- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 622
- author: jsphfrtz
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
More Videos
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Auckland
- Austin, Texas
- Babuza people
- Beitun District
- Bolivia
- Bopomofo
- Bubble tea
- Canada
- Changhua City
- Changhua County
- Chen Yi (Kuomintang)
- Chenggong Station
- Cheyenne, Wyoming
- Chiayi
- Chiayi County
- Chinese Civil War
- Chinese language
- Chungju
- City Council
- Columbus, Georgia
- Communists
- Cram school
- Cultural
- Culture of Taiwan
- Dadu Station
- Dajia District
- Dajia Station
- Dali District
- Daqing Station
- Daya District
- Dongguang Parkway
- Dongshi District
- Economic
- Elementary schools
- Empress Dowager Cixi
- Feng Chia University
- Fengjia Night Market
- Fengnan Station
- Fengyuan District
- Fengyuan Station
- Fujian
- Government
- Guangxu Emperor
- Hakka Chinese
- Hakka people
- Hanyu Pinyin
- Hanzi
- High schools
- Hokkien
- Honduras
- Houli District
- Houli Station
- Hsinchu
- Hsinchu County
- Hualien County
- Humidity
- International city
- Jason Hu
- Jingguo Parkway
- Jingwu Station
- Junior colleges
- Junior high schools
- Jyutping
- Kalanchoe
- Kaohsiung
- Keelung
- Kindergartens
- Kinmen
- Koxinga
- Kuomintang
- Kwajalein Atoll
- KwaZulu-Natal
- Little egret
- Liu Ming-chuan
- Longjing District
- Longjing Station
- Lugang, Changhua
- Mainland China
- Makati City
- Manchus
- Mandarin Chinese
- Manitoba
- Marshall Islands
- Matsu Islands
- Miaoli County
- Mile
- Millet
- Min Chinese
- Ming Dynasty
- Morrison Academy
- Municipality
- Nantou County
- Nantun District
- New Taipei
- New Zealand
- Night market
- North Shore City
- Palimara Alstonia
- Pan-Blue
- Pan-Green
- Penghu
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī
- Philippines
- Pietermaritzburg
- Pingtung County
- Pingtung Station
- Pinyin
- Private school
- Private universities
- Public
- Public universities
- Qing Dynasty
- Qingshui District
- Qingshui Station
- Quanzhou
- Reno, Nevada
- Republic of China
- Republic of Formosa
- Rinan Station
- San Pedro Sula
- Senior high schools
- Shalu District
- Shalu Station
- Shalu, Taichung
- Shengang District
- Shigang District
- Sinon Bulls
- Songzhu Station
- South Africa
- South China Sea
- South Korea
- Special education
- Stock 20
- Sun Yat-Sen
- Suncake
- Tachia River
- Tacoma, Washington
- Tai'an Station
- Taichung
- Taichung Airport
- Taichung County
- Taichung Line
- Taichung Park
- Taichung Station
- Taichung Winery
- Tainan
- Tainan City
- Taipei
- Taipei Station
- Taitung County
- Taiwan
- Taiwan independence
- Taiwan Province
- Taiwan Strait
- Taiwanese aborigines
- Taiyuan Station
- Tanzi District
- Tanzi Station
- Taoyuan City
- Taro
- Temples of Taichung
- Tongyong Pinyin
- Toujiacuo Station
- Tucson, Arizona
- Tunghai University
- Typhoon
- United States
- Vocational
- Wade–Giles
- Waipu District
- Winnipeg
- World War II
- Wuchuan Station
- Wufeng District
- Wuqi District
- Wuquan Parkway
- Wuri District
- Wuri Station
- Wuri, Taichung
- Xingda Parkway
- Xinshe District
- Xinwuri Station
- Xitun District
- Yale Romanization
- Yilan County, Taiwan
- Yizhong Street
- Yue Chinese
- Yunlin County
- Zhongli, Taiwan
- Zhuifen Station
- 胡志強
-
Auckland
The Auckland metropolitan area (
/ˈɔːklənd/, AWK-lənd), in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country with 1,377,200 residents, 31 percent of the country's population. Auckland has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world. In Māori Auckland's names are Tāmaki Makaurau, and the transliterated version of Auckland, Ākarana.
The 2011 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Auckland 3rd equal place in the world on its list, while the Economist's World's Most Livable Cities index of 2011 ranked Auckland in 9th place. In 2010, Auckland was classified as a Beta World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory by Loughborough University.
Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east, the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two separate major bodies of water.
wn.com/Auckland -
Austin, Texas
Austin (/ˈɒstɨn/ or /ˈɔːstɨn/) is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the 14th most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin has a population of 790,390 (2010 U.S. Census). The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos metropolitan area, which had an estimated population 1,783,519 (2011 U.S. Census), making it the 34th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.
In the 1830s, pioneers began to the settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River. After Republic of Texas Vice President Mirabeau B. Lamar visited the area during a buffalo-hunting expedition between 1837 and 1838, he proposed that the republic's capital then located in Houston, Texas, be relocated to the area situated on the north bank of the Colorado River near the present-day Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge. In 1839, the site was officially chosen as the republic's new capital (the republic's seventh and final location) and was incorporated under the name, Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the "Father of Texas" and the republic's first secretary of state.
wn.com/Austin,_Texas -
Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (
i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
wn.com/Bolivia -
Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Changhua City
Changhua City (Chinese: 彰化市; pinyin: Zhānghuà Shì; Wade–Giles: Chang-hua Shih; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chiong-hòa-Chhī) is the county seat of Changhua County in Taiwan. For many centuries the site was home to a settlement of Babuza people, a coastal tribe of Taiwanese aborigines. The name of the city is derived from the aboriginal word Poasoa (Han characters: 半線; Taiwanese: Pòaⁿ-sòaⁿ).
Changhua is best known for its landmark statue of the Buddha. At 26 metres tall, the statue sits atop Bagua Mountain overlooking the city. The main walkway up to the giant is lined with statues of figures from Buddhist lore. Another site of interest is Taiwan's oldest temple honoring Confucius.
Changhua is home to the National Changhua University of Education and Chienkuo Technology University.
