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• Wikipedia Media help
• 
  

• 
  24 Hours of Le Mans
  The 24 Hours of Le Mans (French: 24 Heures du Mans) is the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans, France. Commonly known as the Grand Prix of Endurance and Efficiency, race teams have to balance speed against the cars' ability to run for 24 hours without sustaining mechanical damage to the car and manage the cars' consumables, primarily fuel, tyres and braking materials. The endurance of the drivers is likewise tested as drivers frequently spend stints of over two hours behind the wheel before stopping in the pits and allowing a relief driver to take over the driving duties. Drivers then grab what food and rest they can before returning to drive another stint. Today it is mandated that three drivers share each competing vehicle.
  The race is organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) and runs on the Circuit de la Sarthe, a circuit containing a mix of closed public roads and specialist motor racing circuit that are meant not only to test a car and driver's ability to be quick, but also to last over a 24 hour period. The competing teams will race in groups called classes for cars of similar specification while at the same time competing for outright placing amongst all of the classes. Originally the race was held for cars as they were sold to the general public which were then called Sports Cars compared to the specialist racing cars used in Grands Prix. Over time the competing vehicles evolved away from their publicly-available road car roots and today the race is made of two classes specialised enclosed-bodywork two-seat Prototype sports cars and two classes of Grand Touring cars which bear much closer resemblance to high performance sports cars as sold to the public.
  
  wn.com/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans
• 
  Agliano Terme
  Agliano Terme is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km southeast of Turin and about 12 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,658 and an area of 15.4 km².
  Agliano Terme borders the following municipalities: Calosso, Castelnuovo Calcea, Costigliole d'Asti, Moasca, and Montegrosso d'Asti.
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  wn.com/Agliano_Terme
• 
  Albenga
  Albenga is a city and comune situated on the Gulf of Genoa on the Italian Riviera in the Province of Savona in Liguria, northern Italy.
  The economy is mostly based on tourism, local commerce and agriculture
  A settlement of pre-Roman origins on the west side of the Ligurian coast, it was founded around the 4th century BC on the slopes of the coastal hills, becoming the capital of the Ingauni Ligures tribe, who dedicated to marine activities and controlled a large territory between Finale and Sanremo.
  During the Second Punic War the city allied itself with the Carthaginians, but were defeated by the Romans under proconsul Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus in 181 BC. The following year the Romans and the Ingauni signed a foedus (alliance agreement) which began the total Romanization of the whole region. Put under Latin rights in 89 BC, Albingaunum was granted the Roman citizenship in 45 BC under Julius Caesar, starting to enjoy, with the beginning of the Empire, a period of prosperity. A further boost for the city came from the building of the Via Julia Augusta (13 BC), connecting it to southern France and Spain. In the meantime the intense exploitation of the flat land around the city continued.
  
  wn.com/Albenga
• 
  Albugnano
  Albugnano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 20 km east of Turin and about 25 km northwest of Asti.
  Albugnano borders the following municipalities: Aramengo, Berzano di San Pietro, Castelnuovo Don Bosco, Moncucco Torinese, Passerano Marmorito, and Pino d'Asti.
  Not far is the Vezzolano Abbey.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Albugnano
• 
  Alessandria
  Alessandria  listen (help·info) (Lissandria in Piedmontese) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. The city is sited on the alluvial plane between the Tanaro and the Bormida rivers, c. 90 km southeast of Turin.
  Alessandria is also a major railway hub.
  Alessandria was founded in 1168 with a charter as a free commune; it was sited upon a preexisting urban nucleus, to serve as a stronghold for the Lombard League, defending the traditional liberties of the communes of northern Italy against the Imperial forces of Frederick Barbarossa. Alessandria stood in the territories of the marchese of Montferrat, a staunch ally of the Emperor, with a name assumed in 1168 to honor the Emperor's opponent, Pope Alexander III. In 1174–75 the fortress was sorely tested by Imperial siege and stood fast. A legend (related in Umberto Eco's book Baudolino, and which recalls one concerning Bishop Herculanus’ successful defense of Perugia several centuries earlier) says it was saved by a quick-witted peasant, Gagliaudo: he fed his cow with the last grain remaining within the city, then took it outside the city walls until he reached the Imperial camp. Here he was captured, and his cow cut open to be cooked: when the Imperials found the cow's stomach filled with grain, Gagliaudo was asked the reason to waste such a rich meal. He answered that he was forced to feed his cow with grain because there was such a lot of it, and no room to place it within the city. The Emperor, fearing that the siege would last too long, left Alessandria free. (Malaria was probably the real cause of his departure.) A statue of Gagliaudo can be found on the left corner of the city cathedral.
  
  wn.com/Alessandria
• 
  Antignano
  Antignano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 40 km southeast of Turin and about 8 km southwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,002 and an area of 10.9 km².
  The municipality of Antignano contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Perosini and Gonella.
  Antignano borders the following municipalities: Celle Enomondo, Costigliole d'Asti, Isola d'Asti, Revigliasco d'Asti, San Damiano d'Asti, and San Martino Alfieri.
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  Aramengo
  Aramengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 km east of Turin and about 25 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 639 and an area of 11.4 km².
  Aramengo borders the following municipalities: Albugnano, Berzano di San Pietro, Casalborgone, Cocconato, Passerano Marmorito, and Tonengo.
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  wn.com/Aramengo
• 
  Arles
  Coordinates: 43°40′36″N 4°37′40″E / 43.67670°N 4.6278°E / 43.67670; 4.6278
  Arles (French pronunciation: [aʁl]; Occitan: Arle [ˈaʀle] in both classical and Mistralian norms; Arelate in ancient Latin) is a city and commune in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the former province of Provence.
  A large part of the Camargue is located on the territory of the commune, making it the largest commune in Metropolitan France in terms of territory (though Maripasoula, French Guiana is much larger). The city has a long history, and was of considerable importance in the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis. The Roman and Romanesque Monuments of Arles were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1981. The Dutch post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh lived in Arles in 1888-1889 and produced over 300 paintings and drawings during his time there. An international photography festival has been held in the city since 1970.
  The Rhône river forks into two branches just upstream of Arles, forming the Camargue delta. Because the Camargue is for a large part administratively part of Arles, the commune as a whole is the largest commune in Metropolitan France in terms of territory, although its population is only slightly more than 50,000. Its area is 758.93 km² (293.02 sq mi), which is more than seven times the area of Paris.
  
  wn.com/Arles
• 
  Asti
  Asti  listen (help·info) is a city and comune of about 75,000 inhabitants located in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy, about 55 kilometres east of Turin in the plain of the Tanaro River. It is the capital of the province of Asti and it is deemed to be the modern capital of Monferrato (Montferrat in English).
  People have lived in and around what is now Asti since the Neolithic period. Before their defeat in 174 BC by the Romans, tribes of Ligures, the Statielli, dominated the area and the toponym probably derives from Ast which means "hill" in the ancient Celtic language.
  In 124 BC the Romans built a castrum, or fortified camp, which eventually evolved into a full city named Hasta. In 89 BC the city received the status of colonia, and in 49 BC that of municipium. Asti become an important city of the Augustan Regio IX, favoured by its strategic position on the Tanaro river and on the Via Fulvia, which linked Derthona (Tortona) to Augusta Taurinorum (Turin). Other roads connected the city to the main passes for what are today Switzerland and France.
  
  wn.com/Asti
• 
  Battle of Marengo
  The Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont, Italy. The French overcame General Michael von Melas's surprise attack near the end of the day, driving the Austrians out of Italy, and enhancing Napoleon's political position in Paris as First Consul of France in the wake of his coup d’état the previous November.
  Surprised by the Austrian advance toward Genoa in mid-April 1800, Bonaparte had hastily led his army over the Alps in mid-May and reached Milan on 2 June. After cutting Melas’s line of communications by crossing the river Po and defeating Feldmarschallleutnant (FML) Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz at Montebello on 9 June, the French closed in on the Austrian army, which had massed in Alessandria. Deceived by a local double agent, Bonaparte dispatched large forces to the north and south, but the Austrians launched a surprise attack on 14 June against the main French army under General Louis Alexandre Berthier.
  
  wn.com/Battle_of_Marengo
• Battle of Pollentia
  The Battle of Pollentia was fought on 6 April 402 (Easter) between the Romans and the Visigoths.
  Theodosius I, the last emperor of both eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire, died in 395, leaving his sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors of the East and West, respectively. Both new emperors were only boys at their ascension to the thrones, thereby making it necessary for older and more experienced men to step in as consuls.
  Flavius Stilicho, son of a Vandal father, though he identified with his maternal Roman heritage, was the magister utriusque militae when Honorius came to power and was able to act as consul and commander-in-chief because of his close relationship to the imperial family. Theodosius I had great trust in Stilicho and their families became formally linked when Stilicho’s daughter was married to Honorius. Zosimus described the concurrent situation: "The empire now devolved upon Arcadius and Honorius, who, although apparently the rulers, were so in name only: complete control was exercised by Rufinus in the east and Stilicho in the west." Even as Honorius grew older (he was ten at his ascension and seventeen at the Battle of Pollentia) “[he] was a feeble nonentity.”
  
