Suffolk and Harwich and Colchester in Essex.
The town of Ipswich overspills the borough boundaries significantly, with 85% of the town's population living within the borough at the time of the 2001 Census, when it was the third-largest settlement in the United Kingdom's East of England region, and the 49th largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
The modern name is derived from the medieval name 'Gippeswick', probably taken from the River Gipping which is the non-tidal section of the River Orwell. As of 2007, the borough of Ipswich is estimated to have a population of approximately 128,000 inhabitants.
Under the Roman empire, the area around Ipswich formed an important route inland to rural towns and settlements via the rivers Orwell and Gipping.[citation needed] A large Roman fort, part of the coast defences of Britain, stood at Walton near Felixstowe (13 miles, 21 km), and the largest Roman villa in Suffolk (possibly an administrative complex) stood at Castle Hill (north-west Ipswich).
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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.
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Isle of Wight
The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest island of England, located in the English Channel, on average about 2–5 miles (3–7 km) off the south coast of the county of Hampshire, separated from the mainland by a strait called the Solent. The Island has many resorts which have been holiday destinations since Victorian times.
The Island has a rich history, including a brief status as an independent kingdom in the 15th century. Until 1995, like Jersey and Guernsey, the Island had its own Governor—most notably Lord Mountbatten from 1969 to 1974, after which he became Lord Lieutenant until his assassination in 1979.
It was home to the poets Swinburne and Alfred Lord Tennyson, and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. The Island's maritime and industrial history encompasses boat building, sail making, the manufacture of flying boats, the world's first hovercraft and the testing and development of Britain's space rockets. It is home to the Isle of Wight International Jazz Festival, Bestival and the recently revived Isle of Wight Festival, which, in 1970, was the largest rock music event ever held. The Island has some exceptional wildlife and is one of the richest locations of dinosaur fossils in Europe.
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Jaywick
Coordinates: 51°46′46″N 1°07′03″E / 51.7795°N 1.1174°E / 51.7795; 1.1174
Jaywick is a small seaside village near Clacton-on-Sea, in Essex on the North Sea coast of England. It was originally intended as a holiday resort for Londoners. Many of the houses were poorly constructed and were only intended for short-term holiday use. As time has passed, more and more people moved into the area and stayed. Many of the holiday homes are now permanent residences and in a state of disrepair. In 2008 the village contained the most deprived small area in England.
The village of Jaywick was planned by Frank Stedman as a cheap holiday retreat for Londoners in the 1930s. Many of the original houses became permanent residences, and the population now includes large numbers of retired and working people. A 2009 report found that four out of Eastern England's ten cheapest streets in which to buy property are in Jaywick, with property on Tamarisk Way selling for an average of £44,050. In March 2011 East Jaywick was named as the most deprived area in England according to the Indices of deprivation 2010, based on multiple factors including poverty, crime, education and skill levels, unemployment and housing, as assessed in 2008.
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Kent
Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England, and one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the Thames Estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
Kent's location between London and the continental Europe has led to its being in the front line of several conflicts, including the Battle of Britain during World War II. East Kent was known as Hell Fire Corner during the conflict. England has relied on the county's ports to provide warships through much of the past 800 years; the Cinque Ports in the 12th–14th centuries and Chatham Dockyard in the 16th–20th centuries were of particular importance to the country's security. France can be seen clearly in fine weather from Folkestone, and the iconic White Cliffs of Dover.
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Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain (including both modern-day England and Wales) and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England and Wales. It had a land border with the Kingdom of Scotland to the north. At the start of the period its capital and chief royal residence was Winchester, but Westminster and Gloucester were accorded almost equal status, with Westminster gradually gaining preference.
England as a state began on 12 July 927 after a gathering of kings from throughout Britain at Eamont Bridge, Cumbria, but broadly traces its origins to the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain and the Heptarchy of petty states that followed and ultimately united. The Norman invasion of Wales from 1067–1283 (formalised with the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284) put Wales in England's control, and Wales came under English law with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. On 1 May 1707, England was united with Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707. Though no longer a sovereign state, modern England continues as one of the countries of the United Kingdom.
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Lancashire
Lancashire ( /ˈlæŋkəʃər/ or, less commonly, /ˈlæŋkəʃɪər/) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, as originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
The history of Lancashire is thought to have begun with its founding in the 12th century. In the Domesday Book (1086), some of its lands had been treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay Inter Ripam et Mersam, "between the Ribble and Mersey", formed part of the returns for Cheshire. Once its initial boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire and Cheshire.
Lancashire emerged during the Industrial Revolution as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred mill towns and collieries. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire.Preston, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Rochdale, Oldham, Chorley, Darwen, Nelson, Colne and Burnley were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a major centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.
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Langley, Essex
Coordinates: 51°59′44″N 0°06′12″E / 51.995551°N 0.103296°E / 51.995551; 0.103296
Langley is a village and civil parish in the English county of Essex, seven miles west-south-west of Saffron Walden.
The Parish of Langley consists of two parts, Langley Upper Green and Langley Lower Green which are linked by roads and footpaths. The adult population is under 300.
Upper Green os grid reference is (TL445351).
Lower Green os grid reference is (TL437344).
Bull Lane connects Upper and Lower Green. The Bull Inn is in Langley Lower Green.
Media related to Langley, Essex at Wikimedia Commons
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Leicestershire
Leicestershire (i/ˈlɛstəʃɪər/ or /ˈlɛstərʃər/ or /ˈlɛstəʃə/; abbreviation Leics.) is a landlocked county in the English Midlands. It takes its name from the heavily populated City of Leicester, traditionally its administrative centre, although the City of Leicester unitary authority is today administered separately from the rest of Leicestershire. The county borders Derbyshire to the north-west, Nottinghamshire to the north, Rutland to the east, Warwickshire to the south-west, Staffordshire to the west, Lincolnshire to the north-east, and Northamptonshire to the south-east. The border with Warwickshire is Watling Street (the A5).
County Hall, situated in Glenfield, about 3 miles (5 km) north-west of Leicester city centre, is the seat of Leicestershire County Council and the headquarters of the county authority. The City of Leicester is administered from offices in Leicester itself and the City Council meets at Leicester Town Hall.
The River Soar rises to the east of Hinckley, in the far south of the county, and flows northward through Leicester before emptying into the River Trent at the point where Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and Nottinghamshire meet. A large part of the north-west of the county, around Coalville, forms part of the new National Forest area extending into Derbyshire and Staffordshire. The highest point of the county is Bardon Hill at 278 metres (912 ft), which is also a Marilyn.
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Leigh-on-Sea
Coordinates: 51°32′33″N 0°39′13″E / 51.5425°N 0.6535°E / 51.5425; 0.6535
Leigh-on-Sea (pronounced /ˈliːjɒnsiː/), sometimes called Leigh, is a civil parish in Essex, England. It is part of Southend-on-Sea for administrative purposes. It became a civil parish in 1996. The council tax was increased to support it. A town council was formed. Leigh is the only parish in Southend. The population reported in the 2001 census was 20,737.
Leigh-on-Sea was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Legra. The Church of St. Clement, at the cliff top, has been an important landmark for sailors since 1400 or earlier. A flight of steps still in use today, led down to the village. Another settlement grew at the top of the cliff. The two settlements coalesced to form a single town. The lower part became known as "Old Leigh" or "Leigh Old Town". The sheltered position at the mouth of the Thames made Leigh a successful centre of international trade and shipbuilding.
Because of its good position on the shipping route to London, Leigh-on-Sea had grown to a fairly large and prosperous port by the 16th century. Ships as large as 340 tons were built for fishing and other purposes.
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Lincolnshire
Coordinates: 53°4′N 0°11′W / 53.067°N 0.183°W / 53.067; -0.183
Lincolnshire ( /ˈlɪŋkənʃə/ or /ˈlɪŋkənʃɪə/; abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk to the south east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south west, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west, South Yorkshire to the northwest, and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards (18 m), England's shortest county boundary. The county town is Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters.
The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire and the area covered by the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North-East Lincolnshire. Therefore, part of the ceremonial county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region, and part is in the East Midlands region. The county is the second largest of the English counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use. The county can be broken down into a number of geographical sub-regions including: the Lincolnshire Fens (south Lincolnshire), the Carrs (similar to the Fens but in north Lincolnshire), the Lincolnshire Wolds, and the industrial Humber Estuary and North Sea coast around Grimsby and Scunthorpe.
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Liverpool
Liverpool ( /ˈlɪvəpuːl/) is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. According to the Office for National Statistics, the 2010 mid-year population estimate for Liverpool was 445,200 and was part of a larger urban area of 816,216.
Historically a part of Lancashire, the urbanisation and expansion of Liverpool were both largely brought about by the city's status as a major port. By the 18th century, trade from the West Indies, Ireland and mainland Europe coupled with close links with the Atlantic Slave Trade furthered the economic expansion of Liverpool. By the early 19th century, 40% of the world's trade passed through Liverpool's docks, contributing to Liverpool's rise as a major city.
Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians but are also colloquially known as "Scousers", in reference to the local dish known as "scouse", a form of stew. The word "Scouse" has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Liverpool's status as a port city has contributed to its diverse population, which, historically, were drawn from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly those from Ireland. The city is also home to the oldest Black African community in the country and the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
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Loughton
Coordinates: 51°38′58″N 0°04′25″E / 51.6494°N 0.0735°E / 51.6494; 0.0735
Loughton ( /ˈlaʊtən/) is a town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of Essex. It is located between 11 and 13 miles (21 km) north east of Charing Cross in London, south of the M25 and west of the M11 motorway and has boundaries with Chingford, Waltham Abbey, Theydon Bois, Chigwell and Buckhurst Hill. Loughton includes three conservation areas and there are 56 listed buildings in the town, together with a further 50 locally listed.
The parish of Loughton covers an area of about 3,724 acres (15 km2), of which over 1,300 acres (5 km2) are part of Epping Forest. The ancient parish contained over 3,900 acres (16 km2), but in 1996 some parts of the south of the old parish were transferred to Buckhurst Hill parish, and other small portions to Chigwell and Theydon Bois. At the time of the 2001 census Loughton had a population of 30,340. It is the most populous civil parish in the Epping Forest district, and within Essex it is the second most populous civil parish (after Canvey Island) and the second largest in area.
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M25 motorway
The M25 motorway, London Ring Motorway, or London Orbital motorway is a 117-mile (188 km) motorway that almost encircles Greater London, England, in the United Kingdom. The motorway was first mooted early in the 20th century. A few sections, based on the now abandoned London Ringways plan, were constructed in the early 1970s and it was completed in 1986. The M25 is one of the world's longest orbital roads and one of the busiest and most congested parts of the British motorway network. 196,000 vehicles were recorded in a single day near London Heathrow Airport. Plans to widen additional sections to eight lanes (four each way) were scaled back in 2009 in response to rising costs.
Originally built mainly as a dual three-lane motorway, much of the motorway has subsequently been widened to dual four-lanes in places and to a dual five-lane section between junctions 12 and 14 and a dual six-lane between junctions 14 and 15. Further widening is in progress with plans for managed motorways on other sections.
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Maldon, Essex
Coordinates: 51°43′54″N 0°40′33″E / 51.7318°N 0.6758°E / 51.7318; 0.6758
Maldon ( /ˈmɔːldən/, locally /ˈmɒldən/) is a town on the Blackwater estuary in Essex, England. It is the seat of the Maldon district and starting point of the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation.
Maldon is twinned with the Dutch town of Cuijk. The charter between the two towns was signed in 1970 to cement the relationship.
The place-name Maldon is first attested in 913 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, where it appears as Maeldun. Maldon's name comes from Mael meaning 'monument or cross' and dun meaning 'hill', so translates as 'monument on the hill'. East Saxons settled the area in the fifth century and the area to the south is still known as the Dengie peninsula after the Dæningas. It became a significant Saxon port with a hythe or quayside and artisan quarters. Evidence of imported pottery from this period has been found in archaeological digs. From 958 there was a royal mint issuing coins for the late Anglo-Saxon and early Norman kings.
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Manchester
Coordinates: 53°28′N 2°14′W / 53.467°N 2.233°W / 53.467; -2.233
Manchesteri/ˈmæntʃɛstər/ is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England with an estimated population of 498,800 in 2010. Manchester lies within one of the United Kingdom's largest urban areas; the Greater Manchester Urban Area which has a population of 2.2 million. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian and the local authority is Manchester City Council.
Manchester is situated in the south-central part of North West England, fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south and the Pennines to the north and east. The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium, which was established in c. 79 AD on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. Historically, most of the city was a part of Lancashire, although areas south of the River Mersey were in Cheshire. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but it began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city. An early 19th-century factory building boom transformed Manchester from a township into a major mill town and borough that was granted city status in 1853. In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was built, creating the Port of Manchester.
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Manningtree
Coordinates: 51°56′39″N 1°03′41″E / 51.9443°N 1.0614°E / 51.9443; 1.0614
Manningtree is a town and civil parish in the Tendring district of Essex, England, which lies on the River Stour. It adjoins built-up areas of Lawford to the west and Mistley to the east and the three parishes together are sometimes referred to as "Manningtree".
Manningtree is a claimant for the title of smallest town in England.
Manningtree has traditionally claimed to be the smallest town in England, and in 2007 mayor Lee Lay-Flurrie said that this had been confirmed to her by the Census Customer Services, with 700 people in 20 hectares (using the high tide mark). However both this figure and the population of 900 in the civil parish is much higher than the 351 population of Fordwich in Kent. In April 2009 it was proposed that Manningtree should merge with Mistley and Lawford to form a single parish, losing its separate identity as a town.
The name Manningtree is thought to derive from 'many trees'. The town grew around the wool trade from the 15th century under its decline in the 18th century and also had a thriving shipping trade in corn, timber and coal until this declined with the coming of the railway. Manningtree is known as the centre of the activities of Matthew Hopkins, the self-appointed Witchfinder General, who claimed to have overheard local women discussing their meetings with the devil in 1644 with his accusations leading to their execution as witches.
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Mersea Island
Coordinates: 51°47′45″N 0°56′24″E / 51.79570°N 0.94°E / 51.79570; 0.94
Mersea Island (formerly Mersey Island) is the most easterly inhabited island in the United Kingdom, located marginally off the coast of Essex, England, 9 miles (14 km) to the southeast of Colchester. It is situated in the estuary area of the Blackwater and Colne rivers and has an area of around 7 square miles (18 km2). The name 'Mersea' is derived from the Old English meresig meaning 'island of the pool'.
The island hosts a population of 6,925 and is the most easterly inhabited island in the UK. It is joined to the mainland by a causeway, known as The Strood. This carries the Mersea–Colchester road (B1025) which is often covered at high tides and especially including spring tides. It is close to neighbouring Ray Island. The water separating the island is the Pyefleet Channel to the east and the Strood Channel to the west. There are two main settlements on the island, the small town of West Mersea and the village of East Mersea, plus a small hamlet at Barrow Hill to the north of West Mersea.
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Merseyside
Merseyside ( /ˈmɜrzisaɪd/) is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1,365,900. It encompasses the metropolitan area centred on both banks of the lower reaches of the Mersey Estuary, and comprises five metropolitan boroughs: Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton, Wirral, and the city of Liverpool. Merseyside, which was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, takes its name from the River Mersey.
Merseyside spans 249 square miles (645 km2) of land which border Lancashire (to the north-east), Greater Manchester (to the east), and Cheshire (to the south and south-west); the Irish Sea is to the west. North Wales is across the Dee Estuary. There is a mix of high density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Merseyside, but overwhelmingly the land use is urban. It has a focused central business district, formed by Liverpool City Centre, but Merseyside is also a polycentric county with five metropolitan districts, each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs. The Liverpool Urban Area is the seventh most populous conurbation in the UK, and dominates the geographic centre of the county, while the smaller Birkenhead Urban Area dominates the Wirral Peninsula in the south.
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Middlesex
Middlesex ( /ˈmɪdəlsɛks/; abbreviated Middx) is one of the 39 historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. The low-lying county contained the wealthy and politically independent City of London on its southern boundary and was dominated by it from a very early time. The county was significantly affected by the expansion of the metropolitan area of London in both the 18th and 19th centuries, such that from 1855 the south-east was administered as part of the metropolis. When county councils were initially introduced in England in 1889 about 20% of the area of Middlesex, along with a third of its population, was transferred to the County of London, and the remainder formed a smaller county, in the north-west, under the control of Middlesex County Council.
In the interwar years urban London had further expanded, with increasing suburbanisation, improvement and expansion of public transport, and the setting up of new industries outside the inner London area. After the Second World War, the population of the County of London and inner Middlesex was in steady decline, with new population growth only experienced in the outer suburbs. After a Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London, almost all of the original area was incorporated into an enlarged Greater London in 1965, with small parts transferred to neighbouring Hertfordshire and Surrey. Despite the disappearance of the county council, Middlesex is still used as an area name and was retained as a postal county; which is now an optional component of postal addresses.
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Mistley Towers
Mistley Towers are the twin towers of the now demolished Church of St. Mary the Virgin at Mistley in Essex. The original Georgian parish church on the site had been built in classical style early in the 18th century following the death of Richard Rigby Esquire. Later in that century there was a grandiose plan by his son, the wealthy politician Richard Rigby, to transform Mistley Thorn into a spa town. Rigby wished to see a church from the windows of his mansion and a suitably grand church was required for the affluent visitors expected to patronise the new spa. Thus in 1776, the great architect Robert Adam was commissioned to enhance the church. His design was in the neoclassical style, with a tower at both the east and the west ends of the church. These are now all that remain of the once magnificent structure.
The square symmetrical towers are in the neoclassical style, resembling tall pavilions rather than towers, with each facade pedimented and the whole surmounted by a cupola decorated with blind windows interspersed by Ionic columns. At ground floor level two unfluted ionic columns at each corner support a decorative cornice. The columns are decorative only, and appear to serve no structural purpose. The design of the towers creates the impression that the building was once more of a miniature cathedral than a parish church. However, the main body of the church was small and occupied the (now empty) site between the two towers. It was a single story structure with a simple hipped roof and an entrance portico at its centre. This part of Adam's church was demolished in 1870, when the new parish church in New Road was built. The remaining towers are Grade I listed
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Museum of Modern Art
Coordinates: 40°45′41″N 73°58′40″W / 40.761484°N 73.977664°W / 40.761484; -73.977664
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is often identified as the most influential museum of modern art in the world. The museum's collection offers an unparalleled overview of modern and contemporary art, including works of architecture and design, drawings, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated books and artist's books, film, and electronic media.
MoMA's library and archives hold over 300,000 books, artist books, and periodicals, as well as individual files on more than 70,000 artists. The archives contain primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. It also houses a restaurant, The Modern, run by Alsace-born chef Gabriel Kreuther.
The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1928 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr.) and two of her friends, Lillie P. Bliss and Mary Quinn Sullivan. They became known variously as "the Ladies", "the daring ladies" and "the adamantine ladies". They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue (corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street) in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7, 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the former president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, to become president of the new museum. Abby became treasurer. At the time, it was America's premier museum devoted exclusively to modern art, and the first of its kind in Manhattan to exhibit European modernism.
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North Weald Airfield
North Weald Airfield (ICAO: EGSX) is an operational airfield, near the village of North Weald Bassett in Epping Forest, Essex, England. It was an important fighter station during the Battle of Britain, when it was known as the RAF Station RAF North Weald. It is the home of North Weald Airfield Museum. Although unlicensed it is home to many private aircraft and historic types, and is host to a wide range of events throughout the year, including the Air-Britain Classic Fly-in and smaller airshows.
Royal Flying Corps Station North Weald Bassett aerodrome was established in the summer of 1916 during the First World War by the Royal Flying Corps. Later it became Royal Air Force with effect from Monday 1 April 1918. Its military functions continued to develop during the interwar period, with the building of large hangars and accommodation for Royal Air Force (RAF) personnel. The airfield played an important part in the air defence strategy of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Initially Hawker Hurricanes were deployed at the airfield, alongside Bristol Blenheim night fighters. The Hurricanes from North Weald saw action over the beaches of Dunkirk and played a key role in the Battle of Britain. In 1940, two American Eagle Squadrons moved into North Weald supplied with Spitfires. A couple of years later, Norwegian squadrons were re-assigned to the airfield. Jet fighter squadrons were based at North Weald from 1949 and the sight of Gloster Meteors and de Havilland Vampire fighters in the west Essex skies was commonplace.
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North Yorkshire
North Yorkshire is a county in England. It is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county primarily in that region but partly in North East England. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres (3,341 sq mi), making it the largest ceremonial county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and all of the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshire's boundaries, and around 40% of the county is covered by National Parks. The county town is Northallerton.
The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts; they are Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough and Selby.
The Department for Communities and Local Government did consider reorganising North Yorkshire County Council's administrative structure by abolishing the seven district councils and the county council to create a North Yorkshire unitary authority. The changes were planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009. This was rejected on 25 July 2007 so the County Council and District Council structure will remain.
