- published: 15 Dec 2010
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- author: AtlanticVideos
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![Tank - I Can't Make You Love Me [Official Music Video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121231051433im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/NXnhWthZ_k4/default.jpg "© 2010 WMG Tank's")
![Tank - Next Breath [Music Video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121231051433im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/-kJVgvwJC_I/default.jpg "© 2012 WMG. Things get real in Tank's")
![Tank - Sex Music [Official Music Video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121231051433im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/HiAFALbzJQ8/default.jpg "© 2010 WMG www.therealtank.com")
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Anzio
Anzio is a city and comune on the coast of the Lazio region of Italy, about 56 km (35 mi) south of Rome.
Well known for its seaside harbour setting, it is a fishing port and a departure point for ferries and hydroplanes to the Pontine Islands of Ponza, Palmarola and Ventotene. The city bears great historical significance as the site of a crucial Allied landing during World War II.
Called Antium in ancient times, it was the capital of the Volsci people until it was conquered by the Romans.
With the latter expansion of Rome it was just far enough away to be insulated from the riots and tumults of Rome. When Cicero returned from exile, it was at Antium that he reassembled the battered remains of his libraries, where the scrolls would be secure. Leading Romans built magnificent seaside villas at Antium. The Julian and Claudian emperors frequently visited it: Gaius Maecenas had a villa at Antium; both Emperor Caligula and Nero were born in Antium; the latter founded a colony of veterans and built a new harbour, the projecting moles of which still exist.
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China
China (
i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Gaza Strip
The Gaza Strip (Arabic: قطاع غزة Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah, IPA: [qitˤaːʕ ɣazza]) lies on the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, within the Middle East (at 31 25 N, 34 20 E). The Strip borders Egypt on the southwest, 11km long, and Israel on the east and north, 51km long. It is about 41 kilometres (25 mi) long, and between 6 and 12 kilometres (4–7.5 mi) wide, with a total area of 360 square kilometres (140 sq mi). It has a 40 km coastline onto the Mediterranean Sea, but has no maritime claims due to Israeli administration. The territory takes its name from Gaza-city, its main city and administrative center.
The Gaza Strip has a temperate climate, with mild winters, and dry and hot summers, subject to drought. The terrain is flat or rolling, with dunes near the coast. The highest point is Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda), at 105 metres above sea level. Main resources are arable land (about a third of the strip is irrigated), and recently discovered natural gas. Environmental issues include desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment; water-borne disease; soil degradation; and depletion and contamination of underground water resources.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Invasion of Normandy
The Invasion of Normandy was the invasion and establishment of Allied forces in Normandy, France, during Operation Overlord in 1944 during World War II. It was the largest amphibious operation ever to take place.
Allied land forces that saw combat in Normandy on 6 June came from Canada, the Free French Forces, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces also participated, as well as contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, and the Netherlands. Most of the above countries also provided air and naval support, as did the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and the Royal Norwegian Navy.
The Normandy invasion began with overnight parachute and glider landings, massive air attacks and naval bombardments. In the early morning, amphibious landings on five beaches codenamed Juno, Gold, Omaha, Utah, and Sword began and during the evening the remaining elements of the parachute divisions landed. The "D-Day" forces deployed from bases along the south coast of England, the most important of these being Portsmouth.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel (
/ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Langres
Coordinates: 47°51′48″N 5°20′02″E / 47.8633°N 5.3339°E / 47.8633; 5.3339
Langres is a commune in north-eastern France. It is a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne département in the Champagne-Ardenne region.
As the capital of the Romanized Gallic tribe the Lingones, it was called Andematunnum, then Lingones, and now Langres.
The town is built on a limestone promontory of the same name. This stronghold was originally occupied by the Gauls, and, at a later date the Romans fortified the town belonging to the Celtic tribe the Lingones; Andemantunum the strategic cross-roads of twelve Roman roads.[citation needed] The 1st century Triumphal Gate and the many artefacts exhibited in the museums are witnesses to the Gallo-Roman town.
After the period of invasions, the town prospered in the Middle Ages due, in part, to the growing political influence of its bishops. The diocese covered Champagne, the Duchy of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, and the bishops gained the right to coin money in the 9th century and to name the military governor of the city in 927. The Bishop of Langres was a duke and peer of France. The troubled 14th and 15th centuries were reason enough for the town to strengthen its fortifications, which still give the old part of the city its fortified character, and Langres entered a period of royal tutelage. The Renaissance, which returned prosperity to the town, saw the construction of numerous fine civil, religious and military buildings that still stand today. In the 19th century, a "Vauban" citadel was added.
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NATO
Coordinates: 50°52′34.16″N 4°25′19.24″E / 50.8761556°N 4.4220111°E / 50.8761556; 4.4220111
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( /ˈneɪtoʊ/ NAY-toh; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN)), also called the (North) Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the world's defence spending.
For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association. However, the Korean War galvanized the member states, and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U.S. supreme commanders. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, which formed in 1955. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down." Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion—doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of the French from NATO's military structure in 1966.
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Nomonhan
Coordinates: 47°46′24″N 118°45′24″E / 47.77333°N 118.75667°E / 47.77333; 118.75667 Nomonhan is a small village near the border between Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China south of the Chinese city of Manzhouli.
In the summer of 1939 it was the location of the Nomonhan Incident, as it is termed in Japan, or the Battle of Khalkhin Gol as it is known in Russia and Mongolia.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust.
A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup d'état, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anticommunism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. After his appointment as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. His aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (/ˈtʃɑrlz/ or /ˈʃɑrl dəˈɡɔːl/; French: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] ( listen); 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
A veteran of World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s de Gaulle came to the fore as a proponent of mobile armoured divisions, which he considered would become central in modern warfare. During World War II, he earned the rank of brigadier general (retained throughout his life), leading one of the few successful armoured counter-attacks during the 1940 Battle of France in May in Montcornet, and then briefly served in the French government as France was falling. De Gaulle was the most senior French military officer to reject the June 1940 armistice to Nazi Germany right from the outset.
He escaped to Britain and gave a famous radio address, broadcast by the BBC on 18 June 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in Britain. As the war progressed de Gaulle gradually gained control of all French colonies except Indochina most of which had at first been controlled by the pro-German Vichy regime. Despite earning a reputation for being a difficult man to do business with, by the time of the Allied invasion of France in 1944 he was heading what amounted to a French government in exile, but although he insisted that France be treated as a great independent power by the other Allies, the Americans in particular remained deeply suspicious of his motives. De Gaulle became prime minister in the French Provisional Government, resigning in 1946 because of political conflicts.
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Ferdinand Porsche
Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was an Austrian-German automotive engineer and honorary Doctor of Engineering. He is best known for creating the first hybrid vehicle (gasoline-electric), the Volkswagen Beetle, and the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK, as well as the first of many Porsche automobiles. Porsche designed the 1923 Benz Tropfenwagen, which was the first race car with mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout.
Known in business circles as the "great engineer", he made a number of contributions to advanced German tank designs: Tiger I, Tiger II, and the Elefant as well as the super-heavy Panzer VIII Maus tank, which was never put into production. He also made contributions in aircraft design, including the Junkers Ju 88, and the Focke-Wulf Ta 152. Additionally, he helped develop and manufacture retaliatory weapons (Vergeltungswaffen), such as the V-1 flying bombs(Fi 103 flying bombs). In 1937, Porsche was awarded the German National Prize for Art and Science, one of the rarest decorations in Nazi Germany.
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Georgy Zhukov
Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (Russian: Гео́ргий Константи́нович Жу́ков; 1 December [O.S. 19 November] 1896 – 18 June 1974), was a Soviet career officer in the Red Army who, in the course of World War II, played a pivotal role in leading the Red Army drive through much of Eastern Europe to liberate the Soviet Union and other nations from the brutal occupation of the Axis Powers, and ultimately, to conquer the capital of Germany itself, Berlin. He is the most decorated general officer in the history of the Soviet Union and Russia.
Born into a poverty-stricken peasant family in Strelkovka, Maloyaroslavsky Uyezd, Kaluga Governorate (now merged into the town of Zhukov in Zhukovsky District of Kaluga Oblast in modern-day Russia), Zhukov was apprenticed to work as a furrier in Moscow. In 1915, he was conscripted into the Army of the Russian Empire, where he served first in the 106th Reserve Cavalry Regiment (then called the 10th Dragoon Novgorod Regiment). During World War I, Zhukov was awarded the Cross of St. George twice, and promoted to the rank of non-commissioned officer, for his bravery in battle. He joined the Bolshevik Party after the October Revolution, where his background of poverty became a significant asset. After recovering from a serious case of typhus, he fought in the Russian Civil War over the period 1918 to 1921, serving with the 1st Cavalry Army, among other formations. He received the decoration of the Order of the Red Banner for subduing the Tambov rebellion in 1921.
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Günther Burstyn
Gunther Burstyn (6 July 1879 in Bad Aussee, Steiermark - 15 April 1945 in Korneuburg, Lower Austria) was an inventor, technician, and officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army.
At imperial military maneuvers in 1906, Burstyn demonstrated an armored car, which frightened the emperor's horses. An annoyed Emperor Franz Josef said "such a thing would never be of military value."
In 1911, he designed the first cross-country tank with swiveling turret, based on American agricultural tractors, which he called the Motorgeschütz (literally motor-gun). The draft design, more advanced than some of the tank designs of the First World War, was rejected both by Austria-Hungary and by the German Empire. He later sought to patent his design, but was told that it might infringe existing patents, so he dropped all plans. In 1941 Günther Burstyn was awarded with the War Merit Cross.[citation needed]
At the end of the war he committed suicide because he feared Soviet captivity, as endured by other German inventors like Ferdinand Porsche.
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Heinz Guderian
Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (17 June 1888 – 14 May 1954) was a German general during World War II. He was a pioneer in the development of armored warfare, and was the leading proponent of tanks and mechanization in the Wehrmacht (German Armed Forces). Germany's panzer (armored) forces were raised and organized under his direction as Chief of Mobile Forces. During the war, he was a highly successful commander of panzer forces in several campaigns, became Inspector-General of Armored Troops, rose to the rank of Generaloberst, and was Chief of the General Staff of the Heer in the last year of the war.
Guderian was born in Kulm, West Prussia (now Chełmno, Poland). From 1901 to 1907 Guderian attended various military schools. He entered the Army in 1907 as an ensign-cadet in the (Hanoverian) Jäger Bataillon No. 10, commanded at that point by his father, Friedrich Guderian. After attending the war academy in Metz he was made a Leutnant (full Lieutenant) in 1908. In 1911 Guderian joined the 3rd Telegraphen-Battalion of the Prussian Army Signal Corps. On October 1, 1913, he married Margarete Goerne with whom he had two sons, Heinz Günter (born Aug 2nd 1914 to 2004) and Kurt (born 17 September 1918 to 1984). Both sons became highly decorated Wehrmacht officers during World War II; Heinz Günter became a Panzer general in the Bundeswehr after the war.
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Korean War
The Korean War (Korean: 한국전쟁 or 조선전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭 or 朝鮮戰爭; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The Korean War was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.
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Lancelot de Mole
Lancelot Eldin "Lance" de MoleCBE, (13 March 1880 – 6 May 1950) was an Australian engineer and inventor.
He made several approaches to the British authorities in 1912, in 1914 and 1916, in relation to what would become the tank. It was, obviously, ahead of its time; because, in 1912, the need for such a military device had not yet arisen. And, to further complicate matters, due to various bureaucratic blunders, his correspondence was set aside, and not given to the appropriate officers.
Eventually, in 1929, long after the military tank had been built and used in warfare during World War I, a Royal Commission recognized the importance of de Mole's innovative work, and noted the unfortunate consequences of his submissions being overlooked and, therefore, having no connexion with the development of the tank at all: that a far better tank would have been developed than the one that the British eventually used, and that it would have been developed at a much earlier date.
The eldest of the five children — three girls and two boys: Lance, Florence Louise de Mole (1881–1966) (later Mrs. Feldtmann), Winifred Emily de Mole (1886–1903), Clive Moulden de Mole (1886–1934), and Gladys Rose de Mole (1887–1979) — of William Frederick de Mole (1852-1939), an architect and surveyor, and Emily de Mole (1858-1941), née Moulden, Lance de Mole was born in Adelaide on 13 March 1880.
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Lancelot De Mole
Lancelot Eldin "Lance" de MoleCBE, (13 March 1880 – 6 May 1950) was an Australian engineer and inventor.
He made several approaches to the British authorities in 1912, in 1914 and 1916, in relation to what would become the tank. It was, obviously, ahead of its time; because, in 1912, the need for such a military device had not yet arisen. And, to further complicate matters, due to various bureaucratic blunders, his correspondence was set aside, and not given to the appropriate officers.