  wn.com/Battle_of_Pollentia
• 
  Battle of Roccavione
  The Battle of Roccavione was the last battle of the invasion of the territory of Asti by the Angevine troops from the Kingdom of Naples. Charles I of Naples was defeated, and his entire invasion failed. The battle was also the end of the Astigiani participation in the wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, and the end of Charles' intervention in the rest of the Italian Peninsula.
  Charles I of Naples had landed in Piedmont to challenge the commune of Asti, who defeated Thomas II of Savoy's army at the Battle of Montebruno and subsequently moved at the conquest of Asti. Charles defeated a coalition of Ghibellines at the Battle of Cassano in 1259, and he was determined to bring down the Astigiani forces that remained. He found an Astigiani force waiting for him at Roccavione, in what is now the province of Cuneo.
  Asti had made allies with the Marquess of Montferrat, William VII. He was to lead the army, and his men awaited the Neapolitan army. When the two sides met, the Neapolitans were destroyed. Charles I's campaign in Piedmont, and Italy in general, had failed. He would not set foot in Piedmont again after he left back for Naples.
  
  wn.com/Battle_of_Roccavione
• 
  Belveglio
  Belveglio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 13 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 330 and an area of 5.4 km².
  Belveglio borders the following municipalities: Cortiglione, Mombercelli, Rocchetta Tanaro, and Vinchio.
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  wn.com/Belveglio
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  Bubbio
  Bubbio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 917 and an area of 15.7 km².
  Bubbio borders the following municipalities: Canelli, Cassinasco, Cessole, Loazzolo, Monastero Bormida, and Roccaverano.
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  wn.com/Bubbio
• 
  Calamandrana
  Calamandrana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,639 and an area of 12.7 km².
  Calamandrana borders the following municipalities: Canelli, Cassinasco, Castel Boglione, Nizza Monferrato, Rocchetta Palafea, and San Marzano Oliveto.
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  wn.com/Calamandrana
• 
  Calosso
  Calosso is a rural comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km south of Asti in the hilly area between the Tanaro and Belbo and on the borders between Monferrato and Langa. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,298 and an area of 15.7 km².
  The comune borders the following municipalities: Agliano Terme, Canelli, Castiglione Tinella, Costigliole d'Asti, Moasca, and Santo Stefano Belbo.
  The village itself, together with its castle, stands on a hill surrounded by the vineyards which represent its principal economic activity.
  The comune belongs to the Comunità delle colline tra Langa e Monferrato.
  Around two thirds of the area of the commune, and by far the greatest part of its agricultural land is devoted to vineyards. Production is on a small scale: this 10 km² or so is divided between 380 farms and the total annual production of wine is around 4,900,000 litres.
  The principal grape variety grown here is the Moscato Bianco, while others include Barbera, Dolcetto, Nebbiolo, Chardonnay and Freisa. Of particular interest is the cultivation of the now rare historical variety Gamba di Pernice (literally ‘Pheasant’s leg’).
  
  wn.com/Calosso
• 
  Camerano Casasco
  Camerano Casasco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 13 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 502 and an area of 6.7 km².
  Camerano Casasco borders the following municipalities: Chiusano d'Asti, Cinaglio, Cortandone, Cortazzone, Montechiaro d'Asti, and Soglio.
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  wn.com/Camerano_Casasco
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  Canelli
  Canelli (Piedmontese: Canèj) is a comune (municipality) of 10,440 inhabitants in the Province of Asti in the Italian region of Piedmont.
  Canelli is located on a bend of the river Belbo in the Alto Monferrato (High Monferrat), close to the border with the Langhe. The area around the town is rich in vineyards. The area is believed to be the birth place of the Italian sparkling wine Asti. The village's history of the wine is still evident today with the popular synonym of Muscat Canelli that is still used for the Moscato grape used to produce the wine.
  The neighbouring comuni are Bubbio, Calamandrana, Calosso, Cassinasco, Loazzolo, Moasca and San Marzano Oliveto in the province of Asti, and Santo Stefano Belbo in the province of Cuneo.
  The territory of Canelli was already occupied in prehistoric times by settlers from Liguria. In Roman times it became a center of some importance, surrounded by numerous farms on which vines were cultivated.
  After the Roman era Canelli fell into a long decline, but was already being called a citta (town) by the year 961. By the middle of the 12th century, the descendants of the Counts of Acqui Terme had taken control.
  
  wn.com/Canelli
• 
  Cantarana
  Cantarana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 13 km west of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 863 and an area of 9.8 km².
  The municipality of Cantarana contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Concentrico, Palazzasso, Torrazzo, Arboschio, Serralunga, Bricco dell'oca, Bricco Grosso, Bricco Aguggia, and Bricco Barrano.
  Cantarana borders the following municipalities: Dusino San Michele, Ferrere, San Damiano d'Asti, Tigliole, Valfenera, and Villafranca d'Asti.
  Cantarana Centrum
  Cantarana, Mayor and Assistants
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  Capriglio
  Capriglio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 308 and an area of 5.1 km².
  Capriglio borders the following municipalities: Buttigliera d'Asti, Castelnuovo Don Bosco, Cerreto d'Asti, Montafia, Passerano Marmorito, and Piovà Massaia.
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  wn.com/Capriglio
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  Casorzo
  Casorzo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km east of Turin and about 15 km northeast of Asti.
  Casorzo borders the following municipalities: Altavilla Monferrato, Grana, Grazzano Badoglio, Montemagno, Olivola, Ottiglio, and Vignale Monferrato.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Casorzo
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  Cassinasco
  Cassinasco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 639 and an area of 11.7 km².
  Cassinasco borders the following municipalities: Bubbio, Calamandrana, Canelli, Monastero Bormida, Rocchetta Palafea, and Sessame.
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  Castel Boglione
  Castel Boglione is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti.
  Castel Boglione borders the following municipalities: Calamandrana, Castel Rocchero, Fontanile, Montabone, Nizza Monferrato, and Rocchetta Palafea.
  
  
  
  
  
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  Castel Rocchero
  Castel Rocchero is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti.
  Castel Rocchero borders the following municipalities: Acqui Terme, Alice Bel Colle, Castel Boglione, Castelletto Molina, Fontanile, and Montabone.
  
  
  
  
  
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  Castellero
  Castellero is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 11 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 297 and an area of 4.3 km².
  Castellero borders the following municipalities: Baldichieri d'Asti, Monale, and Villafranca d'Asti.
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  Castelletto Molina
  Castelletto Molina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti.
  Castelletto Molina borders the following municipalities: Alice Bel Colle, Castel Rocchero, Fontanile, and Quaranti.
  
  
  
  
  
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  Castello di Annone
  Castello di Annone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km southeast of Turin and about 9 km east of Asti.
  Castello di Annone borders the following municipalities: Asti, Cerro Tanaro, Quattordio, Refrancore, Rocca d'Arazzo, and Rocchetta Tanaro. Its name derives from the Latin ad nonum ("nine miles"), indicating its distance from Asti. In the Middle Ages it was an important strategic hub, until in 1644 it was destroyed by Spanish troops. In 1994 it was flooded by the nearby Tanaro river.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Castello_di_Annone
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  Castelnuovo Belbo
  Castelnuovo Belbo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km southeast of Asti.
  Castelnuovo Belbo borders the following municipalities: Bergamasco, Bruno, Incisa Scapaccino, Mombaruzzo, and Nizza Monferrato.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Castelnuovo_Belbo
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  Castelnuovo Calcea
  Castelnuovo Calcea is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km southeast of Asti.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Castelnuovo_Calcea
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  Cellarengo
  Cellarengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km west of Asti.
  Cellarengo borders the following municipalities: Isolabella, Montà, Poirino, Pralormo, and Valfenera.
  
  
  
  
  
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  Celle Enomondo
  Celle Enomondo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 40 km southeast of Turin and about 9 km southwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 461 and an area of 5.5 km².
  Celle Enomondo borders the following municipalities: Antignano, Asti, Revigliasco d'Asti, and San Damiano d'Asti.
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  Cerro Tanaro
  Cerro Tanaro is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 14 km southeast of Asti.
  Cerro Tanaro borders the following municipalities: Castello di Annone, Masio, Quattordio, and Rocchetta Tanaro.
  