On 25 May 2002 China Airlines Flight 611 broke into pieces in mid-air. Parts of the plane landed in Changhua..
Coordinates: 24°04′N 120°32′E / 24.067°N 120.533°E / 24.067; 120.533
wn.com/Changhua_City -
Changhua County
Changhua County is the smallest county in Taiwan located on the westside of Taiwan. It is officially governed as a county of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
wn.com/Changhua_County -
Chenggong Station
Chenggong Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Mountain Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan.
There are only local trains stopping at
Chenggong Station.
Coordinates: 24°06′51.5″N 120°35′26.1″E / 24.114306°N 120.590583°E / 24.114306; 120.590583
wn.com/Chenggong_Station -
Cheyenne, Wyoming
Cheyenne ( /ʃaɪˈæn/ shy-AN or /ʃaɪˈɛn/) (Arapaho: Hítesííno'óowú' ) is the capital and most populous city of the US state of Wyoming and the county seat of Laramie County. It is the principal city of the Cheyenne, Wyoming, Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Laramie County. The population was 59,466 at the 2010 census. Cheyenne is the northern terminus of the extensive and fast-growing Front Range Urban Corridor. Cheyenne is situated on Crow Creek and Dry Creek. The Cheyenne, Wyoming Metropolitan Area had a 2010 population of 91,738, making it the 354th most populated metropolitan area in the United States.
On July 5, 1867, General Grenville M. Dodge and his survey crew platted the site now known as Cheyenne in Dakota Territory (later Wyoming Territory). This site was chosen as the point at which the Union Pacific Railroad crossed Crow Creek, a tributary of the South Platte River. The city was not named by Dodge, as his memoirs state, but rather by friends who accompanied him to the area Dodge called "Crow Creek Crossing[citation needed]." It was named for the American Indian Cheyenne nation, one of the most famous and prominent Great Plains tribes closely allied with the Arapaho.
wn.com/Cheyenne,_Wyoming -
Chiayi
Chiayi City (sometimes romanized as Jiayi) (Chinese: 嘉義市; Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāyì Shì; Tongyong Pinyin: Jiayì Shìh; Wade–Giles: Chia-i Shih; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ka-gī chhī) is a city located in the plains of southwestern Taiwan. Formerly called Kagee during the late Qing Dynasty and Kagi during the Japanese era, its historical name is Tirosen.
First inhabited by the Hoanya aborigines, the region was named Tirosen.
With the arrival of Han Chinese in southwestern Taiwan, the name Tirosen evolved to become Chu-lô-san (Chinese characters: 諸羅山) in Hokkien. Eventually, Chu-lô-san was shortened to simply Chu-lô. Because of the choice of the characters, it has been mistakenly suggested that the origin of the name Chu-lô-san or Chu-lô came from the expression "mountains surrounding the east." "Peach City" is another name for Chiayi City due to its peach-shaped territory in ancient times. The tip of the peach is around Central Fountain and was called "Peach-tip" by citizens.
Chulôsan was once the foothold to which people from the mainland immigrated. In 1621, Yen Szu-Chi, who came from Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, first led his people to cultivate this land after they landed at Penkang (Peikang). In 1661 (the 15th year of Yung-Li, Ming Dynasty), Koxinga defeated the Dutch based in Taiwan. Then he established one province, Cheng-Tien-Fu (承天府), and two counties, Tien-Hsing (天興縣) and Wan-Nien (萬年縣), demarcated by the Hsin-Kang River (新港溪, the Yen-Shui River now). Chiayi was under the jurisdiction of the Tien-Hsing County.
wn.com/Chiayi -
Chungju
Chungju is a city in North Chungcheong province, South Korea. Namsan is a mountain located on the outskirts of the city.
The city is famous for the annual martial arts festival held in October. Also of note, UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon grew up here.
Chungju Dam is the country's biggest multi-purpose dam that links together Chungju and its neighborhoods. It creates a manmade lake with a vast body of water.
Woraksan Mt and Songnae valley are located nearby. Additionally, this area has cherished cave area/springs.
In 2013 it will host the 2013 World Rowing Championships.
Chungju is famous for its production of apples. The principal reasons being because of the large amount of daylight received and high difference of temperatures. The growing of apples started 300 years ago from China and it was 1912 when the city officially began to plant trees. The scale is the greatest in Chungcheongbuk-do.
There are two universities in Chungju: Konkuk University (Chungju campus) and Chungju National University.
wn.com/Chungju -
Columbus, Georgia
Columbus is a city in and the county seat of Muscogee County, Georgia, United States, with which it is consolidated. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 189,885. It is the principal city of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area, which, in 2009, had an estimated population of 292,795. It joins with the Auburn, Alabama metropolitan area to form the Columbus, Georgia-Auburn, Alabama Combined Statistical Area, which, in 2009, had an estimated population of 450,467. It is the third largest city and fourth largest metropolitan area in the state, and also the 123rd largest city in the United States.
Columbus lies 100 miles (160 km) south of Atlanta. Fort Benning, a major employer, is located south of the city in Chattahoochee County. The city is home to museums and other tourism sites. The area is served by the Columbus Airport. The current mayor is Teresa Tomlinson, who was elected in November 2010. The city was ranked number 4 on the 100 Best U.S. Cities to live by Best Life Magazine.
wn.com/Columbus,_Georgia -
Dadu Station
Dadu Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Sea Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan.
There are almost local trains stopping at the station.[clarification needed]
Coordinates: 24°09′14.4″N 120°32′32.6″E / 24.154°N 120.542389°E / 24.154; 120.542389
wn.com/Dadu_Station -
Dajia Station
Dajia Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Sea Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan.
Coordinates: 24°20′40.1″N 120°37′36.9″E / 24.344472°N 120.626917°E / 24.344472; 120.626917
wn.com/Dajia_Station -
Dali District
Dali (大里) is an inner city district in the eastern part of Taichung, Taiwan (Republic of China).
The "Dali" names from 大里杙 (Dali yi, Dali is from aborigines, yi is a bamboo raft's toon.).