Eventually, in 1929, long after the military tank had been built and used in warfare during World War I, a Royal Commission recognized the importance of de Mole's innovative work, and noted the unfortunate consequences of his submissions being overlooked and, therefore, having no connexion with the development of the tank at all: that a far better tank would have been developed than the one that the British eventually used, and that it would have been developed at a much earlier date.
The eldest of the five children — three girls and two boys: Lance, Florence Louise de Mole (1881–1966) (later Mrs. Feldtmann), Winifred Emily de Mole (1886–1903), Clive Moulden de Mole (1886–1934), and Gladys Rose de Mole (1887–1979) — of William Frederick de Mole (1852-1939), an architect and surveyor, and Emily de Mole (1858-1941), née Moulden, Lance de Mole was born in Adelaide on 13 March 1880.
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Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Italian pronunciation: [leoˈnardo da ˈvintʃi] pronunciation (help·info); April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519, Old Style) was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote". Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.
wn.com/Leonardo_da_Vinci -
Mikhail Tukhachevsky
Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Russian: Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский; February 16 [O.S. February 4] 1893 – June 12, 1937) was a Marshal of the Soviet Union, commander in chief of the Red Army (1925–1928), and one of the most prominent victims of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.
Tukhachevsky was born at Alexandrovskoye, Safonovsky District, into a family of hereditary nobles. He graduated from the Aleksandrovskoye Military School in 1914, joining the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment. Upon the outbreak of World War I, the twenty-one-year-old Lieutenant Tukhachevsky declared,
"I am convinced that all that is needed in order to achieve what I want is bravery and self-confidence. I certainly have enough self-confidence... I told myself that I shall either be a general at thirty, or that I shall not be alive by then."
After being taken prisoner by the Imperial German Army in February 1915, Tukhachevsky escaped four times from POW camps and was finally held as an incorrigible escapee in Ingolstadt fortress.
wn.com/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky -
Percy Hobart
Major-General Sir Percy Cleghorn Stanley Hobart KBE CB DSO MC (14 June 1885 – 19 February 1957), also known as "Hobo", was a British military engineer, noted for his command of the 79th Armoured Division during World War II. He was responsible for many of the specialised armoured vehicles ("Hobart's Funnies") that took part in the invasion of Normandy and later actions.
Hobart was born in Naini Tal, India, the son of Robert T. Hobart, Indian Civil Service (ICS), and Janetta Stanley of Roughan Park, County Tyrone. His sister, Elizabeth, later married the World War II Field Marshal, Bernard Montgomery. In his youth he studied history, painting, literature and church architecture. He was educated at Temple Grove School and Clifton College, and in 1904 he graduated from the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich and was commissioned into the Corps of Royal Engineers. He was first sent to India, but during World War I he served in France and Mesopotamia (now Iraq).
He took part in the Waziristan campaign 1919–1920 when British and Indian Army forces put down unrest in local villages.
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Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939. The war began after a pronunciamiento (declaration of opposition) by a group of generals under the leadership of José Sanjurjo against the elected government of the Second Spanish Republic, at the time under the leadership of President Manuel Azaña. The rebel coup was supported by a number of conservative groups including the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right, monarchists such as the religious conservative Carlists, and the Fascist Falange. The uprising was authoritarian and anti-separatist in inspiration; anti-Basque and anti-Catalan feeling marked the Nationalist zone.
Following the only partially successful coup, Spain was left militarily and politically divided. From that moment onwards, general Francisco Franco began a protracted war of attrition against the established government for the control of the country. The rebel forces received the support of Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy, as well as neighbouring Portugal, while the Soviet Union and Mexico intervened in support of the Republican government or loyalist side.
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Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, PC, DL, FRS, Hon. RA (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British Conservative politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century, he served as Prime Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
Churchill was born into the aristocratic family of the Dukes of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer; his mother, Jenny Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young army officer, he saw action in British India, the Sudan, and the Second Boer War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns.
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
Tank Filmography
Tank Filmography
Tank Filmography
karaoke
I can sign for 1, 2 or 3 or 4
Get three weeks off in a year or more
Save up and get my very own SLR
'Cos I can drive (drive)
My very own tank
Yes I can drive (drive)
My very own tank
Yes I can drive (drive)
My very own tank
Yes I can drive (drive)
My very own tank
Can you see the bullet's high velocity
It can blow a man's arm off at the
Count of three
If I get my hands on one of those
I'm something to watch out for
I can drive (drive)
My very own tank
Yes I can
Yes I can
Don't care whereabouts they send me now
Send picture postcards to my old mother and father
And when I come home they'll have
Someone to be proud of
I can drive (drive)
My very own tank
Yes I can drive (drive)
My very own tank
Yes I can drive (drive)
My very own tank
Yes I can drive (drive)
My very own tank
Yes I can
Troupes soviétiques
Hors de l'Afghanistan
Troupes américaines
Hors du Panama
Troupes britanniques
Hors de l'Irlande
Troupe françaises
Hors de Kanakya
Troupes chinoises
Cassez-vous du Tibet
Troupes viêtnamiennes
Cassez-vous du Cambodge
Troupes sud-africaines
Cassez-vous des ghettos noirs
Troupes tchetniks
Cassez-vous de la Bosnie
Troupes martiennes
Hors de Jupiter
Troupes de l'Enfer
Hors du Paradis
Troupes militaires
Hors de la planète Terre
Troupes romaines
Hors de Gergovie
Troupes militaires
Hors de la planète
Troupes militaires
Hors de la planète...
I feel another
tank is coming
I know a lot more
blood is running
TANK
coming
TANK
coming
killing is buisness
the enemy must die
for me I know
the reason why
TANK
coming
TANK
coming
I feel another
tank is coming
I know a lot more
blood is running
TANK
coming
TANK
coming
Overthrow get below overthrow
Overthrow friend or foe overthrow
This is the time this is the place
Get inside your tank
You're a tank
You're in the game
You're in the race
Get inside your tank
You're a tank
Go go go go go go gooo
Mow 'em all over
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
I'm a tank
Overthrow get below overthrow
This is the time
This is the place
Get inside your tank
You're a tank
You're in the game
You're in the race
Get inside your tank
You're a tank
No time to analyze
Not time for lullabies
This time no compromise
This time they'll pay the price
Is this the world that we have made?
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- War Nation
- Song of the Dead
- Hammer and Nails
- Don't Dream in the Dark
- Grace of God
- Dreamer
- Justice for All
- Wings of Heaven
- State of the Union
- Hard Road
- How I Feel (intro)
- Lonely
- Your One
- Compliments (interlude)
- Compliments
- Don't Give Up
- Nowhere
- Off Your Hands
- This Is How I Feel (interlude)
- This Is How I Feel
- Next Breath
- Better Than Me
- Lost It All
- Underrated
- Crazy
- Showtime
- Sex Music
- Celebrating Featuring Drake
- Emergency (Intro)
- Emergency
- Scream
- Keep It 100
- Foreplay Featuring Chris Brow
- Can I (Intro)
- Can I
- Amazing
- You Mean That Much
- I Can't Make You Love Me
- Let Me Know
- Sex Nights (Remix Of Sex Music)
- Showtime
- Sex Music
- Celebration (feat. Drake)
- Emergency (intro)
- Emergency
- Scream
- Keep It 100
- Foreplay (feat. Chris Brown)
- Can I (intro)
- Can I
- Amazing
- You Mean That Much
- I Can't Make You Love Me
- Judgement Day
- Feast of the Devil
- Phoenix Rising
- War Machine
- Great Expectations
- After All
- The Last Laugh
- World Without Pity
- My Insanity
- Dead Man Walking
- Honour and Blood
- Shellshock
- Struck by Lightning
- Run Like Hell
- Blood, Guts and Beer
- T.W.D.A.M.O.
- Turn Your Head Around
- Heavy Artillery
- Who Needs Love Songs
- Filth Hounds of Hades
- (He Fell in Love With a) Stormtrooper
- Don't Walk Away
- Shellshock (single version)
- Hammer On (single version)
- Don't Walk Away (live)
- The Snake
- (He Fell in Love With a) Stormtrooper (single version)
- Blood, Guts and Beer (live)
- Steppin' on a Landmine
- Just Like Something From Hell
- Hot Lead Cold Steel
- This Means War
- Laughing in the Face of Death
- If We Go (We Go Down Fighting)
- I (Won't Ever Let You Down)
- Echoes of a Distant Battle
- The Man Who Never Was
- Whichcatchewedmycuckoo
- Swapiyayo
- Shellshock
- Struck by Lightning
- Run Like Hell
- Blood, Guts and Beer
- T.W.D.A.M.O.
- Turn Your Head Around
- Heavy Artillery
- Who Needs Love Songs
- Filth Hounds of Hades
- (He Fell in Love With a) Stormtrooper
- Don't Walk Away
- Shellshock (single version)
- Hammer On (single version)
- Don't Walk Away (live)
- The Snake
- (He Fell in Love With a) Stormtrooper (single version)
- Blood, Guts and Beer (live)
- Steppin' on a Landmine
- Coldest
- I'm Coming Home
- My Body
- Please Don't Go
- I Hate U
- Heartbreaker
- Who Dat
- When
- Wedding Song
- My Heart
- I Love U
- I Love Them Girls (Timbaland remix)
- Shellshock
- Steppin' on a Landmine
- Blood, Guts and Beer
- Run Like Hell
- Don't Walk Away
- Filth Hounds of Hades
- Stormtrooper
- The Snake
- Shellshock (demo)
- Run Like Hell (demo)
- Blood, Guts and Beer (demo)
- Hammer On (radio session)
- Don't Walk Away (radio session)
- Heavy Artillery (radio session)
- T.W.D.A.M.O. (live 1982)
- Blood, Guts and Beer (live 1982)
- Too Tired to Wait for Love (demo)
- Man Who Never Was (demo)
- Still at War
- T.G.N.I.D.
- Light the Fire (Watch 'em Burn)
- The World Awaits
- And Then We Heard the Thunder
- In the Last Hours Before Dawn
- Conspiracy of Hate
- When the Hunter Becomes the Hunted
- Return of the Filth Hounds
- The Blood's Still on Their Hands
- The Fear Inside
- Interlude
- One Man (intro)
- One Man
- Supa Sexy
- My Place
- Unpredictable
- Cake & Ice Cream (feat. Heat)
- Close (feat. Moowett)
- I'm the Reason
- Make Me Wanna Sing (feat. Sparkle)
- Let Me Live (feat. Mannie Fresh)
- Party Like a Thug (feat. Baby)
- I Wanna Be That
- No Way
- Club
- So Many Times
- Better Man
- I Still Believe
- Throw Your Hands Up
- My Freak
- Maybe I Deserve
- Can't Get Down
- Designated Driver
- What What What
- Lady on My Block
- Want You Now
- Street Life
- Slowly
- Kill 4 You
- Let It Go
- Bounce & Grind
- I Don't Wanna Be Lovin' You
- This Means War
- Echoes of a Distant Battle
- T.W.D.A.M.O.
- And Then We Heard the Thunder
- Don't Walk Away
- Honour and Blood
- Power of the Hunter
- Shellshock
- In the Last Hours Before Dawn
- And Then We Heard the Thunder
- The War Drags Ever On
- When All Hell Freezes Over
- Honour and Blood
- Chain of Fools
- W.M.L.A.
- Too Tired to Wait for Love
- Kill
- The Man That Never Was
- Walking Barefoot Over Glass
- Pure Hatred
- Biting and Scratching
- Some Came Running
- T.A.N.K.
- Used Leather
- Crazy Horses
- Set Your Back on Fire
- Red Skull Rock
- Power of the Hunter
- Reign of Thunder
- March On, Sons of Nippon
- With Your Life
- None but the Brave
- The Enemy Below
- Lost
- (The Hell They Must) Suffer
- It Fell From the Sky
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Tank - I Can't Make You Love Me [Official Music Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
© 2010 WMG Tank's "Now or Never" is OFFICIALLY in stores now!!! Support REAL R&B; and pick it up here: therealtank.com
http://wn.com/Tank_I_Can't_Make_You_Love_Me_Official_Music_Video_
© 2010 WMG Tank's "Now or Never" is OFFICIALLY in stores now!!! Support REAL R&B; and pick it up here: therealtank.com
Tank - Next Breath [Music Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
© 2012 WMG. Things get real in Tank's "Next Breath" music video! The video was shot in LA and directed by Mike Ho. Purchase "Next Breath" on iTunes here: atlr.ec Tank's new album THIS IS HOW I FEEL is coming soon!
http://wn.com/Tank_Next_Breath_Music_Video_
© 2012 WMG. Things get real in Tank's "Next Breath" music video! The video was shot in LA and directed by Mike Ho. Purchase "Next Breath" on iTunes here: atlr.ec Tank's new album THIS IS HOW I FEEL is coming soon!
