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Ferdinand on the left with Isabella on the right. The inscription above identifies them as "Lord Ferdinand and Lady Isabella, Kings of Castille and of Aragon".

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The Catholic Monarchs (Spanish: Reyes Católicos)^[1] is the joint title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile^[2] and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile; they were given a papal dispensation to deal with consanguinity by Sixtus IV. The title of "Catholic King and Queen" was bestowed on them by the Pope Alexander VI in 1496, for defending Catholic dogmas within their realms. They married on October 19, 1469, in the city of Valladolid; Isabella was eighteen years old and Ferdinand a year younger. Their marriage united both crowns under the same family. John Elliot and many other historians consider that the unification of Spain can essentially be traced back to the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, but newer historical opinions recognize that under their rule Spain was still a composite monarchy. Castile and Aragon remained largely separate entities for decades to come. The court of Ferdinand and Isabella was constantly on the move, in order to bolster local support for the crown from local feudal lords.

"Catholic monarchs" or "kings" can of course be used in a generic sense (e.g., "the Pope had authority over Catholic monarchs..."); the particular or generic use can be distinguished from the context.

Succession[link]

Isabella was named heir to the throne of Castile by her half brother Henry IV of Castile in the Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando. She became Queen of Castile in 1474. Her niece, Joanna of Castile, attempted to gain the throne by bringing in the foreign help of Afonso V of Portugal, leading to the War of Castilian Succession. More recently, some speculate that Joanna was the legitimate successor, though Isabella was able to portray herself as such.^[3] Isabella's supporters came out ahead in good part due to Aragon's support through Ferdinand, and she officially won in 1479 via the Treaty of Alcacovas. Ferdinand became the King of Aragon in 1479. Though their marriage united the two kingdoms, leading to the beginnings of modern Spain, they ruled independently and their kingdoms retained their own regional laws and governments for the next few centuries.

Domestic policy[link]

Ferdinand and Isabella with their subjects

The Catholic Monarchs set out to restore royal authority in Spain. To accomplish their goal, they first created a group named the Holy Brotherhood. These men were used as a judicial police force for Castile, as well as to attempt to keep Castilian nobles in check. To establish a more uniform judicial system, the Catholic Monarchs created the Royal Council, and appointed magistrates (judges) to run the towns and cities. This establishment of royal authority is known as the Pacification of Castile, and can be seen as one of the crucial steps toward the creation of one of Europe's first strong nation-states. Isabella also sought various ways to diminish the influence of the Cortes Generales in Castile, though Ferdinand was too thoroughly Catalan to do anything of the sort with the equivalent systems in the Crown of Aragon. Even after his death and the union of the crowns under one monarch, the Aragonese, Catalan, and Valencian cortes (Catalan/Valencian: corts) retained significant power in their respective regions. Further, the monarchs continued ruling through a form of medieval contractualism, which made their rule pre-modern in a few ways. One of those is that they traveled from town to town throughout the kingdom in order to promote loyalty, rather than possessing any single administrative center. Another is that each community and region was connected to them via loyalty to the crown, rather than bureaucratic ties.^[4]

Ferdinand and Isabella were noted for being the monarchs of the newly-united Spain at the dawn of the modern era. The Kings had a goal of completing the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula and to conquer the Muslim kingdom of Granada. The beginnings of a series of campaigns known as the Granada War began with the attack of Alhama de Granada. The attack was led by two Andalusian nobles Rodrigo Ponce de León and Diego de Merlo. The city fell to Andalusian forces in 1482. The Granada War was aided by Pope Sixtus IV by granting a tithe and implementing a crusade tax to invest in the war. After 10 years of many battles the Granada War ended in 1492 when the Emir Boabdil surrendered the keys of the Alhambra Palace in Granada to the Castilian soldiers.