Coordinates: 24°05′30″N 120°41′30″E / 24.09167°N 120.69167°E / 24.09167; 120.69167
wn.com/Dali_District -
Daqing Station
Daqing Station(大慶車站) is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Mountain Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan.
Elevating
There are mainly local trains stopping at Daqing Station.
Under construction.
Taichung<-->Wuri
Nanyuan Park<-->Wuri
Coordinates: 24°07′07.8″N 120°38′52.2″E / 24.118833°N 120.647833°E / 24.118833; 120.647833
wn.com/Daqing_Station -
Daya District
Daya (Chinese: 大雅; pinyin: dàyǎ; Taiwanese: Tāi-ngé) is a suburban district Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan).
Coordinates: 24°13′N 120°39′E / 24.217°N 120.65°E / 24.217; 120.65
wn.com/Daya_District -
Dongshi District
Dongshi (東勢, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Tûng-sṳ) is a suburban district in eastern Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan). A majority of the residents are of Hakka ethnicity, making it an enclave in an otherwise non-Hakka county. It's Hakka dialect is very distinct compared to the dialects of other counties.
Dongshi is situated on a narrow, north-south oriented plain, flanked by the Da Jia River to the west and a mountain ridge to the east. It is this sense of being pressed up against that ridge, at the easternmost edge of the large west-central plain, that gives the town its name. Its elevation ranges from about 330 meters along the Dajia River to more than 725 meters in the foothills of the Central Mountain Range.
The township is bounded by (clockwise from the north) Zhuolan Township (Miaoli County), Heping Rural Township, Xinshe Rural Township, Shigang Rural Township, Fengyuan City, Houli, Taichung, Houli Rural Township, and Sanyi Rural Township (Miaoli County).
Dongshi includes some greenspace and significant farmland; largely orchards. Dongshi is known for its pears, which are large and almost spherical with a thin, light yellowish-brown rugose skin. In a good year, their flavor is excellent. Intensive topwork at the start of each season involves grafting Japanese pear bud slips to the tree stock.
wn.com/Dongshi_District -
Fengyuan Station
Fengyuan Station (豐原車站) is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Mountain Line) located in Fengyuan, Taichung, Taiwan. It was formerly a terminus for the now-defunct TRA Dongshi Line.
The current station is a temporary station, which originally opened with two island platforms. However, with construction of the Taichung Elevated Railway Project, the station has been converted to one side platform, one island platform, and a remaining unused platform.
As part of the Taichung Elevated Railway Project, the station is planned to be converted into an elevated station with two island platforms.
Coordinates: 24°15′15.8″N 120°43′24.4″E / 24.254389°N 120.723444°E / 24.254389; 120.723444
wn.com/Fengyuan_Station -
Fujian
Coordinates: 25°54′N 118°18′E / 25.9°N 118.3°E / 25.9; 118.3
Fujian (help·info) (Chinese: 福建), formerly romanised as Fukien or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jianzhou (a former name for Jian'ou) two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. With a Han majority, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China.
Most of Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China. However, the archipelagos of Kinmen and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Thus, there are two provinces (in the sense of government organizations): the Fujian Province administered by the People's Republic of China and the Fujian Province of the Republic of China.
Recent archaeological discoveries demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics (including wheel-made-ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels, a definitive evidence of weaving.
wn.com/Fujian -
Honduras
Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was at times referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became the modern-day state of Belize. The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
Honduras was home to several important indigenous cultures, most notably the Maya. Much of the country was conquered by Spain who introduced its predominant language and many of its customs in the sixteenth century. It became independent in 1821 and has been a republic since the end of Spanish rule.
Its size is just over 112,492 km² with an estimated population of almost eight million. Its capital is Tegucigalpa. Its northern portions are part of the Western Caribbean Zone.
It is notable for its production of minerals, tropical fruit, and recently for exportation of clothing for the international market.
wn.com/Honduras -
Houli District
Houli (后里區) is a rural district in northwestern Taichung City, Taiwan.
Military stables (后里馬場) were built in Houli in mid 50's and function until today. Stables' main stock includes some of the horses that were given to Taiwan as a gift from Arabia.
Coordinates: 24°19′N 120°43′E / 24.317°N 120.717°E / 24.317; 120.717
wn.com/Houli_District -
Houli Station
Houli Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Mountain Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan.
Coordinates: 24°18′33.8″N 120°43′58.6″E / 24.309389°N 120.732944°E / 24.309389; 120.732944
wn.com/Houli_Station -
Hsinchu
Hsinchu City (Chinese: 新竹市; Hanyu Pinyin: Xīnzhú Shì; Tongyong Pinyin: Sinjhú Shìh; Wade–Giles: Hsin-chu Shih; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sin-tek) is a city in northern Taiwan. Hsinchu is popularly nicknamed "The Windy City" (Chinese: 風城; Hanyu Pinyin: Fēngchéng; Tongyong Pinyin: Fongchéng) for its windy climate.
Hsinchu City is administered as a special municipality within Taiwan (ROC). The city is bordered by Hsinchu County to the north and east, Miaoli County to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the west. Hsinchu City is composed of three districts: North District, East District, and Xiangshan District.
In 1626, after Spain occupied northern Taiwan, Spanish missionaries arrived at Tek-khàm (竹塹; sm: zhúqiàn), where the Taokas Taiwanese aborigines lived. During the Qing Dynasty, it was renamed Hsinchu. In the 21st year of Guangxu's Regime, Hsinchu Sub Office was established, responsible for independent administration on June 24. In June of the 24th Year of Kuang Hsu's Regime, it altered its local official system again. Hsinchu County was abolished. It was then under the administration of Hsinchu Administration Office, Taipei County. On November 11, 27th Year of Kuang Hsu's Regime, it established the Hsinchu Office. In 1920, under Japanese rule, Hsinchu Street was established, with the founding of Hsinchu Street District Office. In 1930, the city system was applied. It was renamed as Hsinchu City, under the governing of Hsinchu-Chou, with the establishment of Hsinchu City Office. In 1941, its administration district was expanded, merging with Xiangshan and Qiu Kang, and became a part of Liu Jia Zhuang.
wn.com/Hsinchu -
Hsinchu County
Hsinchu County (Chinese: 新竹縣; pinyin: Xīnzhú Xiàn) is a county in north-western Taiwan. The population of the county is mainly Hakka; there is a Taiwanese aboriginal minority in the southeastern part of the county. Zhubei is the capital of Hsinchu, where the government office and county office is located. Hsinchu is where most of the industrial factory and office of computer related companies are located, most known as Hsinchu Technology Zone in Taiwan. Also known as Chinese: 新竹科學園區; pinyin: Xīnzhú kēxuéyuán qū, literally "Hsinchu technology zone".