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Northamptonshire
Coordinates: 52°17′N 0°50′W / 52.283°N 0.833°W / 52.283; -0.833
Northamptonshire ( /nɔrˈθæmptənʃər/ or /nɔrθˈhæmptənʃɪər/; archaically, the County of Northampton; abbreviated Northants. or N/hants) is a landlocked ceremonial county in the East Midlands region of England. Its population is 629,676 as at the 2001 census. It has boundaries with eight other ceremonial counties: Warwickshire to the west, Leicestershire and Rutland to the north, Cambridgeshire to the east, Bedfordshire to the south-east, Buckinghamshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the south-west and Lincolnshire to the north-east – England's shortest county boundary at 19 metres (21 yd). The county seat is Northampton. Other large population centres include Kettering, Corby, Wellingborough, Rushden and Daventry.
Northamptonshire's county flower is the cowslip[citation needed].
Much of Northamptonshire’s countryside appears to have remained somewhat intractable with regards to early human occupation, resulting in an apparently sparse population and relatively few finds from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. In about 500 BC the Iron Age was introduced into the area by a continental people in the form of the Hallstatt culture, and over the next century a series of hill-forts were constructed at Arbury Camp, Rainsborough camp, Borough Hill, Castle Dykes, Guilsborough, Irthlingborough, and most notably of all, Hunsbury Hill. There are two more possible hill-forts at Arbury Hill (Badby) and Thenford.
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Northumberland
Northumberland ( /nɔrˈθʌmbərlənd/; abbreviated Northumb. or Northd, the latter being preferred by the Royal Mail) is the northernmost ceremonial county and a unitary district in North East England. It borders Cumbria to the west, County Durham to the south and Tyne and Wear to the south east and the Scottish Borders council area to the north. Its North Sea coastline is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty with a 64 mile (103 km) long distance path. Since 1981, the county council has been located in Morpeth, situated in the east of the county.
The historical boundaries of the county of Northumberland included Newcastle upon Tyne, the traditional county town, as well as Tynemouth and other settlements in North Tyneside, all areas transferred to Tyne and Wear in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The historical county boundaries are sometimes taken to exclude Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire and Norhamshire (collectively North Durham), exclaves of County Durham which were incorporated into Northumberland in 1844. For Eurostat purposes Northumberland is a NUTS 3 region (code UKC21) and is one of three local authority areas that comprise the "Northumberland and Tyne and Wear" NUTS 2 region.
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Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃər/ or /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃɪər/; abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditional county town is Nottingham, though the county council is based in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe, at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent.
The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority, remaining part of Nottinghamshire for ceremonial purposes.
As of 2006 the county is estimated to have a population of just over one million. Over half of the population of the county live in the Greater Nottingham conurbation (which continues into Derbyshire). The conurbation has a population of about 650,000, though less than half live within the city boundaries.
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Orsett Hall
Orsett Hall was a 17th century grade 2 listed building in Orsett, Essex (de-listed on 10th March 2008). It was set in 12 acres (4.9 ha) of parkland and was the centre of the Orsett Hall agricultural estate. The house was destroyed by fire on 11 May 2007 and rebuilt in the same style and on the same footprint as the original building in 2009.
The house dated in part to the 17th century, but was enlarged and reconstructed in brick by Richard Baker about 1750 and was set in 12 acres (4.9 ha) of parkland. With the purchases of additional farm land in Orsett and nearby parishes, Baker established an agricultural estate centred on the house. In 1827, the house and estate passed from the Baker family to a nephew, William Wingfield, who changed his name to Wingfield-Baker. It was inherited by his son, Richard Baker Wingfield-Baker and in turn by his son, Digby Wingfield-Baker. At the end of the 19th century the estate was inherited by Thomas Whitmore as a debt of honour. (A family legend says that it was won in a game of cards.) The house was refurbished in the early 20th century by Colonel Sir Francis Whitmore who described it as "an uninhabitable shell, without light, water or sanitation". It was the Whitmore family home for more than fifty years. It was inherited by Sir Francis' son, Sir John, who used the grounds to take off and land his plane. He sold it in 1968, to his friends, Tony and Val Morgan. At the time of the fire Steve and Lynn Haynes owned and ran the Orsett Hall Hotel as a conference centre, hotel and wedding venue.
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Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire ( /ˈɒksfərdʃər/ or /ˈɒksfərdʃɪər/; archaically the County of Oxford; abbreviated Oxon from the Latinised form of "Oxford", Oxonia) is a county in the South East region of England, bordering on Warwickshire and Northamptonshire (to the north/northeast), Buckinghamshire (to the east), Berkshire (to the south), Wiltshire (to the southwest) and Gloucestershire (to the west).
The county has major education and tourist industries. The area is noted for the concentration of performance motorsport companies and facilities. Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms; the University of Oxford is also linked to the concentration of local biotechnology companies.
The main centre of population is the city of Oxford. Other significant settlements are Banbury, Bicester, Kidlington, and Chipping Norton to the north of Oxford; Witney to the west; Thame and Chinnor to the east; and Abingdon, Wantage, Didcot, Wallingford and Henley-on-Thames to the south. Future population growth in the county is hoped[clarification needed] to be concentrated around Oxford, Banbury, Bicester, Didcot and Witney, near the South Midlands growth area.
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Picardy
Picardy (French: Picardie, French pronunciation: [pikaʁdi]) is one of the 27 regions of France. It is located in the northern part of France.
The historical province of Picardy stretched from north of Noyon to Calais, via the whole of the Somme department and the north of the Aisne department. The province of Artois (Arras area) separated Picardy from French Flanders.
In the 5th century the area was occupied by the Franks, and in the feudal period it encompassed the six countships of Boulogne, Montreuil, Ponthieu, Amiénois, Vermandois, and Laonnois.
The name "Picardy" (which may have referred to a Frankish tribe of picards or pike-bearers) was not used until the 12th or 13th century. During this time, the name applied to all lands where the Picard language was spoken, which included all the territories from Paris to the Netherlands. In the Latin Quarter of Paris, people identified a "Picard Nation" (Nation Picarde) of students at Sorbonne University, most of whom actually came from Flanders.
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Pitsea
Coordinates: 51°34′08″N 0°30′14″E / 51.569°N 0.504°E / 51.569; 0.504
Pitsea is a small town in the east of the Basildon district of south Essex, England. It comprises five sub-districts: Eversley, Northlands Park Neighbourhood (Previously known as Felmores), Chalvedon, Pitsea Mount and Burnt Mills. Vange is located to the west of Pitsea, Bowers Gifford and North Benfleet to the east and Nevendon to the north. Many of the residents from these surrounding areas use facilities in Pitsea, such as the local market, schools, and the first Tesco Extra store to open in the country.
During the creation of the new town of Basildon in the late 1940s and early 1950s, "Pitsea" and "Vange" were considered as for the name for the new town. Because Basildon village was central to the district, the town was named "Basildon". Before the new town regeneration, Pitsea and Vange were run down little hamlets in dire need of investment. Basildon, on the other hand, was a quaint little village with a church (which still stands today as Holy Cross church) and a few cottages.
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Prittle Brook
Coordinates: 51°33′04″N 0°42′07″E / 51.55109°N 0.70207°E / 51.55109; 0.70207
The Prittle Brook is a brook in Essex, England.
It appears to rise in Thundersley, just to the west of West Wood. Travelling eastwards, it flows through West Wood, then briefly under some properties before crossing Daws Heath Road. It then flows through private property before reaching Dodds Grove Nature Reserve and then into Great Wood, Belfairs Wood.
A pathway (officially called The Prittle Brook Greenway since 2010) enables walkers to follow the section of the brook from Belfairs, past Southend University Hospital to Roots Hall, effectively providing a route from Leigh into Southend which avoids the main roads. This pathway, built in the 1940s, passes under several roads; the bridge which leads to Our Lady of Lourdes School in Manchester Drive runs directly over the brook. This part of the brook's route has been urbanised since the 1930s, and the banks have been concreted east of the Belfairs Wood area. As a consequence, the velocity of the river has greatly increased, a phenomenon particularly noticeable during and after heavy rain.
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Rayleigh, Essex
Coordinates: 51°35′11″N 0°36′18″E / 51.5864°N 0.6049°E / 51.5864; 0.6049
Rayleigh ( /ˈreɪliː/) is a market town and civil parish in the District of Rochford in Essex, England, located between Chelmsford and Southend-on-Sea. It lies 32 miles (51 km) to the east of central London. It has a population of 30,196, having expanded rapidly in the 1960s.
The name "Rayleigh" is Saxon in origin and is cognate to the German place name Rehlach of the same meaning[citation needed] . According to the English Place Names Society, "Rayleigh" derives from "raege", and "leah", meaning "Female roe-deer stream" or "she-goat stream'". According to the Rayleigh Civic Society, "Roa" is a Saxon word for Roebuck and "Lea" a pasture probably for goats.
In any case, the connection with deer continued through the centuries. Lands around Rayleigh were used as Royal hunting forests for many hundreds of years. A deer was included in the coat of arms of Rayleigh Urban District Council, and in the early 2000s, a new pub was named the "Roebuck".
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River Chelmer
The River Chelmer is a river that flows entirely through the county of Essex, England.
The source of the river is near Debden Green, a village near Thaxted. The source of the River Can is also nearby. The River Chelmer flows past Thaxted, south through the district of Uttlesford around the northeast of Great Dunmow. It continues flowing south-southeast into the borough of Chelmsford and on into the town of Chelmsford where the River Can flows into it. It then flows east through the borough and into the district of Maldon until it meets the River Blackwater near Maldon. It discharges into the North Sea via the Blackwater Estuary
The Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation Company was found by act of parliament in 1793. Work then commenced on constructing the navigation from Chelmsford to Colliers Reach in the tidal estuary of the River Blackwater. The work was completed in 1797. The navigation mainly followed the course of the River Chelmer from Chelmsford to Beeleigh near Maldon. From there it continued through a short cut and then followed the course of the River Blackwater to Heybridge.
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River Ching
The River Ching originates in Epping Forest, and runs to the River Lea, but not before being severely polluted in its lower reaches. It is damned twice, the first time to form Connaught Water, in the parishes of Loughton and Waltham Abbey, and again at Highams Park. The river runs through Chingford, however the name of the river is in fact a back-formation from the name of that area, rather than the town being named after the river.
Coordinates: 51°36′30″N 0°02′05″W / 51.6084°N 0.0346°W / 51.6084; -0.0346
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River Colne, Essex
The River Colne is a small river that runs through Colchester, England. It is not a tributary of any other river, instead having an estuary that joins the sea near Brightlingsea.
The Colne's two main tributaries start near the villages of Stambourne Green and Birdbrook in Essex. These converge in Great Yeldham, and then flow through Sible Hedingham, Halstead, Earls Colne, Colne Engaine, White Colne, Chappel and Ford Street before reaching Colchester.
The Colne Valley has a flood plain which spans approximately 300 metres by the time it enters Colchester. This area is used as pasture, as the river at this stage has no safeguards against it rising the two feet it needs to burst its banks, although it is split between two pasture areas in Spring Lane, Old Lexden. Roughly to the south of Colchester North Station, the river passes under a bridge and into a concrete-lined area that was used as an open-air bathing facility until the 1970s, and is now used by canoeists.
It then meanders under a road bridge at the bottom of North Hill, and tumbles down a weir used for discharge control at Middlemill, the site of a now-demolished mill. It forms the border of Colchester's Castle Park and the cricket ground, and footbridges cross it to provide access from the town centre to residential areas on the north side of the flood plain, which occasionally floods should the river rise too much. The river encircles one side of a small lake, and then turns south-east, and then south, before falling over a large weir and becoming tidal.
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River Roach
Coordinates: 51°35′N 0°48′E / 51.583°N 0.8°E / 51.583; 0.8
The River Roach is a river that flows entirely through the English county of Essex. It flows through the town of Rochford and joins the River Crouch between Wallasea Island and Foulness Island.
Rochford takes its name from Rochefort, Old English for Ford of the Hunting Dogs. The River Roach was originally called the "Walfleet" or "Walflete" (Creek of the foreigners). It is believed that it was renamed the Roach in what is known as a back formation. This is where it is assumed that Rochford means ford over the River Roach, so they could have renamed the river to fit the theory. Until the 1900s, Oysters from the River Roach and sometimes from the River Crouch were called Walfleet (or Walflete) Oysters.
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River Roding
The River Roding is a river in England that rises near Dunmow, flows through Essex and forms Barking Creek as it reaches the River Thames in London.
The river leaves Dunmow and passes through a group of villages in Essex known collectively as the Rodings, as they all end with the suffix 'Roding'. However, some are a mile or more from the river itself. After Chipping Ongar, the river flows under the M25 motorway by Passingford Bridge and Abridge.
The river then runs past Loughton and between Chigwell and Woodford Green where the Roding Valley Meadows make up the largest surviving area of traditionally managed river-valley habitat in Essex. This nature reserve consists of unimproved wet and dry hay meadows, rich with flora and fauna and bounded by thick hedgerows, scrubland, secondary woodland and tree plantation. The meadows stretch down to the M11 motorway and Roding Valley tube station is situated close to the area, although Debden, Loughton, or Buckhurst Hill are better placed for a visit.
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River Stort
River Stort is a tributary of the River Lea which it joins at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire at Feildes Weir
River Stort takes its name from Bishop's Stortford, a town through which it flows. It was given the name in the 16th century.
It begins in Langley Hills, near Clavering, in Essex. After flowing through Bishop's Stortford, the river continues as the Stort Navigation for another 13.25 miles (21.32 km) through Hertfordshire past Harlow to Feildes Weir near Hoddesdon, where it joins the River Lea.
Coordinates: 51°46′N 0°02′E / 51.767°N 0.033°E / 51.767; 0.033
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River Stour, Suffolk
The River Stour ( /ˈstʊər/ STOOR or /ˈstaʊr/ STOWR)[citation needed] is a river in East Anglia, England. It is 76 km (47 mi) long and forms most of the county boundary between Suffolk to the north, and Essex to the south. It rises in eastern Cambridgeshire, passes to the east of Haverhill, through Cavendish, Sudbury, Stratford St Mary, Dedham and flows through the Dedham Vale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. it becomes tidal just after Manningtree in Essex and joins the North Sea at Harwich.
The name Stour derives from the Celtic sturr meaning "strong".
The eastern part of the River Stour is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty known as Dedham Vale, named after the village of Dedham in Essex. It is an area of rural beauty on both sides of the River Stour. The Dedham Vale AONB is approximately 18km (11.5 ml) east-west and 4km up to 8km (2.4 to 4.8 ml) north-south.
The earliest known settlement on the river in Suffolk was at Great Bradley, where man has had a recorded presence for over 5,000 years.
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River Ter
The River Ter is a river in Essex, England that houses various aquatic creatures, such as the marsh heron famous for its large red bill. The river rises in Stebbing Green and flowing via Terling it joins the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation at TL794089 near Rushes Lock. A small part of it, near Great Leighs has been a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1994.
River Ter near Willows Green
River Ter near Willows Green
Coordinates: 51°45′02″N 0°35′54″E / 51.750498°N 0.598259°E / 51.750498; 0.598259
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Rochford
Coordinates: 51°34′56″N 0°42′23″E / 51.5821°N 0.7065°E / 51.5821; 0.7065
Rochford is a small town in the Rochford district of Essex in the East of England. It is sited about 43 miles (69.2 km) from Central London and approximately 21 miles (33.8 km) from the Essex county town, Chelmsford. According to the 2001 census the civil parish of Rochford, which includes the town proper, Stroud Green, and London Southend Airport, had a population of 7,610.
The town is the main settlement in the Rochford district, and takes its name from Rochefort, Old English for Ford of the Hunting Dogs. The River Roach was originally called the Walfleet (Creek of the foreigners). It was renamed the Roach in what is known as a back formation. This is where it is assumed that Rochford means ford over the River Roach so they renamed the river to fit the theory. The town runs into suburban developments in the parishes of Ashingdon and Hawkwell. Kings Hill, in Rochford, was notable for containing the Lawless Court up until the 19th century.
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Rutland
Coordinates: 52°39′20.00″N 0°39′30.00″W / 52.65556°N 0.65833°W / 52.65556; -0.65833
Rutland ( /ˈrʌtlənd/) is a landlocked county in central England, bounded on the west and north by Leicestershire, northeast by Lincolnshire and southeast by Peterborough (a unitary authority ceremonially in Cambridgeshire) and Northamptonshire.
Its greatest length north to south is only 18 miles (29.0 km), greatest breadth east to west, 17 miles (27.4 km). It is the smallest (in terms of population) normal unitary authority in mainland England (only the City of London is smaller in terms of area), and is 348th of the 354 districts in terms of population. It is the smallest historic English county, leading to the adoption of the Latin motto Multum In Parvo or "much in little" by the county council in 1950. Among modern ceremonial counties the Isle of Wight, City of London and City of Bristol are all smaller. The former County of London, in existence 1889 to 1965, also had a smaller area.
The only towns in Rutland are Oakham, the county town, and Uppingham. At the centre of the county is the large artificial reservoir, Rutland Water, with a similar surface area to Windermere. It is an important nature reserve serving as an overwintering site for wildfowl and a breeding site for ospreys. The town of Stamford is just over the border in a protruding part of Lincolnshire.
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Saffron Walden
Coordinates: 52°01′34″N 0°14′42″E / 52.0262°N 0.2449°E / 52.0262; 0.2449
Saffron Walden is a medium-sized market town in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. It is located 12 miles (19 km) north of Bishop's Stortford, 15 miles (24 km) south of Cambridge and approx 35 miles (56 km) north of London. The town retains a rural appearance and many very old buildings dating from the medieval period onwards[citation needed] In 2001 the parish had a population of 14,313.
There has been a village on or near the site of present day Saffron Walden since before the Roman occupation of Britain[citation needed] when Bronze and Iron Age tribes settled in the area. After the Romans withdrew from the country, a flourishing Anglo-Saxon town was established[citation needed].
With the Norman invasion of 1066, a stone church was built. The castle was constructed c.1116[citation needed] A Priory, later to become Walden Abbey, was also founded under the patronage of Geoffrey de Mandeville, first Earl of Essex around 1136. The abbey was separated from the town of Walden by Holywell Field, which was enclosed in the sixteenth century to form part of the park of Audley End, the house of Sir Thomas Audley, who converted the abbey cloisters to a dwelling c. 1538-44[citation needed] The inner or Little Court of the seventeenth-century house corresponds to one of the cloisters.
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Sewardstone
Coordinates: 51°39′35″N 0°00′06″E / 51.6597°N 0.0017°E / 51.6597; 0.0017
Sewardstone is a hamlet in the civil parish of Waltham Abbey in the Epping Forest district of Essex, England.
It is located 11.6 miles (18.7 km) north north-east of Charing Cross and is the only area outside Greater London to be covered by a London postcode district (E4 ). The area consists of scattered development with large sections of open land. The King George V Reservoir forms the boundary with the London Borough of Enfield to the west and a section of woodland forms the boundary with the London Borough of Waltham Forest to the south.
The world HQ of the Scout movement, Gilwell Park, is at Sewardstone.
Route 505 operating between Chingford and Harlow via Waltham Abbey. Operating to the very south of Sewardstone from the Lee Valley Camp Site is London Buses route 215 which offers a frequent service to Walthamstow during the summer. During the winter it only operates between Yardley Lane Estate and Walthamstow.
The nearest railway station is Chingford Station, which operates a frequent service to London. The nearest London Underground station is at Loughton Station which offers frequent services to London and Epping.
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Shell Haven
Coordinates: 51°30′19″N 0°29′25″E / 51.5052°N 0.4902°E / 51.5052; 0.4902
Shell Haven was a port on the north bank of the Thames Estuary at the eastern end of Thurrock, Essex, England and then an oil refinery. The refinery closed in 1999 and the site was purchased by DP World who received planning consent in May 2007 for the new London Gateway deep water container port at the site. The neighbouring Coryton Refinery remains in operation.
Shell Haven was mentioned in Samuel Pepys Diary on 10 June 1667.
The site, historically also referred to as Shellhaven was originally an inlet on the north bank of the Thames, about a mile to the west of Canvey Island. This was the mouth of Shell Haven Creek, which runs east and south of the village of Fobbing, and originally separated Corringham Marsh from Fobbing Marsh. To the east was Shell Haven House. Sources differ on when Shell Haven first became associated with the oil industry; the first edition Ordnance Survey map of the early 19th century shows Oil Mill Farm a mile or so up Shell Haven Creek. Shell Haven was for over 80 years the site of a large Shell oil refinery, but there seems to be no evidence for the company taking its name from the site.
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Shoeburyness
Coordinates: 51°31′54″N 0°47′52″E / 51.5316°N 0.7978°E / 51.5316; 0.7978
Shoeburyness is a town in southeast Essex, England, situated at the mouth of the river Thames Estuary. It is within the borough of Southend-on-Sea, and is situated at the far east of the borough, around 3 miles (5 km) east of Southend town centre. It was an urban district of Essex from 1894 to 1933, when it became part of the county borough of Southend-on-Sea.
The eastern terminus of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (c2c line) is at Shoeburyness railway station. The eastern end of the A13 is at Shoeburyness. The Ministry of Defence (MOD) site at Pig's Bay is situated nearby and the facility is run by the company QinetiQ.
