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The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (Norwegian: Norsk rikskringkasting AS), usually known as NRK, is the Norwegian government-owned radio and television public broadcasting company, and the largest media organisation in Norway. It is a founding member of the European Broadcasting Union.

Financing[link]

94% of NRK's funding comes from a mandatory annual license fee charged to each person in possession of a TV. The remainder comes from commercial activities such as programme and DVD sales, spin-off products and certain types of sponsorship.

History[link]

Regular radio broadcasts started in Norway in 1925, Kringkastningselskapet, a privately-owned company founded in 1933 and a predecessor to NRK. Based on a model similar to the BBC, and located in Oslo, it was a replacement for privately operated radio stations in the larger cities. NRK initially set out to get coverage over the entire country, and had a monopoly on broadcasting in Norway. The monopoly was gradually dissolved from 1975 onwards, resulting in the introduction of cable TV in 1982, regional TV channels and satellite TV in 1986 (culminating in the launch of TV3 in 1987 and TVNorge in 1988) and the launch of the second free-to-air channel TV 2 in 1992.

NRK television tower in Trondheim

During the German occupation, Norwegian transmitters were used to broadcast German war propaganda to Northern Europe (particularly Scotland and the northern half of Ireland where the sea path ensured a good signal) and Scandinavia.

NRK was also partly financed by commercials on radio until the German occupation.

NRK was one of 23 founding broadcasting organisations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950. In 1954 NRK started broadcasting television shows on a trial basis, with regular broadcasts starting in 1960.

NRK was the last of the major European public broadcasters to introduce a second radio station,^{[citation needed]} officially starting as late as 1984. In 1993 NRK launched a third radio station, the youth-oriented P3. A 24-hour station for classical music, Alltid Klassisk (now called "NRK Klassisk"), introduced in 1995, was the first of its kind to be broadcast digitally using DAB. The 24-hour news station Alltid Nyheter was then introduced in 1997, followed by a radio station for teenagers, mP3, in 2000, which mostly plays dance music continually.

In 1996, a second television channel, NRK2, was launched. The original television channel is now known as NRK1. On September 3, 2007 NRK launched its third channel: a youth channel called NRK3. Later that year, on December 1 NRK launched its fourth television channel, NRK Super, which is aimed at children. NRK3 and NRK Super share the same channel, with NRK Super broadcasting from 0700 - 1900 and NRK3 from 1900 - 0700.

A traditional music radio station, NRK Alltid folkemusikk (now known as "NRK Folkemusikk") was launched in 2004 on DAB and internet radio.

Broadcasting House, one of the main buildings at NRK headquarters at Marienlyst, Oslo

NRK's international radio transmissions, known as Utenlandssendingen, began shortwave transmission in 1948. Initially broadcasting in Norwegian, English-language programs were added later. The service was discontinued on January 1, 2002. All NRK broadcasting activities on shortwave ceased on January 1, 2004. NRK's mediumwave transmitter at Kvitsøy on 1314 kHz used to be widely heard internationally and was one of the most commonly-heard trans-Atlantic DX signals in eastern North America. The frequency carried a mixture of NRK's radio channels P1 and P2, and was called Europakanalen (literally "The Europe Channel"). However, these mediumwave transmissions were discontinued on July 1, 2006.

All of NRK's radio stations are now available on the internet. Several of NRK's television programmes are also available on the internet.

NRK still holds the strongest position in number of viewers, though the competition from TV 2 is getting tougher.

NRK claims to have the longest running radio show, Lørdagsbarnetimen (lit. The Saturday Children's Hour), running since December 20, 1924.

In recent years, the network has shown itself to be the leading producer of original comedy shows in Norway, with such notable successes as Lille Lørdag, Åpen Post, Uti vår hage and Team Antonsen, centered around the comedians Harald Eia and Bård Tufte Johansen.

NRK has 12 regional offices around Norway. Each offices has its own broadcasts on both television and radio, as well their own news sites on the internet. They also contribute news coverage for the national news programmes. NRK's headquarters are at Marienlyst in Oslo and Tyholt in Trondheim.