- published: 28 Feb 2012
- views: 1632435
- author: AtlanticVideos
Tank - Please Don't Go
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Music video by Tank performing Please Don't Go. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 2811113. (C) 2007 Blackground Records, LLC
http://wn.com/Tank_Please_Don't_Go
Music video by Tank performing Please Don't Go. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 2811113. (C) 2007 Blackground Records, LLC
- published: 20 Dec 2009
- views: 3325531
- author: TankVEVO
Stunning T-90 'Flying Tanks' performance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:18
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
So-called flying tanks and the best in the latest military hardware. All that is on show at a major event currently underway in the Moscow region -- featuring over sixty prototypes of tanks and vehicles. They're so cutting-edge that some of them really can take off ... even if only for a few seconds.
http://wn.com/Stunning_T-90_'Flying_Tanks'_performance
So-called flying tanks and the best in the latest military hardware. All that is on show at a major event currently underway in the Moscow region -- featuring over sixty prototypes of tanks and vehicles. They're so cutting-edge that some of them really can take off ... even if only for a few seconds.
- published: 30 Jun 2010
- views: 2332693
- author: RussiaToday
FPSRussia Goes to Whitecastle - In a tank...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
FPSRussia Shirts: fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com CLICK TO TWEET: clicktotweet.com Twitter: twitter.com FaceBook: www.facebook.com Music purchased: incompetech.com World of Tanks: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/FPSRussia_Goes_to_Whitecastle_In_a_tank
FPSRussia Shirts: fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com CLICK TO TWEET: clicktotweet.com Twitter: twitter.com FaceBook: www.facebook.com Music purchased: incompetech.com World of Tanks: www.youtube.com
- published: 05 Jun 2012
- views: 4724160
- author: FPSRussia
Tank - Sex Music [Official Music Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
© 2010 WMG www.therealtank.com
http://wn.com/Tank_Sex_Music_Official_Music_Video_
Tank - Maybe I deserve
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Tank video clip "Maybe I deserve".
http://wn.com/Tank_Maybe_I_deserve
Greatest Tank Battles - Season 1 - Episode 1 - The Battle of 73 Easting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:30
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
The 1991 Gulf War's Battle of 73 Easting is the most studied tank battle of modern times. This is the story of how the American 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment used superior equipment and training to overcome a blinding sandstorm and hundreds of tanks manned by Iraq's elite Republican Guard. _______________________________________________________________________ "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use."
http://wn.com/Greatest_Tank_Battles_Season_1_Episode_1_The_Battle_of_73_Easting
The 1991 Gulf War's Battle of 73 Easting is the most studied tank battle of modern times. This is the story of how the American 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment used superior equipment and training to overcome a blinding sandstorm and hundreds of tanks manned by Iraq's elite Republican Guard. _______________________________________________________________________ "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use."
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 381386
- author: Shad0wNick2
Tank! Cowboy Bebop (Full version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
I know there are a million copies of this song on youtube but this is the full version taken from the official soundtrack and I wanted to share it. 95000+ views? There's a lot of Bebop fans out there. See you, space cowboys. FOR LEGAL INFORMATION REGARDING OWNERSHIP - SEE MY PROFILE PAGE.
http://wn.com/Tank!_Cowboy_Bebop_Full_version
I know there are a million copies of this song on youtube but this is the full version taken from the official soundtrack and I wanted to share it. 95000+ views? There's a lot of Bebop fans out there. See you, space cowboys. FOR LEGAL INFORMATION REGARDING OWNERSHIP - SEE MY PROFILE PAGE.
- published: 14 Aug 2008
- views: 1698345
- author: flashmanbebop
Altay Tank Introduction/Tanıtım
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
This video produced by Otokar introduces Altay tank, it's design and development activities. www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Altay_Tank_Introduction_Tanıtım
This video produced by Otokar introduces Altay tank, it's design and development activities. www.facebook.com
- published: 04 Oct 2012
- views: 42292
- author: jedigman
Left 4 Dead: Man Vs. Tank Achievement Guide
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Burnie shows us an easy way to get the Man vs Tank Achievement in L4D.
http://wn.com/Left_4_Dead_Man_Vs_Tank_Achievement_Guide
Burnie shows us an easy way to get the Man vs Tank Achievement in L4D.
- published: 06 Dec 2008
- views: 2569098
- author: RoosterTeeth
Tanks that turn Invisible 2011 (Britains BAE Systems)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Britains BAE systems created "Adaptiv" wich can turn tanks invisible or in to other objects like cows or cars.
http://wn.com/Tanks_that_turn_Invisible_2011_Britains_BAE_Systems
Britains BAE systems created "Adaptiv" wich can turn tanks invisible or in to other objects like cows or cars.
- published: 11 Sep 2011
- views: 3088608
- author: athleticguyUK
Tanks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Song is "Club Foot" by Kasabian.
http://wn.com/Tanks
US Tank crushes Iraqi civilian's car 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
These people stole some wood, so they paid the price for it by having their Car Crushed, pretty harsh stuff...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................TAGS: Battlefield: Bad Company 2,Battlefield 1943,Modern Warfare 2,ak47,Adolf Hitler,world war 2,Heroes,US Army Iraq Saddam Hussein Bush Blair bt war Afghanistan Iran Pakistan Afghan helmand Kandahar Taliban British bf2 modern warfare Kabul Jalalbad Russian Soviet unin red army world crime,The Weakest Link,BBC,CNN,SKY,AL jazeera,FACE BOOK,German,Mujaheddin,jang,Jihad, sniper,call duty modern warfare, Medal of Honor,UK Armed Forces ,soldier,MOD,military, United States Marine,War crime,artillery,Israeli-Palestinian conflict,CIA,Washington DC,London, Moscow, M1 Abrams Tank,John McCain,Donald Rumsfeld ,Torture,Kabul, Insurgents, Attack,Bagram Airbase,Baghdad's Abu Ghraib Prison,Guantanamo,Barack Obama,David Cameron,United Kingdom,Human rights,militants,Al-Qaeda,Drone Attacks northwest Pakistan US missile strikes,UNICEF,Hillary Clinton,Empire,
http://wn.com/US_Tank_crushes_Iraqi_civilian's_car_1
These people stole some wood, so they paid the price for it by having their Car Crushed, pretty harsh stuff...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................TAGS: Battlefield: Bad Company 2,Battlefield 1943,Modern Warfare 2,ak47,Adolf Hitler,world war 2,Heroes,US Army Iraq Saddam Hussein Bush Blair bt war Afghanistan Iran Pakistan Afghan helmand Kandahar Taliban British bf2 modern warfare Kabul Jalalbad Russian Soviet unin red army world crime,The Weakest Link,BBC,CNN,SKY,AL jazeera,FACE BOOK,German,Mujaheddin,jang,Jihad, sniper,call duty modern warfare, Medal of Honor,UK Armed Forces ,soldier,MOD,military, United States Marine,War crime,artillery,Israeli-Palestinian conflict,CIA,Washington DC,London, Moscow, M1 Abrams Tank,John McCain,Donald Rumsfeld ,Torture,Kabul, Insurgents, Attack,Bagram Airbase,Baghdad's Abu Ghraib Prison,Guantanamo,Barack Obama,David Cameron,United Kingdom,Human rights,militants,Al-Qaeda,Drone Attacks northwest Pakistan US missile strikes,UNICEF,Hillary Clinton,Empire,
- published: 26 Nov 2006
- views: 4317971
- author: knikben
Polish tank 7 TP and Panther replica
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:57
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Polish tank 7 TP and Panther german tank www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Polish_tank_7_TP_and_Panther_replica
Polish tank 7 TP and Panther german tank www.youtube.com
- published: 22 Jun 2011
- views: 74642
- author: okejos
Cowboy Bebop opening (Tank!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
the opening theme from: Cowboy Bebop music "Tank" © Yoko Kanno :: Preformed by: The Seatbelts Cowboy Bebop © sunrise.inc 1998 - Present
http://wn.com/Cowboy_Bebop_opening_Tank!
the opening theme from: Cowboy Bebop music "Tank" © Yoko Kanno :: Preformed by: The Seatbelts Cowboy Bebop © sunrise.inc 1998 - Present
- published: 25 Sep 2006
- views: 3028694
- author: pr0pr0
TANK FAIL(VERY FUNNY!!!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
TANK DRIVER JOCKSTER man vs tank
http://wn.com/TANK_FAILVERY_FUNNY!!!
☢ Police chase WWII TANK ☢
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
★★★★★★ chase. "One man Army" achievement unlocked
http://wn.com/☢_Police_chase_WWII_TANK_☢
★★★★★★ chase. "One man Army" achievement unlocked
- published: 07 Feb 2011
- views: 2380467
- author: Rudy Bloodstone
Kuroshio Sea - 2nd largest aquarium tank in the world - (Please Don't Go by Barcelona)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
This video was shot by: jonrawlinson.com Want to license this video? Contact me jonrawlinson@gmail.com I'm available for freelance work. Examples of my work: jonrawlinson.com Follow me on twitter: twitter.com Add me on Google Plus: jonrawlinson.com My facebook: facebook.com The music is "Please don't go" by Barcelona. iTunes: bit.ly Barcelona's website: www.myspace.com This was shot at the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in Japan. oki-churaumi.jp Download the desktop wallpaper: bit.ly Buy the album Absolutes by Barcelona on the iTunes store: bit.ly The main tank called the 'Kuroshio Sea' holds 7500-cubic meters (1981290 gallons) of water and features the world's second largest acrylic glass panel, measuring 8.2 meters by 22.5 meters with a thickness of 60 centimeters. Whale sharks and manta rays are kept amongst many other fish species in the main tank. WE MUST PROTECT OUR OCEANS! This was shot using a Canon 5DMKII with a 28-135mm lens. You should visit my website: jonrawlinson.com
http://wn.com/Kuroshio_Sea_2nd_largest_aquarium_tank_in_the_world_Please_Don't_Go_by_Barcelona
This video was shot by: jonrawlinson.com Want to license this video? Contact me jonrawlinson@gmail.com I'm available for freelance work. Examples of my work: jonrawlinson.com Follow me on twitter: twitter.com Add me on Google Plus: jonrawlinson.com My facebook: facebook.com The music is "Please don't go" by Barcelona. iTunes: bit.ly Barcelona's website: www.myspace.com This was shot at the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in Japan. oki-churaumi.jp Download the desktop wallpaper: bit.ly Buy the album Absolutes by Barcelona on the iTunes store: bit.ly The main tank called the 'Kuroshio Sea' holds 7500-cubic meters (1981290 gallons) of water and features the world's second largest acrylic glass panel, measuring 8.2 meters by 22.5 meters with a thickness of 60 centimeters. Whale sharks and manta rays are kept amongst many other fish species in the main tank. WE MUST PROTECT OUR OCEANS! This was shot using a Canon 5DMKII with a 28-135mm lens. You should visit my website: jonrawlinson.com
- published: 15 Jul 2009
- views: 9710135
- author: Jon Rawlinson
Wii U - Namco Bandai - Tank! Tank! Tank! E3 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
e3.nintendo.com Like Wii U on Facebook: www.facebook.com Like Nintendo on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Contact Us: www.nintendo.com Newsletter: www.nintendo.com
http://wn.com/Wii_U_Namco_Bandai_Tank!_Tank!_Tank!_E3_Trailer
e3.nintendo.com Like Wii U on Facebook: www.facebook.com Like Nintendo on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Contact Us: www.nintendo.com Newsletter: www.nintendo.com
- published: 05 Jun 2012
- views: 133093
- author: Nintendo
The War In Iraq. Tank Camera . The Best War Footage , you ever seen on youtube!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
The Best Iraq War Footage on YOUTUBE!! Street Battle in Iraq. www.Stringer.tv WAR,IRAQ,FALLUJAH,AMERICAN MARINES,TANK CAMERA FROM STRINGER.TV
http://wn.com/The_War_In_Iraq_Tank_Camera_The_Best_War_Footage_,_you_ever_seen_on_youtube!!