Shoeburyness has two beaches; East Beach and Shoebury Common Beach (also known as West Beach), both Blue Flag beaches:
East Beach is a sandy/pebbly beach around a quarter of a mile long and is sandwiched between the Pig's Bay MOD site and the former Shoeburyness Artillery barracks. Access to the large gravel/grass pay-and-display car park is via Rampart Terrace. East Beach is the home of a defence boom, built in 1944, to prevent enemy shipping and submarines from accessing the River Thames. This replaced an earlier similar boom built 100 yards (91 m) east. The majority of the boom was dismantled after the war, but around one mile still remains stretching out into the Thames Estuary. East Beach benefits from a large grassy area immediately adjacent to the sands that is suitable for informal sports and family fun.
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Shropshire
Shropshire ( /ˈʃrɒpʃər/ or /ˈʃrɒpʃɪər/; alternatively Salop; abbreviated, in print only, Shrops) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. It borders Wales to the west, Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east and Herefordshire to the south. A unitary authority (Shropshire Council) was created on 1 April 2009, taking over from the previous county council and 5 district councils, and covers most of the county. The borough of Telford and Wrekin, included in Shropshire for ceremonial purposes, has been a separate unitary authority since 1998.
The county's population and economy is centred on five towns: the county town of Shrewsbury, which is culturally and historically important and is located in the centre of the county;Telford, a new town in the east which was constructed around a number of older towns, most notably Wellington, Dawley and Madeley, which is today the most populous; and Oswestry in the north-west, Bridgnorth just to the south of Telford, and Ludlow in the south. The county has many further smaller towns, including Whitchurch in the north, Newport just to the north-east of Telford, and Market Drayton in the north-east of the county.
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Somerset
The ceremonial and non-metropolitan county of Somerset (i/ˈsʌmərsɛt/ or /ˈsʌmərsɨt/) in South West England borders Bristol and Gloucestershire to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east, and Devon to the south-west. It is partly bounded to the north and west by the Bristol Channel and the estuary of the River Severn. Its traditional northern border is the River Avon, but the administrative boundary has crept southwards with the creation and expansion of the City of Bristol, and latterly the county of Avon and its successor unitary authorities to the north. Somerset's county town, Taunton, is in the south.
Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Palaeolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion.
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South Benfleet
Coordinates: 51°32′44″N 0°34′07″E / 51.5455°N 0.5686°E / 51.5455; 0.5686
South Benfleet is a town in the Castle Point district of Essex, 30 miles east of London. The Benfleet post town includes South Benfleet, Thundersley and Hadleigh. The Battle of Benfleet took place here between the Vikings and Saxons in 894.
The town is north of Canvey Island and is served by Benfleet railway station. It is home to the South Benfleet Primary School, which was used temporarily to house local residents during the widespread flooding of 1953.
In Roman times the reclaimed area which is now Canvey Island was joined to the mainland by a road providing access from Benfleet to Camulodunum (Colchester) and Londinium (London). The A130 road from Sadlers Farm roundabout to Canvey Island follows the route of the original Roman road. Its construction in 1971 brought to light a number of artifacts dating back to the early settlements in the area.
The name of the town originates from the time of the Saxon settlers in the 5th Century, when the area was largely marshland. They named the area Beamfleote, meaning "tree stream", being the area where the creeks from the River Thames adjoined the wooded area to the north. The current spelling was adopted at the time the railway service was brought to the area and a railway station built for the town. Throughout the intervening period various documented versions of the names has been 'Benfleota', 'Beamflet', 'Bemflet', 'Bienflet' and 'Bemfleet'. The last was used on John Norden's maps in the 17th Century.
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South Yorkshire
South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. It has a population of 1.29 million. It consists of four metropolitan boroughs: Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham, and City of Sheffield. South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972.
Lying on the east side of the Pennines, South Yorkshire is landlocked, and borders Derbyshire (to the south-west), West Yorkshire (to the northwest), North Yorkshire (to the north), the East Riding of Yorkshire (to the northeast), Lincolnshire (to the east) and Nottinghamshire (to the southeast). The Sheffield Urban Area is the ninth most populous conurbation in the UK, and dominates the western half of South Yorkshire with over half of the county's population living within it.
South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now effectively unitary authority areas; however, the metropolitan county, which is some 1,552 square kilometres (599 sq mi), continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference. As a ceremonial county, South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff.
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Southend Pier
Coordinates: 51°31′33″N 0°43′03″E / 51.525731°N 0.717461°E / 51.525731; 0.717461
Southend Pier is a major landmark in Southend-on-Sea. Extending 1.34 miles (2.16 km) into the Thames Estuary, it is the longest pleasure pier in the world. Sir John Betjeman once said that "the Pier is Southend, Southend is the Pier". The pier is a Grade II listed building.
In the early 19th century, Southend was growing as a seaside holiday resort. At the time, it was thought that spending time by the sea was good for one's health, and since it was close to the capital, many Londoners would come to Southend for this reason. However the coast at Southend consists of large mudflats, so the sea is never very deep even at full tide (between four and six metres), and recedes over a mile from the beach at low tide. Large boats were unable to stop at Southend near to the beach and no boats at all were able to stop at low tide. This meant that many potential visitors would travel past Southend and go to Margate, or other resorts where docking facilities were better.
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Southend-on-Sea
Southend-on-Sea ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a unitary authority area, town, and seaside resort in Essex, England. The district has Borough status, and comprises the towns of Chalkwell, Eastwood, Leigh-on-Sea, North Shoebury, Prittlewell, Shoeburyness, Southchurch, Thorpe Bay, and Westcliff-on-Sea. The district is situated within the Thames Gateway on the north side of the Thames estuary 40 miles (64 km) east of central London. It is bordered to the north by Rochford and to the west by Castle Point. It is home to the longest leisure pier in the world, The Southend Pier.London Southend Airport is located 2 Miles north of the town Center, and is one of London's 6 Major Airports.
Originally the "south end" of the village of Prittlewell, Southend became a seaside resort during the Georgian era, attracting many tourists in the summer months to its seven miles[citation needed] of beaches and bathing in the sea. Good rail connections and proximity to London mean that much of the economy has been based on tourism, and that Southend has been a dormitory town for city workers ever since. Southend Pier is the world's longest pleasure pier at 1.34 miles (2158m). It has suffered fires and ship collisions, most recently in October 2005, but the basic pier structure has been repaired each time. There has been significant loss of pier-head facilities since the major fire in 1976.
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Southminster
Coordinates: 51°39′35″N 0°49′52″E / 51.6598°N 0.831°E / 51.6598; 0.831
Southminster is a town on the Dengie peninsula in the Maldon district of Essex in the East of England. It lies about three miles north of Burnham-on-Crouch and ten miles south-east of Maldon. To the north is the River Blackwater, which is tidal and since Roman times has been the gateway to trading in the area. Saint Lawrence Bay, which is part of the Southminster area, can be accessed by road.
Isolated 20 miles from Chelmsford, the nearest large town, the town would be very much in decline if it were not for Southminster railway station and employment opportunities at the nearby Bradwell nuclear power station. The station is situated on a single-line branch from Wickford, which was electrified in the 1980s, and provides a service every 45 minutes to Wickford, continuing in peak hours through to Liverpool Street station in the City of London, thus including the town in the London commuter belt.
The town has one primary school, a small library, a handful of pubs, a police station, a few local businesses such as 'Martins' convenience store, a holiday park, a bakery and many takeaways.
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St Peter-on-the-Wall
The Chapel of St Peter-on-the-Wall, Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex is a Grade I listed building and among the oldest largely intact Christian church buildings in England still in regular use, dating from the 7th century. It is at the eastern end of the St Peter's Way long distance footpath from Chipping Ongar to this church.
The Chapel is assumed to be that of "Ythanceaster" (Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.22), originally constructed as an Anglo-Celtic Church for the East Saxons in AD 654 by St Cedd, astride the ruins of the abandoned Roman fort of Othona. The current structure was most likely built around 660-662, incorporating the Roman bricks and stones. Cedd travelled south from Lindisfarne to spread Christianity at the behest of Sigeberht the Good, then King of the East Saxons, in 653 and returned the next year having been ordained as a Bishop in order to build this Chapel and probably others too. Following the death of St Cedd in October 664 from plague, the Chapel became part of the Diocese of London.
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Staffordshire
Staffordshire (/ˈstæfərdʃɪər/ or /ˈstæfərdʃaɪər/; abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. Part of the National Forest lies within its borders. It adjoins the ceremonial counties of Cheshire (to the north west), Derbyshire (to the east), Leicestershire (to the east), Warwickshire (to the south east), West Midlands (to the south), Worcestershire (to the south), and Shropshire (to the west).
The largest city in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent, which is administered separately from the rest of the county as an independent unitary authority. Lichfield also has city status, although this is a considerably smaller cathedral city. Major towns include Stafford (the county town), Burton upon Trent, Cannock, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Leek and Tamworth.
Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Bromwich and Smethwick were also in Staffordshire until local government reorganisation in 1974, but are now within the West Midlands County in the West Midlands Conurbation.
With the exception of Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire is divided into the districts of Cannock Chase, East Staffordshire, Lichfield, Newcastle-under-Lyme, South Staffordshire, Stafford, Staffordshire Moorlands, and Tamworth.
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Stanford-le-Hope
Coordinates: 51°30′50″N 0°25′28″E / 51.5140°N 0.4244°E / 51.5140; 0.4244
Stanford-le-Hope is a town and Church of England parish situated in the county of Essex, England. The town is within the unitary authority of Thurrock and located 23.8 miles (38.4 km) east of Charing Cross in London. Its principal claim to fame is that Joseph Conrad lived and wrote there. The town is served by Stanford-le-Hope railway station.
Often known locally simply as Stanford, the town is home to many working-class commuters working in London, thanks to its proximity to the capital and its c2c-operated London, Tilbury and Southend Railway rail connections. One of the main local industries is the nearby oil refinery at Shell Haven, and it soon will be home to the proposed DP World deep sea port, major business and logistics park. Many residents also travel along the nearby A13 to work in the Lakeside Shopping Centre.
As Stanford-le-Hope grows in size, it has started to incorporate neighbouring settlements such as Corringham, Mucking and Fobbing, the latter of which was the scene of one of the uprisings which led to the Peasants' Revolt.
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Stort Navigation
The Stort Navigation is the canalised section of the River Stort running 22 kilometres (14 mi) from the town of Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire downstream to its confluence with the River Lee Navigation at Feildes Weir near Rye House, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire.
With the growth of the malt trade in Bishop's Stortford in the early eighteenth century, attention turned to providing better transport facilities. The River Stort joined the River Lee, and the malt trade at Ware had benefitted from improvements carried out on that river. A similar solution was therefore sought for the Stort, and a public meeting was held on 11 December 1758. The chief promoter seems to have been Thomas Adderley. A bill was duly submitted to parliament, and became an Act of Parliament in March 1759. It was entitled An Act for making the River Stort navigable, in the counties of Hertford and Essex, from the New Bridge, in the town of Bishop Stortford, into the River Lea, near a Place called the Rye, in the county of Hertford. Commissioners were appointed to oversee the work and to raise the capital to fund the project. They failed in this duty, and the powers of the first act lapsed, as it imposed time limits during which the work had to be completed.
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Surrey
Surrey /ˈsʌri/ is a county in the South East of England, and one of the home counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford.Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of Greater London since 1965. The London boroughs of Lambeth, Wandsworth and Southwark were considered part of Surrey until 1889; and Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton, Barnes and Richmond - all now reclassified as part of Greater London - were part of Surrey until 1965.
Surrey is divided into 11 boroughs and districts: Elmbridge, Epsom and Ewell, Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Runnymede, Spelthorne, Surrey Heath, Tandridge, Waverley, Woking. After the elections of 1 May 2008, the Conservatives are in control of 10 out of 11 councils in Surrey, with Epsom and Ewell in Residents Association control. The Conservatives hold all 11 Parliamentary constituencies within the county borders.
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Tendring
Tendring is a local government district in North East Essex, England. It extends from the River Stour in the north, to the coast and the River Colne in the south, with the coast to the East and the town of Colchester to the west. Its council is based in Clacton-on-Sea. Towns in the district include Frinton-on-Sea, Walton-on-the-Naze, Brightlingsea and Harwich. Large villages in the district include St Osyth and Great Bentley.
Sometimes referred to as the "Tendring Peninsula", the district was formed on 1 April 1974 as a merger of the borough of Harwich, with Brightlingsea, Clacton and Frinton and Walton urban districts, and Tendring Rural District. The name Tendring comes from the ancient Tendring Hundred which is named after the small Tendring village at the centre of the area. The Tendring Poor Law Union covered the same area as the present district.
During the English civil war, the witch-finder general, Matthew Hopkins carried out many trials throughout this and the surrounding area especially in the towns of Manningtree and Mistley on the River Stour.
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Thames Estuary
The Thames Mouth is the estuary in which the River Thames meets the waters of the North Sea.
It is not easy to define the limits of the estuary, although physically the head of Sea Reach, near Canvey Island on the Essex shore is probably the western boundary. The eastern boundary, as suggested in a Hydrological Survey of 1882-9, is a line drawn from North Foreland in Kent via the Kentish Knock lighthouse to Harwich in Essex. It is to here that the typical estuarine sandbanks extend. The estuary has a tidal movement of 4 metres, moving at a speed of 8 miles per hour.[citation needed]
The estuary is one of the largest of 170 such inlets on the coast of Great Britain. It constitutes a major shipping route, with thousands of movements each year including large oil tankers, container ships, bulk carriers and roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ferries entering the estuary for the Port of London and the Medway Ports of Sheerness, Chatham and Thamesport.
The Thames sailing barge worked in this area, designed to be suitable for the shallow waters in the smaller ports. One of the largest wind farms in the UK has been developed in the estuary, located 8.5 km north of Herne Bay. The farm contains 30 wind turbines generating a total of 82.4MW of electricity. The much larger London Array of up to 1GW capacity is also planned.
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Thames Gateway
Coordinates: 51°29′13″N 0°19′05″E / 51.487°N 0.318°E / 51.487; 0.318 The Thames Gateway is an area of land stretching 70 kilometres (43 mi) east from inner east London on both sides of the River Thames and the Thames Estuary. The area, which includes much brownfield land, has been designated a national priority for urban regeneration, taking advantage of the development opportunities realised by the completion of the High Speed 1 (officially known as the Channel Tunnel Rail Link) rail line. It stretches from Westferry in Tower Hamlets to the Isle of Sheppey and extends across three of the regions of England. The development is delivered through regional development agencies, special purpose development corporations and local partnerships.
The Thames Gateway comprises sections of 16 different local government districts in three regions:
The area accommodates around 1.6 million people and contains some of the most deprived wards in the country, characterised by lack of access to public transport, services, employment and affordable quality housing. Its boundary was drawn to capture the riverside strip that formerly hosted many land extensive industries, serving London and the South East, whose decline has left a legacy of large scale dereliction and contaminated land, such as around Tilbury.[citation needed]
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Thuringia
The Free State of Thuringia (German: Freistaat Thüringen, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈtyːʁɪŋən], English /θjʊərˈrɪndʒiə/) is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometres (6,244 sq mi) and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states. Most of Thuringia is within the watershed of the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe. Its capital is Erfurt.
Thuringia has been known by the nickname of "the green heart of Germany" (das grüne Herz Deutschlands) from the late 19th century, due to the dense forest that covers the terrain.
Thuringia is well known in Germany for nature and winter sports. It is home to the Rennsteig, Germany's most famous hiking trail, and the winter resort of Oberhof. Germany has won more Winter Olympics gold medals than any other country in the last 20 years, and half of Germany's gold medals have been won by Thuringian athletes.
From the northwest going clockwise, Thuringia borders on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse. The ridges of the western Harz Mountains divide the region from Lower Saxony on the north-west, while the eastern Harz similarly separates Thuringia from the state of Saxony-Anhalt to the north-east. To the south and southwest, the Thuringian Forest effectively separates the ancient region of Franconia, now the northern part of Bavaria, from the rolling plains of most of Thuringia. The central Harz range extends southwards along the western side into the northwest corner of the Thuringian Forest region, making Thuringia a lowland basin of rolling plains nearly surrounded by ancient somewhat-difficult mountains. To the west across the mountains and south is the drainage basin of the Rhine River.
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Thurrock
Thurrock is a unitary authority with borough status in the English ceremonial county of Essex. It is part of the London commuter belt and an area of regeneration within the Thames Gateway redevelopment zone. The local authority is Thurrock Council.
It lies on the River Thames just to the east of London. With over 18 miles (29 km) of riverfront it covers an area of 64 square miles (166 km²), with more than half defined as Green Belt. With Greater London to the west and the river to the south, the county of Essex abuts the Borough to the north and east, and across the river lies Kent.
The local authority is Thurrock Council. Elections are held 3 out of every 4 years. In the last election in 2012, Labour took control after a period in which no party had overall control.
Thurrock is covered by two parliamentary constituencies. Thurrock includes most of the borough while South Basildon and East Thurrock includes some wards in the east of the borough. Both seats were Conservative gains from Labour at the 2010 general election.
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Tilbury
Coordinates: 51°27′38″N 0°21′30″E / 51.4606°N 0.3582°E / 51.4606; 0.3582
Tilbury is a town in the borough of Thurrock, Essex, England. As a settlement it is of relatively recent existence, although it has important historical connections, being the location of a 16th century fort and an ancient cross-river ferry. It is also the location of a modern deep-water port.
The name of the present town of Tilbury is derived (by way of the port) from the nearby settlements of East and West Tilbury. The name of these settlements is derived from the Saxon burgh, "fortified place", either belonging to Tila, or perhaps at a lowland place. The 8th century spelling (Bede) was "Tilaburg", and the spelling in Domesday was "Tilberia".
Tilbury’s history is closely connected with its geographical location (see below). Its counterpart on the south bank of the River Thames, Gravesend, has long been an important communications link, and it was there that a cross-river ferry (see below) was connected, mainly due to the narrowness of the river at this point. In addition, Gravesend and Northfleet (also on the south shore) both became vitally important to shipping on the Thames: the former as the first port of call for foreign shipping bound for London, and the latter as a naval dockyard.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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University of Essex
The University of Essex is a British campus university whose original and largest campus is near the town of Colchester, England. It was established in 1963 and received its Royal Charter in 1965. The University is a member of the 1994 Group. It has 18 main teaching departments and 36 centres and institutes in subjects including biological sciences, computer science, acting, economics, business, health/human sciences, history, language and linguistics, mathematical sciences, human rights, law, literature, film studies, theatre studies, philosophy, art history, psychology, psychoanalytic studies, sociology and government.
The university's main campus is located within Wivenhoe Park in the English county of Essex, less than a mile (1.6 km) from the town of Wivenhoe & 2 miles (3.2 km) from the town of Colchester. Apart from the Wivenhoe Park campus, there is a rapidly developing campus in Southend-on-Sea (Essex's largest town), and the East 15 Acting School is based in Loughton. The University's motto, Thought the harder, heart the keener, is adapted from the Anglo-Saxon poem The Battle of Maldon.
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Uttlesford
Uttlesford is a local government district in Essex, England. Its council is based in Saffron Walden.
Its name is derived from the ancient Hundred of the same name.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the borough of Saffron Walden, Dunmow Rural District and Saffron Walden Rural District.
In 2001, Uttlesford was voted as the best place to live in England, in a survey by the Sunday Times newspaper. A range of factors, including housing costs, quality of schools, and low crime contributed to the overall result.[citation needed]
Uttlesford District includes Stansted Airport, which is its major employer.
Uttlesford has recently been found to be the healthiest place to live in the UK, due to the relatively low level of obesity problems in the area.[citation needed]
In May 2006, a report commissioned by British Gas showed that housing in Uttlesford produced the highest average carbon emissions in the country at 8,092 kg of carbon dioxide per dwelling. In response the council stated We try and lead by example but there is nothing else we can do to get people to save energy.
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Waltham Abbey, Essex
Coordinates: 51°41′05″N 0°00′01″E / 51.6846°N 0.0004°E / 51.6846; 0.0004
Waltham Abbey is a market town of about 20,400 people in the south west of the county of Essex, in the East of England region. It is about 24 km north of London on the Greenwich Meridian and lies between the River Lea in the west and Epping Forest in the east. It takes its name from the Abbey Church of Waltham Holy Cross, which was prominent in the early history of the town. The ancient parish covering Waltham Abbey was known as Waltham Holy Cross. The town is in the District of Epping Forest and has its own town council. It is twinned with the German town of Hörstel.
The River Lea, which forms the county boundary with Hertfordshire, is also the town’s western boundary, and the eastern boundary runs through Epping Forest. The land rises gradually from the marshes and meadows by the river to the plateau of London clay in the east, 60–90 metres above sea level, capped by the sand and gravel of Epping Forest. To the south, occupying the former course of the River Lea, is the King George V Reservoir, opened in 1913. Cobbins Brook, a tributary of the River Lea, crosses the parish from east to west. In addition to the town, the parish includes in its 41 km² the villages and hamlets of High Beach, Holyfield, Sewardstone and Upshire. The M25 motorway runs to the south of the town, and can be accessed at Junction 26 via the A121. The town has numerous housing estates such as Ninefields, Roundhills, Marriot and the Meridian Park.