See also: Administrative divisions of the Republic of China
Hsinchu County controls one county-controlled city, three urban townships, and nine rural townships. They are:
Coordinates: 24°50′0″N 121°0′53″E / 24.833333°N 121.01472°E / 24.833333; 121.01472
wn.com/Hsinchu_County -
International city
An international city is an autonomous or semi-autonomous city-state that is separate from the direct supervision of a single nation-state.
International cities had either had one or both of the following characteristics:
International cities were established mainly in the 1920s and in the 1940s, following World War I and World War II.
Some international cities, such as the Free City of Danzig and the Free Territory of Trieste, had their own currency and practiced tariff-free trade.
These international cities had limited self-governance (as in Danzig, with supervision from the League of Nations), or they were administered by a body of representatives from external nation-states (as in the city of Shanghai from 1845-1944 and the International Zone of Tangiers from 1923 to 1957).
The United Nations envisioned making Jerusalem into an international city with UN General Assembly Resolution 194 in 1948.
Pope Pius XII supported this idea in the 1949 encyclical Redemptoris Nostri Cruciatus. It was later re-proposed during the papacies of John XXIII, Paul VI and John Paul II.
wn.com/International_city -
Kaohsiung
Kaohsiung (Chinese: 高雄; pinyin: Gāoxióng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ko-hiông; old names: Takao, Takow, Takau) is a city located in southwestern Taiwan, facing the Taiwan Strait on the west. Kaohsiung, officially named Kaohsiung City, is divided into thirty-eight districts. The city is one of five special municipalities of the Republic of China (Taiwan). On December 25, 2010, it merged with Kaohsiung County to form a larger municipality.
Kaohsiung is the second largest city in Taiwan, with a population around 2.9 million. It is a center for manufacturing, refining, shipbuilding, and other light and heavy industries. A major port, through which pass most of Taiwan's marine imports and exports, is located at the city but is not managed by the city government.
Kaohsiung International Airport serving the city is the second largest airport in Taiwan. The Port of Kaohsiung is the largest harbor in Taiwan. Kaohsiung is the terminal of the Sun Yat-sen Freeway. The city is served by the railway stations of Western Line and Pingtung Line. Taiwan High Speed Rail connects it with Taipei City. The Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit, the city's subway system, was launched in early 2008. Kaohsiung was the host city of the 2009 World Games, a multisport event primarily composed of sports not featured in the Olympic Games. The city is also home to the Republic of China Navy.
wn.com/Kaohsiung -
Keelung
Keelung City (also Jilong or Chilung) is a major port city situated in the northeastern part of Taiwan. It borders New Taipei with which it forms the Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area, along with Taipei itself. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung). Keelung is currently administered as a provincial municipality within Taiwan Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
The city of Keelung was known as Kelung or Keelung to the Western world during the 19th century. However, the Taiwanese people have long called the city Kelang (Chinese: 雞籠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ke-lâng; literally "rooster cage or hencoop").
It has been proposed that the name Keelung was derived from the local mountain that took the shape of a rooster cage. However, it is more probable that the name was derived from the first inhabitants of the region, as are the names of many other Taiwanese cities. In this case, the Ketagalan people were the first inhabitants, and early Han settlers probably approximated "Ketagalan" with "Ke-lâng" (phonetics of the Southern Min Language).
wn.com/Keelung -
KwaZulu-Natal
KwaZulu-Natal ( /kwɑːˌzuːluː nəˈtɑːl/, also referred to as KZN or Natal) is a province of South Africa. Prior to 1994, the territory now known as KwaZulu-Natal was made up of the province of Natal and the homeland of KwaZulu.
In the 1830s, the northern part was the Zulu Kingdom and southern part was briefly a Boer republic called Natalia (1839–1843). In 1843, the latter became the British Colony of Natal; Zululand (KwaZulu in Zulu) remained independent until 1879.
This region is the birthplace of many notable figures in South Africa's history, such as Pixley ka Isaka Seme (founder of the African National Congress and the first Black lawyer in South Africa), John Langalibalele Dube (founding president of the ANC), Mangosuthu Buthelezi (founder of the IFP), Chief Albert Luthuli (ANC president and the first African to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize), Anton Lembede (founding president of the ANC Youth League), Jacob Zuma (Current President of South Africa), and Bhambatha.
It is called the garden province and is the home of the Zulu nation. Two natural areas: the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park, have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Located in the southeast of the country, the province has a long shoreline on the Indian Ocean. It borders three other provinces and the countries of Mozambique, Swaziland, and Lesotho. Its capital is Pietermaritzburg, and its largest city is Durban.
wn.com/KwaZulu-Natal -
Longjing Station
Longjing Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Sea Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan.
There are almost local train stopping at this station, and it is the most profitale station of all stations on the costal line.
Coordinates: 24°11′51.2″N 120°32′36.0″E / 24.197556°N 120.54333°E / 24.197556; 120.54333
wn.com/Longjing_Station -
Lugang, Changhua
Lukang (Chinese: 鹿港; pinyin: Lùgǎng; Wade–Giles: Lu-kang; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lo̍k-káng; literally "Deer Harbour") is an urban township in northwestern Changhua County, Taiwan (latitude 24°03'N, longitude 120°26'E). The township is on the west coast of Taiwan, facing the Taiwan Strait. The township's name came from the port's trade of deerskins during the Dutch colonial period. Its old Taiwanese name was Lo̍k-á-káng (鹿仔港). Lukang was an important sea port in the 18th century and 19th century. It was the most populous city in central Taiwan until the early 20th century. In 2011, the Ministry of Interior decided to keep the historical Wade-Giles spelling (Lukang), and abandon the change to the Pinyin spelling (Lugang) that had been gradually taking place since Taiwan switched to Pinyin in 2009.
