Ivanoe Bonomi
38th and 42nd Prime Minister of Italy
In office 4 July 1921 – 26 February 1922
Monarch	Victor Emmanuel III
Preceded by	Giovanni Giolitti
Succeeded by	Luigi Facta
In office 18 June 1944 – 19 June 1945
Monarch	Victor Emmanuel III
Preceded by	Pietro Badoglio
Succeeded by	Ferruccio Parri
Personal details
Born	(1873-10-18)October 18, 1873 Mantua, Italy
Died	April 20, 1951(1951-04-20) (aged 77) Rome, Italy
Nationality	Italian
Political party	Italian Socialist Party (1893-1912) Italian Reform Socialist Party (1912-26) Labour Democratic Party (1942-46) Italian Democratic Socialist Party (1948-51)

Ivanoe Bonomi [iˈvaːnoe boˈnɔːmi]^[1] (18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian politician and statesman before and after World War II.

Bonomi was born in Mantua. He was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies in 1909, representing Mantua as a member of the Italian Socialist Party. He was among those expelled from the party in 1912, for his advocacy of reformism and moderation, as well as his support for the Italian invasion of Libya. Bonomi joined the Italian Reform Socialist Party, and supported Italy's participation in World War I on the side of the Triple Entente.

Bonomi served as Minister of Public Works from 1916 until 1917, and as Minister of War during 1920 - helping to negotiate a treaty with Yugoslavia (the Treaty of Rapallo). Later in 1920 he became Treasury Minister. In 1921, he became Prime Minister of Italy for the first time, in a coalition government. Early in 1922, his government collapsed, and he was replaced as Prime Minister by Luigi Facta, amidst the Fascist insurgency led by Benito Mussolini. In October 1922, Mussolini gained power through the March on Rome, and Bonomi withdrew from politics.

In 1940, Bonomi joined an anti-Fascist movement. By 1943, when Mussolini was deposed, Bonomi had become a leader of the group, and was appointed Prime Minister of the new Italian government, in 1944, when Rome was taken by the Allies. He led Italy as the country was being gained from the Fascist Italian Social Republic and the Nazi German occupiers, and helped the country's transition to democracy.

Bonomi came near to resignation in November 1944 over war strategy, but stayed on as Prime Minister at the urging of the British government of Winston Churchill. He remained Prime Minister until 1945, by which time World War II had ended, and stayed active in the Italian government after that moment, serving on the Constituent Assembly's committee on treaties, and also representing Italy in councils of foreign ministers until 1946. In 1948, he became President of the Italian Senate, and served in that position until his death.

After having been a founding member of the Labour Democratic Party in 1943, he later joined in 1947 the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, of which he was honorary chairman until his death.

He died in Rome.

Notes[link]

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v t e National Liberation Committee of Italy Parties Christian Democracy, Italian Socialist Party, Italian Communist Party, Italian Liberal Party, Action Party, Labour Democratic Party Armed forces Garibaldi Brigades, Autonomous Brigades, Justice and Liberty Brigades, Matteotti Brigades, People's Brigades Prime Ministers Ivanoe Bonomi, Ferruccio Parri, Alcide De Gasperi

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Goffredo Parise (Vicenza, 8 December 1929 - Treviso, 31 August 1986) was an Italian writer and journalist. He won the Viareggio Prize in 1965 and the Strega Prize in 1982. He was an atheist.^[1]

References[link]

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Giuseppe Pecci
Giuseppe Pecci was elevated to the College of Cardinals by his brother, Pope Leo XIII in 1879[1]
Born	(1807-12-13)13 December 1807
Died	8 February 1890(1890-02-08) (aged 82)
Title	Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Studies
Term	Elevated on 12 May 1879(1879-05-12) (aged 71)
Parents	Dominico Ludovico Pecci Anna Prosperi Buzi

Giuseppe Pecci S.J. (13 December 1807 – 8 February 1890) was a Catholic Thomist theologian whose younger brother, Vincenzo, became Pope Leo XIII and appointed him a cardinal. The Neo-Thomist revival, which Leo XIII and his brother Giuseppe, Cardinal Pecci originated in 1879, remained the leading papal philosophy until Vatican II.

Early years[link]

Born in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, Giuseppe was one of the seven sons of Count Dominico Ludovico Pecci and his wife Anna Prosperi Buzi, Countess Pecci. From 1807 to 1818 he lived at home with his family, in which religion counted as the highest grace on earth, as through her, salvation can be earned for all eternity.^[2] Together with his younger brother Vincenzo, he studied in the Jesuit College in Viterbo from 1818 until 1824.^[3][4] In 1824, Count Pecci called him and Vincenzo home to Rome, where their mother was dying; the father wanted his children to be with him after the loss of his wife, and so they remained in Rome, attending the Collegium Romanum, a college belonging to the Society of Jesus. In 1828, the question of occupational choice arose for the two brothers; Giuseppe Pecci professed the Jesuit order, while Vincenzo decided in favour of saecular, or diocesan, clergy.^[5]

Professor[link]

Pecci taught Thomism, the theology and philosophy of St Thomas Aquinas, at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome in 1847. At the request of his brother, who became Archbishop of Perugia, he was made a professor at the theological seminary in Perugia, where he remained, from 1852 through 1859. After the city was taken over by Piedmont forces in 1860, Pope Pius IX called him to Rome and offered him a professorship in theology at La Sapienza University. Pope Pius also called him into the papal commission to prepare the First Vatican Council. Good Thomist theology was hard to come by at that time, with the result that young scholars from other countries were sent to Rome to learn from Pecci and Tommaso Maria Zigliara.^[6] In 1870 he resigned his professsorship because he refused to take the anti-papal oath which was demanded by the new Italian government. He continued his prominent theological research independently.