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Walton-on-the-Naze
Coordinates: 51°50′54″N 1°16′04″E / 51.8482°N 1.2677°E / 51.8482; 1.2677
Walton-on-the-Naze is a small town in Essex, England, on the North Sea coast in the Tendring district. It is north of Clacton and south of the port of Harwich. It abuts Frinton-on-Sea to the south, and is part of the parish of Frinton and Walton. It is a resort town, with a permanent population of about 6,000. It attracts many visitors, the Naze being the main attraction. There is also a pier.
The parish was earlier known as Walton-le-Soken. The name 'Walton' is a common one meaning a 'farmstead or village of the Britons', while 'Soken' denotes the soke (an area of special jurisdiction) that included Thorpe, Kirby and Walton.
Walton has an HM Coastguard team and houses Thames MRCC (Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre), organising rescues from Southwold to Herne Bay.
Walton-on-the-Naze railway station is on a branch of the Sunshine Coast Line.
"Naze" derives from Old English næss "ness, promontory, headland". In 1722 Daniel Defoe mentions the town calling it "Walton, under the Nase".
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Warwickshire
Warwickshire (i/ˈwɒrɨkʃər/ or /ˈwɒrɨkʃɪər/) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton. The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare and George Elliot. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks.
The five districts of North Warwickshire, Nuneaton & Bedworth, Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon together form the Warwickshire County Council area, and are within the 1974 boundaries. The shape of the administrative area of Warwickshire differs considerably from that of the historic county, which also includes the now autonomous unitary authorities of Coventry and Solihull, as well as a small area around central and northeast Birmingham.
For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG13) and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire" NUTS 2 region.
Warwickshire is bounded to the north-west by the West Midlands metropolitan county and Staffordshire, by Leicestershire to the north-east, Northamptonshire to the east, Worcestershire to the west, Oxfordshire to the south and Gloucestershire to the south-west. The northern tip of the county is only 3 miles (5 km) from the Derbyshire border. An average-sized English county covering an area of almost 2,000 km2, it runs some 60 miles (97 km) north to south.
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West Sussex
West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex (with Brighton and Hove), Hampshire and Surrey. The county of Sussex has been divided into East and West since the 12th century, and obtained separate county councils in 1888, but it remained a single ceremonial county until 1974 and the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972. At the same time the Mid Sussex region (including Haywards Heath, Burgess Hill and East Grinstead) was transferred from East Sussex.
West Sussex has a wide range of scenery, including Wealden, Downland and coastal. It has a number of stately homes including Goodwood, Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle. Over half the county is protected countryside, offering walking, cycling and other recreational opportunities for visitors and residents alike.
Chichester is the county town of West Sussex, and the highest point of the county is Black Down, at 280 metres (919 ft, grid reference SU919296).
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West Thurrock
Coordinates: 51°29′01″N 0°16′55″E / 51.4836°N 0.2820°E / 51.4836; 0.2820
West Thurrock is a traditional Church of England parish and town in Thurrock, Essex, England, located 17.5 miles (28.1 km) east south-east of Charing Cross, London.
West Thurrock is part of the unitary authority of Thurrock located on the north bank of the River Thames about 17 miles (27 km) from Charing Cross, London.
Nearest places:
Nearest stations:
Industry along the Thames includes a Unilever chilled distribution centre for all its chilled food products (Flora, Bertolli, I Can't Believe It's Not Butter, Stork, Peperami and AdeZ) and a Procter and Gamble (originally Hedley's) plant manufacturing detergents and soaps. The large coal-burning West Thurrock Power Station closed in 1993, and was replaced by a plant making industrial chemicals, particularly the raw materials for detergent manufacture. The 190 metre tall electricity pylons of 380kV Thames Crossing, the tallest electricity pylons in UK, remain. Just upstream of the pylons the tunnel of High Speed 1 passes under the Thames.
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West Yorkshire
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of 2.2 million. West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972.
West Yorkshire, which is landlocked, consists of five metropolitan boroughs (City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, City of Leeds and City of Wakefield) and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire (to the south), Greater Manchester (to the south-west), Lancashire (to the north-west), North Yorkshire (to the north and east) and South Yorkshire (to the south-east).
West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now effectively unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county, which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres (783 sq mi), continues to exist in law, and as a geographic frame of reference.
West Yorkshire encompasses the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which is the most built-up and biggest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Yorkshire.
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Wickford
Coordinates: 51°36′41″N 0°31′15″E / 51.6114°N 0.5207°E / 51.6114; 0.5207
Wickford is a town in the south of the English county of Essex, with a population of more than 32,500. Located approximately 30 miles (50 km) east of London, it falls within the District of Basildon along with Basildon, Billericay, Laindon and Pitsea.
It has become a commuter town, serving the City of London through its direct connection to Liverpool Street through the Southend Victoria line, where a train to London takes approximately 40 minutes. The town can also be easily reached via the road network by the A127 from London and Southend-on-Sea or the A130 from Chelmsford.
Wickford is a fairly small town with a main high street. It includes shops such as Clarks, New Look, Choice, The Cooperative, W H Smith, Adrians, 99p Stores, a bakery, a coffee lounge and others. There is also a swimming pool, a library, an open-air market and a community centre within the vicinity of the town centre.
The town has existed since before 975. There is evidence that the area itself was inhabited in prehistoric probably by a tribe of Britons called Trinobantes, Roman and Saxon times[citation needed]. The name Wickford is of Saxon origin, Wic meaning a village, habitation, castle or dairy farm and Ford being a shallow river crossing.
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Wiltshire
Wiltshire ( /ˈwɪltʃər/ or /ˈwɪltʃɪər/, formerly /ˈwɪlʃər/; or the County of Wilts) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire. It contains the unitary authority of Swindon and covers 3,485 km2 (1,346 square miles). The ancient county town was Wilton, but since 1930 Wiltshire County Council and its successor Wiltshire Council (from 2009) have been based at Trowbridge.
Wiltshire is characterised by its high downland and wide valleys. Salisbury Plain is famous as the location of the Stonehenge and Avebury stone circles and other ancient landmarks and as the main training area in the UK of the British Army. The city of Salisbury is notable for its mediaeval cathedral. Important country houses open to the public include Longleat, near Warminster, and the National Trust's Stourhead, near Mere.
The county, in the 9th century written as Wiltunscir, later Wiltonshire, is named after the former county town of Wilton, itself named after the river Wylye, one of eight rivers which drain the county.
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Witham
Coordinates: 51°47′52″N 0°38′14″E / 51.7978°N 0.6373°E / 51.7978; 0.6373
Witham ( /ˈwɪtəm/) is a town in the county of Essex, in the south east of England with a population (2001 census) of 22,500. It is part of the District of Braintree and is twinned with the town of Waldbröl, Germany. Witham stands between the larger towns of Chelmsford (8 miles to the south-west) and Colchester (13 miles to the north-east). The River Brain runs through the town and joins the River Blackwater shortly outside it.
Excavations by Essex County Council field archaeological unit at the recent Maltings Lane development discovered evidence of Neolithic occupation of Witham including human remains and several trackways across ancient marsh. Excavations of the Witham Lodge (Ivy Chimneys) area of the town unveiled remains of a Roman temple in the 1970s as well as a pottery kiln. This would have been alongside the main Roman road from London to Colchester and used as a stop over point on the long journey, another notable find during the excavation was a Votive Offering pool in the grounds of the temple, the pool contained several artefacts that would have been offered to the gods.
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Wivenhoe
Coordinates: 51°51′30″N 0°57′55″E / 51.8582°N 0.9653°E / 51.8582; 0.9653
Wivenhoe is a town in north eastern Essex, England, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) south east of Colchester. Historically Wivenhoe village, on the banks of the River Colne, and Wivenhoe Cross, on the higher ground to the north, were two separate settlements but with considerable development in the 19th century the two have merged.
In 2008, the town had a population of over 10,000. The town's history centres around fishing, ship building, and smuggling[citation needed]. The town is considered to have a bohemian quality, remaining popular with local artists and writers.
Much of lower Wivenhoe is also a designated conservation area, with many streets being of particular architectural interest.
Wivenhoe may be derived from a Saxon name meaning Wifa's (Wiven) Ridge (hoe), with the thought that Wifa would have been a person or tribe the town's area belonged to before the Norman Conquest. The town's first church, St. Mary-the-Virgin, is of Saxon origin. According to folk etymology, the name derived from "Wyvernhoe"[citation needed], originating from the mythical beast called a wyvern and the previously mentioned ridge (hoe).
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Worcestershire
Worcestershire (i/ˈwʊstərʃər/ WUUS-tər-shər or /ˈwʊstərʃɪər/ WUUS-tər-sheer ; abbreviated Worcs) is a non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands of England. In 1974, it merged with the neighbouring county of Herefordshire to form Hereford and Worcester. This was divided in 1998, re-establishing Worcestershire as a county. The Malvern Hills forms the east–west border between the two counties, with the exception of West Malvern in Worcestershire.
The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire and Gloucestershire. To the west, the county is bordered by the Malvern Hills and the spa town of Malvern. The southern part of the county is bordered by Gloucestershire and the northern edge of the Cotswolds; to the east is Warwickshire. There are two major rivers flowing through the county, the Severn and the Avon.
The cathedral city of Worcester is the largest settlement and administrative seat of the county, which includes the principal settlements of Bromsgrove, Stourport-on-Severn, Droitwich, Evesham, Kidderminster, Malvern, and the largest town, Redditch, and a number of smaller towns such as Pershore, Tenbury Wells and Upton upon Severn. The north of the county includes part of the industrial West Midlands conurbation while the south of the county is largely rural. The average salary is £20,300.
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Alan Haselhurst
Sir Alan Gordon Barraclough Haselhurst (born 23 June 1937) is a British Conservative politician who is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Saffron Walden and was Chairman of Ways and Means from 14 May 1997 to 8 June 2010.
Alan Haselhurst was born in South Elmsall, near Hemsworth, Yorkshire, and was educated at the King Edward's School, Birmingham, Cheltenham College, Gloucestershire, and Oriel College, Oxford. Whilst in Oxford he was the President of the Oxford University Conservative Association in 1958 and served as both the secretary and treasurer for two years with the Oxford Union from 1959. Before his election to Parliament, he worked in management in the chemicals industry and became an unremunerated director when his father's pharmacy was incorporated. He was the Chairman of the Manchester Youth and Community Service from 1974 until he was re-elected to Parliament.
He worked as an election agent for the Conservative MP for Hertford Robin Balniel at both the 1964 and 1966 general elections. Beginning in 1964, he served for two years as the Chairman of the National Young Conservatives. He was elected to the House of Commons at the 1970 general election for the Lancashire seat of Middleton and Prestwich, defeating the Labour MP Denis Coe by 1,042 votes. Haselhurst lost the seat at the next February 1974 general election to Labour's Jim Callaghan by just 517 votes (this is not the same James (Jim) Callaghan who later became Prime Minister, and later still Lord Callaghan of Cardiff). The Conservative MP for the Essex seat of Saffron Walden, Peter Kirk, died on 17 April 1977, and Haselhurst was selected to contest the subsequent by-election on 7 July. Alan Haselhurst won the seat with a majority of 12,437 and has remained the MP there since.
wn.com/Alan_Haselhurst -
Bernard Jenkin
Bernard Christison Jenkin (born 9 April 1959) is a politician in the United Kingdom, and the current Member of Parliament (MP) for Harwich and North Essex. He was Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party, and had responsibility for candidates until 7 November 2006 when this role was given to John Maples.
Jenkin was educated at Highgate School (Highgate), William Ellis School (also in Highgate) and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he was awarded a Choral Exhibition and gained an BA honours degree in English literature in 1982. He was President of the Cambridge Union Society in 1982. He worked for Ford and the private equity company 3i as Manager of Legal & General Ventures from 1989-92. From 1992-95, he was an advisor to Legal & General Group plc.[citation needed]
Declaring that he wanted to "illustrate that people in the South-East haven't forgotten about Scotland", Jenkin stood for election in Glasgow Central in the 1987 general election. At the 1992 general election he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Colchester North. When that constituency was abolished for the 1997 general election, he was returned to the House of Commons for the newly-re-established North Essex constituency.
wn.com/Bernard_Jenkin -
China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
David Amess
David Anthony Andrew Amess (born 26 March 1952) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1983, first for Basildon, and since 1997 for Southend West.
He was born in Plaistow, London to James and Maud Amess, and raised Roman Catholic. He attended St Anthony's Junior and Infant School, then St. Bonaventure Grammar School (now St Bonaventure's Catholic Comprehensive School) on Boleyn Road in Forest Gate and then Bournemouth College of Technology, where he earned a BSc degree with honours in Economics and Government.
Amess taught at the St John the Baptist Primary School in Bethnal Green for a year from 1970, and then spent a short time as an underwriter before becoming a recruitment consultant. He became chairman of Accountancy Solutions from 1987–90, then Accountancy Group from 1990-6.
In 1983, he married Julia Arnold in Westminster.
He contested the safe Labour Party seat of Newham North West at the 1979 General Election, and the seat was retained by Labour's MP Arthur Lewis. In 1982, Amess was elected as a councillor to the London Borough of Redbridge.
wn.com/David_Amess -
Eleanor Laing
Eleanor Fulton Laing, née Pritchard, (born 1 February 1958) is a British politician. She is Conservative Member of Parliament for Epping Forest, and was first elected in 1997.
Laing was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire in 1958 and raised in the nearby village of Kilmacolm, where she attended the local St Columba's School. In 1976, she left for the University of Edinburgh, graduating with Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws qualifications. She was the first female President of the Edinburgh University Students' Association. She worked as a solicitor in Edinburgh and the City of London.
Laing contested Paisley North in the 1987 general election.
When Laing was first elected to the Epping Forest constituency in 1997, the seat had been reduced to marginal status by the Labour landslide. Before election, she had had been offered support by Malcolm Rifkind and was generally considered to be a Europhile. Once in Parliament, she appeared to sign up to the Eurosceptic-wing of the party, first supporting Michael Howard then William Hague for the Conservative leadership. After the election she sat on the Education and Employment Committee, chaired by Labour Margaret Hodge although apparently attended none of its sessions. She was seen as a rising star in her early career, with good performances in the Commons and strong attacks against Labour.
wn.com/Eleanor_Laing -
Eric Pickles
Eric Jack Pickles (born 20 April 1952) is a British Conservative Party politician. Pickles was appointed Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government of the coalition government headed by Prime Minister David Cameron on 12 May 2010.
He was the Chairman of the Conservative Party until being replaced by Baroness Warsi in May 2010 and has been Member of Parliament for Brentwood and Ongar in Essex since 1992. He was Co-Chairman of the Joint Committee Against Racism between 1982 and 1987.
Pickles is a member of the controversial Peniel Pentecostal Church, a local "happy clappy" church located in Pilgrims Hatch, Brentwood, Essex.
Born in Keighley, Yorkshire, he went to Greenhead Grammar School (which became Greenhead High School and is now University Academy Keighley) on Greenhead Road in Utley, north Keighley, then attended Leeds Polytechnic. He was born into a Labour supporting family – his great grandfather was one of the founders of the Independent Labour Party, and described himself as "massively inclined" towards communism as a boy – but he joined the Conservative Party in 1968 after the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia.
wn.com/Eric_Pickles -
Jackie Doyle-Price
Jacqueline "Jackie" Doyle-Price (born 5 August 1969) is an English Conservative Party politician who was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Thurrock in the May 2010 general election. She was born in Sheffield and now lives in Purfleet.
Doyle-Price studied economics at the University of Durham. After graduating she worked for the Sheffield Enterprise Agency and for South Yorkshire Police. She later became Parliamentary Officer at The City of London and then Private Secretary to the Lord Mayor of the City of London.
Doyle-Price stood unsuccessfully as the Conservative candidate for Sheffield Hillsborough in the 2005 general election, coming third with 15.02% of the vote. She was elected as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Thurrock at the 2010 General Election, by a majority of 92 (0.2%) after two recounts.
Doyle-Price made her maiden speech on 28 June 2010, speaking about the need for welfare reform. She was prepared to publicly challenge ministers on behalf of her constituents, particularly on transport issues connected with the Dartford Crossing and on the Government postponement of work to improve Junction 30 of the M25.
wn.com/Jackie_Doyle-Price -
John Baron (MP)
John Charles Baron (born 21 June 1959) is a British Conservative politician and the Member of Parliament for Basildon and Billericay.
Baron was born in Redhill, Surrey and educated at Queen's College, Taunton, Jesus College, Cambridge and at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He joined the British Army in 1984 and was a captain serving with The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers in Northern Ireland, Cyprus and Germany. He left the Army in 1987 and became a merchant banker, working as a fund manager then director of Henderson Private Investors Ltd (now Henderson Global Investors) and Rothschild Asset Management.
In 1995 John Baron became the treasurer of the Streatham Conservative Association. In 1997 David Amess decided not to risk standing again in his ultra marginal Conservative seat of Basildon and was successfully selected and subsequently elected for the safer seat of Southend West. Baron won the Conservative nomination to defend Basildon at the 1997 General Election, but Amess's judgement proved accurate and Angela Smith won the seat for Labour comfortably.
wn.com/John_Baron_(MP) -
John Constable
John Constable (11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English Romantic painter. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home—now known as "Constable Country"—which he invested with an intensity of affection. "I should paint my own places best", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, "painting is but another word for feeling".
His most famous paintings include Dedham Vale of 1802 and The Hay Wain of 1821. Although his paintings are now among the most popular and valuable in British art, he was never financially successful and did not become a member of the establishment until he was elected to the Royal Academy at the age of 52. He sold more paintings in France than in his native England.
John Constable was born in East Bergholt, a village on the River Stour in Suffolk, to Golding and Ann (Watts) Constable. His father was a wealthy corn merchant, owner of Flatford Mill in East Bergholt and, later, Dedham Mill in Essex. Golding Constable also owned his own small ship, The Telegraph, which he moored at Mistley on the Stour estuary and used to transport corn to London. He was a cousin of the London tea merchant, Abram Newman. Although Constable was his parents' second son, his older brother was mentally handicapped and so John was expected to succeed his father in the business, and after a brief period at a boarding school in Lavenham, he was enrolled in a day school in Dedham. Constable worked in the corn business after leaving school, but his younger brother Abram eventually took over the running of the mills.
wn.com/John_Constable -
John Speed
John Speed (1542–1629) was an English historian and cartographer.
Speed was born at Farndon, Cheshire, and went into his father's tailoring business where he worked until he was about 50. While working in London, his knowledge of history led him into learned circles and he joined the Society of Antiquaries where his interests came to the attention of Sir Fulke Greville, who subsequently made him an allowance to enable him to devote his whole attention to research. As a reward for his earlier efforts, Queen Elizabeth granted Speed the use of a room in the Custom House.
He is buried with his wife in St Giles-without-Cripplegate church within the Barbican Estate in the City of London. A memorial to John Speed was also erected behind the altar of the church. According to the church's website, "[His was] one of the few memorials [in the church] that survived the bombing" of London during The Blitz of 1940-1941.... The website also notes that "[t]he cast for the niche in which the bust is placed was provided by the Merchant Taylors’ Company, of which John Speed was a member."
wn.com/John_Speed -
John Whittingdale
John Flasby Lawrance Whittingdale OBE, (born (1959-10-16)October 16, 1959), is a Conservative politician in the United Kingdom. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1992.
Whittingdale was educated at two independent schools: at Sandroyd School from 1968–1973, in Rushmore Park at the heart of Cranborne Chase near Tollard Royal in Wiltshire and at Winchester College in the county town of Winchester in Hampshire, followed by University College London (UCL) where he was Chairman of the UCL Conservative Society, and earned his BSc in Economics in 1982 (grade 2ii).[citation needed]
From 1982-4, Whittingdale was Head of the political section of the Conservative Research Department. He then served as Special Adviser to three successive Secretaries of State for Trade and Industry, Norman Tebbit, 1984-5; Leon Brittan, 1985-6, and Paul Channon, 1986-7. He worked on international privatisation at NM Rothschild in 1987 and in January 1988, became Political Secretary to the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher. Upon her resignation, Whittingdale received the OBE and he continued as her Political Secretary until his election to Parliament in 1992.[citation needed]
wn.com/John_Whittingdale -
Kingdom of Essex
The Kingdom of Essex or Kingdom of the East Saxons (Old English: Ēast Seaxna rīce) was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was founded in the 6th century and covered the territory later occupied by the counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, Middlesex and (for a short while) Kent. Kings of Essex were frequently subservient to foreign overlords. The last king of Essex was Sigered and in 825, he ceded the kingdom to Egbert of Wessex.
The kingdom was bounded to the north by the River Stour and the Kingdom of East Anglia, to the south by the River Thames and Kent, to the east lay the North Sea and to the west Mercia. The territory included the remains of two provincial Roman capitals Colchester and London. The early kingdom included the land of the Middle Saxons, later Middlesex, most if not all of Hertfordshire and may at times have included Surrey. For a brief period in the 8th century, the Kingdom of Essex controlled what is now Kent.