Entrance to Television House, another building at NRK's headquarters

Organisation[link]

The CEO began major organisational changes in 2008, with the aim of creating a more agile NRK, while still adhering to the principles of the broadcaster-producer model introduced in January 2001.^{[citation needed]} By January 2009 the number of programme-producing divisions had been reduced from five to three, separated more along geographical than functional lines, and at the same time simplifying trading in the internal market.^{[citation needed]} The programme producing divisions are:

• Marienlyst covering all facilities in Oslo
• Distrikt, encompassing all regional offices and with their headquarters in Trondheim
• Sami, the producer of Sámi programmes situated in Karasjok

Since March 19, 2007, Hans-Tore Bjerkaas has been Director-General of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.^[2] The previous directors were Olav Midttun (1934–1947, except during the Nazi occupation), Kaare Fostervoll (1948–1962), Hans Jacob Ustvedt (1962–1971), Torolf Elster (1972–1981), Bjartmar Gjerde (1981–1988), Einar Førde (1989–2001) and John G. Bernander (2001–2007).^[3]

The chairman of the board is William Nygaard and the current head (2006) of the news department is Gro Holm. In 2006, NRK employed between 3000 and 3500 people.

Notable television programmes[link]

• Dagsrevyen
• Dagsnytt Atten
• Urix
• Nytt på nytt
• Melodi Grand Prix (The Norwegian national selection for Eurovision Song Contest)
• The Eurovision Song Contest 1986, Eurovision Song Contest 1996, Eurovision Song Contest 2010 Grand Final and Semi-Finals

Channels[link]

Radio[link]

Television[link]

• NRK1
• NRK1 HD
• NRK2
• NRK3
• NRK Super

High-definition[link]

NRK has an HD outside broadcast van, producing high-definition video.^[4] The first Norwegian series filmed in HD was "En Udødelig Mann" ("An Immortal Man") about the young Henrik Ibsen. The action 6-part miniseries called "Kodenavn Hunter" was also filmed in HD. Promotional videos are freely downloadable from NRK'S site, and the full-length last episode is available.^[5]

NRK uses H.264 as the compression codec for the digital terrestrial network.^{[citation needed]}

NRK has also started to offer HD content via BitTorrent. This is currently a very limited offer due to rights restrictions, but it's growing steadily.^[6]

In preparation for the Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, NRK announced that they would launch a high-definition channel, and their first native HD broadcast would be from Vancouver. NRK1 HD is a simulcast of NRK1.^[7]

NRK.no[link]

nrk.no is the brand name and home for NRK's online service. NRK has had an online presence supporting its TV and radio programmes and web-only initiatives since 1996. The development of nrk.no commenced in 1995. Nrk.no is the second most visited Norwegian website, only surpassed by the website of the country's leading tabloid, Verdens Gang.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

Eurovision portal

• List of Norwegian-language radio stations
• List of Norwegian television channels
• List of programs broadcast by Norsk rikskringkasting
• yr.no

References[link]

External links[link]

• NRK.no: Official site
• Television and radio schedules
• yr.no: Online weather service

Coordinates: 59°56′6.21″N 10°43′6.79″E / 59.9350583°N 10.7185528°E / 59.9350583; 10.7185528

Odd Nerdrum (born April 8, 1944 in Helsingborg, Sweden), is a Norwegian figurative painter. Themes and style in Nerdrum's work reference anecdote and narrative, while primary influences by the painters Rembrandt and Caravaggio place his work in direct conflict with the abstraction and conceptual art considered acceptable in much of his native Norway, and in opposition to the art of the time.

Nerdrum creates six to eight paintings per year. These include Still life paintings of small everyday objects like bricks, portraits and self portraits whose subjects are dressed as if from some other time and place, and large paintings, allegorical in nature that present a sense of the apocalyptic and again reference another time.^[1] Nerdrum says that his art should be understood as kitsch rather than art as such. "On Kitsch", a manifesto composed by Nerdrum describes the distinction he makes between kitsch and art.^[2] Nerdrum's philosophy has spawned The Kitsch Movement among his students and followers, who call themselves kitsch painters as opposed to artists.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Odd Nerdrum was born in 1944, in Sweden, during the last year of World War II. His parents, Resistance fighters had been sent to Sweden from German-occupied Norway to direct guerrilla activities from outside the country. A year later, at the end of the war, Odd and his parents moved back to Norway. Nerdrum's mother, Lillemor soon after that went to New York to study at the Fashion Institute of Technology. The feeling of being unwanted and abandoned Nerdrum felt at this time would stay with him until he was in his late forties, at which time he would begin to understand the underlying reasons for the sensations he felt. In 1950, Nerdrum's parents divorced, leaving Lillemor to raise two small children, Odd, and a younger brother, on her own.^[3]