Expulsion of non-Christians and Spanish Inquisition[link]

Ferdinand and Isabella ordered the expulsion from Spain of all Jews and Muslims.^[5] People who converted to Catholicism were not subject to expulsion, but between 1480 and 1492 hundreds of those who had converted (conversos and moriscos) were accused of secretly practising their original religion (crypto-Judaism or crypto-Islam) and arrested, imprisoned, interrogated under torture, and in many cases burned to death, in both Castile and Aragon.^{[citation needed]}

The Inquisition had been created in the twelfth century by Pope Lucius III to fight heresy in the south of what is now France. The Catholic Monarchs decided to introduce the Inquisition to Castile, and requested the Pope's assent. On 1 November 1478 Pope Sixtus IV published the Papal bull, Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus, through which the Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile; it was later extended to all of Spain. The bull gave the monarchs exclusive authority to name the inquisitors. [unsourced paragraph]

During the reign of the Catholic Monarchs and long afterwards the Inquisition was active in persecuting people for offences such as crypto-Judaism, heresy, Protestantism, blasphemy, and bigamy. The last trial for crypto-Judaism was held in 1818.

In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella ordered segregation of communities to create closed quarters which eventually became what were later called "ghettos". This segregation, common at the time, also furthered economic pressures upon the Jews and other non-Christians by increasing taxes and social restrictions. Finally, in 1492, with the Alhambra Decree Jews in Spain were given four months by the monarchs to either convert to Catholicism or leave Spain. Tens of thousands of Jews departed from Spain to other lands such as Portugal, North Africa, Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Later in 1492, Ferdinand issued a letter addressed to the Jews who had left Castile and Aragon, to invite them back to Spain if and only if they had become Christians. [unsourced paragraph]

Exploration[link]

Christopher Columbus

They authorized the expedition of Christopher Columbus, who was given the name of Admiral of the Ocean Sea by the monarchs, which brought knowledge of the Americas to Europe. Columbus' first expedition to the supposed Indies actually landed in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. He landed on the island of Guanahani, and called it San Salvador. He continued onto Cuba, naming it Juana, and finished his journey on the island of Santo Domingo, calling it La Española. His second trip began in 1493 in which he found more Caribbean islands including Puerto Rico. His main goal was to colonize the existing discoveries with the 1500 men that he had brought the second time around. Columbus finished his last expedition in 1498 and discovered Trinidad and the coast of present day Venezuela. The colonies Columbus established and conquests in the Americas in the decades to come would lead to an influx of wealth into Spain, filling the coffers of the new state that would prove to be the hegemony of Europe only until 1588, when the Spanish Armada disaster against England and Ireland led to the major decline of Spain as an imperial power in Europe.

Children and alliances[link]

Isabella ensured long-term political stability in Spain by arranging strategic marriages for each of her five children; political security was important for a country to be considered a great power. Her firstborn, a daughter named Isabella, married Afonso of Portugal, forging important ties between these two neighbouring countries and hopefully ensuring peace and future alliance. Joanna, Isabella’s second daughter, married Philip the Handsome, the son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. This ensured alliance with the Holy Roman Empire, a powerful, far-reaching territory which assured Spain’s future political security. Isabella’s first and only son, John, married Margaret of Austria, maintaining ties with the Habsburg dynasty, on which Spain relied heavily. Her fourth child, Maria, married Manuel I of Portugal, strengthening the link forged by her older sister’s marriage. Her fifth child, Catherine, firstly married to Arthur, Prince of Wales, and after his premature death, she married Henry VIII, King of England.

Motto and symbol[link]

Coat of Arms of the Catholic Monarchs

The Monarchs' joint motto was "Tanto monta, monta tanto". The motto was created by Antonio de Nebrija and was either an allusion to the Gordian Knot: Tanto monta, monta tanto, cortar como desatar ("It's one and the same, cutting or untying"), or an explanation of the equality of the monarchs: Tanto monta, monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando ("It's one and the same, Isabella the same as Ferdinand")

Their symbol was el yugo y las flechas, a yoke, possibly a reference to the yoke tied with the Gordian knot, and a fasces (bundle) of arrows. Y and F are the initials of Ysabel (spelling at the time) and Fernando. This let otherwise illiterate peasants recognize the royal crest- similar consonance is used in stained glass. (This symbol was later used by the fascist, from fasces, Spanish political party Falange, which claimed to represent the inherited glory and the ideals of the Reyes Católicos.)

Death[link]

Coffins of the Catholic Monarchs in the Capilla Real

Isabella died in 1504. Ferdinand remarried Germaine of Foix; he died in 1516.