The modern English county of Essex maintains the historic northern and the southern borders, but only covers the territory east of the River Lea, the other parts being lost to neighbouring Mercia during the 8th Century.
wn.com/Kingdom_of_Essex -
Mark Francois
Mark Gino Francois (born 14 August 1965) is a British Conservative Party politician. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rayleigh and Wickford.
Mark Gino Francois was born in Islington, London. He was educated at the Nicholas Comprehensive School in Basildon, Essex and at the University of Bristol where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in History in 1986. He was also the chairman of the University's Conservative Association. He completed his studies at King's College London where he earned a MA in War Studies in 1987.
On leaving university he became a management trainee with Lloyds Bank. In 1988 he joined lobbying company Market Access International, leaving as a director in 1996 to set up his own lobbying firm Francois Associates.
He was a member of Basildon District Council for four years from 1991. He stood for Brent East during the 1997 general election, and lost to Ken Livingstone (who later became the Mayor of London). Following the death of Alan Clark in 1999, he narrowly lost out to Michael Portillo in the selection for the 1999 Kensington and Chelsea by-election. On the retirement of Dr. Michael Clark at the 2001 general election he beat Boris Johnson to be selected to fight the safe Tory seat of Rayleigh.
wn.com/Mark_Francois -
Priti Patel
Priti Patel (born 29 March 1972) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. First elected in the 2010 general election, she is the Member of Parliament for the Witham constituency in Essex, and an officer of the Conservative Friends of Israel group.
Patel was born in London, England to Ugandan Indian immigrant parents and grew up in South Harrow and Ruislip. Her parents ran a post office in rural Norfolk and then a successful small shop in south east England. She joined the Conservative Party during the time John Major was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Patel attended a comprehensive school in Watford, before studying economics at Keele University and then going on to the University of Essex.
After graduating, Patel was given a job by Andrew Lansley (now a frontbencher, then a Head of the Conservative Research Department) at Conservative Central Office. From 1995 to 1997, she worked for Sir James Goldsmith's Referendum Party, heading the press office.
After the 1997 General Election, the Conservative Party changed its policy on the euro, asserting they now would only join the currency if there was a referendum on the issue. Patel rejoined the Conservative Party to work for the new leader William Hague in his press office dealing with media relations in London and the South East.
wn.com/Priti_Patel -
Rebecca Harris
Rebecca Elizabeth Harris (born 22 December 1967) is a British Conservative Party politician who was elected at the 2010 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Castle Point.
Harris received 19,806 votes defeating Conservative turned Independent Bob Spink, who received 12,174 votes.
Harris was a Conservative head office campaign co-ordinator during 2000-2001 and Conservative North West London area officer during 2007-2008. She is a member of the Business, Innovation and Skills Committee and has championed the Daylight Saving Bill which, had it passed, would move Britain onto Central European Time. On 20 January 2012, the legislation ran out of time to progress, meaning that the United Kingdom would remain on Western European Time.
Rebecca Harris attended Bedales School before studying at The London School of Economics. Harris lives in Castle Point with her husband Frank and their young son.
wn.com/Rebecca_Harris -
Richard Verstegan
Richard Rowlands (c. 1550 – 1640), Anglo-Dutch antiquary, whose real name was Verstegen (usually anglicized Verstegan), was the son of a cooper established in East London. His grandfather, Theodore Roland Verstegen, a Dutch emigrant, came from Gelderland to the Kingdom of England c. 1500.
Under the name of Rowlaunde, Richard went to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1564, where he may have studied early English history and the Anglo-Saxon language. Leaving the university without a degree (having become a Catholic), he was indentured to a goldsmith, and became a Freeman of the Company of Goldsmiths in 1574.
He published in 1576 a guidebook to Western Europe, translated from the German, entitled The Post of the World.
At the end of 1581 he secretly printed an account of the execution of Edmund Campion but was discovered and 'being apprehended, brake out of England'. In exile he resumed the name of Verstegen.
In Paris he was briefly imprisoned at the insistence of the English Ambassador; in Rome, he was the recipient of a short-lived pension from the pope. In both of these cities he published accounts of the suffering of priests in England.
wn.com/Richard_Verstegan -
Robert Halfon
Robert Henry Halfon (born 22 March 1969) is a British Conservative politician. He is the current Member of Parliament (MP) for Harlow, and was first elected at the 2010 general election.
Halfon was born to a British Jewish family. His grandfather was an Italian Jew, living in Libya until forced to leave in 1968, after which he joined his son who had already moved to England. Halfon was born with a moderate version of spastic diplegia, a form of cerebal palsy, and underwent several major operations as a child, causing osteoarthritis in his early thirties.
He was educated at Highgate School, and the University of Exeter, where he read for a Bachelor of Arts in Politics and a Master of Arts in Russian and East European politics. At Exeter he took the issue of compulsory membership of the National Union of Students to the European Human Rights courts, which decided his application was manifestly ill-founded.
Halfon initially worked as Chief of Staff for the Conservative MP Oliver Letwin and as Political Director for Conservative Friends of Israel. He contested the Harlow seat in both 2001 and 2005, losing by just 97 votes on the second occasion.
wn.com/Robert_Halfon -
Saxon
The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen) were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German plain, who during the Middle Ages migrated to the British Isles and formed part of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Saxons were originally Ingvaeonic tribes, whose earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein. This area overlapped the area of the Angles, a tribe with which they were frequently closely linked. Saxons participated in the Germanic settlement of Britain during and after the fifth century. It is unknown how many migrated from the continent to Britain, though estimates for the total number of Anglo-Saxon settlers are around two hundred thousand. During the Middle ages, because of international Hanseatic trading routes and contingent migration during the Middle Ages, Saxons mixed with and had strong influences upon the languages and cultures of the North Germanic and Baltic and Finnic peoples, and also upon the Polabian Slavs and Pomeranian West Slavic people.
wn.com/Saxon -
Simon Burns
Simon Hugh McGuigan Burns (born 6 September 1952, Nottingham) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Chelmsford since the 1987 general election. In May 2010, he was appointed Minister of State for the Department of Health.
Simon Burns was educated at Christ the King School, Accra, Ghana; Stamford School; and Worcester College, Oxford, where he obtained a BA Honours Degree in Modern History (third class honours, resulting in the nickname 'third degree burns') in 1975. He also has an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy from University of East Anglia. Burns was married to Emma Clifford from 1982 until their divorce in 2000. They have a son (born October 1991) and daughter (born November 1987). Burns is interested in American politics, collecting political books, swimming and tennis.
From 1975 to 1980, Burns was political adviser to the Rt Hon Sally Oppenheim. From 1980–83 he was a journalist and company director of What To Buy for Business magazine, and from 1983–87 was on the Policy Executive of the Institute of Directors.
wn.com/Simon_Burns -
William Langland
William Langland (ca. 1332 – ca. 1386) is the conjectured author of the 14th-century English dream-vision Piers Plowman.
The attribution of Piers to Langland rests principally on the evidence of a manuscript held at Trinity College, Dublin (MS 212). This directly ascribes 'Perys Ploughman' to one 'Willielmi de Langlond', son of 'Stacy de Rokayle, who died in Shipton-under-Wychwood, a tenant of the Lord Spenser in the county of Oxfordshire'. Other manuscripts also name the author as 'Robert or William langland', or 'Wilhelmus W.' (most likely shorthand for 'William of Wychwood'). The poem itself also seems to point towards Langland's authorship. At one stage the narrator remarks: 'I have lyved in londe...my name is longe wille' (B.XV.152). This can be taken as a coded reference to the poet's name, in the style of much late-medieval literature (see, for instance, Villon's acrostics in Le Testament). Although the evidence may appear slender, Langland's authorship has been widely accepted by commentators since the 1920s. It is not, however, entirely beyond dispute, as recent work by Stella Pates and C. David Benson has demonstrated.
wn.com/William_Langland
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Undercover (feat. Assemblage 23)
- Fatal Love
- Outside (X-Fusion remix)
- Cromatics (The Invicible Spirit remix)
- Fatal Love (Absurd Minds remix)
- Freezing
- Caroline
- Fatal Love (Culture Kultür remix)
- Love Affair (Psyche remix)
- Undercover (Dust of Basement remix)
- Caroline (Slivery remix)
- Fatal Love (Feindflug remix)
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Im In Essex Girl - LMFAO Ft TOWIE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
The Only Way Is Essex Cast Star In LMFAO New Music Video
http://wn.com/Im_In_Essex_Girl_LMFAO_Ft_TOWIE
The Only Way Is Essex Cast Star In LMFAO New Music Video
Cassetteboy Vs The Only Way Is Essex
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
To celebrate the final episode of The Only Way Is Essex we got Cassetteboy to remix the series in their own amazing style! Relive the series in less than three minutes! You can follow Cassetteboy on Twitter here - www.twitter.com And watch more from The Only Way Is Essex here - www.itv.com/essex
http://wn.com/Cassetteboy_Vs_The_Only_Way_Is_Essex
To celebrate the final episode of The Only Way Is Essex we got Cassetteboy to remix the series in their own amazing style! Relive the series in less than three minutes! You can follow Cassetteboy on Twitter here - www.twitter.com And watch more from The Only Way Is Essex here - www.itv.com/essex
- published: 10 Nov 2010
- views: 724240
- author: itv2official
Joey Essex - Reem (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
BUY 'REEM' NOW: itunes.apple.com Music video by Joey Essex performing Reem. ℗ 2011 S'n'R Records Edited by @CraigCanonSV www.xtrasaltandvinegar.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/Joey_Essex_Reem_Official_Video
BUY 'REEM' NOW: itunes.apple.com Music video by Joey Essex performing Reem. ℗ 2011 S'n'R Records Edited by @CraigCanonSV www.xtrasaltandvinegar.wordpress.com
- published: 25 Sep 2011
- views: 706681
- author: SaltAndVinegarTV
British - Essex Accent Tag
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Words: Aunt, Route, Wash, Oil, Theatre, Iron, Salmon, Caramel, Fire, Water, Sure, Data, Ruin, Crayon, Toilet, New Orleans, Pecan, Both, Again, Probably, Spitting image, Alabama, Lawyer, Coupon, Mayonnaise, Syrup, Pajamas, Caught Questions: 1. What is it called when you throw toilet paper on a house? 2. What is the bug that when you touch it, it curls into a ball? 3. What is the bubbly carbonated drink called? 4. What do you call gym shoes? 5. What do you say to address a group of people? 6. What do you call the kind of spider (or spider-like creature) that has an oval-shaped body and extremely long legs? 7. What do you call your grandparents? 8. What do you call the wheeled contraption in which you carry groceries at the supermarket? 9. What do you call it when rain falls while the sun is shining? 10. What is the thing you change the TV channel with? The two videos I watched: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com Thanks for watching guys! :D Please leave me a comment! :)
http://wn.com/British_Essex_Accent_Tag
Words: Aunt, Route, Wash, Oil, Theatre, Iron, Salmon, Caramel, Fire, Water, Sure, Data, Ruin, Crayon, Toilet, New Orleans, Pecan, Both, Again, Probably, Spitting image, Alabama, Lawyer, Coupon, Mayonnaise, Syrup, Pajamas, Caught Questions: 1. What is it called when you throw toilet paper on a house? 2. What is the bug that when you touch it, it curls into a ball? 3. What is the bubbly carbonated drink called? 4. What do you call gym shoes? 5. What do you say to address a group of people? 6. What do you call the kind of spider (or spider-like creature) that has an oval-shaped body and extremely long legs? 7. What do you call your grandparents? 8. What do you call the wheeled contraption in which you carry groceries at the supermarket? 9. What do you call it when rain falls while the sun is shining? 10. What is the thing you change the TV channel with? The two videos I watched: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com Thanks for watching guys! :D Please leave me a comment! :)
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 25745
- author: GeorgieStartingOut
Essex Boys (2000) - Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 98:24
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
The film is based loosely around events in December 1995 that culminated in the murders of three drug dealers in Rettendon, Essex, UK. On 6th December Patrick Tate, Craig Rolfe and Tony Tucker, three drug dealers well known to the police, were lured to Workhouse Lane, Rettendon. There they were blasted to death with a shot gun while sitting in their Range Rover. They had been lured to their deaths on the pretext of a lucrative drugs deal. The three bodies were found the following morning, 7 December 1995.
http://wn.com/Essex_Boys_2000_Full_Movie
The film is based loosely around events in December 1995 that culminated in the murders of three drug dealers in Rettendon, Essex, UK. On 6th December Patrick Tate, Craig Rolfe and Tony Tucker, three drug dealers well known to the police, were lured to Workhouse Lane, Rettendon. There they were blasted to death with a shot gun while sitting in their Range Rover. They had been lured to their deaths on the pretext of a lucrative drugs deal. The three bodies were found the following morning, 7 December 1995.
- published: 02 Jul 2012
- views: 224951
- author: Kaka1082
The Essex Accent - Live At The Electric - Episode 3 - BBC Three
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
More about this programme: www.bbc.co.uk Russell Kane looks at how people get the 'Essex Horn Voice'.
http://wn.com/The_Essex_Accent_Live_At_The_Electric_Episode_3_BBC_Three
More about this programme: www.bbc.co.uk Russell Kane looks at how people get the 'Essex Horn Voice'.
- published: 07 Jun 2012
- views: 19165
- author: BBC
Vajazzle Extended Cut - The Only Way Is Essex
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Amy gives Sam a Vajazzle from Episode One of The Only Way Is Essex - find out how to do a Vajazzle properly and safely!
http://wn.com/Vajazzle_Extended_Cut_The_Only_Way_Is_Essex
Amy gives Sam a Vajazzle from Episode One of The Only Way Is Essex - find out how to do a Vajazzle properly and safely!
- published: 17 Oct 2010
- views: 496831
- author: itv2official
The Only Way Is Essex - Last Christmas (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
The official video for The Only Way Is Essex charity Christmas single 'Last Christmas' in aid of Text SANTA - out 18th December. Follow on Twitter: twitter.com & Facebook: www.facebook.com Pre-order now: bit.ly Non-iPhone users -- you can pre-order the single by texting TOWIE to 80115 to pre order Last Christmas direct to your mobile (T&C;'s Texts cost £1 + 1 standard network msg) All proceeds from the single will benefit the following charity organisations: Crisis, Help The Hospices, Carers UK, WRVS, Samaritans, Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity, Noah's Ark Appeal, Helping Hand and The Yorkhill Children's Foundation.
http://wn.com/The_Only_Way_Is_Essex_Last_Christmas_Official_Video
The official video for The Only Way Is Essex charity Christmas single 'Last Christmas' in aid of Text SANTA - out 18th December. Follow on Twitter: twitter.com & Facebook: www.facebook.com Pre-order now: bit.ly Non-iPhone users -- you can pre-order the single by texting TOWIE to 80115 to pre order Last Christmas direct to your mobile (T&C;'s Texts cost £1 + 1 standard network msg) All proceeds from the single will benefit the following charity organisations: Crisis, Help The Hospices, Carers UK, WRVS, Samaritans, Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity, Noah's Ark Appeal, Helping Hand and The Yorkhill Children's Foundation.
- published: 01 Dec 2011
- views: 1144041
- author: TOWIEChristmas
Essex Is Crap Song From Spitting Image
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
One of the funniest things I ever saw on Spitting Image. Having lived in Essex for most of my life this is ABSOLUTELY SPOT ON.
http://wn.com/Essex_Is_Crap_Song_From_Spitting_Image
One of the funniest things I ever saw on Spitting Image. Having lived in Essex for most of my life this is ABSOLUTELY SPOT ON.
- published: 15 May 2009
- views: 144660
- author: STORMCLOUDGREY
The Only Way is Essex (TOWIE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
If you've never seen the Only Way is Essex go watch this DVD trailer: www.youtube.com Basically summarises Essex! As we live so close to the Essex border and where they film, we thought we'd do a vid for you!!! In case you didn't guess, there is a bit of rivalry between Essex and Hertfordshire!! :P Don't forget to find us on: FB: facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Tumblr: alwayspurebloodofficial.tumblr.com On these pages you can contact us! And you get EXTRA NEVER SEEN BEFORE FOOTAGE! woo! Now you want to join! Don't forget to comment and SUBSCRIBE!! Love Alwayspureblood the Black sisters If you live in the UK or a visiting this winter, make sure to check out the WIZARDING WINTER FAIR. It's a meetup of Potterfans for fun, merch and Wizard Rock!!! www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/The_Only_Way_is_Essex_TOWIE
If you've never seen the Only Way is Essex go watch this DVD trailer: www.youtube.com Basically summarises Essex! As we live so close to the Essex border and where they film, we thought we'd do a vid for you!!! In case you didn't guess, there is a bit of rivalry between Essex and Hertfordshire!! :P Don't forget to find us on: FB: facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Tumblr: alwayspurebloodofficial.tumblr.com On these pages you can contact us! And you get EXTRA NEVER SEEN BEFORE FOOTAGE! woo! Now you want to join! Don't forget to comment and SUBSCRIBE!! Love Alwayspureblood the Black sisters If you live in the UK or a visiting this winter, make sure to check out the WIZARDING WINTER FAIR. It's a meetup of Potterfans for fun, merch and Wizard Rock!!! www.facebook.com
- published: 23 Nov 2011
- views: 11796
- author: alwayspureblood
Essex Video Fun: Dumb & Dumber
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Just a taster of all the Essex video fun we have over at www.itv.com Get the best, funniest bits of TOWIE in easy, bitesized chunks
http://wn.com/Essex_Video_Fun_Dumb_Dumber
Just a taster of all the Essex video fun we have over at www.itv.com Get the best, funniest bits of TOWIE in easy, bitesized chunks
- published: 09 Nov 2011
- views: 50797
- author: itv2official
New - The only way is Essex 2012 Trailer Brian Belo makes entrance (Essex better than London?)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
After a successfull first season, this is the new 2012 trailer for The only way is Essex. People in London wish they came from Essex?. So Essex or London which one wins? You decide. Jodie Marsh and Brian Belo make entrance
http://wn.com/New_The_only_way_is_Essex_2012_Trailer_Brian_Belo_makes_entrance_Essex_better_than_London?
After a successfull first season, this is the new 2012 trailer for The only way is Essex. People in London wish they came from Essex?. So Essex or London which one wins? You decide. Jodie Marsh and Brian Belo make entrance
- published: 11 Nov 2010
- views: 57559
- author: NumberDne
Easier said than done - The Essex - HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Easier_said_than_done_The_Essex_HQ
- published: 08 Dec 2009
- views: 85179
- author: jrocuts
The Essex - easier said than done
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
www.amazon.com
http://wn.com/The_Essex_easier_said_than_done
www.amazon.com
- published: 10 Oct 2011
- views: 6896
- author: texasray1000
Visit North Essex!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Updated: 08 May 2012
A promotional Video of North Essex visitor Attractions, showcasing all we have to offer for a great weekend away.
http://wn.com/Visit_North_Essex!
A promotional Video of North Essex visitor Attractions, showcasing all we have to offer for a great weekend away.
- published: 14 Oct 2010
- views: 2282
- author: VisitNorthEssex
The Essex - A Walkin' Miracle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
*STEREO* The Essex singing "A Walkin' Miracle". Although a well-known song, it only got to #41 in the 1963 UK charts. In case you're wondering, they're wearing uniforms in the video because they first found fame whilst still in the US Marine Corp. Listen in STEREO by adding &fmt;=18 at the end of the URL and hitting return.
http://wn.com/The_Essex_A_Walkin'_Miracle
*STEREO* The Essex singing "A Walkin' Miracle". Although a well-known song, it only got to #41 in the 1963 UK charts. In case you're wondering, they're wearing uniforms in the video because they first found fame whilst still in the US Marine Corp. Listen in STEREO by adding &fmt;=18 at the end of the URL and hitting return.
- published: 13 Sep 2008
- views: 36123
- author: SirBasildeBrush
Newmar Essex Luxury Motorhome
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
View Newmar Essex motorhomes at: www.northtrailrv.com Essex diesel pusher motorhomes from North Trail RV Center in Fort Myers, Florida. North Trail RV Center is the World's Largest Newmar Dealer and proudly carries the Newmar Essex diesel pusher luxury motor coach. This video showcase all of the different Newmar Essex models and floor plans as well as shows all of the exterior paint options and interior decor options.
http://wn.com/Newmar_Essex_Luxury_Motorhome
View Newmar Essex motorhomes at: www.northtrailrv.com Essex diesel pusher motorhomes from North Trail RV Center in Fort Myers, Florida. North Trail RV Center is the World's Largest Newmar Dealer and proudly carries the Newmar Essex diesel pusher luxury motor coach. This video showcase all of the different Newmar Essex models and floor plans as well as shows all of the exterior paint options and interior decor options.