Nerdrum's father, Johan Nerdrum later remarried. Although he was supportive of Odd, he kept an emotional distance between himself and his son. At his death, Odd was asked not to attend the funeral. He found out three years later that Johan was not his biological father. Odd, was in fact, the result of a liaison between David Sandved and Lillemor. Lillemor and Sandved had had a relationship prior to Lillemor's marriage, and this was resumed during the war in a period when Johan was absent. Richard Vine, art critic, describes this episode in Nerdrum's life as one which created "a conflicted preoccupation with origins and personal identity", that "came natural to Nerdrum" and was represented in his pictures.^[4]

Early education[link]

Nerdrum began his formal education in 1951 in Oslo, in a private Rudolf Steiner school rather than in the standard, public school system. This education would set Odd apart from his contemporaries. The system was based on anthroposophy that saw mankind as once living in harmony with the universe but now existing in a lesser state of rationality. Through spiritual or esoteric practice, Steiner believed mankind could find its way back to a connection with higher realities and to renewed harmony with the universe. Learning for students was often kinesthetic, for example, through dramatic enactments of history and fantasy, and through musical exercises that were reminiscent of the patterns found on ancient Greek vases, depicting figures moving in parallel patterns. These parallel patterns could be found in later Nerdrum work, as can a sensibility for iconographic images and costume.

Jens Bjørneboe, a grade school mentor said Nerdrum even at that age exhibited tendencies of innate talent and industry, but also impatience with those with less abilities than himself.^[4]

Artistic study[link]

Nerdrum began study at the Art Academy of Oslo, but became dissatisfied with the direction of modern art, and began to teach himself how to paint in a Neo Baroque style, with the guidance of Rembrandt's technique and work as a primary influence. Nerdrum had seen Rembrandt's painting, The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis in the National Museum of Fine Arts in Stockholm. Nerdrum says seeing the painting was "a shock... Pervasive. Like finding home. I can say I found a home in this picture,... The wonderful thing with Rembrandt is the confidence he inspires - like when you warm your hands on a stove. Without Rembrandt I would have been so poor,"^[5] By abandoning the accepted path of modern art, Nerdrum had placed himself in direct opposition to most aspects of the school, including his primary painting instructor, his fellow students, and a curriculum designed to present Norway as a country with an up-to-date artistic culture. He, in his own words was chased from the academy after a two-year period like a "scroungy mutt". Years later Nerdrum said,

I saw that I was in the process of making a choice that would end in defeat. By choosing those qualities that were so alien to my own time, I had to give up at the same time the art on which the art of our time rests. I had to paint in defiance of my own era without the protection of the era's superstructure. Briefly put I would paint myself into isolation.^[6]

Nerdrum later studied with Joseph Beuys, at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf.

Direction[link]

Early work 1964-1982[link]

Nerdrum's work from the first twenty years of his artistic life consisted of large canvasses, generally polemic in nature, that served to refute accepted social or economic view points. The work from this period was highly representational and detailed in nature with often careful attention to contemporary references, such as in clothing, or in the model of a bicycle as in the painting The Arrest. Vine notes that, Nerdrum's influence was not, as might be expected, given the themes of the work, of the ideological Ashcan school movement, but predates the Ashcan school, although similar in subject matter. In 1968, Nerdrum had viewed for the first time the works of Caravaggio whose psychologically intense work, use of cross lighting, strongly suggested shadow that implied three dimensionality, and use of the faces of real, everyday people impacted him intensely, and provided one of the major influences for his work of this time period. He would revisit Italy and Caravaggio's work for on-going inspiration for many years.