Cardinal[link]

In 1879, the College of Cardinals, led by Camillo, Cardinal di Pietro, insistently asked Pope Leo XIII to elevate his brother to their ranks,^[1][8][9] and at the age of 71 Giuseppe Pecci was created Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Agata dei Goti on 12 May 1879 in his brother's first consistory. He was the last member of a Pope's family elevated to the cardinalate.

The ceremony was described by Ludwig von Pastor in his diary: On 15 May at 11 am, Pope Leo XIII entered the hall in pontifical vestments, before him the College of Cardinals. The Swiss Guards stood to attention. After the Papal speech, each of the new cardinals, Pecci, John Henry Newman, Joseph Hergenröther and Tommaso Maria Zigliara, received the red hat, all of whom being well-known Church scholars.^[10]

Thomism[link]

The elevation of Pecci, a well-known Thomist, took place in the context of the determined efforts of Leo XIII to foster science and Thomist theology throughout the Catholic Church [1]. Thomism had lost its role as a leading theology and Leo attempted to re-establish it "for the protection of faith, welfare of society and the advancement of science".^[11] What he envisaged were not sterile interpretations of it, but a return to the original sources. This new orientation at the beginning of his pontificate was welcomed by Dominicans, Thomist Jesuits like Pecci and numerous bishops throughout the world. Strong opposition also developed as well on several fronts within the Church: Some considered Thomism simply outdated, while others used it for petty condemnations of dissident views that they did not like.^[12] As traditional antagonists, Jesuits and Dominicans both claimed leadership in the renewal of Catholic theology.^[12]

Papal Collaboration[link]

Pope Leo responded with the encyclical Æterni Patris, much of which was co-written by Cardinal Pecci [2] on the restoration of Christian philosophy in the schools, which was published on 4 August 1879, and mandated all Catholic universities to teach Thomism and created a papal academy for the training of Thomist professors and publishing scholarly editions of the works of St Thomas Aquinas. The leadership of this academy he entrusted to his brother, who aided the creation of similar Thomas Aquinas academies in other places (Bologna, Freiburg (Switzerland), Paris and Lowden). In 1879, Cardinal Pecci was appointed as first Prefect of the Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas, which Leo founded on 15 October 1879, and was also appointed Prefect of the Congregation for Studies in February 1884 [3]. (On 28 January 1999, the academy was reoriented to more social issues by Pope John Paul II.)^[13] Pope Leo XIII appointed thirty members, ten each from Rome, from Italy, and from the rest of the world, and provided generous financial support to attract scholars from everywhere. The Pope also personally supported individual Thomist scholars and applauded numerous critical editions of the Angelic Doctor's texts.^[12] To balance his Thomist Jesuit appointments, Leo entrusted the overall responsibility of the works of St Thomas Aquinas to the Dominican Order, of which the saint had been a member.

Vatican Library[link]

Pope Leo XIII considered the mostly locked-up and neglected Vatican Library as "an infinite treasure for the Church and a monument to its role in culture and science".^[14] He greatly increased staff and organization and appointed Jesuit father Franz Ehrle and Giuseppe Pecci to head the new undertaking as prefect and librarian, respectively. They in turn opened the Vatican Library to the general public after establishing a consultation library of 300,000 volumes.^[15]

Death[link]

Cardinal Pecci continued his work as congregation and academy prefect and librarian until he died on 8 February 1890, of complications from pneumonia. His body lay in repose in the Basilica of the Twelve Apostles(Basilica di Santi Apostoli) in Rome, where his funeral took place on 12 February. He is buried in the chapel of the Society of Jesus in Campo Verano Cemetery, in Rome [4][5].

Notes[link]

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Ettore Pais (July 27, 1856, Borgo San Dalmazzo, Piedmont, Italy – 1939, Rome) was an ancient historian, Latin epigrapher, and an Italian politician.

Pais was the son of Michele Pais Leoni and Carlotta Tranchero, both of Piemonte. He studied at Lucca and Florence from 1874, receiving his degree from Florence in 1878. Among his teachers were Atto Vannucci and the philologist Domenico Comparetti. After spending some years in Sardinia, he published La Sardegna prima del dominio romano in 1881. That same year he studied at Berlin with Theodor Mommsen and the two collaborated on the fifth volume the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum that was published in 1884. He began his teaching career in Palermo in 1886 and moved to Pisa in 1888 where he would become professor of ancient history. Pais stayed there until 1899, when he began teaching at Naples, and later the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1905.^[1] From 1910 to 1914 he was director of the Naples National Archaeological Museum and the excavations at Pompeii. Pais studied as a visiting scholar at leading universities around the world and received many honorary degrees, including those granted to him by the following: professor of history and Roman law from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, honorary degrees at Oxford, Chicago and Paris. He taught courses in Paris at the Sorbonne, in Bucharest, Prague, Madrid, Barcelona, Boston, Cambridge, New York, and Chicago.

In 1911 he published La civiltà dei nuraghi e lo sviluppo sociologico della Sardegna and in 1923 Storia della Sardegna e della Corsica durante il dominio romano. From 1923 until 1931 he was professor at the University of Rome and, from 1922 until his death, served in the Italian senate.

Notes[link]