Citations[link]

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Catholic Monarchs

• Country Studies
• Elliott, J.H., Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (1963; Pelican 1970)
• Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella: Profiles in Power.Pearson Education. New York, New York. 2005.ISBN 0-582-21816-0.
• Edwards, John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs. Blackwell Publishers. Massachusetts, 2000. ISBN 0-631-22143-3.
• Kamen, Henry. Spain: 1469-1714 A Society of Conflict.Longman. New York, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-582-06723-5.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2011)

Juan Carlos I King Don Juan Carlos I at age 71, 2009 King of Spain (more) Reign 22 November 1975 – present Anointment 27 November 1975 Predecessor Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel (interim Head of State) Alfonso XIII (as King of Spain) Heir apparent Felipe, Prince of Asturias Prime Ministers See list Carlos Arias-Navarro Fernando de Santiago y Díaz Adolfo Suárez Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Felipe González José María Aznar José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Mariano Rajoy Consort Sophia of Greece and Denmark Detail Issue Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca Felipe, Prince of Asturias Full name Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias House House of Bourbon[1][2] Father Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona Mother Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Born (1938-01-05) 5 January 1938 (age 74) Rome, Italy Signature

Spanish Royal Family HM The King HM The Queen HRH The Prince of Asturias HRH The Princess of Asturias HRH Infanta Leonor HRH Infanta Sofía HRH The Duchess of Lugo HE Don Felipe HE Doña Victoria HRH The Duchess of Palma de Mallorca HE The Duke of Palma de Mallorca HE Don Juan Valentín HE Don Pablo Nicolás HE Don Miguel HE Doña Irene Extended royal family HRH The Duchess of Badajoz HRH The Duchess of Soria HE The Duke of Soria HRH The Dowager Duchess of Calabria HRH The Duke of Calabria HRH The Duchess of Calabria v t e

Royal styles of King Juan Carlos Reference style His Majesty Spoken style Your Majesty Alternative style Sire

Juan Carlos I (Spanish pronunciation: [xwaŋˈkarlos]; born 5 January 1938) is the reigning King of Spain. On 22 November 1975, two days after General Franco's death, Juan Carlos was designated King according to the law of succession promulgated by Franco. In 1969, when Franco named Juan Carlos as the next head of state, Spain had had no monarch for 38 years.^[3] The Spanish Constitution of 1978, voted in referendum, acknowledges him expressly as King of Spain. The Spanish Constitution, Title II: the Crown, Article 56, Subsection 1, affirms the role of the Spanish monarch as the personification and embodiment of the Spanish nation, a symbol of Spain's enduring unity and permanence; and as such, the monarch is the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed Forces in a system known in Spanish as monarquía parlamentaria (constitutional monarchy).^[4][5]

King Juan Carlos successfully oversaw the transition of Spain from dictatorship to parliamentary monarchy.

Juan Carlos married Sophia of Greece and Denmark on 14 May 1962. The couple have three children and eight grandchildren.

Polls from 2000 show that he is widely approved of by Spaniards.^[6] According to the Spanish Constitution, the monarch is also instrumental in promoting Ibero-American relations, the "nations of its historical community".^[4][5] In this capacity, the King of Spain serves as the president of the Ibero-American States Organization, representing over 700,000,000 people in 24 member nations worldwide. In 2008 he was considered the most popular leader in all Ibero-America.^[7]

In other languages of Spain, the name of the King Juan Carlos I is adapted as:

• Catalan/Valencian Joan Carles I (IPA: [ʒuˈaŋ ˈkarɫəs] or [(d)ʒuˈaŋ ˈkaɾles]).
• Galician Xoán Carlos I (IPA: [ʃoˈaŋ ˈkaɾlos]).
• Basque Joan Karlos Ia (IPA: [joan karlos]).

Early life[link]

Juan Carlos was born to the Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, and the Princess María Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies in Rome, Italy, where his grandfather, King Alfonso XIII, and other members of the Spanish royal family had settled following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931. He was baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias.^{[note 1]} His early life was dictated largely by the political concerns of his father and General Franco. He moved to Spain in 1948 to be educated there after his father persuaded Franco to allow it. He began his studies in San Sebastián and finished them in 1954 at the San Isidro Institute in Madrid. He then joined the army, doing his officer training from 1955 to 1957 at the Military Academy of Zaragoza.