  
  
  
  
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  Cessole
  Cessole is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 30 km south of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 429 and an area of 11.1 km².
  Cessole borders the following municipalities: Bubbio, Cossano Belbo, Loazzolo, Roccaverano, and Vesime.
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  Chieri
  Chieri is a town and comune in the province of Turin, Piedmont (Italy), located about 11 km southeast of Turin (15 km by rail and 13 km by road). It borders the following municipalities: Baldissero Torinese, Pavarolo, Montaldo Torinese, Pino Torinese, Arignano, Andezeno, Pecetto Torinese, Riva presso Chieri, Cambiano, Santena, Poirino.
  The city was founded around the 1st or 2nd Century AD as the Roman settlement of Carreum Potentia, which was sited nearby a prominent hill which later became known as San Giorgio and which grew to be the geographical focus of the city centre.
  Roman historian Pliny the Elder made reference to "Carreum quod Potentia cognominatur" in his work Naturalis Historia, within his list of fortified settlements which then abounded in the section of Cisalpine Gaul located between the River Po and the Ligurian Apennines. The portrait he painted therein was of the city as a prosperous Roman walled city, surrounded by cultivated farmlands and scattered agricultural settlements.
  
  wn.com/Chieri
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  Cinaglio
  Cinaglio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 km southeast of Turin and about 11 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 470 and an area of 5.4 km².
  Cinaglio borders the following municipalities: Asti, Camerano Casasco, Chiusano d'Asti, Cortandone, Monale, and Settime.
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  Coazzolo
  Coazzolo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km south of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 301 and an area of 4.1 km².
  Coazzolo borders the following municipalities: Castagnole delle Lanze, Castiglione Tinella, Mango, Neive, and Santo Stefano Belbo.
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  Cocconato
  Cocconato is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 km east of Turin and about 25 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,629 and an area of 16.8 km².
  Cocconato borders the following municipalities: Aramengo, Brozolo, Montiglio Monferrato, Moransengo, Passerano Marmorito, Piovà Massaia, Robella, and Tonengo.
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  Corsione
  Corsione is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 km east of Turin and about 12 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 183 and an area of 5.2 km².
  Corsione borders the following municipalities: Castell'Alfero, Cossombrato, Frinco, Tonco, and Villa San Secondo.
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  Cortandone
  Cortandone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 13 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 288 and an area of 5.0 km².
  Cortandone borders the following municipalities: Camerano Casasco, Cinaglio, Cortazzone, Maretto, and Monale.
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  Cortanze
  Cortanze is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km east of Turin and about 15 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 266 and an area of 4.5 km².
  The municipality of Cortanze contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Roera and San Rocco.
  Cortanze borders the following municipalities: Cunico, Montechiaro d'Asti, Piea, Soglio, and Viale.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Cortanze
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  Cortazzone
  Cortazzone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 14 km northwest of Asti.
  The Romanesque church of San Secondo di Cortazzone is located on the hill of the last, about a kilometre west of the main centre of population. Dating from the 11th century, it is regarded as one of the most significant examples of medieval architecture in the Basso Monferrato. It is included in a well known tourist route called "Percorso del Romanico Astigiano" together with Vezzolano Abbey and San Nazario & Celso chapel in Montechiaro d'Asti, among others.
  
  
  
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  Cortiglione
  Cortiglione is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 565 and an area of 8.4 km².
  Cortiglione borders the following municipalities: Belveglio, Incisa Scapaccino, Masio, Rocchetta Tanaro, Vaglio Serra, and Vinchio.
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  Cossombrato
  Cossombrato is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 km east of Turin and about 12 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 493 and an area of 5.3 km².
  Cossombrato borders the following municipalities: Asti, Castell'Alfero, Chiusano d'Asti, Corsione, Montechiaro d'Asti, and Villa San Secondo.
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  Cunico
  Cunico is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km east of Turin and about 15 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 496 and an area of 6.9 km².
  Cunico borders the following municipalities: Cortanze, Montechiaro d'Asti, Montiglio Monferrato, Piea, and Piovà Massaia.
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  Dusino San Michele
  Dusino San Michele is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km west of Asti.
  Dusino San Michele borders the following municipalities: Cantarana, San Paolo Solbrito, Valfenera, Villafranca d'Asti, and Villanova d'Asti.
  
  
  
  
  
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  Ferrere
  Ferrere is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km west of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,542 and an area of 13.9 km².
  Ferrere borders the following municipalities: Cantarana, Cisterna d'Asti, Montà, San Damiano d'Asti, and Valfenera.
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  Fontanile
  Fontanile is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 572 and an area of 8.0 km².
  Fontanile borders the following municipalities: Alice Bel Colle, Castel Boglione, Castel Rocchero, Castelletto Molina, Mombaruzzo, Nizza Monferrato, and Quaranti.
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  France
  France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
  Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
  
  wn.com/France
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  Frinco
  Frinco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi)east of Turin and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 752 and an area of 7.3 km².
  The municipality of Frinco contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Molinasso, S. Defendente, Bricco Morra, and Bricco Rampone.
  Frinco borders the following municipalities: Castell'Alfero, Corsione, Tonco, and Villa San Secondo.
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  Galeazzo II Visconti
  Galeazzo II Visconti (c. 1320 – 4 August 1378) was a member of the Visconti dynasty and a ruler of Milan, Italy.
  He was the son of Stefano Visconti and Valentina Doria.
  In 1343 he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Two years later he was ousted by his uncle Luchino, returning under archbishop Giovanni Visconti, who made him governor of Bologna.
  In 1350 he married Bianca of Savoy, daughter of Aimone, Count of Savoy. Six years later he fought alongside his brother Bernabò against the Este and the Gonzaga, with Pandolfo II Malatesta as commander of his troops. Winner at Casorate, he was able to expand his territories. At the death of his brother Matteo II, Galeazzo obtained the western part of Lombardy, while Bernabò received the eastern one.
  He was handsome and distinguished, the patron of Petrarch, the founder of the University of Pavia and a gifted diplomat. He married his daughter Violante to Lionel of Antwerp, son of Edward III of England, giving a dowry of 200,000 gold florins; and his son Gian Galeazzo to Isabelle, daughter of King John of France.
  
  wn.com/Galeazzo_II_Visconti
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  Genoa
  Genoa  /ˈdʒɛnoʊ.ə/ (Italian: Genova [ˈdʒɛːnova] ( listen); Genoese and Ligurian Zena [ˈzeːna]; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is the capital of Liguria and the sixth largest city in Italy, with a population of 608,676 within its administrative limits on a land area of 243.6 km² (94 sq mi). The urban zone of Genoa extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 718,896. The urban area of Genoa has a population of 800,709. In the metropolitan area live between 859,000 and 1.4 million or 1.5 million people. Genoa is one of Europe's largest cities on the Mediterranean Sea and the largest seaport in Italy.
  Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks. Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, allowed it to become the 2004's European Capital of Culture. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.
  
  wn.com/Genoa
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  Germany
  Germany (ⁱ/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km² and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
  A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
  
  wn.com/Germany
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  Grazzano Badoglio
  Grazzano Badoglio (Grazzano Monferrato until 1939) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km east of Turin and about 15 km northeast of Asti. It was the birthplace of Pietro Badoglio, for whom it was later renamed.
  Media related to Grazzano Badoglio at Wikimedia Commons
  
  
  
  wn.com/Grazzano_Badoglio
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  Incisa Scapaccino
  Incisa Scapaccino (from 1863 to 1928 Incisa Belbo) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km southeast of Asti.
  Incisa Scapaccino borders the following municipalities: Bergamasco, Castelnuovo Belbo, Cortiglione, Masio, Nizza Monferrato, Oviglio, and Vaglio Serra.
  The town was the seat of an Aleramic marquisate from 1161 to 1548.
  
  
  
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  Israel
  Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
  Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or  /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل‎, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
  Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.^{[neutrality is disputed]} Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
  
  wn.com/Israel
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  Italy
  Italy ⁱ/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km² (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
  Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
  
  wn.com/Italy
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  Loazzolo
  Loazzolo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont (Regione Piemonte), located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km south of Asti.
  Loazzolo borders the following municipalities: Bubbio, Canelli, Cessole, Cossano Belbo, Monastero Bormida, Roccaverano, and Santo Stefano Belbo.
  A local wine, Loazzolo, is a two-year aged golden sweet yellow wine is produced in the municipality of Loazzolo with grapes from Moscato vineyards.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Loazzolo
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  Maranzana
  Maranzana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 317 and an area of 4.5 km².
  Maranzana borders the following municipalities: Alice Bel Colle, Cassine, Mombaruzzo, and Ricaldone.
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  Maretto
  Maretto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 14 km northwest of Asti.
  Maretto borders the following municipalities: Cortandone, Cortazzone, Monale, Roatto, and Villafranca d'Asti.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Maretto
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  Miami
  Miami ( /maɪˈæmi/ or /maɪˈæmə/) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city proper in the United States, with a population of 408,568, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area, and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. According to the US Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the seventh most populous and fifth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.
  Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2010, Miami was classified as a Alpha- World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the 2nd largest U.S. city (after El Paso) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.
  
  wn.com/Miami
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  Milan
  Milan (Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ( listen); Lombard: [miˈlan]; Latin: Mediolanum) is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy as well as of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of approximately 5 million. The growth of many suburbs and satellite settlements around the city proper, following the Italian economic miracle of 1950s–60s and massive commuting flows, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a region of approximately 9,3 million people. It has been suggested that the Milan metropolitan area is part of the so-called Blue Banana, the area of Europe with the highest population and industrial density. Its health care and education system is considered one of the best of Europe.
  
  wn.com/Milan
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  Moasca
  Moasca is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 422 and an area of 4.1 km².
  Moasca borders the following municipalities: Agliano Terme, Calosso, Canelli, Castelnuovo Calcea, and San Marzano Oliveto.
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  Mombaldone
  Mombaldone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 40 km southeast of Asti.
  