The Best Iraq War Footage on YOUTUBE!! Street Battle in Iraq. www.Stringer.tv WAR,IRAQ,FALLUJAH,AMERICAN MARINES,TANK CAMERA FROM STRINGER.TV
- published: 28 Dec 2006
- views: 1214452
- author: zuratv
World of Tanks. Gamescom 2011 Teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
World of Tanks is a team-based massively multiplayer online game dedicated to armored warfare in the mid-20th century. Throw yourself into epic tank battles shoulder to shoulder with other steel cowboys to dominate the world with tank supremacy! Play for free worldoftanks.com
http://wn.com/World_of_Tanks_Gamescom_2011_Teaser
World of Tanks is a team-based massively multiplayer online game dedicated to armored warfare in the mid-20th century. Throw yourself into epic tank battles shoulder to shoulder with other steel cowboys to dominate the world with tank supremacy! Play for free worldoftanks.com
- published: 08 Nov 2011
- views: 4573024
- author: WorldOfTanksCom
The Seatbelts シートベルツ, - Tank! (live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Ok, 3, 2, 1
http://wn.com/The_Seatbelts_シートベルツ,_Tank!_live
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
29 Dec 2012
Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / New York City Police Department
30 Dec 2012
A woman who told police she shoved a man to his death off a subway platform because she has hated Muslims since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the US and thought he was one was charged on Saturday with murder as a hate crime, prosecutors said ... Menendez, 31, was awaiting arraignment on the charge on Saturday evening, Queens District Attorney Richard Brown said. She faces 25 years to life in prison if convicted ... On Dec ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: AP / Shaam News Network
30 Dec 2012
London. UN-Arab League envoy to Damascus, Lakhdar Brahimi, has said that a diplomatic solution to the conflict in Syria seemed far away, adding that the country risked being slithering into ‘hell’ ... (ANI). For Zee News’s Updates, follow us on Twitter , Facebook, Google+, Pinterest. First Published ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba
28 Dec 2012
Galaxy Note 2 vs. iPhone 5. Do The Companies Have Their Game Plans Right?. Posted by Jay099 on December 28, 2012 02.15 pm 0. via. Mountain View at California seems to be a busy center now. Google is stepping up the gas on the march towards a holistic environment and experience for the consumers ... My Blog . My FB Page ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
The Siasat Daily
31 Dec 2012
Commissioner of Police of Hyderabad has issued a notification closing down all the fly over bridges and Tank Bund area ... All roads leading to Tank Bund would remain closed during the night today ... Srihari Flyovers and Tank Bund closed tonight Idol found during excavation Du-Ba-Du Matrimonial programme in Mahboobnagar YSRCP Not To Celebrate New Year - ......(size: 1.9Kb)
Reuters
31 Dec 2012
The New York Times
31 Dec 2012
LOS ANGELES — One of the oldest preschool entertainment and toy franchises, Thomas the Tank Engine, is about to get a new marketing push. Add to Portfolio. Mattel Inc ... Enlarge This Image ... Thomas the Tank Engine, center, and his locomotive friends ... Thomas the Tank Engine to Receive a Multimillion-Dollar Sheen ... www.nytimes.com/yr/mo/day/business/media/mattel-to-give-thomas-the-tank-engine-a-multimillion-dollar-sheen.html, targetedPage....(size: 11.0Kb)
STL Today
31 Dec 2012
There were no injuries. The cause has not yet been determined ... Sargent estimated about 3.400 to 5,000 gallons of ethanol spilled from the 30,000 gallon tank car before crews could stop the leak. "Our main concern was to get the tank car uprighted and make sure it wasn't leaking," Sargent said ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
MSNBC
31 Dec 2012
WICHITA, Kansas — As a winter storm approaches, many people are preparing. Indian Hills Ace Hardware is one of many stores, busy on Sunday. "We see a lot of that traffic ... Many customers went after specific items ... Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise ... -Try to keep your vehicle's gas tank no less than a fourth of the tank ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
Chicago Sun-Times
31 Dec 2012
Updated. December 30, 2012 7.35PM ... Chris Doolin, who runs Doolin’s Party Supplies at Grand and Halsted, pays double for her helium, so her customers now pay double, too ... A helium tank that fills about 500 balloons used to rent for $95 but now goes for $200, Doolin said ... She usually gets 30 tanks a month from her supplier, but now she’s able to wrangle only five ... “Without balloons, it’s just another meeting....(size: 2.2Kb)
News24
31 Dec 2012
CNBC
31 Dec 2012
China should cut banks' reserve requirement ratios (RRR) in 2013 to support economic growth while widening the yuan's floating range to make it more flexible, the head of the cabinet's think-tank said in comments published on Monday ... Yi Xianrong, an economist at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, another top government think-tank, said in ......(size: 2.9Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
31 Dec 2012
ON THE last day of 2012, relive the best, worst and weirdest moments of the year in footy - and vote for your favourites ... In short, it's been a big year ... By the end of it he had kicked a remarkable winning goal, got way too personal on Twitter and sparked a tanking investigation into his former club. Oh, and he did earn that new one-year contract ... 2012 high ... Vote now ... What was the low point of the 2012 AFL season? Melbourne tanking probe ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
The Examiner
31 Dec 2012
A recent letter to the editor in the Sacramento Bee, California, newspaper, proposed that teachers should work a 12 month year, like everyone else. First, before the chorus begins about the antiquated "agrarian schedule" myth, it is just that, a myth. A popular one to be sure, but it's wrong ... Wrong ... Without the time to do this, the quality of teaching would tank. For those who think it already has, it would simply tank more ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
Denver Post
31 Dec 2012
An analysis of Pentagon drug purchases since 2002 published Sunday by the Austin American-Statesman ( http.//bit.ly/S08nuI) found, for example, that last year the Defense Department spent more on pills, injections and vaccines than it did on Black Hawk helicopters, Abrams tanks, Hercules C-130 cargo planes and Patriot missiles combined....(size: 4.3Kb)
WorldNetDaily
31 Dec 2012
(AUSTIN AMERICAN-STATESMAN) Last year, the Pentagon spent more on pills, injections and vaccines than it did on Black Hawk helicopters, Abrams tanks, Hercules C-130 cargo planes and Patriot missiles — combined ......(size: 1.1Kb)
Ha'aretz
31 Dec 2012
... as good for the rich as some say? Not according to one surprising finding from the annual report of the socioeconomic think tank, the Adva Center....(size: 0.8Kb)
For other uses, see Tank (disambiguation).
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A tank is a tracked, armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat which combines operational mobility and tactical offensive and defensive capabilities. Firepower is normally provided by a large-calibre main gun in a rotating turret and secondary machine guns, while heavy armour and all-terrain mobility provide protection for the tank and its crew, allowing it to perform all primary tasks of the armoured troops on the battlefield.[1]
Tanks in World War I were developed separately and simultaneously by Great Britain and France as a means to break the deadlock of trench warfare. Their first use in combat was by the British Army on September 15, 1916 at Flers-Courcelette, during the Battle of the Somme. The name "tank" was adopted in Great Britain during the early stages of their development, as a security measure to conceal their purpose (see Etymology).
Tanks of the interwar period evolved into the designs of World War II. Important concepts of armoured warfare were developed; the Soviet Union launched the first mass tank/air attack at Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan) in August 1939,[2] which later resulted in the T-34, a predecessor of the main battle tank; this was quickly followed up by Germany on a larger scale when they introduced blitzkrieg ('lightning war') less than two weeks later; a technique which made use of massed concentrations of tanks supported by artillery and air power to break through the enemy front and cause a complete collapse in enemy resistance and morale.
Tanks in the Cold War advanced to counter greater battlefield threats. Tanks became larger and their armour became thicker and much more effective. Advances in manufacturing late in the war allowed the mass production of composite armor. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design.
During the 20th century, main battle tanks were considered a key component of modern armies.[3] In the 21st century, with the increasing role of asymetrical warfare and the end of the Cold War, that also contributed to the increase of cost-effective Russian anti-tank weapons worldwide, the importance of tanks has waned. Modern tanks seldom operate alone, as they are organized into armoured units which involve the support of infantry, who may accompany the tanks in infantry fighting vehicles. They are also usually supported by reconnaissance or ground-attack aircraft.[4]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of the tank
Conception[link]
The tank is the 20th century realization of an ancient concept: that of providing troops with mobile protection and firepower. Since biblical times men had constructed or imagined such vehicles propelled by human or animal muscle-power, by sail, or more recently, by steam power. Only when comparatively recent technologies were combined did the tank become a practical possibility; those were the internal combustion engine, armour plate, and the continuous track.
Armoured trains appeared in the mid-19th century, and various armoured steam- and petrol-engined vehicles were also proposed. The first armoured car was produced in Austria in 1904. However, all were restricted to rails or reasonably passable terrain. It was the development of a practical caterpillar track that provided the necessary independent, all-terrain mobility.
Many sources imply that Leonardo da Vinci and H.G. Wells in some way foresaw or "invented" the Tank. Da Vinci's late 15th century drawings of what some describe as a "tank" show a man-powered, wheeled vehicle with cannons all around it.[5] The machines described in Wells's 1903 short story The Land Ironclads are a step closer, in being armour-plated, having an internal power plant, and being able to cross trenches. Some aspects of the story foresee the tactical use and impact of the tanks that later came into being. However, Wells's vehicles were driven by steam and moved on Pedrail wheels, technologies that were already outdated at the time of writing. After seeing British tanks in 1916, Wells denied having "invented" them, writing, "Yet let me state at once that I was not their prime originator. I took up an idea, manipulated it slightly, and handed it on."[6] It is, though, possible that one of the British tank pioneers, Ernest Swinton, was subconsciously or otherwise influenced by Wells's tale.[7][8]
The "caterpillar" track arose from attempts to improve the mobility of wheeled vehicles by spreading their weight, reducing ground pressure, and increasing their adhesive friction. Experiments can be traced back as far as the 17th century, and by the late nineteenth they existed in various recognizable and practical forms in several countries.
It is frequently claimed that Richard Lovell Edgeworth created a caterpillar track. It is true that in 1770 he patented a "machine, that should carry and lay down its own road", but this was Edgeworth's choice of words. His own account in his autobiography is of a horse-drawn wooden carriage on eight retractable legs, capable of lifting itself over high walls. The description bears no similarity to a caterpillar track.[9]
The first combinations of the three principal components of the Tank appeared in the decade before World War One. In 1903, a Captain Levavasseur of the French Artillery proposed mounting a field gun in an armoured box on tracks. A Major in the British Army's Mechanical Transport Service suggested fixing a gun and armoured shield on a British type of track-driven vehicle.[10] In 1911, a Lieutenant Engineer in the Austrian Army, Günther Burstyn, presented to the Austrian and Prussian War Ministries plans for a two-man tank with a gun in a revolving turret.[11] In the same year an Australian civil engineer named Lancelot de Mole submitted a basic design for a tracked, armoured vehicle to the British War Office.[12] In Russia, Vasiliy Mendeleev designed a tracked vehicle containing a large naval gun.[13]
All of these ideas were rejected and, by 1914, forgotten, although it was officially acknowledged after the War that de Mole's design was at least the equal of the tanks that were later produced by Great Britain, and he was voted a cash payment for his contribution. Various individuals continued to contemplate the use of tracked vehicles for military applications, but by the outbreak of the War no one in a position of responsibility in any army had any thoughts about tanks.[citation needed]
World War I[link]
Main article: Tanks in World War I
Great Britain
From late 1914 a small number of middle-ranking British Army officers tried to persuade the War Office and the Government to consider the creation of armoured vehicles. Amongst their suggestions was the use of caterpillar tractors, but although the Army used many such vehicles for towing heavy guns, it could not be persuaded that they could be adapted as armoured vehicles. The consequence was that early tank development in Great Britain was carried out by the Royal Navy.
As the result of an approach by Royal Naval Air Service officers who had been operating armoured cars on the Western Front, the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill.[14] formed the Landships Committee, on 20 February 1915. The Director of Naval Construction for the Royal Navy, Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt, was appointed to head the Committee in view of his experience with the engineering methods it was felt might be required; the two other members were naval officers, and a number of industrialists were engaged as consultants. So many played a part in its long and complicated development that it is not possible to name any individual as the sole inventor of the tank,[15] though the British Government later made proportionate cash awards to those it considered to have contributed. Their first design, Little Willie, ran for the first time in September 1915 and served to develop the form of the track but an improved design, better able to cross trenches, swiftly followed and in January 1916 the prototype, nicknamed "Mother", was adopted as the design for future tanks. Production models of "Male" tanks (armed with naval cannon and machine guns) and "Females" (carrying only machine-guns) would go on to fight in history's first tank action at the Somme in September 1916.[14][16] Great Britain produced about 2,600 tanks of various types during the War.[17]
The first tank to engage in battle was designated D1, a British Mark I Male, during the Battle of Flers-Courcelette (part of the wider Somme offensive) on 15 September 1916.[18]
France
Whilst several experimental machines were investigated in France, it was a colonel of artillery, J.B.E. Estienne, who directly approached the Commander-in-Chief with detailed plans for a tank on caterpillar tracks, in late 1915. The result was two largely unsatisfactory types of tank, 400 each of the Schneider and Saint-Chamond, both based on the Holt Tractor.
The following year, the French pioneered the use of a full 360° rotation turret in a tank for the first time, with the creation of the Renault FT light tank, with the turret containing the tank's main armament. Aside of the traversable turret another innovative feature of the FT was its engine located at the rear. This pattern, with the gun located in a mounted turret and the engine at the back, became the standard for most succeeding tanks across the world even to this day.[19] The FT was the most numerous tank of the War; over 3,000 were made by late 1918.