In March 2012, it was named one of the Top 10 Small Tourist Towns by the Tourism Bureau of Taiwan.
During the Qing Dynasty, the depth of Lukang's harbour and its proximity to Fujian province on mainland China made Lukang an important trading port. During Lukang's heyday from 1785 to 1845, Lukang's population reached 200,000. Lukang was Taiwan's second largest city after current Tainan and was larger than Bangka (now a district of Taipei), then the island's third-largest city.
wn.com/Lugang,_Changhua -
Makati City
The City of Makati (/məˈkɑːtɪ/ mə-KAH-tee; Filipino: Makati), in the Philippines, is one of the 17 cities that make up Metro Manila, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. Makati is the financial center of the Philippines. As the host of various embassies, it is also an important center for international affairs.
With a population of 510,383, Makati is the 16th largest city in the country and ranked as the 44th most densely populated city in the world with 18,654 inhabitants per km2.
Makati was founded by Spaniard Miguel López de Legazpi, who dismissed Makati as a worthless swamp. According to folklore, Legazpi asked for the name of the place but, because of the language barrier, was misinterpreted by the natives. Pointing to the receding tide of Pasig River, the natives answered, “Makati, kumakati na,” literally meaning ebbing tide.
Makati became the financial center of the Philippines during the 1950s. Makati is home of the Philippine Stock Exchange and the Makati Business Club.
wn.com/Makati_City -
Manitoba
Manitobai/ˌmænəˈtoʊbə/ is a Canadian prairie province. The province, with an area of 649,950 square kilometres (250,900 sq mi), has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
Manitoba's capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area, and home to 60 percent of the population of the province. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the highest court in the jurisdiction, the Manitoba Court of Appeal. Four of the province's five universities, all four of its professional sports teams, and most of its cultural activities are located in Winnipeg.
Fur traders first arrived during the late 17th century. Manitoba became a province of Canada in 1870 after the Red River Rebellion. A general strike took place in Winnipeg in 1919, and the province was hit hard by the Great Depression. This led to the creation of what would become the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, one of the province's major political parties and currently in power, led by premier Greg Selinger.
wn.com/Manitoba -
Marshall Islands
The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Marshallese: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ), is an island country located in the northern Pacific Ocean. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia, with the population of around 68,000 people spread out over 34 low-lying coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, Wake Island to the north,Kiribati to the south-east, and Nauru to the south. The most populous atoll is Majuro, which also acts as the capital.
Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526. Other expeditions by Spanish and English ships followed, with the islands' current name stemming from British explorer John Marshall. Recognised as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874, the islands were sold to Germany in 1884, and became of German New Guinea in 1885. The Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands in World War I, which were later joined with other former German territories in 1919 by the League of Nations to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the islands were conquered by the United States in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the United-States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
wn.com/Marshall_Islands -
Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (simplified Chinese: 马祖列岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Fuzhou dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, simplified Chinese: 马祖群岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖群島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Qúndǎo; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing) under Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Only a small area of what is historically Lienchiang County is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China (AKA "China") controls the part of the county on mainland China and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (馬祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
They are named after the goddess Mazu. Kinmen is the other archipelago on the Fujian coast controlled by the ROC.
Fujianese Mainlanders started migrating to the islands during the Yuan Dynasty. Most people on Matsu came from Houguan (侯官) (today Changle County (長樂縣 Diòng-lŏ̤h-gâing), Fujian).
wn.com/Matsu_Islands -
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun Dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.
wn.com/Ming_Dynasty -
New Taipei
New Taipei City (Chinese: 新北市; pinyin: Xīnběi Shì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sin-pak-chhī) is the most populous city of Taiwan. The area includes a substantial stretch of Taiwan's northern coastline and surrounds the Taipei Basin. New Taipei surrounds Taiwan's capital city Taipei, and is bordered by Keelung to the northeast, Yilan County to the southeast, and Taoyuan County to the southwest.
New Taipei had been administered as Taipei County (Chinese: 臺北縣 or 台北縣 Táiběixiàn) of Taiwan until its reorganization as a special municipality on December 25, 2010.
Initially the official English version of the city's name was assigned to be Xinbei City by the county authority, which is the pinyin transliteration of the Chinese city name. The new mayor Eric Chu requested the name New Taipei City as the official English rendering instead.New Taipei is named from "新臺北", where New is the literal translation of "新" and Taipei is the transcription of "臺北". Considering the mayor's request and the public opinion, the Ministry of the Interior (MOI) approved the name New Taipei City on December 31, 2010.
wn.com/New_Taipei -
New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
wn.com/New_Zealand -
North Shore City
North Shore City is a former territorial authority district in the Auckland region of New Zealand, which was governed by the North Shore City Council from 1989 until 2010. The city had a population of 229,000 at the June 2011 estimate, making it the fourth most populous city in New Zealand prior to November 2010. The former city was also the country's fourth largest city in land, with an area of 129.81 square kilometres and a coastline of 141 kilometres. It was also the most densely populated city in the country because, unlike other New Zealand cities, most of the city's area is urban or suburban in character.
The North Shore comprises a large suburban area to the north of downtown Auckland; linked to the rest of the greater Auckland metropolitan area by two harbour bridges - the Auckland Harbour Bridge crosses the inner Waitemata Harbour to Auckland City, while the Upper Harbour Bridge provides a connection to Auckland's western suburbs Waitakere across the northern stretches of the harbour.
wn.com/North_Shore_City -
Penghu
The Penghu Islands, also known as Pescadores (from Portuguese: "fishermen") are an archipelago off the western coast of Taiwan in the Taiwan Strait consisting of 90 small islands and islets covering an area of 141 square kilometers. Though claimed by both the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China, they are administered by Taiwan.
The whole archipelago forms Penghu County of Taiwan, the archipelago along with the island of Taiwan, composed the former Japanese territory of Formosa.