Juan Carlos has two sisters: Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz (born 1936) and Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria (born 1939). He also had a younger brother, Alfonso.

Alfonso's death[link]

In March 1956, Juan Carlos's younger brother Alfonso died in a gun accident at the family's home Villa Giralda in Estoril, Portugal. The Spanish Embassy in Portugal issued an official communiqué:^[8]

Whilst His Highness Prince Alfonso was cleaning a revolver last evening with his brother, a shot was fired hitting his forehead and killing him in a few minutes. The accident took place at 20.30 hours, after the Infante's return from the Maundy Thursday religious service, during which he had received holy communion.

Very quickly, however, rumours appeared in newspapers that the gun had actually been held by Juan Carlos at the moment the shot was fired. Josefina Carolo, dressmaker to Juan Carlos's mother, said that Juan Carlos pointed the pistol at Alfonso and pulled the trigger, unaware that the pistol was loaded. Bernardo Arnoso, a Portuguese friend of Juan Carlos, also said that Juan Carlos fired the pistol not knowing that it was loaded, and adding that the bullet ricocheted off a wall hitting Alfonso in the face. Helena Matheopoulos, a Greek author who spoke with Juan Carlos's sister Pilar, said that Alfonso had been out of the room and when he returned and pushed the door open, the door knocked Juan Carlos in the arm causing him to fire the pistol.^[9]

Education[link]

In 1957 Juan Carlos spent a year in the naval school at Marin, Pontevedra, and another in the Air Force school in San Javier in Murcia. In 1960–1 he studied Law, International Political Economy and Public Finance at Complutense University.^[10] He then went to live in the Palace of Zarzuela, and began carrying out official engagements.

Prince of Spain, 1969–1975[link]

The dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco had come to power during the Spanish Civil War, which had pitted democrats, anarchists, socialists, and communists, supported in part by the Soviet Union and by international volunteers, against conservatives, monarchists, nationalists, and fascists, supported by both Hitler and Mussolini, with the latter group ultimately emerging successful with the support of neighbouring Portugal and the major European Axis powers of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Despite his alliance with monarchists, Franco was not eager to restore the deposed Spanish monarchy once in power, preferring to head a regime with himself as head of state for life. Though Franco's partisan supporters generally accepted this arrangement for the present, much debate quickly ensued over who would replace Franco upon his death. The far right factions demanded the return of a hardline absolute monarchy, and eventually Franco agreed that his successor would be a monarch. Franco had no intention of restoring the constitutional form of monarchy known during the 19th century or the republican form of government created by the Spanish Constitution of 1931.

The heir to the throne of Spain was Juan de Borbón (Count of Barcelona), the son of the late Alfonso XIII. However, General Franco viewed the heir with extreme suspicion, believing him to be a liberal who was opposed to his regime. Franco then considered giving the Spanish throne to Juan Carlos's cousin Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz. Alfonso was known to be an ardent Francoist and would marry Franco's granddaughter, Doña María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco in 1972.

Ultimately, Franco decided to skip a generation and name Juan de Borbón's son, Prince Juan Carlos, as his personal successor. Franco hoped the young prince could be groomed to take over the nation while still maintaining the ultraconservative nature of his regime. In 1969, Juan Carlos was officially designated heir-apparent and was given the new title of Prince of Spain (not the traditional Prince of Asturias). As a condition of being named heir-apparent, he had to swear loyalty to Franco's Movimiento Nacional, which he did with little outward hesitation.

Prince Juan Carlos met and consulted Franco many times while heir apparent and often took part in official and ceremonial state functions standing alongside the dictator, much to the anger of hardline republicans and more moderate liberals, who had hoped that Franco's death would bring in an era of reform. During 1969–1975, Juan Carlos publicly supported Franco's regime. Although Franco's health worsened during those years, whenever he did appear in public, from state dinners to military parades, it was in Juan Carlos's company as he continued to praise Franco and his government for the economic growth and positive changes in Spain. However, as the years progressed, Juan Carlos began meeting secretly with political opposition leaders and exiles, who were fighting to bring liberal reform to the country. He also had secret conversations with his father over the telephone. Franco, for his part, remained largely oblivious to the prince's actions and denied allegations from his ministers and advisors that Juan Carlos was in any way disloyal to his vision of the regime.