Germany
In contrast to World War II, Germany fielded very few tanks during World War I, with only 20 of the A7V type being produced during the war.[20] The first tank versus tank action took place on 24 April 1918 at the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, France, when three British Mark IVs met three German A7Vs. Captured British Mk IVs formed the bulk of Germany's tank forces during WWI; about 35 were in service at any one time. Plans to expanded the tank programme were under way when the War ended.
Other Nations
The United States used tanks supplied by France and Great Britain during WWI. Production of American-built tanks had just begun when the War came to an end. Italy also manufactured two Fiat 2000s towards the end of the War, too late to see service. Russia independently built and trialled two prototypes early in the War; the tracked, two-man Vezdekhod and the huge Lebedenko, but neither went into production. A tracked self-propelled gun was also designed but not produced.[21]
Although tank tactics developed rapidly during the war, piecemeal deployments, mechanical problems, and poor mobility limited the military significance of the tank in World War I, and the tank did not fulfil its promise of rendering trench warfare obsolete. Nonetheless, it was clear to military thinkers on both sides that tanks would play a significant role in future conflicts.[22]
Interwar period[link]
Main article: Tanks of the interwar period
In the interwar period tanks underwent further mechanical development. In terms of tactics, J.F.C. Fuller's doctrine of spearhead attacks with massed tank formations was the basis for work by Heinz Guderian in Germany, Percy Hobart in Britain, Adna R. Chaffee, Jr., in the U.S., Charles de Gaulle in France, and Mikhail Tukhachevsky in the USSR. All came to similar conclusions, but in the Second World War only Germany would initially put the theory into practice on a large scale, and it was their superior tactics and French blunders, not superior weapons, that made blitzkrieg so successful in May 1940.[23] For information regarding tank development in this period, see tank development between the wars.
Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union all experimented heavily with tank warfare during their clandestine and “volunteer” involvement in the Spanish Civil War, which saw some of the earliest examples of successful mechanised combined arms — such as when Republican troops, equipped with Soviet-supplied medium tanks and supported by aircraft, eventually routed Italian troops fighting for the Nationalists in the seven-day Battle of Guadalajara in 1937.[24] However, of the nearly 700 tanks deployed during this conflict, only about 64 tanks representing the Franco faction and 331 from the Republican side were equipped with cannon, and of those 64 nearly all were WWI vintage Renault FT tanks, while the 331 Soviet supplied machines had 45mm main guns and were of 1930s manufacture.[25] With the balance of Nationalist tanks being machine gun armed tanks. The primary lesson learned from this war was that machine gun armed tanks had to be equipped with cannon, with the associated armor inherent to modern tanks.
The five month long war between the Soviet Union and the Japanese 6th Army at Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan) in 1939 brought home some better lessons. In this conflict, and although the Japanese only deployed about 73 cannon armed tanks, the Soviets fielded nearly a thousand, with the major difference being that Japanese armor were equipped with diesel engines and the Russian tanks petrol ones.[26] Even after General Georgy Zhukov sounded a bitter defeat on the Japanese 6th Army with his massed combined tank and air attack, the Soviets had learned a bitter lesson on the use of gasoline engines, and quickly incorporated those newly found experiences into their new T-34 medium tank during WWII. [27]
World War II[link]
Main article: Tanks in World War II
World War II was the first conflict where armoured vehicles were critical to success on the battlefield and in this period the tank developed rapidly as a weapon system. It showed how an armoured force was capable of achieving a tactical victory in an unprecedentedly short amount of time. At the same time, however, the development of effective anti-tank weaponry demonstrated that the tank was not invulnerable.
Prior to World War II the tactics and strategy of deploying tank forces underwent a revolution. In August 1939 Soviet General Georgy Zhukov utilized the combined force of tanks and airpower at Nomonhan against the Japanese 6th Army;[28] Heinz Guderian, a tactical theoretician who was heavily involved in the formation of the first independent German tank force, said "Where tanks are, the front is", and this concept became a reality in World War II.[29] Following the Invasion of Poland where tanks performed in a more traditional role in close cooperation with infantry units, in the Battle of France deep independent armoured penetrations were executed by the Germans, a technique later called blitzkrieg. Blitzkrieg made use of innovative combined arms tactics and radios in all of the tanks to provide a level of tactical flexibility and power that surpassed that of the Allied armour. The French Army, with tanks equal or superior to the German tanks in both quality and quantity, employed a linear defensive strategy in which the armoured cavalry units were made subservient to infantry as "support weapons".[23] In addition, they lacked radios in many of their tanks and headquarters,[30] which limited their ability to respond to German attacks.
In accordance with blitzkrieg methods, German tanks bypassed enemy strongpoints and could radio for close air support to destroy them, or leave them to the infantry. A related development, motorized infantry, allowed some of the troops to keep up with the tanks and create highly mobile combined arms forces.[23] The defeat of a major military power within weeks shocked the rest of the world, resulting in an increased focus on tank and anti-tank weapon development.
The North African Campaign also provided an important battleground for tanks, as the flat, desolate terrain with relatively few obstacles or urban environments was ideal for conducting mobile armoured warfare. However, this battlefield also showed the importance of logistics, especially in an armoured force, as the principal warring armies, the German Afrika Korps and the British Eighth Army, often outpaced their supply trains in repeated attacks and counter-attacks on each other, resulting in complete stalemate. This situation would not be resolved until 1942, when during the Second Battle of El Alamein, the Afrika Korps, crippled by disruptions in their supply lines, was forced to retreat by a massively reinforced Eighth Army, the first in a series of defeats that would eventually lead to the surrender of the remaining Axis forces in Tunisia.
The German invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, started with the Soviets having a superior tank design, the T-34.[31] A lack of preparations for the Axis surprise attack, mechanical problems, poor training of the crews and incompetent leadership caused the Soviet machines to be surrounded and destroyed in large numbers. However, interference from Adolf Hitler,[32] the geographic scale of the conflict, the dogged resistance of the Soviet combat troops, and Soviet manpower and production capability prevented a repeat of the Blitzkrieg of 1940.[33] Despite early successes against the Soviets, the Germans were forced to up-gun their Panzer IVs, and to design and build larger and more expensive Panther and Tiger tanks. In doing so, the Wehrmacht denied the infantry and other support arms the production priorities that they needed to remain equal partners with the increasingly sophisticated tanks, in turn violating the principle of combined arms they had pioneered.[3] Soviet developments following the invasion included upgunning the T-34, development of self-propelled anti-tank guns such as the SU-152, and deployment of the IS-2 in the closing stages of the war.
When entering World War II, America's mass production capacity enabled her to rapidly construct thousands of relatively cheap M4 Sherman medium tanks. A compromise all round, the Sherman was reliable and formed a large part of the Anglo-American ground forces, but in a tank-versus-tank battle was no match for the Panther or Tiger.[34] Numerical and logistical superiority and the successful use of combined arms allowed the Allies to overrun the German forces during the Battle of Normandy. Upgunned versions with the 76 mm gun M1 and the 17 pounder were introduced to improve the M4's firepower, but concerns about protection remained.
Tank hulls[35] were modified to produce flame tanks, mobile rocket artillery, and combat engineering vehicles for tasks including mine-clearing and bridging. Specialised self-propelled guns were also developed: tank destroyers and assault guns were cheap, stripped down tanks carrying heavy guns, often in a fixed hull mounting. The firepower and low cost of these vehicles made them attractive but as manufacturing techniques improved and larger turret rings made larger tank guns feasible, the gun turret was recognised as the most effective mounting for the main gun to allow movement in a different direction from firing, enhancing tactical flexibility.[23]
The Cold War arms race[link]
Main article: Tanks in the Cold War
During the Cold War, tension between the Warsaw Pact countries and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) countries created an arms race that ensured that tank development proceeded largely as it had during World War II. The essence of tank designs during the Cold War had been hammered out in the closing stages of World War II. Large turrets, capable suspension systems, greatly improved engines, sloped armour and large-calibre (90 mm and larger) guns were standard. Tank design during the Cold War built on this foundation and included improvements to fire control, gyroscopic gun stabilisation, communications (primarily radio) and crew comfort and saw the introduction of laser rangefinders and infrared night vision equipment. Armour technology progressed in an ongoing race against improvements in anti-tank weapons, especially antitank guided missiles like the TOW.
Medium tanks of World War II, evolved into the main battle tank (MBT) of the Cold War and took over the majority of tank roles on the battlefield. This gradual transition occurred in the 1950s and 1960s due to anti-tank guided missiles, sabot ammunition and high explosive anti-tank warheads. World War II had shown that the speed of a light tank was no substitute for armour and firepower and heavy tanks were as vulnerable as medium tanks to newer weapon technology, rendering them obsolete.
In a trend started in World War II, economies of scale led to serial production of progressively upgraded models of all major tanks during the Cold War. For the same reason many upgraded post-World War II tanks and their derivatives (for example, the T-55 and T-72) remain in active service around the world, and even an obsolete tank may be the most formidable weapon on battlefields in many parts of the world.[37] Among the tanks of the 1950s were the British Centurion and Soviet T-54/55 in service from 1946, and the US M48 from 1951.[38] These three vehicles formed the bulk of the armoured forces of NATO and the Warsaw Pact throughout much of the Cold War. Lessons learned from tanks such as the Leopard 1, M48 Patton series, Chieftain, and T-72 led to the contemporary Leopard 2, M1 Abrams, Challenger 2, C1 Ariete, T-90 and Merkava IV.
Tanks and anti-tank weapons of the Cold War era saw action in a number of proxy wars like the Korean War, Vietnam War, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Soviet war in Afghanistan and Arab-Israeli conflicts, culminating with the Yom Kippur War. The T-55, for example, has seen action in no fewer than 32 conflicts. In these wars the USA or NATO countries and the Soviet Union or China consistently backed opposing forces. Proxy wars were studied by Western and Soviet military analysts and provided a grim contribution to the Cold War tank development process.
Present[link]
The role of tank vs. tank combat is becoming diminished. Tanks work in concert with infantry in urban warfare by deploying them ahead of the platoon. When engaging enemy infantry, tanks can provide covering fire on the battlefield. Conversely, tanks can spearhead attacks when infantry are deployed in personnel carriers.[39]
Tanks were used to spearhead the initial invasion of Iraq. As of 2005, there were 1,100 M1 Abrams used by the United States Army in the course of the Iraq War, and they have proven to have an unexpectedly high level of vulnerability to roadside bombs.[40] A relatively new type of remotely detonated mine, the explosively formed penetrator has been used with some success against American armoured vehicles (particularly the Bradley fighting vehicle). However, with upgrades to their armour in the rear, M1s have proven invaluable in fighting insurgents in urban combat, particularly at the Battle of Fallujah, where the Marines brought in two extra brigades.[41] Britain deployed its Challenger 2 tanks to support its operations in southern Iraq.
Israeli Merkava tanks contain features that enable them to support infantry in low intensity conflicts (LIC) and counter-terrorism operations. Such features are the rear door and rear corridor, enabling the tank to carry infantry and embark safely; the IMI APAM-MP-T multi-purpose ammunition round, advanced C4IS systems and recently: TROPHY active protection system which protects the tank from shoulder-launched anti-tank weapons. During the Second Intifada further modifications were made, designated as "Merkava Mk. 3d Baz LIC".
Research and development[link]
In terms of firepower, the focus of current R&D is on increased detection capability such as thermal imagers, automated fire control systems and increased muzzle energy from the gun to improve range, accuracy and armour penetration.[42] The most mature future gun technology is the electrothermal-chemical gun.[43] The XM291 electrothermal-chemical tank gun has gone through successful multiple firing sequences on a modified M8 Armored Gun System chassis.[44]
To improve tank protection, one field of research involves making the tank invisible to radar by adapting stealth technologies originally designed for aircraft. Improvements to camouflage or and attempts to render it invisible through active camouflage is being pursued. Research is also ongoing in electromagnetic armour systems to disperse or deflect incoming shaped charge jets,[45][46] as well as various forms of active protection systems to prevent incoming projectiles from striking the tank at all.
Mobility may be enhanced in future tanks by the use of diesel-electric or turbine-electric series hybrid drives improving fuel efficiency while reducing the size and weight of the power plant.[47] Furthermore, advances in gas turbine technology, including the use of advanced recuperators,[48] have allowed for reduction in engine volume and mass to less than 1 m3 and 1 metric ton, respectively, while maintaining fuel efficiency similar to that of a diesel engine.[49]
In line with the new doctrine of network-centric warfare, the modern battle tank shows increasing sophistication in its electronics and communication systems.
Design[link]
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This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
The three traditional factors determining a tank's capability effectiveness are its firepower, protection, and mobility. Firepower is the ability of a tank's crew to identify, engage, and destroy the enemy. Protection is the tank crew's ability to evade detection, preserve themselves from enemy fire, and retain full vehicle functionality after combat. Mobility includes the ability of the tank to be transported by rail, sea, or air to the operational staging area; from the staging area by road towards the enemy; and tactical movement over the battlefield during combat, including traversing of obstacles and rough terrain.