  
  
  
  
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  Mombaruzzo
  Mombaruzzo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti.
  Mombaruzzo borders the following municipalities: Bruno, Carentino, Cassine, Castelnuovo Belbo, Fontanile, Frascaro, Gamalero, Maranzana, Nizza Monferrato, Quaranti, and Ricaldone.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Mombaruzzo
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  Mombercelli
  Mombercelli is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km southeast of Turin and about 12 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,274 and an area of 14.2 km².
  Mombercelli borders the following municipalities: Belveglio, Castelnuovo Calcea, Montaldo Scarampi, Montegrosso d'Asti, Rocca d'Arazzo, Rocchetta Tanaro, and Vinchio.
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  Monale
  Monale is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 11 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 948 and an area of 9.1 km².
  Monale borders the following municipalities: Asti, Baldichieri d'Asti, Castellero, Cinaglio, Cortandone, Maretto, and Villafranca d'Asti.
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  Monastero Bormida
  Monastero Bormida is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 30 km southeast of Asti.
  Monastero Bormida borders the following municipalities: Bistagno, Bubbio, Cassinasco, Denice, Loazzolo, Ponti, Roccaverano, and Sessame. It is home to a castle, located near the Bormida river, which originated as an abbey founded around 1050 (whence the town's name), and which has mosaics and frescoes in the interior. There is also a Romanesque bridge crossing the same river.
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  Moncalvo
  Moncalvo is a city and comune in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 km east of Turin and about 15 km northeast of Asti on the national road SS 547 which links Asti to Casale Monferrato and Vercelli. Historically it was part of the state of Montferrat and was of particular importance during the early years of the Paleologi period of the marquisate. Its best-known inhabitants were the Baroque painter Guglielmo Caccia and ‘La Bella Rosin’, King Vittorio Emanuele II’s favourite mistress and eventually wife.
  Moncalvo borders the following municipalities: Alfiano Natta, Castelletto Merli, Cereseto, Grana, Grazzano Badoglio, Ottiglio, Penango, and Ponzano Monferrato.
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  wn.com/Moncalvo
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  Moncucco Torinese
  Moncucco Torinese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 20 km east of Turin and about 30 km northwest of Asti.
  It has a castle (14th century), housing a Museum of Chalk.
  Moncucco Torinese borders the following municipalities: Albugnano, Arignano, Berzano di San Pietro, Castelnuovo Don Bosco, Cinzano, Marentino, Mombello di Torino, Moriondo Torinese, and Sciolze.
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  Mongardino
  Mongardino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 km southeast of Turin and about 6 km south of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 989 and an area of 6.7 km².
  Mongardino borders the following municipalities: Asti, Isola d'Asti, and Vigliano d'Asti.
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  Montabone
  Montabone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 357 and an area of 8.5 km².
  Montabone borders the following municipalities: Acqui Terme, Bistagno, Castel Boglione, Castel Rocchero, Rocchetta Palafea, and Terzo.
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  Montafia
  Montafia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 986 and an area of 14.6 km².
  Montafia borders the following municipalities: Buttigliera d'Asti, Capriglio, Cortazzone, Piea, Piovà Massaia, Roatto, San Paolo Solbrito, Viale, and Villanova d'Asti.
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  Montaldo Scarampi
  Montaldo Scarampi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km southeast of Turin and about 9 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 704 and an area of 6.7 km².
  Montaldo Scarampi borders the following municipalities: Mombercelli, Montegrosso d'Asti, and Rocca d'Arazzo.
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  Montiglio Monferrato
  Montiglio Monferrato is a comune in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located in the Valle Versa about 30 km east of Turin and about 20 km northwest of Asti. It was created in 1998 by combining the three ancient communes of Colcavagno, Montiglio and Scandeluzza. The fourth principal population centre is the village of Rinco; this also was a commune in its own right until 1916 when it was absorbed by Scandeluzza.
  It has a castle from the 13th century during the war between the commune of Asti and the marquises of Montferrat, destroyed in 1305 and rebuilt with tunnels in the 14th century. The castle's park houses the Chapel of St. Andrew, with the largest cycle of 14th century frescoes in Piedmont.
  Other castles are at Colcavagno and Rinco.
  The 18th century town church in via Roma features frescoes by Pietro Ivaldi. The 17th century church of San Rocco is found in Piazza Umberto. Piazza Umberto also has a market on Friday.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Montiglio_Monferrato
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  Moransengo
  Moransengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 km east of Turin and about 25 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2270, not 200 according to Lelia. and an area of 5.4 km².
  Moransengo borders the following municipalities: Brozolo, Brusasco, Cavagnolo, Cocconato, and Tonengo.
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  Nizza Monferrato
  Nizza Monferrato (Nissa dla Paja in Piedmontese) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km southeast of Asti.
  Nizza Monferrato borders the following municipalities: Calamandrana, Castel Boglione, Castelnuovo Belbo, Castelnuovo Calcea, Fontanile, Incisa Scapaccino, Mombaruzzo, San Marzano Oliveto, Vaglio Serra, and Vinchio.
  Nizza Monferrato is also called Nizza della Paglia - "Nizza with straw", i.e. in the countryside. The suffix Monferrato (or Paglia) is needed to distinguish it from Nice in Provence: both Nizza Monferrato and the part of Provence that includes Nice (Nizza Marittima in Italian, Nissa dël Mar in Piedmontese) were at one time part of the Duchy of Savoy.
  Nizza Monferrato is located in the Upper Monferrat, in the south of the Province of Asti, 30 km from the town of Asti. The comune is rich in vineyards, and is traversed by the river Belbo.
  It is believed that Nizza Monferrato was founded in 1225 by inhabitants of the area after the destruction of some castles in the area of Alessandria. The town was built around the Abbey of San Giovanni in Lanero, close to the river Belbo. It was elevated to the status of comune ten years later, and in 1264 it joined the March of Montferrat (also called the Marquisate of Monferrato).
  
  wn.com/Nizza_Monferrato
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  Olmo Gentile
  Olmo Gentile is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 35 km south of Asti.
  Olmo Gentile borders the following municipalities: Perletto, Roccaverano, San Giorgio Scarampi, and Serole.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Olmo_Gentile
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  Passerano Marmorito
  Passerano Marmorito is a small rural comune (‘commune’ or ‘municipality’) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 km east of Turin and about 20 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 454 and an area of 12.1 km².
  The capoluogo of the commune, and the site of its town hall, is Passerano. The statuto comunale identifies three further villages or hamlets within the boundaries of the commune: Marmorito, Primeglio and Schierano (after which the wine grape Malvasia di Schierano is named). Further localities include Boscorotondo, Serra and Rocco.
  Passerano Marmorito borders the following municipalities: Albugnano, Aramengo, Capriglio, Castelnuovo Don Bosco, Cerreto d'Asti, Cocconato, Pino d'Asti, and Piovà Massaia.
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  Pavia
  Pavia (Italian: [paˈviːa] ( listen); Lombard Pavia; Latin: Ticinum) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It is the capital of the province of Pavia. It has a population of c. 71,000. The city was also the capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards from 568 to 774.
  Pavia is the capital of a fertile eponymous province known for agricultural products including wine, rice, cereals, and dairy products. Although there are a number of industries located in the suburbs, these tend not to disturb the peaceful atmosphere of the town. The town also is home to the ancient University of Pavia. The University, together with the IUSS (Institute for Advanced Studies of Pavia), the Ghislieri College, the Borromeo College, the Nuovo College, the Santa Caterina College and the EDiSU, belongs to the Pavia Study System. Furthermore, Pavia is the see city of the Roman Catholic diocese of Pavia. The city possesses a vast amount of artistic and cultural treasures, including several important churches and museums, such as the well-known Certosa di Pavia.
  
  wn.com/Pavia
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  Penango
  Penango is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 km east of Turin and about 15 km north of Asti.
  