Peng-hu was first recorded in unofficial historical records and regional logs in 1171 during the Southern Song Dynasty. From the middle of the 17th century to 1895, Taiwan and the archipelago were ruled by pirates, the colonial Dutch Empire (attempts at conquest from 1622 onward), the Koxinga kingdom (Tungning), and the Qing Dynasty, successively.
The Penghu archipelago was captured by the French in March 1885, in the closing weeks of the Sino-French War, and evacuated four months later. The Pescadores Campaign was the last campaign of Admiral Amédée Courbet, whose naval victories during the war had made him a national hero in France. Courbet was among several French soldiers and sailors who succumbed to cholera during the French occupation of Penghu. He died aboard his flagship Bayard in Makung harbour on 11 June 1885.
wn.com/Penghu -
Philippines
The Philippines
i/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
wn.com/Philippines -
Pietermaritzburg
Pietermaritzburg is the capital and second largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It was founded in 1838, and is currently governed by the Msunduzi Local Municipality. Its "purist" Zulu name is umGungundlovu, and this is the name used for the district municipality. Pietermaritzburg is popularly called Maritzburg in English and Zulu alike, and often informally abbreviated to PMB. It is a regionally important industrial hub, producing aluminium, timber and dairy products. It is home to many schools and tertiary education institutions, including a campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal. It had a population of 228,549 in 1991; the estimated current population is around 500,000 (including neighbouring townships) and has one of the largest populations of Indian South Africans in South Africa.
The city was originally founded by the Voortrekkers, following the defeat of Dingane at the Battle of Blood River, and was the capital of the short-lived Boer republic, Natalia. Britain took over Pietermaritzburg in 1843 and it became the seat of the Natal Colony's administration with the first lieutenant-governor, Martin West, making it his home. Fort Napier, named after the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir George Thomas Napier, was built to house a garrison. In 1893 Natal received responsibility for their own government and an assembly building was built along with the city hall. In 1910, when the Union of South Africa was formed, Natal became a province of the union, and Pietermaritzburg remained the capital.
wn.com/Pietermaritzburg -
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji could claim they constituted a single and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.
wn.com/Qing_Dynasty -
Qingshui District
Qingshui (清水區) is a coastal suburban district in western Taichung City, Taiwan. The ancient name was "Niu Ma Tou."(牛罵頭) It is located at the foothills of Ao Feng mountain and faces the Taiwan Strait. Its neighbors are Dajia, Shalu, Waipu, Shengang, and Wuqi Districts. Gao-Mei marsh is its most famous natural attraction. It is a good place to research birds, plants, and the ecology of creatures in the marsh.
Coordinates: 24°52′N 121°08′E / 24.867°N 121.133°E / 24.867; 121.133
wn.com/Qingshui_District -
Qingshui Station
Qingshui Station (or Cingshuei Station) is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Sea Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan.
Coordinates: 24°15′49.1″N 120°34′8.5″E / 24.263639°N 120.569028°E / 24.263639; 120.569028
wn.com/Qingshui_Station -
Quanzhou
Quanzhou (Chinese: 泉州; pinyin: Quánzhōu; Wade–Giles: Ch'üan2-chou1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chôan-chiu) is a prefecture-level city in southern Fujian province, People's Republic of China. It borders all other prefecture-level cities in Fujian but two (Ningde and Nanping) and faces the Taiwan Strait. In older English works, its name may appear as Chinchew or Chinchu or Zayton.
The prefecture-level city of Quanzhou has an area of 11,245 square kilometres (4,342 sq mi) and, as of 2010 Census, a population of 8,128,530 inhabitants. It's built up area (Metro) is home to 6,070,617 inhabitants encompassing Licheng, Fengze, Luojiang urban districts ; Jinjiang, Nan'an and Shishi cities ; Hui'an county and Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment. Quanzhou is now the 12th Chinese agglomeration based on built up area in 2010.
The prefecture-level city of Quanzhou administers four districts, three county-level cities, four counties, and two special economic districts. The People's Republic of China claims Jinmen County, more widely known as Quemoy, as part of Quanzhou, but the territory is currently under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China.
wn.com/Quanzhou -
Reno, Nevada
Reno is the county seat of Washoe County, Nevada, United States. The city has a population of about 220,500 and is the most populous Nevada city outside of the Las Vegas metropolitan area. It sits in a high desert valley at the foot of the Sierra Nevada.
Reno, known as The Biggest Little City in the World, is famous for its casinos, and is the birthplace of the gaming corporation Harrah's Entertainment. Reno is bordered to the east by the city of Sparks. The Reno-Sparks metropolitan area is informally called the Truckee Meadows, and consists of about 400,000 residents.
Archaeological finds place the eastern border for the prehistoric Martis people in the Reno area.
As early as the 1850s a few pioneers settled in the Truckee Meadows, a relatively fertile valley through which the Truckee River made its way from Lake Tahoe to Pyramid Lake. In addition to subsistence farming, these early residents could pick up business from travelers along the California Trail, which followed the Truckee westward, before branching off towards Donner Lake, where the formidable obstacle of the Sierra began.
wn.com/Reno,_Nevada -
Republic of China
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
wn.com/Republic_of_China -
Rinan Station
Rinan Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Sea Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan.
One of five survival wooden Structure of sea line in Taiwan[clarification needed]
Coordinates: 24°22′40.0″N 120°39′16.0″E / 24.37778°N 120.65444°E / 24.37778; 120.65444
wn.com/Rinan_Station -
San Pedro Sula
San Pedro Sula is a city in Honduras. It is located in the northwest corner of the country, in the Valle de Sula (Sula Valley), about 60 km south of Puerto Cortés on the Caribbean. With an estimated population of 873,824 people in the main municipality, and 1,245,598 in its metro area (2010), it is the second largest city, after the capital Tegucigalpa. It is considered the industrial center of Honduras. It is the capital of the Cortés Department. The city serves as a major transportation hub for the rest of the country, while economically maintaining its base in light industry and the commercial production of coffee, bananas, beef, sugar cane, tobacco, and forestry. According to The Economist, San Pedro Sula generates two-thirds of country's Gross domestic product (GDP).