Tank design is a compromise between its technological and budgetary constraints and its tactical capability requirements. It is not possible to maximise firepower, protection and mobility simultaneously while incorporating the latest technology and retain affordability for sufficient procurement quantity to enter production. For example, in the case of tactical capability requirements, increasing protection by adding armour will result in an increase in weight and therefore decrease in mobility; increasing firepower by installing a larger gun will force the designer team to increase armour, the therefore weight of the tank by retaining same internal volume to ensure crew efficiency during combat. In the case of the Abrams MBT which has good firepower, speed and armour, these advantages are counterbalanced by its engine's notably high fuel consumption, which ultimately reduces its range, and in a larger sense its mobility.
Since the Second World War, the economics of tank production governed by the complexity of manufacture and cost, and the impact of a given tank design on logistics and field maintenance capabilities, have also been accepted as important in determining how many tanks a nation can afford to field in its force structure.
Some tank designs that were fielded in significant numbers, such as Tiger I and M60A2 proved to be too complex or expensive to manufacture, and made unsustainable demands on the logistics services support of the armed forces. The affordability of the design therefore takes precedence over the combat capability requirements. Nowhere was this principle illustrated better than during the Second World War when two Allied designs, the T-34 and the M4 Sherman, although both simple designs which accepted engineering compromises, were used successfully against more sophisticated designs by Germany that were more complex and expensive to produce, and more demanding on overstretched logistics of the Wehrmacht. Given that a tank crew will spend most of its time occupied with maintenance of the vehicle, engineering simplicity has become the primary constraint on tank design since the Second World War despite advances in mechanical, electrical and electronics technologies.
Since the Second World War, tank development has incorporated experimenting with significant mechanical changes to the tank design while focusing on technological advances in the tank's many subsystems to improve its performance. However, a number of novel designs have appeared throughout this period with mixed success, including the Soviet IT-1 and T-64 in firepower, and the Israeli Merkava and Swedish S-tank in protection, while for decades the USA's M551 remained the only light tank deployable by parachute.
Further information: Tank classification
Tank design engineering[link]
A noted author on the subject of tank design engineering Richard M Ogorkiewicz[50] outlined the following basic engineering sub-systems that are commonly incorporated into tank's technological development:
- Mobility of tanks (through chassis design)
- Tank Engines
- Tank Transmissions
- Suspensions and Running gear
- Soil-Vehicle Mechanics
- Tank guns and Ammunition
- Ballistics and Mechanics of Tank Guns
- Vision and Sighting Systems
- Illuminating and Night Vision Systems
- Fire Control Systems for main and auxiliary weapons
- Gun Control Systems
- Guided Weapons
- Armour Protection
- Configuration of Tanks
To the above can be added unit communication systems and electronic anti-tank countermeasures, crew ergonomic and survival systems (including flame suppression), and provision for technological upgrading. Most tank designs have rarely survived their entire service life without some upgrading or modernisation, particularly during wartime, including some that changed almost beyond recognition, such as the latest Israeli Magach versions.
The characteristics of a tank are determined by the performance criteria required for the tank. The obstacles that must be traversed affect the vehicles front and rear profiles. The terrain that is expected to be traversed determines the track ground pressure that may be allowed to be exerted for that particular terrain.[51]
Offensive capabilities[link]
Main article: Tank gun
The main weapon of all modern tanks is a single, large-calibre gun mounted in a fully traversing turret weapon mount. The typical tank gun is a smoothbore weapon capable of firing armor-piercing kinetic energy penetrators (KEP), also known as armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS), and/or armour piercing fin stabilised discarding sabot (APFSDS) and high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shells, and/or high explosive squash head (HESH) and/or anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM) to destroy armoured targets, as well as high explosive (HE) shells for engaging soft targets or fortifications. Canister shot may be used in close or urban combat situations where the risk of hitting friendly forces with shrapnel from HE rounds is unacceptably high.[41]
A gyroscope is used to stabilise the main gun, allowing it to be effectively aimed and fired at the "short halt" or on the move. Modern tank guns are also commonly fitted with insulating thermal jackets to reduce gun-barrel warping caused by uneven thermal expansion, bore evacuators to minimise fumes entering the crew compartment and sometimes muzzle brakes to minimise the effect of recoil on accuracy and rate of fire.
Traditionally, target detection relied on visual identification. This was accomplished from within the tank through telescopic periscopes; occasionally however, tank commanders would open up the hatch to view the outside surroundings, which improved situational awareness but incurred the penalty of vulnerability to sniper fire, especially in jungle and urban conditions. Though several developments in target detection have taken place especially recently, these methods are still common practice.
In some cases spotting rifles were used confirm proper trajectory and range to a target. These spotting rifles were mounted co-axially to the main gun, and fired tracer ammunition ballistically matched to the gun itself. The gunner would track the movement of the tracer round in flight, and upon impact with a hard surface, it would give off a flash and a puff of smoke, after which the main gun was immediately fired. However these have been mostly superseded by laser rangefinding equipment.
Modern tanks also use sophisticated light intensification and thermal imaging equipment to improve fighting capability at night, in poor weather and in smoke. The accuracy of modern tank guns is pushed to the mechanical limit by computerised fire-control systems. A fire-control system uses a laser rangefinder to determine the range to the target, a thermocouple, anemometer and wind vane to correct for weather effects and a muzzle referencing system to correct for gun-barrel temperature, warping and wear. Two sightings of a target with the range-finder enable calculation of the target movement vector. This information is combined with the known movement of the tank and the principles of ballistics to calculate the elevation and aim point that maximises the probability of hitting the target.
Usually, tanks carry smaller calibre armament for short-range defence where fire from the main weapon would be ineffective, for example when engaging infantry, light vehicles or aircraft. A typical complement of secondary weapons is a general-purpose machine gun mounted coaxially with the main gun, and a heavier anti-aircraft machine gun on the turret roof. These weapons are often modified variants of those used by infantry, and so utilise the same kinds of ammunition.
Countermeasures[link]
1: Composite armour in the turret
2: Third generation Kontakt-5 ERA
3: Shtora-1 countermeasures suite.
See also: Anti-tank warfare
The measure of a tank's protection is the combination of its ability to avoid detection, to avoid being hit by enemy fire, its resistance to the effects of enemy fire, and its capacity to sustain damage whilst still completing its objective, or at least protecting its crew. In common with most unit types, tanks are subject to additional hazards in wooded and urban combat environments which largely negate the advantages of the tank's long-range firepower and mobility, limit the crew's detection capabilities and can restrict turret traverse. Despite these disadvantages, tanks retain high survivability against previous-generation rocket-propelled grenades in all combat environments by virtue of their armour.
However, as effective and advanced as armour plating has become, tank survivability against newer-generation (1980s) tandem-warhead anti-tank missiles is a concern for military planners.[52] For example, the RPG-29 is able to penetrate the frontal hull armour of the Challenger II[53][54] and also managed to damage a M1 Abrams.[55]
Avoiding detection[link]
Further information: Military deception
A tank avoids detection using the doctrine of CCD: camouflage (looks the same as the surroundings), concealment (cannot be seen) and deception (looks like something else).
Working against efforts to avoid detection is the fact that a tank is a large metallic object with a distinctive, angular silhouette that emits copious heat and noise. Consequently, it is difficult to effectively camouflage a hull-up tank in the absence of some form of cover or concealment (e.g., woods). The tank becomes easier to detect when moving (typically, whenever it is in use) due to the large, distinctive auditory, vibration and thermal signature of its power plant. Tank tracks and dust clouds also betray past or present tank movement. Switched-off tanks are vulnerable to infra-red detection due to differences between the thermal conductivity and therefore heat dissipation of the metallic tank and its surroundings. At close range the tank can be detected even when powered down and fully concealed due to the column of warmer air above the tank and the smell of diesel.
Thermal blankets slow the rate of heat emission and camouflage nets use a mix of materials with differing thermal properties to operate in the infra-red as well as the visible spectrum. Camouflage attempts to break up the distinctive appearance and silhouette of a tank. Adopting a turret-down or hull-down position reduces the visible silhouette of a tank as well as providing the added protection of a position in defilade
The Russian Nakidka camouflage kit was designed to reduce the Optical, Thermal, Infrared, and Radar signatures of a tank, so that acquisition of the tank would be difficult. According to Nii Stali, the designers of Nakidka, Nakidka would reduce the probabilities of detection via "visual and near-IR bands by 30%, the thermal band by 2-3 fold, radar band by 6 fold, and radar-thermal band to near-background levels.[56] "
Armour[link]
Main article: Vehicle armour
To effectively protect the tank and its crew, tank armour must counter a wide variety of antitank threats. Protection against kinetic energy penetrators and high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shells fired by other tanks is of primary importance, but tank armour also aims to protect against infantry antitank missiles, ATGMs, antitank mines, bombs, direct artillery hits, and (less often) nuclear, biological and chemical threats, any of which could disable or destroy a tank or its crew.
Steel armour plate was the earliest type of armour. The Germans pioneered the use of face hardened steel during World War II and the Soviets also achieved improved protection with sloped armour technology. World War II developments also spelled the eventual doom of homogeneous steel armour with the development of shaped-charge warheads, exemplified by the Panzerfaust and bazooka infantry weapons which were lethally effective, despite some early success with spaced armour. Magnetic mines led to the development of anti-magnetic paste and paint.
British tank researchers took the next step with the development of Chobham armour, or more generally composite armour, incorporating ceramics and plastics in a resin matrix between steel plates, which provided good protection against HEAT weapons. Squash head warheads led to anti-spall armour linings, and KEPs led to the inclusion of exotic materials like a matrix of depleted uranium into a composite armour configuration.
Reactive armour consists of small explosive-filled metal boxes that detonate when hit by the metallic jet projected by an exploding HEAT warhead, causing their metal plates to disrupt it. Tandem warheads defeat reactive armour by causing the armour to detonate prematurely. Modern Reactive armour protects itself from Tandem warheads by having a thicker front metal plate to prevent the precursor charge from detonating the explosive in the reactive armour. Reactive armours can also reduce the penetrative abilities of kinetic energy penetrators by deforming the penetrator with the metal plates on the Reactive armour, thereby reducing its effectiveness against the main armour of the tank.
Grenade launchers which can rapidly deploy a smoke screen, which are opaque to Infrared light, to hide it from the thermal viewer of another tank. The modern Shtora "soft-kill" countermeasure system provides additional protection by interfering with enemy targeting and fire-control systems and jamming of SACLOS guided ATGMs.
Active protection system[link]
The latest generation of protective measures for tanks are active protection systems, particularly "hard-kill". The Soviet Drozd, the Russian Arena, the Israeli TROPHY and Iron Fist, Polish ERAWA (on PT-91), and the American Quick Kill systems show the potential to dramatically improve protection for tanks against missiles, RPGs and potentially KEP attacks, but concerns regarding a danger zone for nearby dismounted troops remain. As for 2011, only the Israeli Trophy active protection system, installed on the Merkava Mk4, has been combat-proven, as it successfully intercepted RPG rocket and various anti-tank missiles during operational missions on the Gaza Strip border.
Mobility[link]
The mobility of a tank is described by its battlefield or tactical mobility, its operational mobility, and its strategic mobility. Tactical mobility can be broken down firstly into agility, describing the tank's acceleration, braking, speed and rate of turn on various terrain, and secondly obstacle clearance: the tank's ability to travel over vertical obstacles like low walls or trenches or through water. Operational mobility is a function of manoeuvre range; but also of size and weight, and the resulting limitations on options for manoeuvre.
Strategic mobility[link]
Strategic mobility is the ability of the tanks of an armed force to arrive in a timely, cost effective, and synchronized fashion. For good strategic mobility transportability by air is important, which means that weight and volume must be kept within the designated transport aircraft capabilities.