- published: 02 Apr 2008
- views: 172693
- author: northtrail
The Adventures of Robin of Essex | The New Set Of Feathers | Comedy Blaps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:52
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Watch all Comedy Blaps here: www.youtube.com King John's got his eye on Maid Marion but Robin wants his face on her tapestry. Cult mischief makers Modern Toss revisit the Robin Hood legend and boldly relocate it to Medieval Essex in this emotionally charged and lavish 6 minute animated production. Credits Voices: Nancy Barry, Emma Fryer, Mark Kempner, Lawry Lewin, Neil Maskell, David Schaal, Tony Way Character Design & Backgrounds: Jon Link Additional Artwork: Charlie Evans Animation: Cutlass TV Supervising Animator: Robin Brindle Animators: Kit Hown Man, Lauren Morse, Scott Weston, Emeline Porter Editors: Robin Parsons, Robin Brindle Dubbing Mixer: Simon Couzens Production Accountant: Heather Link Business Affairs: David Cuff Producer: Jane Harrison Written & Directed by: Jon Link, Mick Bunnage
http://wn.com/The_Adventures_of_Robin_of_Essex_|_The_New_Set_Of_Feathers_|_Comedy_Blaps
Watch all Comedy Blaps here: www.youtube.com King John's got his eye on Maid Marion but Robin wants his face on her tapestry. Cult mischief makers Modern Toss revisit the Robin Hood legend and boldly relocate it to Medieval Essex in this emotionally charged and lavish 6 minute animated production. Credits Voices: Nancy Barry, Emma Fryer, Mark Kempner, Lawry Lewin, Neil Maskell, David Schaal, Tony Way Character Design & Backgrounds: Jon Link Additional Artwork: Charlie Evans Animation: Cutlass TV Supervising Animator: Robin Brindle Animators: Kit Hown Man, Lauren Morse, Scott Weston, Emeline Porter Editors: Robin Parsons, Robin Brindle Dubbing Mixer: Simon Couzens Production Accountant: Heather Link Business Affairs: David Cuff Producer: Jane Harrison Written & Directed by: Jon Link, Mick Bunnage
- published: 23 Aug 2012
- views: 15288
- author: channel4
David Essex - Rock On
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
David Essex wrote this early 70's hit "Rock On" himself. David recorded this in 1973 when he was 25 years old. In March of 1974, it was a Top 5 Song. Classic Rock Glam Rock Rock on!
http://wn.com/David_Essex_Rock_On
David Essex wrote this early 70's hit "Rock On" himself. David recorded this in 1973 when he was 25 years old. In March of 1974, it was a Top 5 Song. Classic Rock Glam Rock Rock on!
- published: 04 Mar 2009
- views: 560427
- author: BadLaxatives
Essex Flood Siren Test 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Yearly test of the Flood Sirens located in various places across Essex, England. This one I belive is a 1980's Castle Castings Siren. Filmed at Station Approach, Canvey Island, Essex, UK.
http://wn.com/Essex_Flood_Siren_Test_2
Yearly test of the Flood Sirens located in various places across Essex, England. This one I belive is a 1980's Castle Castings Siren. Filmed at Station Approach, Canvey Island, Essex, UK.
- published: 19 Sep 2007
- views: 157283
- author: Dan Wisbey
![John Dowland (1563-1626): The Earle of Essex Galiard [a5] - The Royal Wind Music](http://web.archive.org./web/20121209004930im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/WXkRgUvY6PM/default.jpg "John Dowland (1563-1626): The Earle of Essex Galiard [a5] - The Royal Wind Music")
John Dowland (1563-1626): The Earle of Essex Galiard [a5] - The Royal Wind Music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Live performance at the Kunsthalle, Lingen (Germany) April 10, 2011 Arrangement: Paul Leenhouts Diminutions: María Martínez Ayerza The Royal Wind Music Petri Arvo, Stephanie Brandt, Ruth Dyson, Arwieke Glas, Hester Groenleer, Karin Hageneder, Marco Paulo Alves Magalhães, María Martínez Ayerza, Filipa Margarida Pereira, Anna Stegmann
http://wn.com/John_Dowland_1563-1626_The_Earle_of_Essex_Galiard_a5_The_Royal_Wind_Music
Live performance at the Kunsthalle, Lingen (Germany) April 10, 2011 Arrangement: Paul Leenhouts Diminutions: María Martínez Ayerza The Royal Wind Music Petri Arvo, Stephanie Brandt, Ruth Dyson, Arwieke Glas, Hester Groenleer, Karin Hageneder, Marco Paulo Alves Magalhães, María Martínez Ayerza, Filipa Margarida Pereira, Anna Stegmann
- published: 17 Apr 2011
- views: 63444
- author: RoyalWindMusic
The Essex - Every Night
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
*STEREO*. The Essex singing "Every Night", featured on their 1963 album "Easier Said Than Done".
http://wn.com/The_Essex_Every_Night
*STEREO*. The Essex singing "Every Night", featured on their 1963 album "Easier Said Than Done".
- published: 25 Sep 2008
- views: 5344
- author: SirBasildeBrush
The Essex - Crawl Before You Walk
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
*STEREO*. The Essex sing "Crawl Before You Walk", from their 1963 album, 'A Walkin' Miracle'.
http://wn.com/The_Essex_Crawl_Before_You_Walk
*STEREO*. The Essex sing "Crawl Before You Walk", from their 1963 album, 'A Walkin' Miracle'.
- published: 24 May 2009
- views: 2720
- author: SirBasildeBrush
photo: AP / Photo
06 Dec 2012
Lionel Messi missed out on a chance to match Gerd Mueller's record of 85 goals in a calendar year as he was injured during Barcelona's draw with Benfica. Messi, who hurt his left knee in a collision with Benfica keeper Artur, was taken off 30 minutes after coming on as a second-half substitute. Benfica knew a win would see them finish second behind Barca in Group G ... FC Barcelona's official Twitter account tweeted after the Benfica game....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
06 Dec 2012
NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday. More bodies were retrieved from hardest-hit Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental provinces and six others impacted by Tuesday's storm, the Office of Civil Defense reported ... "It was horrible ... --- ... Location....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
07 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The in- and out-fighting between present-day Saudi Arabia and Iran is a mirror image of what occurred to Prophet Muhammad's Islamic Movement right after his death ... Still, and due to prosperity and wealth, an influx of trade goods, religious toleration, an emphasis on learning, and increased food supplies, Islam was becoming a vast empire ... Recent U.S ... Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Osama Faisal
08 Dec 2012
There has been a historic shift in the UN climate talks in Qatar, with the prospect of rich nations having to compensate poor nations for losses due to climate change. The US has fiercely opposed the measure - it says the cost could be unlimited. But after angry tussles throughout the night the principle of Loss and Damage is now in the final negotiating text ... The political stakes are high ... "I will block this ... "I will block this ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
The Observer
09 Dec 2012
Alastair Cook celebrates another Test century, against South Africa, July 2012. Photograph. Andrew Fosker/Rex Features ... It's apt ... Cook was born on Christmas Day and grew up as the middle one of three brothers in the village of Wickham Bishops in Essex ... He was just 18 when he made his first-class debut for Essex and he made an unbeaten 69 in the second innings, batting in partnership with Andy Flower, who is now England's head coach ... Share....(size: 12.1Kb)
The Independent
09 Dec 2012
Even estate agents couldn't deny its landscape is a bit, well, industrial, and it was condemned earlier this year as the "most miserable place" in Britain. Yet Thurrock in Essex has been chosen as the second home of the Royal Opera House (ROH) and is experiencing an improbable, but full-blown, cultural revolution. One of the driving forces behind Thurrock's artistic awakening is the new BBC director-general designate, Tony Hall ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
The Independent
09 Dec 2012
Death and gore left a bloody trail across my TV screen this week, depositing a corpse, a jawbone ripped from a mouth and the grisly end of an entire genre ... And what was left wasn't so much a corpse as a head and an arm ... Reality, too, was there for all to see on The Only Way is Essex; the producers couldn't cut the hideously missed cues or lack of things to say, because this was the first ever attempt at live structured reality ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
The Independent
09 Dec 2012
Meet Kevin, an investment banker who used to run a firm on Wall Street, and Lee, an entrepreneur who had his own engineering business ... Campbell Robb, chief executive of Shelter, said ... Take Patricia Taylor, a grandmother with breast cancer who sobs as she admits, "I never thought I'd get to 52 and be homeless." She fell behind with the mortgage on her house in Dagenham, Essex, after her husband left her three years ago....(size: 5.4Kb)
The Observer
09 Dec 2012
Alastair Cook looked like this in the year 2000. How old do you feel? Come on, how old? The Guardian is not publishing live pictures from this series because of the BCCI's dispute with picture agencies. Photograph. Clive Mason/Getty Images. Preamble Morning ... As cunning plans go, it's a level or two above Baldrick ... I don't know what passed between these two as players, whether it was at Essex or England, but they haven't got over it yet ... ....(size: 55.6Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
08 Dec 2012
A high-flying, quick-strike offense will face a methodical offense that defines itself by the running game as Goochland and Essex battle for the Group A, Division 2 state football championship today at Salem City Stadium ... Goochland coach Joe Fowler said that his team is prepared for Essex, but that the Trojans (14-0) bring something to the table that is hard to prepare for....(size: 3.0Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
08 Dec 2012
Goochland vs. Essex. What. Group A, Division 2 state championship. Where. Salem City Stadium, 1004 Texas St., Salem. When. 4.30 p.m. Tickets. $10, children under 7 are free. Coaches. Joe Fowler, 12th season at Goochland; John Fulks, second season at Essex. Records. Goochland 12-2; Essex 14-0. Streaming. VHSLnetwork.com. Goochland. The Bulldogs advanced to the state title game after shutting out Wilson Memorial 35-0 ... Essex ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
The Examiner
08 Dec 2012
Rating for Playing For Keeps. 1. There are bad movies, and there are bad movies ... It's not inconceivable to think that it may single-handedly destroy (or at least severely tarnish) the legacies of everyone involved... Playing for Keeps ... In theaters now ... Tickets available online for Playing for Keeps at Essex Cinemas and Cumberland 12 ... @popcollin is the resident movie critic at Essex Cinemas in Essex, VT, and Cumberland 12 in Plattsburgh, NY....(size: 3.4Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
08 Dec 2012
Goochland controlled the offensive tempo in the first half, moving the ball down the field on scoring drives and keeping the Essex (14-1) offense on the sidelines....(size: 0.8Kb)
Huffington Post
08 Dec 2012
2, of an apparent suicide in an Anchorage, Alaska jail, was not only suspected of killing Koenig but may be linked to seven other possible slayings around the country, including the Curriers, of Essex, Vt. ... FILE - In this undated file photo provided by the Essex, Vt., police, Bill and Lorraine Currier are seen ... (AP Photo/Essex police, File). Essex Junction Police Chief Brad Larose, left, speaks at a news conference on Monday, Dec....(size: 12.4Kb)
The News & Observer
08 Dec 2012
2, of an apparent suicide in an Anchorage, Alaska jail, was not only suspected of killing Koenig but may be linked to seven other possible slayings around the country, including the Curriers, of Essex, Vt. ... FILE - In this undated file photo provided by the Essex, Vt., police, Bill and Lorraine Currier are seen ... Essex police, File - AP Photo....(size: 15.5Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
08 Dec 2012
Anyone who saw The Only Way is Essex - Live will know exactly what I'm talking about ... I know what you're thinking - though its use regarding Baudrillard's ideas about simulated reality and its inverse effect on a society aiming towards coherence and stability is obvious, doesn't The Only Way Is Essex - Live posit as many questions as it does provide ......(size: 3.7Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
08 Dec 2012
... Goochland and Essex battle for the Group A, Division 2 state football championship today at Salem City Stadium....(size: 0.6Kb)
For other uses, see Essex (disambiguation).
Essex ( /ˈɛsɨks/) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East of England, and one of the home counties. It is located to the northeast of Greater London. It borders with Cambridgeshire and Suffolk to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent to the South and London to the south west. Essex County Council is the principal local authority for much of the county, sharing functions with twelve district councils. The county town is Chelmsford. The southern Essex boroughs of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea are governed separately as unitary authorities. It was established in antiquity and formed the eastern portion of the Kingdom of Essex. Sections of the county closer to London are part of the Metropolitan Green Belt, which prohibits development. It is the location of the regionally significant Lakeside Shopping Centre and London Stansted Airport; and the new towns of Basildon and Harlow.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Essex
The name Essex originates in the Anglo-Saxon period of the Early Middle Ages and has its root in the Old English Ēastseaxe (i.e. the "East Saxons"), the eastern kingdom of the Saxons. Originally (in 527 AD) it occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and most of what later became Hertfordshire, though its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea.[1] Colchester in the north east of the county is Britain's oldest recorded town, dating back to before the Roman conquest, when it was known as Camulodunum and was sufficiently well-developed to have its own mint. Subsequently the Kingdom of Essex was subsumed into the Kingdom of England and Essex eventually became a county.
Essex County Council was formed in 1889. However the County Borough of West Ham and, from 1915, the County Borough of East Ham formed part of the county but were not under county council control.[2] A few Essex parishes were transferred to other counties. In earlier times, parts were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford and Sawbridgeworth. At the time of the main changes around the turn of the 19th/20th centuries; parts of Helions Bumpstead and Sturmer were transferred to Haverhill Suffolk, Kedington and Ballingdon-with-Brundon both went to Suffolk, and Great Chishill, Little Chishill and Heydon to Cambridgeshire. Southend-on-Sea also formed a county borough from 1914 to 1974.[3] Later still, part of Hadstock was transferred to Linton, Cambridgeshire, part of Ashdon to Bartlow, Cambridgeshire, part of Chrishall to Cambridgeshire, part of Great Horkesley to Nayland in Suffolk, and several other small territories were transferred to all of those three counties.
The boundary with Greater London was established in 1965 when East Ham and West Ham county boroughs and the Barking, Chingford, Dagenham, Hornchurch, Ilford, Leyton, Romford, Walthamstow and Wanstead and Woodford districts[2] were transferred to form the London boroughs of Barking, Havering, Newham, Redbridge and Waltham Forest. Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. In 1998, the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were separated from the shire county of Essex becoming unitary boroughs.
The county of Essex is divided into a number of local government districts. They are Harlow, Epping Forest, Brentwood, Basildon, Castle Point, Rochford, Maldon, Chelmsford, Uttlesford, Braintree, Colchester, Tendring, Thurrock, and Southend-on-Sea.[4] The last two boroughs are unitary authorities which form part of the county but are not administered by the county council.[5] Essex Police also covers the two unitary authorities.[6]
The county council meets at the County Hall, in Chelmsford. Before 1938, it regularly met in London near Moorgate, which had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors. Before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The County Hall, which dates largely from the mid-1930s, and is decorated with fine artworks of that period, mostly the gift of the family who owned the textile firm, Courtaulds, was made a listed building in 2007.
Geography[link]
See also: List of places in Essex
The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, which reaches 482 feet (147 m). The ceremonial county of Essex is bounded to the south by the River Thames and its estuary (a boundary shared with Kent); to the southwest by Greater London; to the west by Hertfordshire with the boundary largely defined by the River Lea and the Stort; to the northwest by Cambridgeshire; to the north by Suffolk, a boundary mainly defined by the River Stour; and to the east by the North Sea.
The pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. The Metropolitan Green Belt has effectively prevented the further sprawl of London into the county, although it contains the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, originally developed to resettle Londoners following the destruction of London housing in World War II but since much expanded. Epping Forest also acts as a protected barrier to the further spread of London. Because of its proximity to London and the economic magnetism which that city exerts, many of Essex's settlements, particularly those on or within driving distance of railway stations, function as dormitory towns or villages where London workers raise their families.
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Part of the south east of the county, already containing the major population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway and designated for further development. Parts of the south west of the county such as Buckhurst Hill and Chigwell are contiguous with Greater London and are included in the Greater London Urban Area. A small part of the south west of the county (Sewardstone), is the only settlement outside Greater London to be covered by a postcode district of the London post town (E4 ). To the north of the green belt, with the exception of major towns such as Colchester and Chelmsford, the county is rural, with many small towns, villages and hamlets largely built in the traditional materials of timber and brick, with clay tile or thatched roofs.
Economy[link]
Industry is largely limited to the south of the county, with the majority of the land elsewhere being given over to agriculture. Harlow is a centre for electronics, science and pharmaceutical companies, while Chelmsford is the home of Marconi (now called telent plc and owned by Ericsson of Sweden since 2005), Basildon home to New Holland Agriculture's European headquarters and Brentwood home to the Ford Motor Company's European HQ. Loughton is home to a production facility for British and foreign banknotes. Chelmsford has been an important location for electronics companies since the industry was born, is also the location for a number of insurance and financial services organisations, and is the home of the soft drinks producer Britvic. Other businesses in the county are dominated by light engineering and the service sector. Colchester is a garrison town, and the local economy is helped by the Army's personnel living there. Basildon is the location of State Street Corporation's United Kingdom HQ International Financial Data Services, and remains heavily dependent on London for employment, due to its close proximity and direct transport routes. Southend-on-Sea is home to the Adventure Island theme park and is one of the few still growing British Seaside resorts, benefiting from direct, modern rail links from Fenchurch Street railway station and Liverpool Street station (placing housing in high demand, especially for financial services commuters), which thereby maintains the town's commercial and general economy.
Parts of Eastern Essex suffer from high levels of deprivation, with one of the most highly deprived wards being in Clacton.[7] In the Indices of deprivation 2007, Jaywick was identified as the most deprived Lower Super Output Area in Southern England.[8] Unemployment was estimated at 44% and many homes were found to severely lack basic amenities. The Brooklands and Grasslands area of Jaywick were found to be the third most deprived area in England; only Liverpool and Manchester rated higher. In contrast, however, South West Essex is a mostly affluent part of Eastern England, forming part of the London commuter belt. South West Essex has a large middle class and the area is widely known for its Independent schools. In 2008, The Daily Telegraph found Brentwood and Ingatestone to be the 19th and 14th richest towns in the UK respectively.[9]
Transport[link]
The main airport in Essex is London Stansted Airport, serving destinations in Europe and Asia. The Lib-Con coalition government formed in May 2010 has agreed to resist an additional runway at Stansted, so curtailing the operator's ambitions for expansion. London Southend Airport, once one of Britain's busiest airports, opened a new runway extension, terminal building and railway station in March 2012.[10] The station is on the Shenfield to Southend Line, with a direct link to the capital. Currently the airport offers scheduled flights to Ireland, the Channel Islands and multiple destinations in Europe. There are several smaller airfields, some of which owe their origins to military bases built during World War I or World War II. These are popular for pleasure flights or flying lessons; examples include Clacton Airfield, Earls Colne Airfield, and Stapleford Aerodrome.
The Port of Tilbury is one of Britain's three major ports, while the port of Harwich links the county to the Hook of Holland and Esbjerg (a service to Cuxhaven Having discontinued in December 2005). Plans have been approved to build the UK's largest container terminal at Shell Haven in Thurrock and although opposed by the local authority and environmental and wildlife organisations, it now seems increasingly likely to be developed.[11][12][13]
Despite the existence of the Dartford Road Crossing to Dartford, Kent, across the Thames River, a ferry for pedestrians to Gravesend, Kent, still operates from Tilbury during limited daily hours, and ferries for pedestrians operate across some of Essex's rivers and estuaries during spring and summer. The M25 and M11 motorway both cross the county in the extreme south and west, linking those parts of the county with Kent, Hertfordshire and Cambridge. The A127 and A13 trunk roads are important radial routes connecting London and the M25 to the south of Essex. The A12 runs across the county from the south west to the north east and not only carries traffic within Essex but also traffic between London and Suffolk, east Norfolk and the ports of Felixstowe and Harwich.
There is an extensive public transport network. The main railway routes in Essex include two lines from the City of London to Southend-on-Sea, operated by c2c from Fenchurch Street railway station (including a route via Tilbury) and by Greater Anglia from Liverpool Street station; the Great Eastern Main Line from Liverpool Street connecting to Harwich and onwards into Suffolk and Norfolk; and the West Anglia Main Line from Liverpool Street linking to Stansted and onwards into Cambridgeshire. The Epping Forest district is served by the London Underground Central Line. The routes operated by Greater Anglia were formerly operated by National Express East Anglia and have been previously branded as 'one'. There are also a number of branch lines including the Sunshine Coast Line linking Colchester to the seaside resorts of Clacton-on-Sea and Walton-on-the-Naze via the picturesque towns of Wivenhoe and Great Bentley. The Crouch Valley Line, another branch line, links Wickford to a number of riverside communities via South Woodham Ferrers and Burnham-on-Crouch to Southminster.
South Essex Rapid Transit is a proposed public transport scheme which would provide a fast, reliable public transport service in, and between, Thurrock, Basildon and Southend.[14]
Education[link]
Further information: List of schools in Essex, List of schools in Southend-on-Sea, List of schools in Thurrock, and List of primary schools in Essex
Education in Essex is substantially provided by three authorities being Essex County Council and the two unitary authorities, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock. In all there are some 90 state secondary schools provided by these authorities, the majority of which are comprehensive, although one in Uttlesford, two in Chelmsford, two in Colchester and four in Southend-on-Sea are selective. There are also various Independent Schools providing education in Essex.[15][16]
The University of Essex, which was established in 1963, is located just outside Colchester, with two further campuses in Loughton and Southend-on-Sea. University Campus Suffolk, with a main campus in Ipswich and five centres in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, is a joint venture between University of Essex and University of East Anglia. Anglia Ruskin University was awarded university status in 1992 and has campuses in Chelmsford and Cambridge.