  
  
  
  
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  Piea
  Piea is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km east of Turin and about 20 km northwest of Asti.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Piea
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  Piovà Massaia
  Piovà Massaia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km east of Turin and about 20 km northwest of Asti.
  Piovà Massaia borders the following municipalities: Capriglio, Cerreto d'Asti, Cocconato, Cunico, Montafia, Montiglio Monferrato, Passerano Marmorito, and Piea.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Piovà_Massaia
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  Portacomaro
  Portacomaro is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 km southeast of Turin and about 7 km northeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,976 and an area of 10.9 km².
  Portacomaro borders the following municipalities: Asti, Calliano, Castagnole Monferrato, and Scurzolengo.
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  Province of Asti
  The Province of Asti (It. Provincia di Asti) is a province in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Its capital is the city of Asti. To the north west it borders on the province of Turin; to the south west it borders on the province of Cuneo. To the east it borders on the province of Alessandria, while in the south it shares a very short border with the Ligurian province of Savona. It has an area of 1,504.5 km², and a total population of 206,265 (2004).
  The Province of Asti was created on April 1st 1935 by Royal Decree No. 297 of King Victor Emmanuel III. It was detached from the existing Province of Alessandria.
  The Province of Asti is among the institutions awarded the Gold Medal for Military Valor (Medaglia d'Oro al Valor Militare) for its contribution to the partisan struggle during the last two years of the Second World War.
  There are 118 municipalities (comuni, singular: comune) in the province: the largest by population are:
  
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Province_of_Asti
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  Quaranti
  Quaranti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti.
  Quaranti borders the following municipalities: Alice Bel Colle, Castelletto Molina, Fontanile, Mombaruzzo, and Ricaldone.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Quaranti
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  Refrancore
  Refrancore (Piedmontese: Ël Francó or Arfrancor) is a village and comune in the northwestern Italian province of Asti in the Piedmont region, located some 13 km east of Asti in the Basso Monferrato. The territory of the comune extends over an area of 13.15 km² and is largely devoted to agriculture, in particular to vineyards growing the Grignolino and Barbera wine grapes.
  Although having only around 1,600 official residents, the population and activity within the village is enhanced by the presence of holiday homes and surrounding hamlets which officially lie within other village boundaries.
  The name Refrancore derives from a battle fought between the Franks and Lombards. The battle was won by the Lombards and the blood spilt by the Franks tinted a local stream red giving the area the Latin name Rivus ex sanguine Francorum which literally means “A stream full of the Franks’ blood”. This became abbreviated to Rivusfrancorum and eventually Refrancore.
  At one time there was a small castle on the hill above the village, a drawing of which appears in the Codex Astensis. The last remains of the castle were razed in the 19th century in preparation for the construction of a church which was never actually built.
  
  wn.com/Refrancore
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  Roatto
  Roatto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 14 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 385 and an area of 6.5 km².
  Roatto borders the following municipalities: Cortazzone, Maretto, Montafia, San Paolo Solbrito, and Villafranca d'Asti.
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  Robella
  Robella is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km east of Turin and about 25 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 545 and an area of 12.2 km².
  The municipality of Robella contains the frazione (subdivision) Cortiglione.
  Robella borders the following municipalities: Brozolo, Cocconato, Montiglio Monferrato, Murisengo, Odalengo Grande, and Verrua Savoia.
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  Roccaverano
  Roccaverano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 35 km south of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 473 and an area of 29.9 km².
  Roccaverano borders the following municipalities: Bubbio, Cessole, Denice, Loazzolo, Mombaldone, Monastero Bormida, Olmo Gentile, San Giorgio Scarampi, Serole, Spigno Monferrato, and Vesime.
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  Rocchetta Palafea
  Rocchetta Palafea is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 401 and an area of 7.8 km².
  Rocchetta Palafea borders the following municipalities: Bistagno, Calamandrana, Cassinasco, Castel Boglione, Montabone, and Sessame.
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  Rocchetta Tanaro
  Rocchetta Tanaro is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 12 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,454 and an area of 16.0 km².
  Rocchetta Tanaro borders the following municipalities: Belveglio, Castello di Annone, Cerro Tanaro, Cortiglione, Masio, Mombercelli, and Rocca d'Arazzo.
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  wn.com/Rocchetta_Tanaro
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  Saluzzo
  Saluzzo (Italian pronunciation: [saˈluttso]) is a town and former principality in the province of Cuneo, Piedmont region, Italy.
  The city of Saluzzo is built on a hill overlooking a vast, well-cultivated plain. Iron, lead, silver, marble, slate etc. are found in the surrounding mountains. It has a population of approximately 17,000.
  Saluzzo was the birthplace of Silvio Pellico and of typographer Giambattista Bodoni.
  Saluzzo (Salusse in Piemontese) was a civitas (tribal city state) of the Vagienni, or mountain Ligures, and later of the Salluvii. This district was brought under Roman control by the Consul Marcus Fulvius.
  In the Carolingian age it became the residence of a count; later, having passed to the Marquesses of Susa, Manfred I, son of Marquess Bonifacio del Vasto, on the division of that principality became Marquess of Saluzzo; this family held the marquisate of Saluzzo from 1142 to 1548. The marquisate embraced the territory lying between the Alps, the Po and the Stura, and was extended on several occasions. In the Middle Ages it had a chequered existence, often being in conflict with powerful neighbours, chiefly the Counts (later Dukes) of Savoy. After Manfred II's death, his widow had to accept a series of tributes, which were to be later the base of the House of Savoy's claims over the increasingly feebler marquises' territories. Thomas III, a vassal of France, wrote the romance Le chevalier errant ('the knight-errant').
  
  wn.com/Saluzzo
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  San Giorgio Scarampi
  San Giorgio Scarampi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 30 km south of Asti.
  San Giorgio Scarampi borders the following municipalities: Olmo Gentile, Perletto, Roccaverano, and Vesime. It is home to a tall medieval tower, with six floors, commanding the Val Bormida landscape.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/San_Giorgio_Scarampi
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  San Martino Alfieri
  San Martino Alfieri is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 km southeast of Turin and about 11 km southwest of Asti.
  San Martino Alfieri borders the following municipalities: Antignano, Costigliole d'Asti, Govone, and San Damiano d'Asti.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/San_Martino_Alfieri
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  San Marzano Oliveto
  San Marzano Oliveto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km southeast of Asti.
  San Marzano Oliveto is located in a panoramic position 300 meters above sea level. It is easily visible from the SS6 road that runs from Canelli to Asti.
  The landscape of San Marzano Oliveto is reminiscent of the hilltop villages of Tuscany and Umbria with its almost mystical calm, an irresistible attraction for foreigners, many of whom live here for at least part of the year.
  Among these is the German painter Viktor Müllerstaedt, whose works, exhibited in various local exhibitions, are landscapes heavily influenced by fifteenth century Italian art.
  San Marzano was named after St. Marcian of Tortona, the first Bishop of Tortona (or perhaps a bishop of Ravenna), who was martyred in 2nd century by the Roman emperor Hadrian.
  The suffix "Oliveto" was added in 1862 because olives were said to have prospered there in ancient times. This hypothesis is supported by the existence of an ancient olive press in nearby Santo Stefano Belbo, and by the fact that olives continue to thrive there, although not in any great quantity, to the present day.
  
  wn.com/San_Marzano_Oliveto
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  San Paolo Solbrito
  San Paolo Solbrito is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,127 and an area of 11.9 km².
  San Paolo Solbrito borders the following municipalities: Dusino San Michele, Montafia, Roatto, Villafranca d'Asti, and Villanova d'Asti.
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  Savoy
  Savoy (/ˈsævɔɪ/; Arpitan: Savouè, IPA: [saˈvwɛ]; French: Savoie, IPA: [savwa]; Italian: Savoia) is a region of France. It comprises roughly the territory of the Western Alps situated between Lake Geneva in the north and Dauphiné in the south.
  The historical land of Savoy emerged as the feudal territory of the house of Savoy during the 11th to 14th centuries. The historical territory is shared between the modern republics of France and Italy.
  Installed by Rudolph III, King of Burgundy, officially in 1003, the House of Savoy became the longest surviving royal house in Europe.^{[citation needed]} It ruled the County of Savoy to 1416 and then the Duchy of Savoy from 1416 to 1714.
  The territory of Savoy was annexed to France in 1792 under the French First Republic, before being returned to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1815. Savoy was finally annexed to France, under the Second French Empire in 1860, as part of a political agreement brokered between the French emperor Napoleon III and King Victor Emmanuel II of the Kingdom of Sardinia that began the process of unification of Italy. Victor Emmanuel's dynasty, the House of Savoy, retained its Italian lands of Piedmont and Liguria and became the ruling dynasty of Italy.
  
  wn.com/Savoy
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  Scurzolengo
  Scurzolengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 km east of Turin and about 10 km northeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 617 and an area of 5.3 km².
  Scurzolengo borders the following municipalities: Calliano, Castagnole Monferrato, and Portacomaro.
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  Serole
  Serole is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 40 km south of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 166 and an area of 11.8 km².
  Serole borders the following municipalities: Cortemilia, Merana, Olmo Gentile, Perletto, Pezzolo Valle Uzzone, Piana Crixia, Roccaverano, and Spigno Monferrato.
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  Sessame
  Sessame is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 30 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 281 and an area of 8.5 km².
  Sessame borders the following municipalities: Bistagno, Cassinasco, Monastero Bormida, Ponti, and Rocchetta Palafea.
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  Settime
  Settime is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 km southeast of Turin and about 10 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 561 and an area of 6.7 km².
  Settime borders the following municipalities: Asti, Chiusano d'Asti, and Cinaglio.
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  Switzerland
  Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
  Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km² (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
  The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
  
  wn.com/Switzerland
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  Tanaro River
  The Tanaro (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtaːnaro]), known as Tanarus in ancient times, is a 276 km-long river in northwestern Italy. It rises in the Ligurian Alps, close to the border with France and is the most significant right-side tributary to the Po in terms of length, size of drainage basin (partly Alpine, partly Apennine) and discharge.
  The Tanaro proper begins in Liguria at the confluence of two small torrents whose sources are in Piedmont: the Tanarello and the Nerone.
  The main source of the Tanarello is on the slopes of Monte Saccarello above Monesi, a village belonging to the commune of [[Triora]*. This mountain straddles the French département of Alpes-Maritimes, the Piedmontese province of Cuneo and the Ligurian province of Imperia and marks the juncture of the watersheds between three drainage basins: that of the Tanaro itself, that of the Roya (Italian Roia), which rises in France but enters the sea at Ventimiglia; and the Argentina which flows into the Ligurian Sea at Taggia.
  The sources of the Negrone are some 10 km to the north, very close to the French border and south of Punta Marguereis.
  