San Pedro Sula has a museum of archeology and history, which includes both Pre-Columbian artifacts and expositions detailing the evolution of the city. The cigar making business is important, as are garment assembly plants, known as maquiladoras. Ramon Villeda Morales International Airport (SAP) is one of the most important airports in Honduras due to its local and international connections. The first private university in Honduras was founded in San Pedro Sula in 1978, Universidad de San Pedro Sula (The accredited private university).
wn.com/San_Pedro_Sula -
Shalu Station
Shalu Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Sea Line), built in May 1919 located in, Shalu District, Taichung City, Taiwan.
The station was first built as a wooden structure due to the extreme slopes.
Services began in December 1920 for passengers and cargo.
Coordinates: 24°14′13.2″N 120°33′27.3″E / 24.237°N 120.557583°E / 24.237; 120.557583
wn.com/Shalu_Station -
South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
wn.com/South_Africa -
South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). The area's importance largely results from one-third of the world's shipping transiting through its waters, and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed.
It is located
The minute South China Sea Islands, collectively an archipelago, number in the hundreds. The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea.
South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in neighboring countries, often reflecting historical claims to hegemony over the sea.
The English name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea (Mar da China); later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea. The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as "South China Sea (Nan Hai)".
wn.com/South_China_Sea -
South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
wn.com/South_Korea -
Tacoma, Washington
Tacoma ( /təˈkoʊmə/, US dict: tə·kō′·mə) is a mid-sized urban port city and the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States. The city is on Washington's Puget Sound, 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Seattle, 31 miles (50 km) northeast of the state capital, Olympia, and 58 miles (93 km) northwest of Mount Rainier National Park. The population was 198,397, according to the 2010 census. Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third largest in the state. Tacoma also serves as the center of business activity for the South Sound region that has a population of around 1 million people.
Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, originally called Mount Tahoma. It is known as the "City of Destiny" because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century. The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacoma's neighboring deep-water harbor, Commencement Bay. By connecting the bay with the railroad Tacoma's motto became "When rails meet sails." Today Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a center of international trade on the Pacific Coast and Washington state's largest port.
wn.com/Tacoma,_Washington -
Tai'an Station
Tai'an Station may refer to:
wn.com/Tai'an_Station -
Taichung
Taichung (臺中; literally "Central Taiwan") is a city located in west-central Taiwan, with a population of just over 2.6 million people, making it the third largest city on the island after New Taipei and Kaohsiung. On 25 December 2010, it merged with Taichung County to form a single special municipality. The city's motto is "economic, cultural and international city."
Taichung City is located in the Taichung Basin along the main western coastal plain that stretches from northern Taiwan along the west coast nearly to the southern tip. The city is located just north of 24° north and about 120.5° east longitude.
Taichung City borders Changhua County (彰化縣), Nantou County (南投縣), Hualien County (花蓮縣), Yilan County (宜蘭縣), Hsinchu County (新竹縣), Miaoli County (苗栗縣).
The Central Mountain Range lies just to the east of the city. Lower, rolling hills run to the north leading to Miaoli County. Flat coastal plains dominate the landscape to the south leading to Changhua County and the Taiwan Strait to the west.
wn.com/Taichung -
Taichung County
Coordinates: 24°15′15.4″N 120°43′23.8″E / 24.254278°N 120.723278°E / 24.254278; 120.723278 Taichung County (Chinese: 臺中縣 or 台中縣; pinyin: Táizhōng Xiàn; Wade–Giles: T'ai-chung Hsien; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-tiong-kōan) was a county in central Taiwan, the Republic of China, that surrounded but did not include Taichung City. The name Taichung means "central Taiwan". On December 25, 2010, the county and city merged to form a single special municipality.
Taichung County controlled three township-level cities (縣轄市), five urban townships (鎮), and 13 rural townships (鄉), which, at the time of the merger with Taichung City, were converted into 21 districts of the new municipality.
See also: Administrative divisions of the Republic of China
wn.com/Taichung_County -
Taichung Park
Taichung Park is the most time-honored park in Taichung Taiwan. It is also called “Zhong-shan Park”, and is built when Taiwan is under Japanese rule. On 17 April 1999, Taichung city government listed it as city historical sites. In recent years, people have celebrated Lantern Festival in Taichung Park.
Coordinates: 24°08′42″N 120°41′00″E / 24.145°N 120.6833333°E / 24.145; 120.6833333
wn.com/Taichung_Park -
Taichung Station
Taichung Station (台中車站) is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Mountain Line) located in Central District, Taichung City, Taiwan.
The station has one side platform and one island platform. The architecture dates from the era of Japanese rule. The station and tracks within the city are current undergoing elevation to raise the tracks aboveground.
Coordinates: 24°08′13″N 120°41′5″E / 24.13694°N 120.68472°E / 24.13694; 120.68472
wn.com/Taichung_Station -
Tainan
Tainan is a city in southern Taiwan. It is the fifth largest city of Taiwan, one of special municipalities directly under the Executive Yuan by central government of the ROC. Tainan faces the Taiwan Strait in the west and south. Tainan's complex history of comebacks, redefinitions and renewals inspired its popular nickname "the Phoenix City."
Tainan was initially established by the Dutch East India Company as a ruling and trading base which called Fort Zeelandia during the period of Dutch rule on Taiwan. After Dutch colonists were defeated by Koxinga in 1661, Tainan was remained as the capital of the Tungning Kingdom until 1683 and afterwards the capital of Taiwan prefecture under the rule of Qing Dynasty until 1887, when the Qing Dynasty established Taipei as the new provincial capital. Tainan has been historically regarded as one of the oldest cities in Taiwan, and its former name, Tayouan (大員), has been claimed to be the source of the name Taiwan. It is also one of Taiwan's cultural capitals, for its rich folk cultures including the famous local snack food, extensively preserved Taoist rites and other living local traditions covering child birth to funeral. The city houses the first Confucian school–temple, built in 1665, the remains of the Eastern and Southern gates of the old city, and countless other historical monuments. Tainan claims more Buddhist and Taoist temples than any other city in Taiwan.
wn.com/Tainan -
Tainan City
Tainan is a city in southern Taiwan. It is the fifth largest city of Taiwan, one of special municipalities directly under the Executive Yuan by central government of the ROC. Tainan faces the Taiwan Strait in the west and south. Tainan's complex history of comebacks, redefinitions and renewals inspired its popular nickname "the Phoenix City."