During periods of Franco's temporary incapacity in 1974 and 1975 Juan Carlos was acting head of state. Near death, on 30 October 1975, Franco gave full control to Juan Carlos. On 22 November, following Franco's death, the Cortes Generales proclaimed Juan Carlos King of Spain and on 27 November, Juan Carlos was anointed king in a ceremony called Holy Spirit Mass, which was the equivalent of a coronation, at the Jerónimos Church in Madrid. He opted not to call himself John III or Charles V, but Juan Carlos I.

Restoration of the monarchy[link]

Royal trips of King Juan Carlos I from 1975 until today.

Juan Carlos quickly instituted reforms, to the great displeasure of Falangist and conservative (monarchist) elements, especially in the military, who had expected him to maintain the authoritarian state. He appointed Adolfo Suárez, a former leader of the Movimiento Nacional, as Prime Minister of Spain.

On 20 May 1977, the leader of the only recently legalized Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Felipe González, accompanied by Javier Solana, visited Juan Carlos in the Zarzuela Palace. The event represented a key endorsement of the monarchy from Spain's political left, who had been historically republican. Left-wing support for the monarchy grew when the Communist Party of Spain was legalized shortly thereafter, a move Juan Carlos had pressed for, despite enormous right-wing military opposition at that time, during the Cold War.

On 15 June 1977, Spain held its first post-Franco democratic elections. In 1978, a new Constitution was promulgated that acknowledged Juan Carlos as rightful heir of the Spanish dynasty and King; specifically, Title II, Section 57 asserted Juan Carlos' right to the throne of Spain by dynastic succession in the Borbón tradition, as "the legitimate heir of the historic dynasty" rather than as the designated successor of Franco.^[4][11] The Constitution was passed by the democratically elected Constituent Cortes, ratified by the people in a referendum (6 December) and then signed into law by the King before a solemn meeting of the Cortes.

Further legitimacy had been restored to Juan Carlos' position on 14 May 1977, when his father, Don Juan (whom many monarchists had recognized as the legitimate, exiled King of Spain during the Franco era), formally renounced his claim to the Throne and recognized his son as the sole head of the Spanish Royal House, transferring to him the historical heritage of the Spanish monarchy, thus making Juan Carlos both the de facto and the de jure (rightful) King in the eyes of the traditional monarchists. Juan Carlos, who had already been King since Franco's death, gave an acceptance address after his father's resignation speech and thanked him by confirming the title of Count of Barcelona that Don Juan had assumed in exile. It was a sovereign title associated to the crown.

An attempted military coup, known as 23-F, occurred on 23 February 1981, when the Cortes were seized by members of the Guardia Civil in the parliamentary chamber. Believed to be a major factor in foiling the coup was the public television broadcast by the king, calling for unambiguous support for the legitimate democratic government. Certainly, in the hours before his speech, he had personally called many senior military figures to tell them that he was opposed to the coup and that they had to defend the democratic government.

When Juan Carlos became king, Communist leader Santiago Carrillo nicknamed him Juan Carlos the Brief, predicting that the monarchy would soon be swept away with the other remnants of the Franco era. After the collapse of the attempted coup mentioned above, however, in an emotional statement, Carrillo told television viewers: "God save the king." The Communist leader also remarked: "Today, we are all monarchists." If public support for the monarchy among democrats and leftists before 1981 had been limited, following the king's handling of the coup, it became significantly greater. According to a poll in the newspaper El Mundo in November 2005, 77.5% of Spaniards thought Juan Carlos was "good or very good", 15.4% "not so good", and only 7.1% "bad or very bad". Even so, the issue of the monarchy re-emerged on 28 September 2007 as photos of the king were burnt in public in Catalonia by small groups of protesters wanting the restoration of the Republic.^[12]

In July 2000, Juan Carlos was the target of an enraged protester when Juan María Fernández y Krohn,^[13] who had previously tried to take the life of Pope John Paul II, began shouting "Murderer! Murderer!" at the king and then approached him in a very threatening manner.

Role in contemporary Spanish politics[link]

The election of socialist leader Felipe González to the Spanish prime ministership in 1982 marked the effective end of the King's active involvement in Spanish politics. González would govern for over a decade, and his administration helped consolidate the democratic gains and thus maintained the stability of the nation. While the king is generally reckoned as having a merely ceremonial role in politics, he commands great moral authority as an essential symbol of the country's unity.