  wn.com/Tanaro_River
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  Tigliole
  Tigliole is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 km southeast of Turin and about 9 km west of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,676 and an area of 16.1 km².
  The municipality of Tigliole contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Valperosa, Pocola, Pratomorone, Remondini, and San Carlo.
  Tigliole borders the following municipalities: Asti, Baldichieri d'Asti, Cantarana, San Damiano d'Asti, and Villafranca d'Asti.
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  Tonco
  Tonco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 40 km east of Turin and about 13 km north of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 895 and an area of 11.8 km².
  Tonco borders the following municipalities: Alfiano Natta, Calliano, Castell'Alfero, Corsione, Frinco, Montiglio Monferrato, Villa San Secondo, and Villadeati.
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  Tonengo
  Tonengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 km east of Turin and about 30 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 196 and an area of 5.5 km².
  Tonengo borders the following municipalities: Aramengo, Casalborgone, Cavagnolo, Cocconato, Lauriano, and Moransengo.
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  Tortona
  Tortona is a comune of Piemonte, in the Province of Alessandria, Italy. Tortona is sited on the right bank of the Scrivia between the plain of Marengo and the foothills of the Ligurian Apennines.
  Known in ancient times as Derthona, the city was probably the oldest colony under Roman rule in the westernmost section of the Valley of the Po, on the road leading from Genua (Genoa) to Placentia (Piacenza). The city was founded c. 123 BC - 118 BC at the junction of the great roads; the Via Postumia and the Via Aemilia Scauri which merged to become the Via Julia Augusta. The site made Dertona an important military station under the Romans.
  A bishopric was founded at Tortona early, but its first bishops are purely legendary, like Saint Marcianus of Tortona, called the first bishop of Piedmont and a disciple of Barnabas, the companion of Paul. Until the 9th century, the city was under the rule of its bishop; in 1090 it became a free commune with the name of Terdona. In 1133 the diocese was separated from the archbishopric of Milan to the new archdiocese of Genoa (CE "Lombardy").
  
  wn.com/Tortona
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  Turin
  Turin (Italian: Torino, pronounced [toˈriːno] ( listen); Piedmontese: Turin, pronounced [tyˈɾiŋ]; Latin: Augusta Taurinorum) is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.
  The city has a rich culture and history, and is known for its numerous art galleries, restaurants, churches, palaces, opera houses, piazzas, parks, gardens, theatres, libraries, museums and other venues. Turin is well known for its baroque, rococo, neo-classical, and Art Nouveau architecture. Much of the city's public squares, castles, gardens and elegant palazzi such as Palazzo Madama, were built in the 16th and 18th century, after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy (later Kingdom of Sardinia) was moved to Turin from Chambery( nowadays France) as part of the urban expansion.
  
  wn.com/Turin
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  United States
  The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
  At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
  
  wn.com/United_States
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  Vaglio Serra
  Vaglio Serra is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km southeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 293 and an area of 4.6 km².
  Vaglio Serra borders the following municipalities: Cortiglione, Incisa Scapaccino, Nizza Monferrato, and Vinchio.
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  Valfenera
  Valfenera is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km southeast of Turin and about 20 km west of Asti.
  Valfenera borders the following municipalities: Cantarana, Cellarengo, Dusino San Michele, Ferrere, Isolabella, Montà, and Villanova d'Asti.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Valfenera
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  Vesime
  Vesime is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 30 km south of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 683 and an area of 13.5 km².
  Vesime borders the following municipalities: Castino, Cessole, Cossano Belbo, Perletto, Roccaverano, Rocchetta Belbo, and San Giorgio Scarampi.
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  Viale
  Viale is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 km east of Turin and about 15 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 269 and an area of 4.0 km².
  Viale borders the following municipalities: Cortanze, Cortazzone, Montafia, Piea, and Soglio.
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  Viarigi
  Viarigi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km east of Turin and about 15 km northeast of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 986 and an area of 13.7 km².
  Viarigi borders the following municipalities: Altavilla Monferrato, Felizzano, Montemagno, Quattordio, and Refrancore.
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  Villa San Secondo
  Villa San Secondo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 km east of Turin and about 12 km northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 385 and an area of 6.0 km².
  Villa San Secondo borders the following municipalities: Castell'Alfero, Corsione, Cossombrato, Frinco, Montechiaro d'Asti, Montiglio Monferrato, and Tonco.
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  wn.com/Villa_San_Secondo
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  Vinchio
  Vinchio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 13 km southeast of Asti.
  Vinchio borders the following municipalities: Belveglio, Castelnuovo Calcea, Cortiglione, Mombercelli, Nizza Monferrato, and Vaglio Serra.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Vinchio

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  Adelaide of Susa
  Adelaide of Susa (also Adelheid, Adelais, or Adeline; ca. 1014/1020 – 19 December 1091) was the Marchioness of Turin from 1034 to her death. She moved the seat of the march from Turin to Susa and settled the itinerant court there. She was the last of the Arduinici.
  Born in Turin to Ulric Manfred II and Bertha, daughter of Oberto II around 1014/1020, Adelaide's early life is not well known. Her only brother predeceased her father in 1034, though she had two younger sisters, Immilla and Bertha. Thus, on Ulric's death, the great margraviate was divided between his three daughters, though the greatest part by far went to Adelaide. She received the counties of Ivrea, Auriate, Aosta, and Turin. The margravial title, however, had primarily a military purpose at the time and, thus, was not considered suitable for a woman.
  Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, therefore arranged a marriage between Adelaide and Herman IV, Duke of Swabia, to serve as margrave of Turin after Ulric's death (1034). The two were married in January 1037, but Herman died of the plague while fighting at Naples in July 1038.
  
  wn.com/Adelaide_of_Susa
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  Augustus
  Augustus ( /ɔːˈɡʌstəs/;Classical Latin: [awˈɡʊstʊs]; Latin: Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted posthumously by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC via his last will and testament, and between then and 27 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the revered one"), and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus.
  The young Octavius came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. As a triumvir, Octavian ruled Rome and many of its provinces. The triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian's fleet under the command of Agrippa in 31 BC.
  
  wn.com/Augustus
• Battle of Pollentia
  The Battle of Pollentia was fought on 6 April 402 (Easter) between the Romans and the Visigoths.
  Theodosius I, the last emperor of both eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire, died in 395, leaving his sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors of the East and West, respectively. Both new emperors were only boys at their ascension to the thrones, thereby making it necessary for older and more experienced men to step in as consuls.
  Flavius Stilicho, son of a Vandal father, though he identified with his maternal Roman heritage, was the magister utriusque militae when Honorius came to power and was able to act as consul and commander-in-chief because of his close relationship to the imperial family. Theodosius I had great trust in Stilicho and their families became formally linked when Stilicho’s daughter was married to Honorius. Zosimus described the concurrent situation: "The empire now devolved upon Arcadius and Honorius, who, although apparently the rulers, were so in name only: complete control was exercised by Rufinus in the east and Stilicho in the west." Even as Honorius grew older (he was ten at his ascension and seventeen at the Battle of Pollentia) “[he] was a feeble nonentity.”
  
  wn.com/Battle_of_Pollentia
• Charles de Lannoy
  Charles de Lannoy (c. 1487 – 23 September 1527) was a soldier and statesman from the Low Countries in service of the Habsburg Emperors Maximilian I and Charles V of Spain.
  Charles de Lannoy was born the younger son of Jean de Lannoy, Lord of Mingoval, himself nephew of Jean III de Lannoy. His mother was Philipotte de Lalaing (c. 1487). He took service with the Emperor Maximilian I and won distinction for bravery and leadership. He was appointed member to the council of Charles of Burgundy; later Emperor Charles V and his Caballerizo mayor in 1515. He was appointed knight of the Golden Fleece in 1516. He became governor of Tournai in 1521, was made viceroi of Naples in 1522 and made commander in chief of Imperial armies in Italy upon the death of Prospero Colonna at the end of 1523.
  His main experience in that era's warfare consisted chiefly of the Italian War of 1521 and the War of the League of Cognac. He commanded the Battle of the Sesia (1524), and the siege of Marseille (1524) and Pavia (1525).
  