Nations often stockpile enough tanks to respond to any threat without having to make more tanks as many sophisticated designs can only be produced at a relatively low rate. The US Military for instance keeps 6000 MBTs in storage.[57]
Tactical mobility[link]
Tank agility is a function of the weight of the tank due to its inertia while manoeuvring and its ground pressure, the power output of the installed power plant and the tank transmission and track design. In addition, rough terrain effectively limits the tank's speed through the stress it puts on the suspension and the crew. A breakthrough in this area was achieved during World War II when improved suspension systems were developed that allowed better cross-country performance and limited firing on the move. Systems like the earlier Christie or later torsion-bar suspension developed by Ferdinand Porsche dramatically improved the tank's cross-country performance and overall mobility.[58]
Tanks are highly mobile and able to travel over most types of terrain due to their continuous tracks and advanced suspension. The tracks disperse the weight of the vehicle over a large area, resulting in less ground pressure. A tank can travel at approximately 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph) across flat terrain and up to 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) on roads, but due to the mechanical strain this places on the vehicle and the logistical strain on fuel delivery and tank maintenance, these must be considered "burst" speeds that invite mechanical failure of engine and transmission systems. Consequently, wheeled tank transporters and rail infrastructure is used wherever possible for long-distance tank transport. The limitations of long-range tank mobility can be viewed in sharp contrast to that of wheeled armoured fighting vehicles. The majority of blitzkrieg operations were conducted at the pedestrian pace of 5 kilometres per hour (3.1 mph), and that was only achieved on the roads of France.[59]
In the absence of combat engineers, most tanks are limited to fording rivers. The typical fording depth for MBTs is approximately 1 metre (3.3 ft), being limited by the height of the engine air intake and driver's position. Modern tanks such as the Russian T-90 and the German Leopard I and Leopard II tanks can ford to a depth of 3 to 4 metres when properly prepared and equipped with a snorkel to supply air for the crew and engine. Tank crews usually have a negative reaction towards deep fording but it adds considerable scope for surprise and tactical flexibility in water crossing operations by opening new and unexpected avenues of attack.
Amphibious tanks are specially designed or adapted for water operations, but they are rare in modern armies, being replaced by purpose-built amphibious assault vehicles or armoured personnel carriers in amphibious assaults. Advances such as the EFA mobile bridge and MT-55 scissors bridge have also reduced the impediment to tank advance that rivers posed in World War II.[60]
The tank's power plant supplies kinetic energy to move the tank, and electric power via a generator to components such as the turret rotation motors and the tank's electronic systems. The tank power plant has evolved from predominantly petrol and adapted large-displacement aeronautical or automotive engines during World Wars I and II, through diesel engines to advanced multi-fuel diesel engines, and powerful (per unit weight) but fuel-hungry gas turbines in the T-80 and M1 Abrams.
Tank power output in context:
| Vehicle | Power output | Power/weight |
|---|---|---|
| Mid-sized car: Toyota Camry 2.4L | 158 horsepower (118 kW) | 106 hp/tonne |
| Sports car: Lamborghini Murciélago 6.5L | 632 horsepower (471 kW) | 383 hp/tonne |
| Racing car: Formula One car 3.0L | 950 horsepower (710 kW) | 2100 hp/tonne |
| Main battle tank: Leopard 2, M1 Abrams | 1,500 horsepower (1,100 kW) | 24.2, 24.5 hp/tonne |
| Locomotive: SNCF Class T 2000 | 2,581 horsepower (1,925 kW) | 11.5 hp/tonne |
Crew[link]
Most modern tanks most often have four crew members, this being reduced to three depending if an autoloader is installed, these are the:-
- Commander-The commander is responsible for commanding the tank, most often in conjunction with other tanks and supporting infantry, the commander is provided with all round vision devices rather than the limited ones of the driver and gunner
- Driver-the driver drives the tank, the driver often also serves as the tanks day to day mechanic
- Gunner-the gunner is responsible for laying the gun
- Loader-the loader loads the gun, with a round appropriate to the target, in tanks with autoloaders this position is omitted.
However historically crew numbers varied from just two to a dozen, for example pre WW-II French tanks were noted for having a two man crew, in which the overworked commander had to load and fire the gun in addition to commanding the tank. First World War tanks were developed with immature technologies, in addition to the crew needed to man the multiple guns and machine guns up to four crewmen where needed to drive the tank-the driver who acted as the vehicle commander and who manned the brakes, he would drive through orders to his gearsmen, a co-driver to operate the gearbox and throttle, two gearsmen one on each track who would steer by setting one side or the other to idle allowing the track on the otherside to slew the tank to one side.
With World War II the multi turreted tanks proved impracticable, and as the single turret on a low hull design became standard, crews became standardised around a crew of four or five. In those tanks with a fifth crew member he was most often seated in the hull next to the driver and operated the hull machine gun in addition to acting as a co-driver or radio operator.
Well designed crew stations, giving proper considerations to comfort and ergonomics, are an important factor in the combat effectiveness of a tank, as it limits fatigue and speeds up individual actions.
Command, control and communications[link]
Commanding and coordinating tanks in the field has always been subject to particular problems, particularly in the area of communications, but in modern armies these problems have been partially alleviated by networked, integrated systems that enable communications and contribute to enhanced situational awareness.
Early[link]
Armoured bulkheads, engine noise, intervening terrain, dust and smoke, and the need to operate "buttoned up" are severe detriments to communication and lead to a sense of isolation for small tank units, individual vehicles, and tank crewmen. Radios were not then portable or robust enough to be mounted in a tank, although Morse Code transmitters were installed in some Mark IVs at Cambrai as messaging vehicles.[61] Attaching a field telephone to the rear would became a practice only during the next war. During World War I when these failed or were unavailable, situation reports were sent back to headquarters by some crews releasing carrier pigeons through loopholes or hatches[62] and communications between vehicles was accomplished using hand signals, handheld semaphore flags which continued in use in the Red Army/Soviet Army through the Second and Cold wars, or by foot or horse mounted messengers.[63]
Modern[link]
See also: Military communications and C4ISTAR
On the modern battlefield an intercom mounted in the crew helmet provides internal communications and a link to the radio network, and on some tanks an external intercom on the rear of the tank provides communication with co-operating infantry. Radio networks employ radio voice procedure to minimise confusion and "chatter".
A recent development in AFV equipment and doctrine is the increased integration of information from the fire control system, laser rangefinder, Global Positioning System and terrain information via hardened military specification electronics and a battlefield network to display all known information on enemy targets and friendly units on a monitor in the tank. The sensor data can be sourced from nearby tanks, planes, UAVs or, in the future infantry (such as the US Future Force Warrior project). This improves the tank commander's situational awareness and ability to navigate the battlefield and select and engage targets. In addition to easing the reporting burden by automatically logging all orders and actions, orders are sent via the network with text and graphical overlays. This is known as Network-centric warfare by the US, Network Enabled Capability (UK) or Digital Army Battle Management System צי"ד (Israel).
Etymology[link]
The word tank was first applied to the British "landships" in 1915, before they entered service, to keep their nature secret. Several explanations of the precise origin of the term have been suggested, including:
- It arose in British factories making the hulls of the first battle tanks: workmen and possible spies were to be given the impression they were constructing mobile water tanks for the British Army, thus keeping the production of a fighting vehicle secret.[22]
- The term was first used in a secret report on the new motorised weapon presented to Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, by British Army Lt.-Col. Ernest Swinton.[64]
- Winston Churchill's biography states, "To disguise the device, drawings were marked "water carriers for Russia." When it was pointed out this might be shortened to "WCs for Russia," the drawings were relabelled "water tanks for Russia." Eventually the weapon was just called a tank.[65] (In fact, the prototype was referred to as a water-carrier for Mesopotamia [see below]. The Russian connection is that some of the first production Tanks were labelled in Russian "With Care to Petrograd," as a further security measure.)
In his autobiography, Albert Stern (founder member of the Landships Committee, later head of the Mechanical Warfare Supply Department) says that on or shortly after October 20, 1915, "Mr. Macnamara then suggested, for secrecy's sake, to change the title of the Landships Committee. Mr. d'Eyncourt agreed that it was very desirable to retain secrecy by all means, and proposed to refer to the vessel as a "Water Carrier." In Government offices, committees and departments are always known by their initials. For this reason I, as Secretary, considered the proposed title totally unsuitable.* In our search for a synonymous term, we changed the word "Water Carrier" to "Tank," and became the "Tank Supply" or "T.S." Committee. That is how these weapons came to be called "Tanks," and the name has now been adopted by all countries in the world."[66] Swinton states, "Since the 24th December, 1915, the Tank has always been known as such; and there has been no confusion as to its nomenclature."[67] His Notes on the Employment of Tanks, in which he uses the word throughout, was published in January 1916.
(* The initials W.C. are a British abbreviation for a water closet; in other words, a toilet. Unfortunately, later in the War a number of Mk IV Tanks were fitted with grapnels to remove barbed wire. They were designated "Wire Cutters" and had the large letters "W.C." painted on their rear armour.)
Stern says, "we changed the word." Lt.-Col. Swinton also claims that it was his suggestion at that meeting.[68] However, in July 1918 the following explanation was published in Popular Science Monthly: "Because a fellow of the Royal Historical Society has unintentionally misled the British public as to the origin of the famous "tanks," Sir William Tritton, who designed and built them, has published the real story of their name ... Since it was obviously inadvisable to herald "Little Willie's" reason for existence to the world he was known as the "Instructional Demonstration Unit." "Little Willie's" hull was called in the shop orders a "water carrier for Mesopotamia;" no one knew that the hull was intended to be mounted on a truck. Naturally, the water carrier began to be called a "tank." So the name came to be used by managers and foremen of the shop, until now it has a place in the army vocabulary and will probably be so known in history for all time." It may be that d'Eyncourt was aware of this practice and therefore suggested the name to the Landships Committee. In any event, the word was in use by members of the Committee several months before production orders had been placed.[69]
By "all countries in the world," Stern is not entirely correct. The word "tank" was adopted in most languages, including Russian. Some countries, however, use different names. In France, in 1917 the second nation to employ tanks, the use of an English term was rejected and they are known as chars d'assaut ("assault vehicles") or simply chars. In Germany, tanks are usually referred to as "Panzer" (lit. "armour"), a shortened form of the full term "Panzerkampfwagen", literally "armoured fighting vehicle". In the Arab world, tanks are called Dabbāba (after a type of siege engine). In Italian, a tank is a "carro armato" (lit. "armed wagon"), without reference to its armour. The Scandinavian countries use the term stridsvogn (Norway) or stridsvagn (Sweden) ("chariot", lit. "battle wagon"). Polish name czołg is derived from verb czołgać się meaning "to crawl" depicting the way of machine's movement and its speed.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ von Senger and Etterlin (1960), The World's Armored Fighting Vehicles, p.9.
- ^ Coox (1985), p. 579, 590, 663
- ^ a b House (1984), Toward Combined Arms Warfare:A Survey of 20th Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization[page needed]
- ^ Tranquiler, Roger, Modern Warfare. A French View of Counterinsurgency, trans. Daniel Lee, "Pitting a traditional combined armed force trained and equipped to defeat similar military organisations against insurgents reminds one of a pile driver attempting to crush a fly, indefatigably persisting in repeating its efforts." [page needed]
- ^ The Art of War: Leonardo's War Machines, http://leonardo-war-machines.com [self-published source?]
- ^ Wells, H.G. (1916), "V. Tanks", War and the Future, p. 1, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1804/1804-h/1804-h.htm#2H_4_0011
- ^ Harris, J.P. Men, Ideas, and Tanks. Manchester University Press, 1995.[page needed]
- ^ Gannon, Charles E. Rumors of War and Infernal Machines: Liverpool University Press, 2003.[page needed]
- ^ Edgeworth, R. & E. Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, 1820.[page needed]
- ^ The Devil's Chariots: The Birth and Secret Battles of the First Tanks John Glanfield (Sutton Publishing, 2001)[page needed]
- ^ Gunther Burstyn Angwetter, D.& E. (Verlag Der Österreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften, 2008)[page needed]
- ^ "Australia To The Fore. Invention of the War Tank". Trove.nla.gov.au. 1920-02-12. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/65020239. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
- ^ Russian tanks, 1900-1970 The Complete Illustrated History of Soviet Armoured Theory and Design John Milsom (Stackpole Books, 1971)[page needed]
- ^ a b Churchill, p. 316
- ^ Churchill, p. 317
- ^ McMillan, N: Locomotive Apprentice at the North British Locomotive Company Ltd Glasgow Plateway Press 1992[page needed]
- ^ Glanfield, Devil's Chariots[page needed]
- ^ Regan (1993), The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders, p. 12
- ^ Steven J. Zaloga, The Renault FT Light Tank, London 1988[page needed]
- ^ Willmott (2003), First World War, p. 222
- ^ "Легенда о русском танке - 0008.htm" (in Russian). Vadimvswar.narod.ru. http://vadimvswar.narod.ru/ALL_OUT/TiVOut9801/RuTLe/RuTLe008.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
- ^ a b Willmott (2003), First World War[page needed]
- ^ a b c d Deighton (1979), Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk.
- ^ Time (1937), Chewed up
- ^ Manrique p. 311, 321, 324
- ^ Coox p. 300, 318, 437
- ^ Coox 998
- ^ Coox p. 579, 590, 663
- ^ Cooper and Lucas (1979), Panzer: The Armored Force of the Third Reich, p. 9
- ^ Forty (2004), p.251.