5000 Spanish peseta note with image of King Juan Carlos.

Under the constitution, the King has immunity from prosecution in matters relating to his official duties. This is so because every act of the King as such (and not as a citizen) needs to be undersigned by a government official, thus making the undersigner responsible instead of the king. The honour of the Royal Family is specially protected from offences by the Spanish Penal Code. Under this protection, Basque independentist Arnaldo Otegi^[14] and cartoonists from El Jueves were tried and punished.

The King gives an annual speech to the nation on Christmas Eve. He is the commander-in-chief of the Spanish armed forces.

When the media asked Juan Carlos in 2005 if he would endorse the bill legalising gay marriage that was then being debated in the Cortes Generales, he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain, not of Belgium") – a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion.^[15] The King gave his Royal Assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law legalising gay marriage was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July, and came into effect on 3 July.^[16]

The King (left of centre, in grey suit) standing with the leaders of all the other Iberoamerican Nations present at the XVIII Ibero-American Summit.

In November 2007 at the Ibero-American Summit in Santiago de Chile, during a heated exchange, Juan Carlos interrupted Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and asked him, "¿Por qué no te callas?" ("Why don't you shut up?" using the familiar "tu" you form to underline the disdain). Chávez had been interrupting the Spanish Prime Minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, while the latter was defending his predecessor and political opponent, José María Aznar, after Chávez had referred to Aznar as a fascist and "less human than snakes". The King shortly afterwards left the hall when President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua accused Spain of intervention in his country's elections and complained about some Spanish energy companies working in Nicaragua.^[17] This was an unprecedented diplomatic incident and a rare display of public anger by the King.^[18]

In April 2012, Juan Carlos faced criticism for going on an elephant hunting trip in Botswana.^[19][20][21] Cayo Lara Moya of the United Left party said the king's trip "demonstrated a lack of ethics and respect toward many people in this country who are suffering a lot"^[21] while Tomas Gomez of the Socialist party said Juan Carlos should choose between "public responsibilities or an abdication".^[22] In April 2012, Spain's unemployment was at 23 percent and nearly 50 percent for young workers.^[23] El País estimated the total cost of a hunting trip at 44,000 euros (USD 57,850), about twice the average annual salary in Spain.^[23] A petition called for the king to resign from his position as honorary president of the Spanish branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature.^[22] The WWF itself responded by asking for an interview with the King to resolve the situation. ^[24]

Family and private life[link]

Juan Carlos was married in Athens at the Church of Saint Dennis on 14 May 1962, to HRH Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark, daughter of King Paul. She was Greek Orthodox but converted to Roman Catholicism in order to become Spain's queen. Also in 1962, a Roman Catholic wedding was performed in the Pauline Chapel the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.

King Juan Carlos, Queen Sofía and the former Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero at the XV Ibero-American Summit (Salamanca, 2005).

They have two daughters and a son.

• Infanta Elena María Isabel Dominica
• Infanta Cristina Federica Victoria Antonia
• Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso, Prince of Asturias

In 1972, Juan Carlos, a keen sailor, competed in the Dragon class event at the Olympic Games, finishing 15th. In their summer holidays, the whole family meets in Marivent Palace (Palma de Mallorca) and the Fortuna yacht, where they take part in sailing competitions. The king has manned the Bribón series of yachts. In winter, they usually go skiing in Baqueira-Beret and Candanchú (Pyrenees), where the king has occasionally ended with a broken leg.

Juan Carlos also enjoys bear hunting. In October 2004, he angered environmental activists by killing nine bears (of which one was a pregnant female) in central Romania.^[25] In August 2006, it is alleged that Juan Carlos shot a drunken tame bear (Mitrofan the Bear) during a private hunting trip to Russia. The Office of the Spanish Monarchy denies this claim, which was made by the Russian regional authorities.^[26]

Juan Carlos and Sophia are fluent in several languages. They both speak Spanish, English, and French. The king also speaks fluent Italian and Catalan. Unlike the queen, Juan Carlos does not speak any German, nor her native language, Greek, a fact he regrets.