  wn.com/Charles_de_Lannoy
• Ettore Desderi
  Ettore Desderi (December 10, 1892 - November 23, 1974) was an Italian composer.
  Born in Asti, He studied composition at the conservatory in Turin, graduating in 1921, as well as undertaking studies in architecture, which he completed in 1920. He subsequently studied with Ildebrando Pizzetti in Florence. After trying to make a living as an architect, Desderi embarked on a musical career: he directed the conservatory at Alessandria from 1933 to 1941, and then worked as a professor of composition at the conservatories of Milan and Bologna. He retired in 1963. Desderi died in Florence.
  Desderi is perhaps best known for his sacred music, especially his cantata Job (1927). He also wrote much instrumental music, as well as several songs. He even wrote a number of works inspired by jazz. His primary influences can be found in the music of Brahms, Franck and Reger.
  
  wn.com/Ettore_Desderi
• Fabrizio Maramaldo
  Fabrizio Maramaldo (1494 – December 1552) was an Italian condottiere.
  An illiterate native of Naples or Calabria, his exact origins are unknown, though he hailed from the Kingdom of Naples, and was perhaps of Spanish origin. He fled Naples after having murdered his wife and sought protection at the Gonzaga under Federico 11, Duke of Mantova and in the Republic of Venice. In 1526 he was absolved of the crime of uxoricide by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. He fought the Turks in Hungary, and the French in Piedmont. He suffered a grievous setback in the siege he laid to the city of Asti in 1526 where, after having breached the walls by cannonfire for a final assault, legend narrates that victory was snatched from his grasp by the intervention of the town's patron saint, St.Secondus of Asti who is said to have appeared in the sky. Fighting on the imperial side, he took part in the Sack of Rome the following year, and three years later, in the siege of Florence. He gained a reputation as a ruthless mercenary and ravager.
  
  wn.com/Fabrizio_Maramaldo
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  Francis I of France
  Francis I (French: François I^er) (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death. During his reign, huge cultural changes took place in France and he has been called France's original Renaissance monarch. His permanent rivalry with the Emperor Charles V for hegemony in Europe was the origin of a long and ruinous military conflict that gave rise to the Protestant revolution.
  Francis was an ally of Suleiman the Magnificent, with whom he formed the Franco-Ottoman alliance. His great rivals were King Henry VIII of England and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
  Francis was born at the Château de Cognac in the town of Cognac 400 km southwest of Paris, which at that time lay in the province of Saintonge, a part of the Duchy of Aquitaine. The town lies today in the French department of Charente.
  Francis was the only son of Charles, Count of Angoulême and Louise of Savoy and a great-great-grandson of King Charles V. His family was not expected to inherit the throne, as his third cousin King Charles VIII was still young, as was his father's cousin the Duke of Orléans. However, Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and left the throne to the Duke of Orléans, who became Louis XII. The Salic Law prevailed in France, and women were ineligible to inherit the throne. Therefore, four-year-old Francis (who was already Count of Angoulême after the death of his own father two years prior) became the heir presumptive to the throne of France and was vested with the title of Duke of Valois.
  
  wn.com/Francis_I_of_France
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  Franks
  The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite was one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe. The Franks had created one of the most strong and stable barbaric kingdoms.
  The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
  
  wn.com/Franks
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  Galeazzo II Visconti
  Galeazzo II Visconti (c. 1320 – 4 August 1378) was a member of the Visconti dynasty and a ruler of Milan, Italy.
  He was the son of Stefano Visconti and Valentina Doria.
  In 1343 he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Two years later he was ousted by his uncle Luchino, returning under archbishop Giovanni Visconti, who made him governor of Bologna.
  In 1350 he married Bianca of Savoy, daughter of Aimone, Count of Savoy. Six years later he fought alongside his brother Bernabò against the Este and the Gonzaga, with Pandolfo II Malatesta as commander of his troops. Winner at Casorate, he was able to expand his territories. At the death of his brother Matteo II, Galeazzo obtained the western part of Lombardy, while Bernabò received the eastern one.
  He was handsome and distinguished, the patron of Petrarch, the founder of the University of Pavia and a gifted diplomat. He married his daughter Violante to Lionel of Antwerp, son of Edward III of England, giving a dowry of 200,000 gold florins; and his son Gian Galeazzo to Isabelle, daughter of King John of France.
  
  wn.com/Galeazzo_II_Visconti
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  Giorgio Faletti
  Giorgio Faletti (born November 25, 1950) is an Italian writer, actor and singer-songwriter. Born in Asti, Piedmont, he currently resides in Elba Island.
  After a career as comedian, with some parts for cinema, he began to write and sing songs, taking part to three editions of the Sanremo Music Festival in 1992-1995. He also wrote songs for Mina and for two albums by Angelo Branduardi, Camminando camminando (1996) and Il dito e la luna (1998).
  In 2002 he published a thriller entitled Io uccido (I kill), which sold 3.5 million copies in Italy. It was followed by Niente di vero tranne gli occhi (2004), Fuori da un evidente destino (2006), Pochi inutili nascondigli (2008), Io sono Dio (2009) and Appunti di un venditore di donne (A Pimp's Notes)(2010).
  Faletti performed a lead role as a high school teacher in the teen-film comedy Notte prima degli esami. In 2007 he wrote the album In territorio nemico for Milva.
  He is a big fan of Juventus FC, a popular Italian football club.
  
  wn.com/Giorgio_Faletti
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  Giovanni Goria
  Giovanni Giuseppe Goria (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni dʒuˈzɛppe ɡoˈriːa]; July 30, 1943 – May 21, 1994) was an Italian politician. He served as the 47th Prime Minister of Italy from 1987 until 1988.
  Goria was born in Asti (Piedmont).
  Goria joined the Democrazia Cristiana in 1960 and entered local politics. He was elected to the chamber of deputies in 1976. He was undersecretary of the budget from 1981 until 1983 and then became treasury minister. He became known for his easygoing style and his adeptness at television appearances.
  Following the elections of 1987, in which his party did well, Goria became Prime Minister (the youngest his country had seen since World War II), as a protégé of party chairman (and prime ministerial successor) Ciriaco de Mita. He was forced to resign in 1988 after the Parliament refused to pass his budget.
  Goria was elected to the European Parliament in 1989. He resigned in 1991 to become Italian minister of agriculture. He remained in that position until 1992 when he became finance minister.
  
  wn.com/Giovanni_Goria
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  Ligures
  The Ligures (singular Ligus or Ligur; English: Ligurians, Greek: Λίγυες) were an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria, a region of north-western Italy.
  According to Plutarch they called themselves Ambrones, but this does not necessarily indicate a relationship with the Ambrones of northern Europe. They were ignorant of their own origin.
  Classical references and toponomastics suggest that the Ligurian sphere once extended further than the present boundary of Liguria [1]. Ligurian toponyms have been found in Sicily, the Rhône valley, Corsica and Sardinia.
  Aeschylus represents Hercules as contending with the Ligures on the stony plains near the mouths of the Rhone, and Herodotus speaks of Ligures inhabiting the country above Massilia (modern Marseilles, founded by the Greeks). Thucydides also speaks of the Ligures having expelled the Sicanians, an Iberian tribe, from the banks of the river Sicanus, in Iberia. The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax describes the Ligyes (Ligures) living along the Mediterranean coast from Antion (Antibes) as far as the mouth of the Rhone; then intermingled with the Iberians from the Rhone to Emporion in Spain. People with Ligurian names were living south of Placentia, in Italy, as late as 102 AD.
  
  wn.com/Ligures
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  Lombards
  The Lombards or Langobards (Latin: Langobardī), were a Germanic tribe who from 568 to 774 ruled a Kingdom in Italy.
  The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, dwelling in southern Scandinavia (Scadanan), who had migrated southward to seek new lands. In the 1st century AD they formed part of the Suebi, in northwestern Germany. By the end of the 5th century they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567.
  Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there. The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians, and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom in Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne, and integrated into his Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule parts of the Italian peninsula well into the 11th century, when they were conquered by the Normans, and added to their Kingdom of Sicily. Their legacy is apparent in the regional appellation, Lombardy.
  
  wn.com/Lombards
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  Matteo Paro
  Matteo Paro (born 17 March 1983) is an Italian footballer who plays for Vicenza.
  Paro made his Serie A debut in 17 May 2003, in a 2–1 loss to Reggina.
  In the summer of 2003, Juventus sold half of Paro's contract to Chievo in July for €450,000 total fee along with Sculli and Gastaldello as part of the deal that sent defender Nicola Legrottaglie the other way. Paro himself was valued for €50,000 only (50% rights).
  In 2005, Juventus bought back all three for €1.05M (€350,000 each). But Paro and Gastaldello was sold to Siena in another joint-ownership deal for €450,000 each.
  In 2006, Juventus relegated to Serie B, and bought back Paro's 50% rights from Siena, for about €820,000. He also holds the distinction of scoring Juventus' first ever Serie B goal, during Juventus' 1–1 draw with Rimini on 9 September 2006.
  In summer 2007, he was sold to Genoa in joint-ownership deal, for €1.5million. reunited with Sculli. Also Gastaldello joined Genoa's city rival U.C. Sampdoria.
  Juventus received another €2million for the player in June 2008.
  