- ^ Zaloga et al. (1997)
- ^ Stolfi, Hitler's Panzers East[page needed]
- ^ Deighton (1979), Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk, p 307
- ^ Cawthorne (2003), Steel Fist: Tank Warfare 1939 - 45, p. 211
- ^ Starry pp. 45, 79, 129, 143, 153, etc
- ^ "T-72 Main Battle Tank 1974-93 By Steven J. Zaloga, Michael Jerchel, Stephen Sewell". Books.google.com. 1993-09-30. http://books.google.com/books?id=Q_jCD6i0iccC&pg=PA3&dq=t-72+tank+soviet&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=WORMSq6gFYnmM7SFtTI&client=firefox-a. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
- ^ Steven Zaloga and Hugh Johnson (2004), T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 1944–2004, Osprey, 39-41, ISBN 1-84176-792-1, p. 43
- ^ von Senger und Etterlin (1960), The World's Armoured Fighting Vehicles, pp. 61, 118, 183
- ^ Dougherty, Martin J.; McNab, Chris (2010), Combat Techniques: An Elite Forces Guide to Modern Infantry Tactics, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-36824-1 [page needed]
- ^ USA Today (2005), Tank takes a beating in Iraq
- ^ a b USA Today (2005), Tanks adapted for urban fights they once avoided
- ^ Pengelley, Rupert, A new era in tank main armament, pp. 1521–1531
- ^ Hilmes, Rolf (January 30, 1999), "Aspects of future MBT conception". Military Technology 23 (6): 7. Moench Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh.
- ^ Goodell, Brad (January 1, 2007), "Electrothermal Chemical (ETC) Armament Integration into a Combat Vehicle". IEEE Transaction on Magnetics, Volume 23, Number 1, pp. 456-459.
- ^ Wickert, Matthias, Electric Armor Against Shaped Charges, pp. 426–429
- ^ Xiaopeng, Li, et al., Multiprojectile Active Electromagnetic Armor, pp. 460–462
- ^ Electric/Hybrid Electric Drive Vehicles for Military Applications, pp. 132–144
- ^ McDonald, Colin F., Gas Turbine Recuperator Renaissance, pp. 1 - 30
- ^ Koschier, Angelo V. and Mauch, Hagen R., Advantages of the LV100 as a Power Producer in a Hybrid Propulsion System for Future Fighting Vehicles, p. 697
- ^ Technology of Tanks, Richard M Ogorkiewicz, Jane's Information Group, 1991[page needed]
- ^ Journal of the United Service Institution of India, Volume 98, United Service Institution of India, 1968, p. 58, http://books.google.com/books?id=iZI8AQAAIAAJ&q=%22while+the+terrain+limits+the+unit+track+pressure%22&dq=%22while+the+terrain+limits+the+unit+track+pressure%22, retrieved 4 April 2011
- ^ BBC News (2006) Tough lessons for Israeli armour
- ^ "Defence chiefs knew 'invincible' tank armour could be breached", Daily Mail, 24 April 2007, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=450477&in_page_id=1770
- ^ Sean Rayment (May 12, 2007 *). "MoD kept failure of best tank quiet". Sunday Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/13/nmod13.xml.
- ^ Michael R. Gordon (May 21, 2008). "Operation in Sadr City Is an Iraqi Success, So Far". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/middleeast/21sadr.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ John Pike. "M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank". Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1-specs.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
- ^ Deighton (1979), Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk, pp. 154
- ^ Deighton (1979), Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk, p.180
- ^ Deighton (1979), Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk, pp.234-252
- ^ Macksey, K., Tank vs Tank, Grub Street, London, 1999, p. 32
- ^ Fletcher, D., British Mark I Tank 1916, Osprey, p. 19
- ^ Wright 2002, Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine, p. 48, "To the extent that they communicated at all, the tank crews did so by squeezing carrier pigeons out through a hole in a gun sponson, by brandishing a shovel through the manhole,mili or by frantically waving coloured discs in the air."
- ^ Barris (2007), Victory at Vimy: Canada Comes of Age April 9–12, 1917, p.116
- ^ Gilbert (1991), Churchill: A Life, p.298.
- ^ Tanks 1914-1918; The Log Book of a Pioneer. Hodder & Stoughton, 1919[page needed]
- ^ Eyewitness; being personal reminiscences of certain phases of the Great War ... By Ernest Dunlop Swinton[page needed]
- ^ Over My Shoulder; The Autobiography of Major-General Sir Ernest D. Swinton. 1951[page needed]
- ^ Eyewitness; being personal reminiscences of certain phases of the Great War. Ernest Dunlop Swinton[page needed]
References[link]
- "Electric/Hybrid Electric Drive Vehicles for Military Applications", Military Technology (Moench Verlagsgesellschaft mbH) (9/2007): 132–144, September 2007
- Barris, Ted (2007), Victory at Vimy: Canada Comes of Age April 9–12, 1917, Thomas Allen Publishers, p. 116, ISBN 0-88762-253-4;
- Cawthorne, Nigel (2003), Steel Fist: Tank Warfare 1939-45, London: Arcturus Publishing Ltd., ISBN 0-572-02872-5
- Churchill, Winston (1992), The World Crisis (Abridged), Canada & New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, ISBN 0-684-19453-8
- Cooper, Matthew and Lucas, James (1979), Panzer: The Armoured Force of the Third Reich, Book Club Associates
- Coox, Alvin D. (1985), Nomonhan; Japan against Russia, 1939, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-1160-7
- Deighton, Len (1979), Blitzkrieg: From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk, Fakenham: Fakenham Press Limited, ISBN 0-224-01648-2
- DiNardo, Richard L. (January 1986), "The First Modern Tank: Gunther Burstyn and His Motorgeschutz", Military Affairs (JSTOR: Society for Military History) 50, No.1 (1): 12–15, JSTOR 1988528
- Col. Eshel, David (2007), Assessing the performance of Merkava Tanks, Defense Update, http://www.defense-update.com/analysis/lebanon_war_3.htm, retrieved 2008-05-16
- Forty, George (2004), Tank Warfare in World War II, London: Constable & Robinson Ltd, ISBN 1-84119-864-1
- Forty, George (2006), The World Encyclopedia of Tanks & Armoured Fighting Vehicles, Lorenz Books, ISBN 0-7548-1741-5
- Gilbert, Sir Martin (1991), Churchill: A Life, Thomas Allen Publishers, p. 298, ISBN 0-7624-2081-2
- Goodell, Brad (January 2007), "Electrothermal Chemical (ETC) Armament System Integration Into a Combat Vehicle", IEEE Transaction on Magnetics (IEEE) 43 (1): 4, DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2006.887524
- Hilmes, Rolf (December 2004), "Arming Future MBTs - Some Considerations", Military Technology (Moench Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh) (12/2004): 4
- House, Jonathan M. (1984), Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th-Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization, United States Government Printing, OCLC 464265702, http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/resources/csi/House/House.asp, retrieved 2008-05-18
- Hunnicutt, R. P. (1984), Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank, Presidio, ISBN 0-89141-230-1
- Komarow, Steven (2005-03-29), Tanks adapted for urban fights they once avoided, USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-03-29-tank-inside_x.htm, retrieved 2008-05-16
- Komarow, Steven (2005-03-29), Tanks take a beating in Iraq, USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-03-29-abrams-tank-a_x.htm, retrieved 2008-05-16
- Koschier, Angelo V.; Hagen R. Mauch (2000), "Advantages of the LV100 as a Power Producer in a Hybrid Propulsion System for Future Fighting Vehicles", Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122 (October 2000): 693–698, DOI:10.1115/1.1287585
- Manrique, Jose (2006) (in Spanish), Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Espanola, 28002 Madrid; La Los Libros, ISBN 84-9734-475-8
- Marcus, Jonathan (2006-08-15), Tough lessons for Israeli armour, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4794829.stm, retrieved 2008-05-26
- McDonald, Colin F. (1990), "Gas Turbine Recuperator Renaissance", Heat Recovery Systems & CHP (Pergamon Press) 10 (1): 1–30, DOI:10.1016/0890-4332(90)90246-G
- Pengelley, Rupert (1989), "A new era in tank man armament: The options multiply", Janes International Defense Review (November 1989): 1521–1531
- Regan, Geoffrey (1993), The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders, London: Guinness Publishing, ISBN 0-85112-961-7
- Sharoni, Asher H. and Bacon, Lawrence D. (PDF), The Future Combat System (FCS): Technology Evolution Review and Feasibility Assessment, GlobalSecurity.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/1997/5fcs97.pdf, retrieved 2008-05-26
- Starry, Donn A. GEN: Mounted Combat in Vietnam. Vietnam Studies; Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 1978.
- Thompson, William J. and Sorvig, Kim (2000), Sustainable Landscape Construction: A Guide to Green Building Outdoors, Island Press, p. 51, ISBN 1-55963-646-7
- Time Life Books editors (1990), The Armored Fist, Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, ISBN 0-8094-8609-1;, ISBN 0-8094-8704-7
- Chewed Up, Alexandria, Virginia: Time magazine, 5 April 1937, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757549,00.html, retrieved 2008-05-16
- Tomes, Robert R. (Spring, 2004), "Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare", Parameters (US Army War College) Vol. XXXIV, (No. 1,): 16–28, archived from the original on 2008-05-14, http://web.archive.org/web/20080514095825/http://www.army.mil/prof_writing/volumes/volume2/march_2004/3_04_1.html, retrieved 2008-05-26
- von Senger und Etterlin, Dr. F. M. (1960), The World's Armoured Fighting Vehicles, London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.
- Wickert, Matthias (January 2007), "Electric Armor Against Shaped Charges: Analysis of Jet Distortion With Respect to Jet Dynamics and Current Flow", IEEE Transaction on Magnetics (IEEE) 43 (1): 426–429, DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2006.887650
- Willmott, H.P. (2003), First World War, Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 1-4053-0029-9;
- Wright, Patrick (2002), Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine, ISBN 978-0-670-03070-5
- Xiaopeng, Li; Meng Tao, Zhao Chun and Li Liyi (January 2007), "Multiprojectile Active Electromagnetic Armor", IEEE Transaction on Magnetics 43 (1): 460–462, DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2006.887581
- Zaloga, Steven J. and Grandsen, James (1984), Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, London: Arms and Armour Press, ISBN 0-85368-606-8
- Zaloga, Steven J., Kinnear, Jim, Aksenov, Andrey & Koshchavtsev Aleksandr (1997), Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941–45: The T-28, T-34, T-34-85, and T-44 Medium Tanks, Hong Kong: Concord Publication, ISBN 962-361-615-5
Further reading[link]
- Macksey, Kenneth (1976), Tank Warfare, A History of Tanks in Battle, London: Panther, ISBN 0-586-04302-0
- Macksey, Kenneth and Batchelor, John H. (1970), Tank: A History of the Armoured Fighting Vehicle, New York: Scribner, ISBN 0-345-02166-5;, ISBN 0-684-13651-1
- Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (1968), Design and Development of Fighting Vehicles, London: MacDonald, ISBN 0-356-01461-4
- Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (1970), Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles, Arms & Armour Press, ISBN 0-85368-049-3
- Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (1991), Technology of Tanks, Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group, ISBN 0-7106-0595-1
- Weeks, John (1975), Men Against Tanks: A History of Anti-Tank Warfare, New York: Mason Charter, ISBN 0-88405-130-7;
External links[link]
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This audio file was created from a revision of the "Tank" article dated 2005-09-11, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- Articles on Modern tanks
- The Burstyn tank Landships has additional information and a model of Günther Burstyn's Motorengeschütz.
- OnWar's Tanks of World War II Comprehensive specifications and diagrams of World War II tanks.
- Achtung Panzer History of tanks and people of the Panzertruppe.
- Tanks of World War I
- Allied tank aces of World War II
- Tanks-alot.co.uk
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Wiki Summary
A tank is a tracked, armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat which combines operational mobility and tactical offensive and defensive capabilities. Firepower is normally provided by a large-calibre main gun in a rotating turret and secondary machine guns, while heavy armour and all-terrain mobility provide protection for the tank and its crew, allowing it to perform all primary tasks of the armoured troops on the battlefield.
Tanks in World War I were developed separately and simultaneously by Great Britain and France as a means to break the deadlock of trench warfare. Their first use in combat was by the British Army on September 15, 1916 at Flers-Courcelette, during the Battle of the Somme. The name "tank" was adopted in Great Britain during the early stages of their development, as a security measure to conceal their purpose (see Etymology).
Tanks of the interwar period evolved into the designs of World War II. Important concepts of armoured warfare were developed; the Soviet Union launched the first mass tank/air attack at Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan) in August 1939, which later resulted in the T-34, a predecessor of the main battle tank; this was quickly followed up by Germany on a larger scale when they introduced blitzkrieg ('lightning war') less than two weeks later; a technique which made use of massed concentrations of tanks supported by artillery and air power to break through the enemy front and cause a complete collapse in enemy resistance and morale.