Juan Carlos is an amateur radio operator and holds the call sign EA0JC. His fondness of incognito motorbike riding has raised urban legends of people finding him on lonely roads. For example, one story says that a biker out of petrol stranded on a hot sunny day was assisted by a fellow motorcyclist, who returned with a small container of petrol. The good-Samaritan, on removing his helmet, turned out to be Juan Carlos.

Juan Carlos is member of the World Scout Foundation.^[27]

His net worth is only valued at $5 million, but the Royal Family have a net worth over $1.7 billion (December 2011).^[28][29]

Juan Carlos has participated on more than one occasion in the hunting of elephants in Botswana. The cost of a licence to shoot an elephant is approximately $15 thousand at auction.^[30]

Health[link]

A benign tumour was removed from King Juan Carlos’ lung in an operation carried out in the "Hospital Clínic" of Barcelona on Saturday 8 May 2010. The 72-year-old Monarch was expected to be allowed home in three or four days, and able to renew full physical activity in a fortnight. The operation came as a result of the King’s latest annual check-up, and doctors said the procedure went well and Juan Carlos would not need any further follow-up treatment. At a press convention the operating team said that the 17-19mm tumour which had been removed under a general anaesthetic from the right lung contained no malignant cells. ‘This is good news’, said doctor Laureano Molins, who had directed the operation.

In April 2012 King Juan Carlos had to undergo surgery at the San Jose Hospital, Madrid, following a fall on a private elephant-hunting trip to Botswana. He suffered a triple fracture of the hip.^[31]

Budget of the royal house[link]

In the wake of the Urdangarin affair (the husband of his daughter is accused of corruption), the King decided in 2011 to detail the yearly royal budget of 8.3 millions euros for the first time.^[32][33] However, some spending such as the electricity bill are not included in the 8.3 budget since they are paid by the State.^[32]

Controversy[link]

In April 2012, the Spanish paper El Mundo Deportivo broke the news of King Juan Carlos's expensive elephant hunting holiday to Botswana. It was further declared by Spanish officials that the expenses of the trip were not paid by taxpayers or by the palace, but by Mohamed Eyad Kayali, a businessman of Syrian origin who is seen as a representative in Spain of Salman bin Abdulaziz, the defence minister of Saudi Arabia. Salman bin Abdulaziz is said to be a key player in a contract with a Spanish consortium in July 2011 to consruct a high-speed “pilgrim train” line between the holy Muslim cities of Mecca and Medina.^[34]

Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]

Titles[link]

The current Spanish constitution refers to the monarchy as "the Crown of Spain" and the constitutional title of the monarch is simply Rey/Reina de España: that is, "king/queen of Spain". However, the constitution allows for the use of other historic titles pertaining to the Spanish monarchy, without specifying them. A decree promulgated 6 November 1987 at the Council of Ministers regulates the titles further, and on that basis the monarch of Spain has a right to use ("may use") those other titles appertaining to the Crown. Contrary to some belief, the long titulary that contains the list of over 20 kingdoms, etc., is not in state use, nor is it used in Spanish diplomacy. In fact, it has never been in use in that form, as "Spain" was never a part of the list in pre-1837 era when the long list was officially used.

This feudal style was last used officially in 1836, in the titulary of Isabella II of Spain before she became constitutional Queen.

Juan Carlos's titles include that of King of Jerusalem, as successor to the royal family of Naples.

Titles in official use[link]

The Standard of the King of Spain.

• King of Spain, of Castile, of León, of Aragon, of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily), of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Majorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Córdoba, of Corsica, of Murcia, of Menorca, of Jaén, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the East and West Indies and of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea;
• Archduke of Austria;
• Duke of Burgundy, of Brabant, of Milan, and of Neopatra (New Patras);
• Count of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Roussillon and of Barcelona;
• Lord of Biscay and of Molina

Honours[link]

See also List of honours of the Spanish Royal Family by country

National honours[link]

• Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Royal Order of Isabel the Catholic (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Order of Montesa (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Order of Alcántara (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Order of Santiago (Spain)
• Knight of the Order of St. Xavier (Spain)^[35]

Foreign honours[link]