  wn.com/Matteo_Paro
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  Maurizio Lobina
  Maurizio Lobina (born 30 October 1973 in Asti) is most known for being the keyboardist of the band Eiffel 65, an Italian group who hit big in 1999 with the mega-hit "Blue (Da Ba Dee)." The song was soon followed by releases of "Move Your Body" and "Too Much of Heaven." Lobina creating the melodies for the song "Blue" on a keyboard and asked vocalist Jeffrey Jey to "come up with strange lyrics" to accompany his piano riff. The group's first album Europop (featuring "Blue") was released in November 1999.
  Born in Asti, Lobina is a former member of the band Vitanova. He left because other members disliked dance music. "In 1991, I met Roberto Molinaro thanks to some girlfriends in common," says Lobina. "he was an aspirant DJ and producer and I was an aspirant musician and producer. As soon as he saw me play the piano he asked me so many times to go with him in a new studio in Torino. I talked with the band but they didn't like dance music; they prefer rock or pop music. Anyway, nobody of them stopped me."
  
  wn.com/Maurizio_Lobina
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  Napoleon
  Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte [napoleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]) (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed Ancien Régime. Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time and his campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.
  Napoleon was born in Corsica to parents of noble Genoese ancestry, and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. He rose to prominence under the French First Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power.
  
  wn.com/Napoleon
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  Paolo Conte
  Paolo Conte (born January 6, 1937) is an Italian singer, pianist, composer, and lawyer notable for his grainy, resonant voice, his colourful and dreamy compositions (evocative of Italian and Mediterranean sounds, as well as of jazz music, South American atmospheres, and of French-language singers like Jacques Brel and Georges Brassens) and his wistful, sometimes melancholic lyrics.
  Paolo Conte was born in Asti, Piedmont.
  His performing career began as a vibraphone player in local and touring bands (Saint Vincent Jazz Festival). He began songwriting with his brother Giorgio Conte early on and eventually began writing songs of his own. As a poet, painter and lawyer as well as a musician, he first earned attention during the late '60s and early '70s as the creative force behind hits from Adriano Celentano and Patty Pravo. Conte began his solo career with a 1974 self-titled LP, with subsequent efforts like 1987's Aguaplano and 1990's Parole D'Amore Scritte a Macchina enjoying considerable success throughout Europe. 1998's Paolo Conte, a greatest-hits collection, was his first U.S. release. His compilation album is titled The Best of Paolo Conte.
  
  wn.com/Paolo_Conte
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  Rinaldo Capello
  Rinaldo Capello (born 17 June 1964 in Asti, Italy), also known as Dindo Capello, is an Italian endurance racing driver.
  Dindo started his racing career in 1976, driving go-karts, but didn't move into single-seaters until 1983, starting in Formula Fiat Abarth. 1990 saw Dindo's first major championship victory, winning the Italian Supertourismo Championship in a Volkswagen Golf. He won the championship again in 1996, but in an Audi A4 this time.
  1997 saw Capello's first major endurance victory, at Vallelunga, in the Vallelunga 6 Hours, driving a Volkswagen Golf again. Capello was selected for the 2000 Le Mans race by the Audi Sport Joest team, driving the Audi R8 - the team finished in third place.
  Capello was on the winning team in both the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2003 and 2004, driving a Bentley Speed 8 and an Audi R8 respectively, and has also finished on the podium on three other occasions.
  Capello also won the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2002 and 2012. He holds the record of most Petit Le Mans victories, having won in 2000, 2002, 2006, 2007 and 2008.
  
  wn.com/Rinaldo_Capello
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  Secundus of Asti
  Secundus of Asti (Italian: Secondo di Asti) (died 119) is venerated as a martyr and saint. His feast day is generally celebrated on March 29. Until the 15th century it was celebrated at Asti on March 30, but it is now celebrated there on the first Tuesday in May. He was a historical figure who was beheaded at Asti under Hadrian. He is said to have been a patrician of Asti and a subaltern officer in the imperial army. It is known that a church was dedicated to him in the area as early as the 9th century.
  Later legends made Secundus a member of the Theban Legion. A more elaborate legend states that he was a young man of noble lineage who visited the jails of Asti. Secundus was a friend of Sapricius (Saprizio), prefect of the city. They traveled together to the city of Tortona, where Secundus met the city's first bishop, Marcian, who was later martyred under Hadrian. Secundus' meeting with Marcian influenced his decision to become a Christian; his meeting with Faustinus and Jovita further influenced his conversion. His friend Sapricius attempted to make him abjure his newfound faith. Secundus refused, and was tortured and decapitated.
  
  wn.com/Secundus_of_Asti
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  Stilicho
  Flavius Stilicho (occasionally written as Stilico) (ca. 359–408) was a high-ranking general (magister militum) who was, for a time, the most powerful man in the Western Roman Empire. Half Vandal and married to the niece of the Emperor Theodosius, Stilicho’s regency for the underage Honorius marked the high point of German advancement in the service of Rome. After many years of victories against a number of enemies, both barbarian and Roman, a series of political and military disasters finally allowed his enemies in the court of Honorius to remove him from power, culminating in his arrest and subsequent execution in 408. Known for his military successes and sense of duty, Stilicho was, in the words of the great historian Edward Gibbon, “the last of the Roman generals.”
  Stilicho was the son of a Vandal father and a Roman mother. Despite his father's origins there is little to suggest that Stilicho considered himself anything other than a Roman, and his high rank within the Empire suggests that he was probably not Arian like many Germanic Christians but rather a Nicene Christian like his patron Theodosius I, who declared Nicene Christianity the official religion of the Empire.
  
  wn.com/Stilicho
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  Umberto Cagni
  Umberto Cagni (Asti, 24 February 1863 - Genoa, 22 April 1932) was a polar explorer and an admiral in the Royal Italian Navy. He is best known for his leadership in a probe, by dogsled, northward over the surface of the Arctic Ocean in 1900. While his party failed in their goal of reaching the North Pole, on 25 April 1900 Cagni and his men achieved the northernmost point achieved by exploration up to that time, 86° 34′ N.
  Cagni was born in 1863 in the fast-growing Kingdom of Italy, which had been proclaimed only two years earlier during the Risorgimento. He well-placed father, a Piedmontese general, bestowed kinship ties that led to young Cagni being accepted for training by the Italian navy as a future officer. He was commissioned as an ensign in 1881.
  Cagni advanced in the service in terms of both rank and connections. By 1899 he was a captain in the Regia Marina and a close associate of Prince Luigi Amedeo, an Italian duke, nephew of the king of Italy, and experienced mountaineer. Organizing a group of 20 Italian and Norwegian men led by himself, the royal duke sailed on 12 June 1899 from Christiania for the recently-discovered Franz Josef Land, via Archangel'sk. In far northern Russia, Cagni and Luigi Amedeo obtained the sled dogs that would be a key element of the expedition. On 12 July they sailed north from Archangel'sk aboard their exploration vessel, the Stella Polare, their goal the establishment of a winter base in Franz Josef Land that would give them a jumping-off place to attain the North Pole.
  
  wn.com/Umberto_Cagni
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  Visigoths
  The Visigoths (Latin: Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi) were one of two main branches of the later Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. These tribes were among the Germanic peoples who spread through the late Roman Empire during Late Antiquity or the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged out of the Gothic groups who entered the Roman Empire in and after 376 and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. The Visigoths invaded Italy under Alaric I and famously sacked Rome in 410 AD, eventually settling in Spain and Portugal, where they founded a powerful Kingdom.
  After numerous years of migration, which led the Visigoths to compare themselves to the Biblical Hebrew people wandering for 40 years in the Sinai Desert, the Visigoths settled in southern Gaul as foederati of the Romans in 418. For unknown reasons, they soon fell out with their hosts and established their own kingdom with its capital at Toulouse. Extending their authority into Hispania at the expense of the Vandals, their rule in Gaul was ended by the Franks under Clovis I at the Battle of Vouillé in 507. Thereafter the only territory north of the Pyrenees that the Visigoths held was Septimania, such that their kingdom became limited to Hispania. The province came to be dominated by the Visigothic small governing elite at the expense of the Byzantine province of Spania and the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia.
  
  wn.com/Visigoths
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  Vittorio Alfieri
  Count Vittorio Alfieri (16 January 1749 – 8 October 1803) was an Italian dramatist, considered the "founder of Italian tragedy."
  Alfieri was born at Asti in Piedmont.
  His father died when he was very young, and he was brought up by his mother, who married a second time, until, at the age of ten, he was placed in the academy of Turin. After a year at the academy, he went on a short visit to a relative at Coni (mod. Cuneo). During his stay there he composed a sonnet chiefly borrowed from lines in Ariosto and Metastasio, the only poets he had at that time read. At thirteen, Alfieri began the study of civil and canonical law, but this only made him more interested in literature, particularly French romances. The death of his uncle, who had taken charge of his education and conduct, left him free, at the age of fourteen, to enjoy his paternal inheritance, augmented by the addition of his uncle's fortune. He began to attend a riding-school, where he acquired an enthusiasm for horses and equestrian exercise that continued for the rest of his life.
  
  wn.com/Vittorio_Alfieri