Culture[link]
The County's coat of arms comprises three Saxon seax knives (although looking rather more like scimitars) arranged on a red background; the three-seax device is also used as the official logo of Essex County Council having been granted as such in 1932.[17] The emblem was attributed to Anglo-Saxon Essex in Early Modern historiography. The earliest reference the arms of the East Saxon kings was by Richard Verstegan, the author of A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence (Antwerp, 1605), claiming that "Erkenwyne king of the East-Saxons did beare for his armes, three [seaxes] argent, in a field gules". There is no earlier evidence substantiating Verstegan's claim, which is an anachronism for the Anglo-Saxon period seeing that heraldry only evolved in the 12th century, well after the Norman conquest. John Speed in his Historie of Great Britaine (1611) follows Verstegan in his descriptions of the arms of Erkenwyne, but he qualifies the statement by adding "as some or our heralds have emblazed".[17]
Essex is also home to the Dunmow Flitch Trials, a traditional ceremony that takes place every four years and consists of a test of a married couple's devotion to one another. A common claim of the origin of the Dunmow Flitch dates back to 1104 and the Augustinian Priory of Little Dunmow, founded by Lady Juga Baynard. Lord of the Manor Reginald Fitzwalter and his wife dressed themselves as humble folk and begged blessing of the Prior a year and a day after marriage. The Prior, impressed by their devotion bestowed upon them a Flitch of Bacon. Upon revealing his true identity, Fitzwalter gave his land to the Priory on the condition a Flitch should be awarded to any couple who could claim they were similarly devoted. By the 14th century, the Dunmow Flitch Trials appear to have achieved a significant reputation outside the local area. The author William Langland, who lived on the Welsh borders, mentions it in his 1362 book The Vision of Piers Plowman in a manner that implies general knowledge of the custom among his readers.[18]
Landmarks[link]
Over 14,000 buildings have listed status in the county, and around 1000 of those are recognised as of Grade I or II* importance.[19] The buildings range from the 7th century Saxon church of St Peter-on-the-Wall, to the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club which was the United Kingdom's entry in the "International Exhibition of Modern Architecture" held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932.
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The church of St Peter-on-the-Wall, Bradwell-on-Sea.
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The Grade I listed Hedingham Castle.
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Thaxted Guildhall dating from around 1450.
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The 17th century Audley End House in Saffron Walden.
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The Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, Burnham-on-Crouch.
Places of interest[link]
| Key | |
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Abbey/Priory/Cathedral |
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Accessible open space |
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Amusement/Theme Park |
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Castle |
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Country Park |
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English Heritage |
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Forestry Commission |
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Heritage railway |
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Historic House |
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Museum (free/not free) |
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National Trust |
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Theatre |
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Zoo |
- Abberton Reservoir
- Ashingdon (The site of the Battle of Ashingdon in 1016)
- Audley End
- Clacton-On-Sea
- Colchester Castle
[20] - Chelmsford Cathedral
- Colchester Zoo
- Colne Valley Railway
- East Anglian Railway Museum
- Epping Forest
- Frinton-on-Sea
- Great Bentley
Home to the Largest Village green in England - Harlow New Town
- Hedingham Castle
- Ingatestone Hall
- Kelvedon Hatch (Secret Nuclear Bunker)
- Loughton
- Maldon Historic market town site of the Battle of Maldon
- Mangapps Railway Museum (Burnham-on-Crouch)
- Marsh Farm Country Park (South Woodham Ferrers)
- Mersea Island
- Mistley Towers
- Mountfitchet Castle
- North Weald Airfield
- Orsett Hall
- River Thames
- St Peter-on-the-Wall
- Saffron Walden
- Southend Pier
- Thaxted
- University of Essex (Wivenhoe Park, Colchester)
- Waltham Abbey
.png){kind=icon}
Notable persons[link]
Sister counties and regions[link]
Jiangsu, China
Picardy, France
Thuringia, Germany
Henrico County, Virginia
Accra, Ghana
See also[link]
- The Earl of Essex
- List of Lord Lieutenants of Essex
- List of High Sheriffs of Essex
- Custos Rotulorum of Essex - Keepers of the Rolls
- Historical list of MPs of Essex constituency
- Q Camp: WWII camp in Essex
- List of civil parishes in England
Notes and references[link]
- ^ Vision of Britain – Essex ancient county boundaries map
- ^ a b Vision of Britain – Essex admin county (historic map)
- ^ Vision of Britain – Southend-on-Sea MB/CB
- ^ Essex County Council – District or Borough Councils
- ^ OPSI – The Essex (Boroughs of Colchester, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock and District of Tendring) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996
- ^ OPSI – The Essex (Police Area and Authority) Order 1997
- ^ http://www.chelmsford.anglican.org/did-you-know-deprivation-in-chelmsford-diocese.html
- ^ http://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/colchester/1901353.Jaywick__Village____third_most_deprived_area_in_UK___/
- ^ "Britain's richest towns: 20 – 11". The Daily Telegraph (London). 18 April 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3361038/Britains-richest-towns-20-11.html.
- ^ Topham, Gwyn (5 March 2012). "London Southend airport: flying under the radar (and to the left of the pier)". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/04/london-southend-airport?INTCMP=SRCH. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ Portswatch: Current Port Proposals: London Gateway (Shell Haven). Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ Thurrock Council. (2003-02-26). Shell Haven public inquiry opens. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ Dredging News Online. (2008-05-18). Harbour Development, Shell Haven, UK. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ "FAQ". http://www.sert.org.uk/faqs.asp.
- ^ Essex County Council. (2006). Secondary School Information. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ Independent Schools Directory. (2009). Independent Schools in Essex. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ a b Robert Young. (2009). Civic Heraldry of England and Wales. Essex. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ Dunmow Flitch Trials website. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
- ^ Bettley, James. (2008). Essex Explored: Essex Architecture. Essex County Council. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ "Colchester Castle Museum-Index". Colchestermuseums.org.uk. http://www.colchestermuseums.org.uk/castle/castle_index.html. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Olawale Mohammed "Brian" Belo (born 10 July 1987 in Nigeria)[1] is a Nigerian entertainer, raised in Basildon, Essex. He first came to the public's attention by winning the eighth series of the British version of Big Brother.[2] Since the programme, he has become an internet columnist for Heat magazine, a TV segment entertainer for Harry Hill's TV Burp and Big Brother's Big Mouth. In the programme's twelve series in the UK, Belo is notable for being the only series winner not to have entered the House on the series' launch night; all eleven other winners entered the contest on Day 1 of their respective series.
Contents |
Big Brother[link]
Belo entered the Big Brother house on 15 June 2007, alongside Billi Bhatti, Jonathan Durden and Liam McGough.[3] He was noted for his apparent ignorance in regards to William Shakespeare, claiming that he had never heard of the playwright.[4] As Belo entered the final week of the competition, it was speculated that he would come in second place behind Sam and Amanda Marchant; Ladbrokes placed the Marchant twins as favourites at 2/7 and Belo at 5/2.[5] However, Belo was announced as the winner of the series on 31 August 2007 with 60% of the vote to win.[2] Belo is the youngest winner of the programme, and is the only black winner so far.
Post-Big Brother[link]
Less than a month after leaving the programme, Belo made his stage debut as the Guardian Angel in The Vegemite Tales opposite Jonathon Dutton and Blair McDonough at The Venue off Leicester Square.[6] Belo then made a cameo appearance in the 20 November 2007 episode of Hollyoaks; he expressed his enjoyment of the programme whilst in Big Brother.[7] Belo later became a regular on the ITV1 comedy show Harry Hill's TV Burp, where he gives his thoughts on the week's television. Along with Harry, he sings, "Ebony. And Ivory. Side by side by the piano keyboard. Oh Lord, why don't we . . . ", and Harry sprayed him with a stinger. [8] Belo returned to the Big Brother franchise when making a brief appearance in E4's Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack, in which Radio DJ Chris Moyles had sent him into the house to surprise the housemates.[9] Belo performed segments of Shakespeare’s plays as part of Stratford-upon-Avon's Shakespeare Aloud initiative in March 2008 in order to bring the works to a wider audience.[4] In July 2008, he released a single, entitled Essex Boy, which failed to chart.[10][11] In October 2008, Belo appeared in TV horror series Dead Set, both as himself and as a zombie.[12] From June 2009 onwards, Belo became a columnist for Heat Magazine's website, documenting the events of the tenth series of Big Brother and he also holds a regular slot on Big Brother's Big Mouth.[13][14] In order to commemorate the tenth year of Big Brother, Belo temporarily returned to the house in July 2009 to participate in a task alongside Charlie Drummond, as he was struggling to find employ.[15] In October 2010, Belo appeared on Gayle Tuesday: The Comeback, as Tuesday had made his likeness onto a potato on Can't Stand the Heat.
Personal life[link]
After Big Brother, Belo entered a relationship with fellow participant Amanda Marchant.[16] However, the pair announced their separation in January 2008.[17] He practises Cosmic Ordering.[18]
References[link]
- ^ Marcus Bentley, Tracey Barnard, Brian Belo, Chanelle Hayes, Ziggy Lichman, Amanda Marchant, Sam Marchant, Nicky Maxwell, Liam McGough, Gerry Stergiopoulos, Charley Uchea, Carole Vincent (11 July 2007). "Big Brother 2007: Day 42". Big Brother. season Big Brother 2007. series 8. Channel 4.
- ^ a b "Brian scoops Big Brother victory". BBC. 31 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6971261.stm. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ "Shabnam gets boot from BB house". BBC. 16 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6757921.stm. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ a b Hilton, Beth (18 March 2008). "BB winner to be Shakespearean actor". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bigbrother/a91803/bb-winner-to-be-shakespearean-actor.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ "Twins tipped for Big Brother joy". BBC. 26 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6964887.stm. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Paddock, Terri (26 September 2007). "1st Night Photos: BB’s Brian Belo Guards Vegemite". WhatsOnStage.com. http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&story=E8821190813814&title=1st+Night+Photos%3A+BB%92s+Brian+Belo+Guards+Vegemite. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ "BB winner for Hollyoaks cameo". RTE. 8 November 2007. http://www.rte.ie/arts/2007/1108/bigbrother.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ "Big Brother's winners - Brian Belo". Tiscali. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/events/2009/big-brother-10/galleries/view/events/2009/big-brother-10/big-brothers-winners/browse/643510. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Cooper, Lorna. "Where Are They Now? Brian Belo". MSN. http://entertainment.uk.msn.com/tv/realitytv/big-brother/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=8354189&imageindex=35. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Allen, Liam (4 June 2009). "Big Brother through the years". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8072445.stm. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Fletcher, Alex (9 July 2008). "BB winner Belo plans single release". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bigbrother8/a109131/bb-winner-belo-plans-single-release.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Eyre, Hermione (2 November 2008). "Television: Little Dorrit, BBC1, In Love with Barbara, BBC4, Prescott: the Class System and Me, BBC2, Dead Set, E4". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/television-little-dorrit-bbc1-brbr-in-love-with-barbara-bbc4-brbr-prescott-the-class-system-and-me-bbc2-brbr-dead-set-e4-983577.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Belo, Brian (5 June 2009). "Introducing heatworld's brand new BB blogger... Brian Belo!". Heatworld.com. http://www.heatworld.com/Article/Channel/the-Brian-Belo-blog/10823/Brian-Belo/Introducing-heatworlds-brand-new-BB-blogger...-Brian-Belo!. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Davina McCall, Mathew Horne, Pete Burns, Matt Edmondson, Brian Belo (4 June 2009). "Big Brother's Big Mouth: Day 1". Big Brother. season Big Brother's Big Mouth 2009. series 5. E4.
- ^ "Dancing for their dinner: Nikki Grahame joins the Big Brother house for a silent disco". Daily Mail. 17 July 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1200257/Dancing-dinner-Nikki-Grahame-joins-Big-Brother-house-silent-disco.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ "Big Brother winner Brian plans to romance twin Amanda - with a Big Mac and fries". Daily Mail. 2 September 2007. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-479452/Big-Brother-winner-Brian-plans-romance-twin-Amanda--Big-Mac-fries.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (20 January 2008). "BB winner Brian splits from Amanda". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bigbrother8/a86403/bb-winner-brian-splits-from-amanda.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Bevir, George (30 August 2007). "Brian calls on Noel to help woo Amanda". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bigbrother/a74568/brian-calls-on-noel-to-help-woo-amanda.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
| Preceded by Pete Bennett |
Big Brother UK winner Series 8 (2007) |
Succeeded by Rachel Rice |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Belo, Brian |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 10 July 1987 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Brian_Belo
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Belo
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the singer. For his 1974 album, see David Essex (album).
| David Essex | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | David Albert Cook |
| Born | (1947-07-23) 23 July 1947 (age 64) Plaistow, (then Essex,now Greater London), England |
| Genres | Pop, Musical theatre |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, actor |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, harmonica |
| Years active | 1971–present |
| Labels | Columbia, Lamplight Records |
| Website | www.davidessex.com |
David Essex OBE (born David Albert Cook on 23 July 1947)[1] is an English musician, singer-songwriter and actor. Since the 1970s, Essex has attained nineteen Top 40 singles in the UK (including two number ones), and sixteen Top 40 albums.[1] He has also had an extensive career as an actor performing on stage and screen.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Essex was born in Plaistow, which was at that time in Essex (hence his stage name), but now falls within the borders of Greater London.[2] His father, Albert, was an East End dock worker and his mother, Olive (née Kemp), was a self-taught pianist and an Irish Traveller. His grandfather, Thomas Kemp, was named 'Philimore' which was the anglicised version of 'Philly Mor' - being Irish for 'Big Philly'. Essex was two years old when his parents moved out of the overcrowded home the family was sharing with relatives, to Canning Town where he grew up. Essex attended Star Lane Primary School, he loved playing football and did not answer any of the questions in the Eleven plus exam for entry into a Grammar School, so that he could ensure he attended Shipman County Secondary School where he knew they played the game.[3] He was also a member of West Ham United Juniors for a while and dreamed of one day being a professional player.[4] He then also became interested in music and played drums with a local band, before becoming a singer.
Early career[link]
He made his first record entitled "And The Tears Came Tumblin' Down" for the Fontana label[5] in 1963. He then toured with a band called 'David Essex and the Mood Indigo' for two years. His first notable acting role aside from small appearances in the films Assault and All Coppers Are... was the lead in the stage musical, Godspell[6] in 1971 at the age of 23. Two years later, he starred in the film That'll Be The Day (1973)[7] and recorded his only international hit single, the self penned "Rock On", in the same year. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in March 1974.[8] A second single, "Lamplight", also reached the Top 10 in the UK Singles Chart.
In the 1970s, Essex emerged as a performer of some note. His biggest hits during this decade included two UK Number One singles: "Gonna Make You a Star" (1974), and "Hold Me Close" (1975). He also appeared in Stardust, a 1974 sequel to That'll Be The Day;[9] the title song was another Top 10 hit. In 1976, Essex covered the Beatles song, “Yesterday”, for the musical documentary All This and World War II.
Essex's pop idol looks gave him a strong female fan base and his British tours created scenes of hysteria reminiscent of Beatlemania. According to The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles[10], he was voted the number one British male vocalist in 1974, and was a teen idol for more than a decade.
Musical roles[link]
In December 1973, Essex appeared in the stage version of Tommy at London's Rainbow Theatre.[11]
In 1978, he appeared on Jeff Wayne's concept album, a musical version of The War of the Worlds, as the Artilleryman. In the UK the two-record set remains a bestseller.[12]
In the same year, Essex played the character Che, loosely based on Che Guevara, in the original production of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Evita,[13] and his recording of the show's "Oh What a Circus"[14] reached Number 3. Two years later, he starred in the film Silver Dream Racer; and the soundtrack song "Silver Dream Machine" was yet another Top 10 hit in the UK Singles Chart.
In 1985, he co-wrote and starred as Fletcher Christian in the West End musical Mutiny!, based on the novel Mutiny on the Bounty by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. The score produced two more hit singles, including "Tahiti," his tenth Top 10 success.[15]
Essex continued to perform in all areas of show business, to varying degrees of success. A 1988 sitcom, "The River", achieved good ratings. In 1991, a compilation entitled His Greatest Hits reached Number 13; a 1993 album, Cover Shot, featuring a cover version of the Buzz Cason/Mac Gayden song "Everlasting Love", peaked at Number 3. His autobiography, A Charmed Life, was published in 2002, and became a bestseller.
In 1999, Essex was named an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He still tours the UK every year and releases albums through his website. Despite his long and successful British career, he remains largely unknown in the United States. "Rock On" reached Number 5 in 1974, and was his only US Billboard Top 40 hit single.
Essex, who comes from a family of Irish Travellers, played a kind-hearted nomad in one episode of ITV1's 1960s Yorkshire-based drama Heartbeat in 2000.[16] Essex told Jake Bowers of the BBC's Rokker Radio, a programme for Gypsies and Travellers, on 30 July 2006, that he has always been openly proud of his Traveller roots, but that having moved to the US, Essex has said he feels it inappropriate for him to continue as Patron of Britain's National Gypsy Council, which works for equal rights, education, and services for Romany and Irish Travellers.[6]
In 2005, he appeared as a guest vocalist on Saint Etienne's album Tales from Turnpike House.[17] Also that year, he appeared in the Channel 4 documentary Bring Back...The Christmas Number One.
Essex was due to join the cast of soap opera EastEnders, in early 2006, as new character Jack Edwards. However, the role was expanded beyond the three weeks planned, and Essex was unable to commit the time.[18] The role instead went to Nicky Henson.
A model and recording of Essex is featured in the museum of West Ham United Football Club. In the recording, he explains his reasons for supporting West Ham and his love of the team.
Essex spent six years as an ambassador for Voluntary Service Overseas, which earned him an OBE in 1999. "That was a big day. I took my two eldest kids, and me mum even went out and bought a hat".[19]
Present[link]
Essex used to record and release records on his own 'Lamplight' record label. He has since changed the name of his company to Joseph Webster Ltd, named after his first grandchild. He tours regularly and still treads the boards, appearing in Boogie Nights 2, Footloose and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Aspects Of Love.[20] From September 2008 to the summer of 2009 he took his own musical, All The Fun Of The Fair, on a tour of the United Kingdom. He followed this in the autumn with a sell out tour of the UK, named the Secret Tour. Essex has released a DVD on his website of the last night of the tour, filmed in Bournemouth. He returned to London's West End with All The Fun Of The Fair.
In 2010, Essex married Welsh actress Susan Hallam-Wright, his third wife, at St Cross Church, Talybont, near Bangor, Wales.[21] He had previously been married to Maureen Neal (in 1971) and Carlotta Christy (in 1997).[22]
In January 2011, it was announced that Essex had finally joined the cast of EastEnders as Eddie Moon, five years after he was initially supposed to appear in the show.[23] His first on-screen appearance was on 3 June 2011. Eddie left the square on Thursday 6 October 2011
UK discography[link]
Singles[link]
- "Rock On" - 1973 - Number 3
- "Lamplight" - 1973 - Number 7
- "America" - 1974 - Number 32
- "Gonna Make You a Star" - 1974 - Number 1
- "Stardust" - 1975 - Number 7
- "Rolling Stone" - 1975 - Number 5
- "Hold Me Close" - 1975 - Number 1
- "If I Could" - 1975 - Number 13
- "City Lights" - 1976 - Number 24
- "Coming Home" - 1976 - Number 24
- "Cool Out Tonight" - 1977 - Number 23
- "Stay With Me Baby" - 1978 - Number 45
- "Oh What A Circus" - 1978 - Number 3
- "Brave New World" - 1978 - Number 55
- "Imperial Wizard" - 1979 - Number 32
- "Silver Dream Machine (Part 1)" - 1980 - Number 4
- "Hot Love" - 1980 - Number 57
- "Me And My Girl (Night-Clubbing)" - 1982 - Number 13
- "A Winter's Tale" - 1982 - Number 2
- "The Smile" - 1983 - Number 52
- "Tahiti (From 'Mutiny In The Bounty')" - 1983 - Number 8
- "You're In My Heart" - 1983 - Number 59
- "Fishing For The Moon" - 1984 - Number 76
- "Welcome" - 1984 - Number 80
- "Fallen Angels Riding" - 1985 - Number 29
- "Friends" - 1985
- "Myfanwy" - 1987 - Number 41[24]
- "The River" - 1988
- "Rock On" (remix) - 1989
- "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore" - 1989
- "True Love Ways" - 1994 (with Catherine Zeta Jones) - Number 38[1]
Albums[link]
- Rock On - 1973 - Number 7
- David Essex - 1974 - Number 2
- All The Fun Of The Fair - 1975 - Number 4
- On Tour - 1976 - Number 51
- Out On The Street - 1976 - Number 31
- Gold and Ivory - 1977 - Number 29
- David Essex Album - 1979 - Number 29
- Imperial Wizard - 1979 - Number 12
- Hot Love - 1980 - Number 75
- Silver Dream Racer - 1980[25]
- Be-Bop the Future - 1981[26]
- Stage-Struck - 1982 - Number 31
- The Very Best Of David Essex - 1982 - Number 32
- The Whisper - 1983[27]
- This One's For You - 1984[28]
- Central Stage - 1987
- Living in England - 1995
- A Night at the Movies - 1997 - Number 14
- I Still Believe - 1999
- Thank You - 2000
- Wonderful - 2001
- Theatre Of Dreams - 2001
- Forever - 2001
- Sunset - 2004
- It's Gonna Be Alright - 2004
- Greatest Hits - 2006
- Beautiful Day - 2006
- Happy Ever After - 2007
- All The Fun Of The Fair - Greatest Hits - 2008 - UK #23[29]
Selected filmography[link]
- Smashing Time (1967)
- Assault (1971)
- All Coppers Are... (1972)
- That'll Be the Day (1973)
- Stardust (1974)
- The Big Bus (1976)
- Silver Dream Racer (1980)
- The River (1988)
- Tribe (2011)
- EastEnders (2011) Eddie Moon
References[link]
- ^ a b c Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 186–187. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
- ^ The Biography Channel - David Essex Biography
- ^ Amazon.co.uk: A snake Charmed Life: The Autobiography of David Essex: David Essex: Books
- ^ The Biography Channel - David Essex Biography
- ^ David Essex, "Over The Moon" page 70 ("with my new name on the label next to the famous blue and white Fontana logo"), Virgin Books 2012, ISBN 978-0-7535-4033-6
- ^ a b BBC NEWS | Programmes | Breakfast | Rags to riches tale of Essex boy David
- ^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 243. CN 5585.