As well, Nerdrum was a reader of visionary literature that included works by Rudolf Steiner, the prophetic William Blake, the dark Dostoyevsky, and the mystical Swedenborg. This would influence him towards a more vertical sensibility rather than the linear Marxist view based on revolution that influenced most artists with socially reformist sensibilities.

As a young student, Nerdrum had encountered the works of the master painters in the National Museum. In particular, Rembrandt's The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis (1661) acted as a powerful antidote to his sensibilities. His disillusionment with modern art, such as Robert Rauschenberg's Monogram^[7] a stuffed goat with a tire around its middle section standing on a flat, littered surface, that Nerdrum had encountered in the Museum of Modern Art in Stockholm, filled the young artist with disgust.

These influences both positive and negative would impact all of Nerdrum's work. A turning point in Nerdrum's work - the end of Nerdrum's more contemporary scene-like work, and the movement towards more Rembrandt-like painting elements- revolved around the enormous (11x16¾ foot) Refugees At Sea (1979–1980). Nerdrum, according to Vine, later considered the work to be naive in the sense that Rousseau defines the word, in which mankind is seen as innocent and innately good. In the painting Nerdrum endows the refugees, 27 Vietnamese boat people, with heroic stature, but in a highly sentimentalized manner that Nerdrum later described as "cloying".

Change in direction[link]

In 1981 Nerdrum created a seminal work that would serve to indicate a change in direction from the sentimentalized view of Refugees at Sea to a starker, unadorned view of reality. Twilight a rear view of a young woman alone in a wooded landscape defecating, offers nothing sentimental or ideal in its betrayal, but instead offers a stripped away view of life and reality.

Paintings were no longer as multi-figured as they had been with Refugees at Sea, and still lifes were of individual objects such as a brick or loaf of bread. The individuals who now populated Nerdrum's painting were imbibed with great quiet and stillness, but as Vine says, additionally, were vitally alive evoking a cosmic oneness, but yet did not transcend individuality.

These figures, as types rather than endowed with features or apparent stories that might distinguish them as individual, were costumed in garments that seemed timeless: furs, skins, leather caps, rather than in clothing that would link the viewer to a specific time and place.

Archetypal-like, these beings, inhabited pre-social, apocalyptic-like circumstances that included stark, severe landscapes, a reference to some place beyond our own time and space.

Painting technique[link]

Nerdrum's approach to painting is based on traditional methods that included mixing and grinding his own pigments, working on canvas he had stretched or stretched by assistants rather than on pre-stretched canvas, and working from live models often himself, and in many cases members of his own family. In a 2011 court case, Nerdrum claimed that the technique he used in the 1980s was faulty, "a special mixture of oils and paint in an effort to recreate the style of the old masters" which subsequently melted and disintegrated.^[8]

On kitsch[link]

Odd Nerdrum has declared himself to be a kitsch-painter identifying himself with kitsch rather than with the contemporary art world. Initially, Nerdrum's declaration was thought to be a joke but later, and with the publication of articles and books on the subject, Nerdrum's position can be seen as an implied criticism of contemporary art.^[9]

Process[link]

Of his process Nerdrum says." When I paint as if I struggle in the water. I will try with all means not to drown. Sandpaper, rags, my fingers, the knife-in short everything. The brush is rarely used."^[6]

Influences[link]

Rembrandt and Caravaggio were primary influences on Nerdrum's work, while secondary influences include Masaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian, and the less obvious influences, according to Vine and either mentioned by Nerdrum himself or other critics, that include Brueghel^{[disambiguation needed ]}, Goya, Chardin, Millet, as well the even less apparent Henry Fuseli, Caspar David Friedrich, Ferdinand Hodler, Edvard Munch, Käthe Kollwitz, Salvador Dalí, Chaim Soutine and Lars Hertervig.

Drawings and prints[link]

Odd Nerdrum prints are based on his paintings. An etching entitled Baby is based on a painting of the same title from 1982. Nerdrum refers to his highly finished, charcoal drawings as "paintings" Often his drawings are large in scale and are works in their own right, as well as being studies for future paintings.