•  Argentina : Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin^[36]
•  Belgium : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)^[37]
•  Chile : Collar of the Order of Merit (Chile)^[38]
•  Colombia: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Boyacá (Colombian military decorations)
•  Czech Republic : Collar of the Order of the White Lion
•  Denmark : Knight of Order of the Elephant
•  Estonia: Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana^[39]
•  Finland : Commander Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
•  France : Grand Cross of the French Legion of Honor^[40]
•  France : Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite
•  Germany : Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
•  Greece : Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
•  Hungary : Grand Cross with Chain the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, Civilian Class ^[41]
•  Italy : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (26/05/1980)^[42]
•  Japan: Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum^[43]
•  Latvia: Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Three Stars (16.10.2004)^[44]
•  Lebanon: Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit (Lebanon) (2009)^[45]
•  Lithuania: Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great^[46]
•  Luxembourg : Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau^[47][48]
•  Mexico : Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle^[49]
•  Netherlands : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion^[50]
•  Norway : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav
•  Panama : Extraordinary Grand Cross of the Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa^[51]
•  Philippines : Grand Collar (Supremo) of the Order of Lakandula^[52][53]
•  Poland: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
•  Portugal : Grand Cross (20/05/1970) later Grand Collar (11/09/2000) of the Order of the Tower and Sword
•  Portugal : Knight Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (17/04/1978)
•  Portugal : Grand Collar of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (11/10/1978)
•  Portugal : Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (13/10/1988)
•  Portugal : Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (Portugal) (23/08/1996)
•  Portugal : Grand Cross of the Order of Aviz (18/06/2007)
•  Romania : Sash (Collar) of the Order of the Star of Romania (2003)^[54]
•  Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2002)^[55]
•  Sweden : Knight of the Order of the Seraphim
•  Thailand : Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn
•  United Kingdom : Stranger Knight of the Order of the Garter (974th member, England)
• Commonwealth realms: Royal Victorian Chain (Commonwealth Realms)

International sovereign organisations

•  : Bailiff and Knight Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Former sovereign families

• Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George^[56] (House of Bourbon)
• Knight of the Order of Saint Januarius (House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies)^[57]
• Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (House of Savoy)^[58]
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)
• Lord Protector of the International Order of St Hubertus
• Laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation

Other honours[link]

The king has been the recipient of numerous honorary degrees,^[59] including from University of Santo Tomas, Philippines;^[59] Harvard University;^[59] Southern Methodist University^[59] (where, in 2001, he formally opened the Meadows Museum, housing the largest collection of Spanish art outside Spain), and Georgetown University.^[59] Juan Carlos also has received honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from New York University,^[59] the University of Cambridge^[59] and the University of Utrecht^[59] in the Netherlands (25 October 2001).^[60]

In 1997, NYU opened the King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center (to promote research and teaching on Spain and the Spanish-speaking world) in the historic Judson Hall and adjacent buildings on Washington Square in New York City. He is also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution organization.^[61] In 1996, he received the Jean Monnet award of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe for his work on integrating Spain into the European Community.^[62] Juan Carlos I Park, the main municipal park of Madrid, was named after the king.^[63] The Spanish Antarctic Base on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for King Juan Carlos I of Spain. The multi-purpose warship Juan Carlos I of the Spanish navy is named for King Juan Carlos I.^[64] Juan Carlos also was awarded the Charlemagne Prize in 1982.

Ancestors[link]

The Coat of arms of the King of Spain.

King Juan Carlos is a direct descendant of many famous European rulers from different countries. He is a descendant of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom through his grandmother, Victoria Eugenie; of Louis XIV of France through the House of Bourbon; of the Emperor Charles V, who belonged to the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The Capetian dynasty, to which he also belongs, is the oldest in Europe. Some of his distant ancestors include Joan, Duchess of Burgundy and queen consort of Philip VI of France. He is a descendant of Maria Leszczyńska, daughter of King Stanislaus Leszczynski of Poland, and Queen Consort of France through an unbroken line of Bourbon princesses who married within the Bourbon house. He's also a descendant of Pelagius, first king (718–737 d.C) during the Reconquista, as descendant of the kings of Castile and Leon, and through him the Visigothic kings. The King is a direct descendent of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. He is a direct descendant through the male line of Robert of Hesbaye (770-807), currently making the Spanish Royal Line one of the longest lived in the world, second only to the Japanese.