- ^ Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 327. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
- ^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 254. CN 5585.
- ^ 16th Edition - ISBN 0-85112-190-X
- ^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 257. CN 5585.
- ^ History of Jeff Wayne's musical version of The War Of The Worlds
- ^ Eva Peron, Superstar - Retrieved: April 28, 2007
- ^ Andrewlloydwebber.com
- ^ IndieLondon: David Essex and a new musical - Your London Reviews
- ^ "Heartbeat" - The Traveller (2000) IMDB.com
- ^ BBC - 6 Music Album Of The Day - Saint Etienne: Tales From Turnpike House
- ^ Essex withdraws from EastEnders - Retrieved: April 27, 2007
- ^ BBC News.
- ^ Aspects of Love musical on stage: Ticket and UK tour information
- ^ Jones, Ciaran. "David Essex marries Welsh actress - Wales News - News". WalesOnline. http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/09/22/david-essex-marries-welsh-actress-91466-27318138/#ixzz10LuDaFkD. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
- ^ David Essex, "Over The Moon", Virgin Books 2012, ISBN 978-0-7535-4033-6
- ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (24 January 2011). "David Essex lands 'EastEnders' role". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a299682/david-essex-lands-eastenders-role.html. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ "Myfanwy" is a poem by John Betjeman set to music. For lyrics see http://poetry.poetryx.com/poems/4550/
- ^ David Essex- Silver Dream Racer @Discogs.com Retrieved 4-17-2010.
- ^ David Essex- Be-Bop the Future @Discogs.com Retrieved 4-17-2010.
- ^ David Essex- The Whisper @Discogs.com Retrieved 4-17-2010.
- ^ David Essex- This One's For You @Discogs.com Retrieved 4-17-2010.
- ^ "Official Album Chart for the week ending 27 September 2008". ChartsPlus (Milton Keynes: IQ Ware Ltd) (370): 5–8.
External links[link]
- Official David Essex website
- David Essex on Myspace
- David Essex discography at Discogs
- Allthefunofthefair.com
- David Essex at the Internet Movie Database
- Jeff Wayne's "The War Of The Worlds" 1978
- Andrew Lloyd Webber's Evita, song "Oh What a Circus" by David Essex
- David Essex to appear in "Aspects Of Love" a new musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber
- Saint Etienne: Tales From Turnpike House released: 13 June 2005
- former patron of the Gypsy Council in Britain
- David Essex awarded the OBE in 1999 in recognition of his charity work with Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO)
- Essex starred in and wrote score for movie "Silver Dream Racer"
- A Charmed Life: The Autobiography of David Essex - published 2002 (Orion)
- "Essex played Fletcher Christian in his own musical Mutiny! (co-written with Richard Crane) which played at the Piccadilly Theatre for sixteen months
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Essex, David |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 23 July 1947 |
| Place of birth | Plaistow, (then Essex,now Greater London), England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/David_Essex
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/David Essex
http://de.wn.com/David Essex
http://it.wn.com/David Essex
http://pl.wn.com/David Essex
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the English musician. For the British recipient of the George Cross, see John Dowland (GC).
John Dowland[1] (1563 – buried 20 February 1626) was an English Renaissance composer, singer, and lutenist. He is best known today for his melancholy songs such as "Come, heavy sleep" (the basis for Benjamin Britten's Nocturnal), "Come again", "Flow my tears", "I saw my Lady weepe" and "In darkness let me dwell", but his instrumental music has undergone a major revival, and has been a source of repertoire for lutenists and classical guitarists during the twentieth century.
Contents |
Career and compositions[link]
Very little is known of John "the Bard" Dowland's early life, but it is generally thought he was born in London. Irish historian W. H. Grattan Flood claimed that he was born in Dalkey, near Dublin, but no corroborating evidence has ever been found either for that statement or for Thomas Fuller's claim that he was born in Westminster.[2] In 1580 Dowland went to Paris, where he was in service to Sir Henry Cobham, the ambassador to the French court, and his successor, Sir Edward Stafford.[3] He became a Roman Catholic at this time.[4] In 1584, Dowland moved back to England where he was married. In 1588 he was admitted Mus. Bac. from Christ Church, Oxford.[5] In 1594 a vacancy for a lutenist came up at the English court, but Dowland's application was unsuccessful - he claimed his religion led to his not being offered a post at Elizabeth I's Protestant court. However, his conversion was not publicized, and being Catholic did not prevent some other important musicians (such as William Byrd) from having a court career in England.[3]
From 1598 Dowland worked at the court of Christian IV of Denmark,[6] though he continued to publish in London.[7] King Christian was very interested in music[8] and paid Dowland astronomical sums; his salary was 500 daler a year, making him one of the highest-paid servants of the Danish court.[9] Though Dowland was highly regarded by King Christian, he was not the ideal servant, often overstaying his leave when he went to England on publishing business or for other reasons.[8] Dowland was dismissed in 1606[8] and returned to England;[9] in early 1612 he secured a post as one of James I's lutenists.[10] There are few compositions dating from the moment of his royal appointment until his death in London in 1626.[11] While the date of his death is not known, "Dowland's last payment from the court was on 20 January 1626, and he was buried at St Ann's, Blackfriars, London, on 20 February 1626."[12]
Two major influences on Dowland's music were the popular consort songs, and the dance music of the day.[13] Most of Dowland's music is for his own instrument, the lute.[14] It includes several books of solo lute works, lute songs (for one voice and lute), part-songs with lute accompaniment, and several pieces for viol consort with lute.[15] The poet Richard Barnfield wrote that Dowland's "heavenly touch upon the lute doth ravish human sense."
One of his better known works is the lute song "Flow my tears", the first verse of which runs:
Flow my tears, fall from your springs,
Exil'd for ever let me mourn;
Where night's black bird her sad infamy sings,
There let me live forlorn.—John Dowland, [16]
He later wrote what is probably his best known instrumental work, Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares, Figured in Seaven Passionate Pavans, a set of seven pavanes for five viols and lute, each based on the theme derived from the lute song "Flow my tears".[17] It became one of the best known collections of consort music in his time. His pavane, "Lachrymae antiquae", was also popular in the seventeenth century, and was arranged and used as a theme for variations by many composers.
Dowland's music often displays the melancholia that was so fashionable in music at that time.[18] He wrote a consort piece with the punning title "Semper Dowland, semper dolens" (always Dowland, always doleful), which may be said to sum up much of his work.[19]
Dowland's song, "Come Heavy Sleepe, the Image of True Death", was the inspiration for Benjamin Britten's "Nocturnal after John Dowland for guitar", written in 1964 for the guitarist Julian Bream. This work consists of eight variations, all based on musical themes drawn from the song or its lute accompaniment, finally resolving into a guitar setting of the song itself.[20]
Richard Barnfield, Dowland's contemporary, refers to the lutenist in poem VIII of The Passionate Pilgrim (1598):
If music and sweet poetry agree,
As they must needs, the sister and the brother,
Then must the love be great 'twixt thee and me,
Because thou lovest the one, and I the other.
Dowland to thee is dear, whose heavenly touch
Upon the lute doth ravish human sense;
Spenser to me, whose deep conceit is such
As, passing all conceit, needs no defence.
Thou lovest to hear the sweet melodious sound
That Phoebus' lute, the queen of music, makes;
And I in deep delight am chiefly drown'd
When as himself to singing he betakes.
One god is god of both, as poets feign;
One knight loves both, and both in thee remain.—Richard Barnfield, The Passionate Pilgrim[citation needed]
Publications[link]
In 1597, Dowland published his First Book of Songs in London. It was one of the most influential and important musical publications of the history of the lute.[3] This collection of lute-songs was set out in a way that allows performance by a soloist with lute accompaniment or various combinations of singers and instrumentalists.[21]
Dowland published two books of songs after the First Book of Songs, in 1600 and 1603, as well as the Lachrymae in 1604.[17] He also published a translation of the Micrologus of Andreas Ornithoparcus in 1609, originally printed in Leipzig 1517, a rather stiff and medieval treatise, but nonetheless occasionally entertaining.[22]
Dowland's last, and in the opinion of most scholars, best work, A Pilgrimes Solace, was published in 1612,[23] and seems to have been conceived more as a collection of contrapuntal music than as solo works.[24]
Suspicions of treason[link]
Dowland performed a number of espionage assignments for Sir Robert Cecil in France and Denmark; his high rate of pay notwithstanding, Dowland seems to have been only a court musician.[8] However, we have in his own words the fact that he was for a time embroiled in treasonous Catholic intrigue in Italy,[25] whither he had travelled in the hopes of meeting and studying with Luca Marenzio, a famed madrigal composer.[3] Whatever his religion, however, he was still intensely loyal to the Queen, though he seems to have had something of a grudge against her for her remark that he, Dowland, "was a man to serve any prince in the world, but [he] was an obstinate Papist."[26] But in spite of this, and though the plotters offered him a large sum of money from the Pope, as well as safe passage for his wife and children to come to him from England,[27] in the end he declined to have anything further to do with their plans and begged pardon from Sir Robert Cecil and from the Queen.[28]
Private life[link]
John Dowland was married and had children, as referenced in his letter to Sir Robert Cecil.[29] However, he had long periods of separation from his family, as his wife stayed in England while he worked on the Continent.[30]
His son Robert Dowland was also a musician, working for some time in the service of the first Earl of Devonshire,[11] and taking over his father's position of lutenist at court when John died.[31]
Dowland's melancholic lyrics and music have often been described as his attempts to develop an "artistic persona" though he was actually a cheerful person,[32] but many of his own personal complaints, and the tone of bitterness in many of his comments, suggest that much of his music and his melancholy truly did come from his own personality and frustration.[33]
Modern interpretations[link]
One of the first twentieth century musicians who successfully helped reclaim Dowland from the history books was the singer-songwriter Frederick Keel.[34] Keel included fifteen different Dowland pieces in his two sets of Elizabethan love songs published in 1909 and 1913,[35] which achieved popularity in their day. These free arrangements for piano and low or high voice were intended to fit the tastes and musical practices associated with art songs of the time.
In 1935, Australian-born composer Percy Grainger, who also had a deep interest in music made before Bach, arranged Dowland’s Now, O now I needs must part for piano. Some years later, in 1953, Grainger wrote a work titled Bell Piece (Ramble on John Dowland’s ‘Now, O now I needs must part’), which was a version scored for voice and wind band, based in his previously mentioned transcription.
In 1951 Alfred Deller famous counter-tenor (1912-1979), recorded songs by John Dowland/Thomas Campion/Philip Rosseter with the label HMV (His Master's Voice) HMV C.4178 and another HMV C.4236 of Dowland's "Flow my Tears". In 1977, Harmonia Mundi also published two records of Deller singing Dowland's Lute songs (HM 244&245-H244/246).[36]
Dowland's music became part of the repertoire of the early music revival with lutenist Julian Bream and tenor Peter Pears, and later with Christopher Hogwood and David Munrow and the Early Music Consort in the late 1960s and later with the Academy of Ancient Music from the early 1970s.
Jan Akkerman, guitarist of the Dutch progressive rock band Focus, recorded "Tabernakel" in 1973 (though released in 1974), an album of John Dowland songs and some original material, performed on lute.
The Collected Lute Music of John Dowland with lute tablature and keyboard notation has been transcribed and edited by Diana Poulton and Basil Lam, Faber Music Limited, London 1974.
The complete works of Dowland have been recorded in a boxed set by the Consort of Musicke.
The 1999 ECM New Series recording In Darkness Let Me Dwell features new interpretations of Dowland songs performed by tenor John Potter, lutenist Stephen Stubbs, and baroque violinist Maya Homburger in collaboration with English jazz musicians John Surman and Barry Guy.
Nigel North recorded Dowland's complete works for solo lute on four CDs between 2004 and 2007.
Elvis Costello included a recording (with Fretwork and the Composers Ensemble) of Dowland's "Can she excuse my wrongs" as a bonus track on the 2006 re-release of his The Juliet Letters.
In October 2006, Sting, who says he has been fascinated by the music of John Dowland for 25 years,[37] released an album featuring Dowland's songs titled Songs from the Labyrinth, on Deutsche Grammophon, in collaboration with Edin Karamazov on lute and archlute. They described their treatment of Dowland's work in a Great Performances appearance.[38] To give some idea of the tone and intrigues of life in late Elizabethan England, Sting also recites throughout the album portions of a 1593 letter written by Dowland to Sir Robert Cecil.[39] The letter describes Dowland's travels to various points of Western Europe, then breaks into a detailed account of his activities in Italy, along with a heartfelt denial of the charges of treason whispered against him by unknown persons. Dowland most likely was suspected of this for traveling to the courts of various Catholic monarchs and accepting payment from them greater than what a musician of the time would normally have received for performing.[25]
Other interpretations of Dowland's songs have been recorded by Windham Hill artist, Lisa Lynne, (for her CD, Maiden's Prayer) and Lise Winne (for her Wing'd With Hopes, New Interpretations of Renaissance Songs CD). Several bands, such as Die Verbannten Kinder Evas, Aesma Daeva and Qntal, have recorded albums featuring lyrics by John Dowland. The countertenor Andreas Scholl sings in Crystal Tears English consort songs with Concerto Viole of Basel. A rendition of Dowland's "Come again" (sung by Sting) can also be found on Joshua Bell's 2009 album, At home with Friends.
In popular culture[link]
- The science fiction author Philip K. Dick was a fan of Dowland's and his lute music is a recurring theme in Dick's novels. Dick sometimes assumed the pen-name Jack Dowland.[40] Dick also based the title of the novel Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said on one of Dowland's best-known compositions. In his novel The Divine Invasion, the character Linda Fox (a thinly disguised proxy for Linda Ronstadt) is a popular singer whose repertoire consists of remakes of John Dowland compositions.
- Rose Tremain's 1999 novel Music and Silence is set at the court of Christian IV of Denmark some years after Dowland's departure and contains several references to the composer's music and temperament: in the opening chapter, Christian remarks that "the man was all ambition and hatred, yet his ayres were as delicate as rain".
- Aesma Daeva's song "Darkness" uses "Flow my Tears" as lyrics.
- Both Dowland and Thomas Tallis are referenced in the Half Man Half Biscuit song, "I went to a wedding".
- Dowland is referenced in the Big Big Train song "Reaching for John Dowland" on their album English Boy Wonders.
- Haruki Murakami's novel 1Q84 mentions one of the characters, the dowager, as a fan of Lachrimae, and listening to it frequently.
- Klaus Nomi's second album Simple Man juxtaposes excerpts of Dowland's music in his songs.[41]
References[link]
- Peter Holman/Paul O'Dette: "John Dowland", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed July 10, 2007), (subscription access)
Notes[link]
- ^ While orthographic evidence from Dowland's time strongly suggests a pronunciation of /ˈdoʊlənd/ for the last name, there is no consensus on the correct pronunciation. See the talk page for discussion of this issue.
- ^ Peter Holman (with Paul O’Dette), "John Dowland", Grove Music Online.
- ^ a b c d Douglas Alton Smith, A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance (The Lute Society of America, Inc., 2002), p.275
- ^ Peter Warlock, The English Ayre (Greenwood Press, Publishers, 1970), 24. Excerpt from Dowland's letter of 1595 to Sir Robert Cecil.
- ^ Diana Poulton, John Dowland (Faber & Faber, 1982), 28.
- ^ Warlock 1970, p.32
- ^ Warlock 1970, p.34
- ^ a b c d Warlock 1970, p.33
- ^ a b Smith 2002, p.276
- ^ Matthew Spring, The Lute in Britain: a History of the Instrument and its Music (Oxford University Press, 2001), p.108
- ^ a b Spring 2001, p.109
- ^ David Greer, "John Dowland", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online.
- ^ Abraham 1968, p.204-5
- ^ Abraham 1968, p.201
- ^ Smith 2002, pp.274-83
- ^ Steven Stolen and Richard Walters, ed.s. English Songs Renaissance to Baroque (Hal Leonard Corporation, 1996), p.32
- ^ a b Smith 2002, p.276-7
- ^ Anthony Rooley, "New Light on John Dowland's Songs of Darkness," Early Music 11.1 (Jan. 1983): p.6
- ^ http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/magazine/composers/2005/2/38613_print.php
- ^ Smith 2002, p.289
- ^ Gerald Abraham. ed. The New Oxford History of Music, Volume IV: The Age of Humanism 1540-1630 (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 203
- ^ Warlock 1970, p.39
- ^ Warlock 1970, p.41
- ^ Abraham 1968, p.207
- ^ a b Warlock 1970 - entire letter of John Dowland to Sir Robert Cecil
- ^ Warlock 1970, p.25
- ^ Warlock 1970, p.26
- ^ Warlock 1970, p.26-7
- ^ Warlock 1970, pp. 25, 26
- ^ Gerald M. Cooper, "John Dowland," The Musical Times, Vol. 68, No. 1013 (Jul. 1, 1927), p.642
- ^ Diana Poulton, "John Dowland," The Musical Times Vol. 105 No. 1451 (Jan. 1964): p. 25.
- ^ Rooley 1983, p.6
- ^ Diana Poulton, "Dowland's Darkness," Early Music, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Oct. 1983) p.519
- ^ 'Mr J Frederick Keel' (unsigned obituary). The Times, 16 August 1954, p 8.
- ^ Keel, Frederick (1909, 1913). Elizabethan love songs, sets I and II. London: Boosey & Hawkes.
- ^ Alfred Deller (1912-1979) - A discography
- ^ Gift of a lute makes Sting party like it's 1599, June 6, 2006, The Guardian
- ^ "Sting: Songs from the Labyrinth". Great Performances. February 26, 2007. PBS.
- ^ http://www.sting.com/news/interview.php?uid=4694
- ^ http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Philip_K._Dick
- ^ McLeod, Ken (2001). "Bohemian Rhapsodies: Operatic Influences on Rock Music". Popular Music (Cambridge University Press) 20 (2): 189–203. http://home.comcast.net/~collaros623/bohemianRhapsodies.pdf.
Bibliography[link]
- John Dowland by Diana Poulton, published by Faber & Faber (2nd edition, 1982). ISBN 0-520-04687-0.
- A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance by Douglas Alton Smith, published by the Lute Society of America (2002). ISBN 0-9714071-0-X
- The Lute in Britain: A History of the Instrument and its Music by Matthew Spring, published by Oxford University Press (2001).
- The Collected Lute Music of John Dowland edited by Diana Poulton, published by Faber Music (2nd edition, 1978). ISBN 0-571-10024-4.
- The English Ayre by Peter Warlock, published by Greenwood Press, Publishers (1970). (Originally published 1926, Oxford University Press, London). ISBN 8371-4237-7.
- New Oxford History of Music, Volume IV: The Age of Humanism 1540-1630 edited by Gerald Abraham, published by Oxford University Press (1968).
Recordings[link]
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External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John Dowland |
- johndowland.co.uk - site containing videos, essays, and scores
- Some video performances of John Dowland's songs by Valeria Mignaco, soprano & Alfonso Marin, lute
- Free scores by John Dowland in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- Free scores by John Dowland in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
- Works by John Dowland at Project Gutenberg
- Free scores by John Dowland at the International Music Score Library Project
- The Mutopia Project has compositions by John Dowland
- John Dowland's Come Again sung by male alto Russell Oberlin
- Four Pieces by John Dowland performed by lutenist Brian Wright
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dowland, John |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1563 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 20 February 1626 |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dowland
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