Collections[link]

Odd Nerdrum's work is held in several public collections worldwide including in the United States: the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C., the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, New York, New Orleans Museum of Art (NOMA), New Orleans, Louisianna, Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD), San Diego, California, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Cleveland Center for Contemporary Art, Cleveland, Ohio, and in Norway, the National Gallery in Oslo. Odd Nerdrum is represented by the Forum Gallery, New York City.

Exhibitions[link]

The kiss, oil on canvas, 98cm x 78cm, by Odd Nerdrum

Kunstnerforbundet 1967-70-73 Oslo-76-84

Galleri 27 Oslo, 1972

The Bedford Way Gallery, 1982

Martina Hamilton Gallery, 1984

Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, 1985

The Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago IL, 1988

Lemberg Gallery Birmingham, MI, 1991

Gothenburg Art Museum, Sweden, 1991

Bergen Art Museum, Norway, 1992

Edward Thorp Gallery, New-York, 1992

New Orleans Museum of Art, 1994

Forum Gallery, New-York, 1996

Frye Art Museum, Seattle, 1997

Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art, Oslo, Norway, 1998

Kunsthal Rotterdam, The Netherlands 1999

Amos Anderson Art Museum, Helsinki, Finland, 1999

Young Classic, 2000

Harry Bergman Gallery, Stockholm, Sweden, 2000

Åland Art Museum, Mariehamn, Finland, 2000

Forum Gallery, New York and Los Angeles, 2002, 2004

Forum Gallery, Los Angeles, 2006

Forum Gallery, New York, January, 2007

Forum Gallery, New York, May, 2007

Edsvik Art Gallery, Sollentuna, Sweden, October–December, 2011

Reviews[link]

"There are more men than women here, but sexual pairing seems to occur only in death (or a sleep resembling death). Which is not to say desire is nowhere present. It is everywhere. If anything makes these pictures compelling, it's their consistent fascination with the human body. The images—of paired corpses, madmen, men in pain, a man without eyes—may be frightful and abhorrent, but every limb and torso is lovingly rendered. Pale, muscular, sexual, the figures are painted so that one must take them seriously—in much the same way that it is music that grounds the otherwise bizarre stage spectacles of Wagnerian opera."

• Odd Nerdrum by Justin Spring, part of a review first published in Artforum International, April 1, 1993

Nerdrum's work as inspiration[link]

A well-known 2000 horror film, The Cell, contains a scene that was heavily influenced by Nerdrum's 1990 painting, Dawn. The scene features three identical figures sitting down, looking upwards with pained, trance-like expressions on their faces. Director Tarsem Singh in the film's audio commentary says that the painting was the inspiration for the scene's imagery. Singh had seen the painting while visiting the owner of the painting, David Bowie.^[10]

Nerdrum also created the cover of the progressive rock band, Junipher Greene's LP, Friendship (1971).

Australian choreographer, Meryl Tankard's 2009 dance piece, "The Oracle", was inspired by the work of Nerdrum. The work, featuring the dancer Paul White, exhibited the human form in constant struggle with forces outside of itself.^[11]

Legal difficulties[link]

In 2011, Nerdrum was convicted in Norway of tax evasion and sentenced to two years in prison. An appeal was filed.^[12] His defense claimed that a very large amount of money in a safe deposit box in Austria was "a safety fund for some 36 paintings that he created in the 80’s using an experimental medium which collectors complained began to melt when exposed to heat."^[13][14] The sentence was criticised as excessive.^[13] Art professor Øivind Storm Bjerke called the sentence "strict"^[15]and many supporters stated that there were flaws in the proceedings of the trial, such as faulty evidence.^[16]Nerdrum claimed the case was an attempt at political persecution.^[17] Under Norwegian law, Nerdrum would be forbidden from any painting activity in prison, as prisoners in Norway are not allowed to pursue business activities while incarcerated.^[15]

In January 2012, the Norwegian court of appeal granted Nerdrum a new trial.^[18] The trial date has been set for 11 June, 2012.^[19]

Bibliography[link]

• Odd Nerdrum and Richard Vine. Odd Nerdrum: paintings, sketches and drawings. Oslo, Norway: Gyldendal Fakta, 2001. ISBN 82-489-0121-1.

• Odd Nerdrum and Jan-Erik Ebbestad Hansen. Odd Nerdrum: paintings. Oslo, Norway: Aschehoug, 1995. ISBN 82-03-26063-2.

• Odd Nerdrum, Jan Åke Pettersson and Astrup Fearnley Museet for Moderne Kunst. Odd Nerdrum: storyteller and self-revealer. Oslo, Norway: Astrup Fearnley museet for moderne kunst: Aschehoug, 1999. ISBN 82-03-22272-2.

• Odd Nerdrum, Richard Vine, E John Bullard and New Orleans Museum of Art. Odd Nerdrum, the drawings. New Orleans, Louisiana: New Orleans Museum of Art, 1994. ISBN 0-89494-047-3.

• Odd Nerdrum, Bjørn Li. Odd Nerdrum: themes: paintings, drawings, prints and sculptures. Oslo, Norway: Press Publishing, 2007. ISBN 82-7547-226-1.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Odd Nerdrum official website
• Forum Gallery - the gallery representing Nerdrum

Hanne Krogh.

Hanne Krogh (born Hanne Krogh Sundbø, 24 January 1956 in Haugesund) is a Norwegian singer and one half of the duo that won the Eurovision Song Contest 1985.

She recorded her first album in 1970 when she was 14 and has been a fixture in Norwegian popular music since then. In 1971 she won the Norwegian Eurovision Song Contest selection, the Melodi Grand Prix, with the pop-ballad "Lykken er..." ("Happiness Is..."). On this occasion she finished second last, but 14 years later she won the Eurovision Song Contest with Elisabeth Andreasson, whom together formed the duo Bobbysocks!. She also took part for Norway as a part of the quartet Just 4 Fun in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991.

Krogh has released 19 albums, including a compilation, Hanne Krogh: 40 beste in 1994, and many singles.

Krogh with Andreassen performed live in Danish capital Copenhagen for the 50th Eurovision anniversary, the Congratulations show. Another appearance of the duo was when they performed their winning melody at the city hall plaza (Rådhusplassen Image:Oslo rådhus2.jpg) of Oslo during the Eurovision concert in EuroPride 2005.

She is the mother of poker player Sverre Krogh Sundbø.^[1]

See also[link]

• Eurovision Song Contest 1971
• Eurovision Song Contest 1985
• Eurovision Song Contest 1991
• Melodi Grand Prix
• Bobbysocks!
• Congratulations (Eurovision)
• Europride
• Elisabeth Andreassen

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Full discography

This article about a Norwegian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Stein Ingebrigtsen (born August 23, 1945) is a Norwegian singer. He was enormously popular in Norway in the 1970s, nicknamed "Mr. Norsktoppen" for his countless hits topping Norsktoppen, an official chart for music in Norwegian.^[1]

From the 1960s and through the 1970s he sold more than one million albums, most of his songs being Norwegian translations of classics and famous pop songs of that period. Ingebrigtsen was heavily involved in the Treff-series ("Treff" being a direct Norwegian translation of "hit") which by 1978 finally comprised 21 discs consisting of translations of popular foreign songs. Among his hits were Norwegian versions of "Only You (and You Alone)" ("Bare du") and "It Never Rains in Southern California" ("Solen skinner der du aller helst vil være"). After this, Ingebrigtsen stepped down his own musical activity and only sporadic releases such as Stjernetegn and Soldatenes kortstokk in 1988 and 1989. He continued working as a producer for other musicians. Ingebrigtsen released Edelstein – de 20 beste in 2001.^[2]

He is the father of pop-singer Christian Ingebrigtsen, who is a member of the British-Norwegian band A1.^[2]

Discography[link]

Albums Released in Norway[link]

• 1972 – Hello-A (with Inger Lise Rypdal)
• 1973 – Bare Stein
• 1974 – Tilbake til naturen
• 1975 – Stein
• 1977 – Soloppgang

Albums Released in Sweden[link]

• 1972 – Sjung bort bekymren (with Inger Lise Rypdal)
• 1973 – Bara Stein
• 1975 – Tänk at få den tiden åter
• 1978 – Med säkra kort (Best of)

References[link]

This article about a Norwegian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e