Tainan was initially established by the Dutch East India Company as a ruling and trading base which called Fort Zeelandia during the period of Dutch rule on Taiwan. After Dutch colonists were defeated by Koxinga in 1661, Tainan was remained as the capital of the Tungning Kingdom until 1683 and afterwards the capital of Taiwan prefecture under the rule of Qing Dynasty until 1887, when the Qing Dynasty established Taipei as the new provincial capital. Tainan has been historically regarded as one of the oldest cities in Taiwan, and its former name, Tayouan (大員), has been claimed to be the source of the name Taiwan. It is also one of Taiwan's cultural capitals, for its rich folk cultures including the famous local snack food, extensively preserved Taoist rites and other living local traditions covering child birth to funeral. The city houses the first Confucian school–temple, built in 1665, the remains of the Eastern and Southern gates of the old city, and countless other historical monuments. Tainan claims more Buddhist and Taoist temples than any other city in Taiwan.
wn.com/Tainan_City -
Taipei
Taipei City (/ˌtaɪˈpeɪ/; [tʰǎipèi]; Chinese: 臺北市 or 台北市; pinyin: Táiběi Shì) is the capital of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Situated at the northern tip of the island of Taiwan, Taipei is located on the Tamsui River; it is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, a port city on the Pacific Ocean. It lies in the two relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung (基隆河) and Xindian (新店溪) rivers, which join to form the Tamsui River along the city's western border. The city proper (Taipei City) is home to an estimated 2,618,772 people. Taipei, New Taipei, and Keelung together form the Taipei metropolitan area with a population of 6,900,273. However, they are administered under different local governing bodies. "Taipei" sometimes refers to the whole metropolitan area, while "Taipei City" refers to the city proper. Taipei City proper is surrounded on all sides by New Taipei.
Taipei is the political, economic, and cultural center of Taiwan. The National Palace Museum which has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts and artworks in the world is located in Taipei. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major industrial area. Railways, high speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan.
wn.com/Taipei -
Taipei Station
Taipei Station, also called Taipei Railway Station (臺北火車站, by the Taiwan Railway Administration) or Taipei Main Station (by the Taipei Metro), refers to the old downtown region in Taipei, Taiwan, where different modes of public transport systems converge; the station is at the center of this region. Prior to the opening of the Taipei Metro lines at the station in 1997, the region was simply known as "Taipei Station" or "Taipei Railway Station". The station handles over half a million passengers daily on conventional rail, metro, and high-speed rail.
Taipei Station and its surroundings are currently undergoing intensive renovation and redevelopment. Projects include the construction of the Taoyuan Airport MRT System (slated to begin service by 2013) and the Gate of Taipei.
The station is located in the Zhongzheng District in downtown Taipei. The area south of the station is known as "station front" because the original train station's main entrance faced south. Accordingly, the area just north of the station is known as "station rear." The station rear area is actually located in the Datong District. The commercial districts around the station are popular with students and commuters, and boast a large collection of bookstores, eclectic businesses targeting students, and cram schools. Because of its location at what is roughly considered the center of Taipei, the station is a popular meeting point for students and tourists.
wn.com/Taipei_Station -
Taitung County
Taitung County is a county in eastern Taiwan. While its name means "Eastern Taiwan", it is also known as "Houshan" (Chinese: 後山; pinyin: hòushān; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: āu-soaⁿ) by many of the locals, meaning behind the mountains or the back mountains. Taitung is officially administered as a county of the Republic of China.
Taitung runs along the south east coast of Taiwan. Taitung county, possessing 3,515 km2 is the 3rd largest county in Taiwan. Taitung County's coastline is 231 km long. Taitung currently has a population of 231,863. The country possess only one registered city, Taitung City. The rest of the county is composed of two towns and thirteen villages.
Due in part to its remote location and isolation by mountains from Taiwan's main population centers, Taitung was the last part of the island to be colonized by Han Chinese immigrants (late 19th century). Throughout the 20th century Taitung remained an economic backwater. Sparsely populated even today, this isolation may have been a blessing in disguise, as Taitung mostly escaped the urbanization and pollution that have come to plague much of the island's lowland areas.
wn.com/Taitung_County -
Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
wn.com/Taiwan -
Taiwan Province
Taiwan Province (traditional Chinese: 臺灣省 or 台灣省; simplified Chinese: 台湾省; pinyin: Táiwān Shěng) is one of the two administrative divisions of the Republic of China (ROC) that are officially referred to as "provinces". The province covers approximately 73% of the territory controlled by the ROC, with around 40% of the total population.
Geographically it covers the majority of the island of Taiwan as well as almost all of its surrounding islands, the largest of which are the Penghu archipelago, Green Island and Orchid Island. Taiwan Province does not cover territories in the direct-controlled special municipalities of Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan, and New Taipei, all of which located geographically within main island of Taiwan. It also does not include the counties of Kinmen and Lienchiang, which are located alongside the southeast coast of Mainland China and administered as a separate Fujian Province.
Historically Taiwan Province covers the entire island of Taiwan and all its associated islands. All the special municipalities were split off from the province between 1967 and 2010. Since 1997 most of the Taiwan provincial government's functions have been transferred to the central government of the Republic of China following a constitutional amendment. The Taiwan provincial government has effectively become a nominal institution under the Executive Yuan's administration.
wn.com/Taiwan_Province -
Taiwan Strait
The Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait, formerly known as the Black Ditch, is a 180-km-wide (111.85-mile-wide) strait separating the island of Taiwan from the Asian mainland. The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to East China Sea to the northeast. The narrowest part is 130 km (81 mi) wide.
Fujian province in mainland China is to the west of the strait, while important islands like Quemoy, Xiamen Island, Pingtan Island, and the Matsu Islands lie just off the coast. To the east are the west coasts of Taiwan and Penghu. The island fishermen use the strait as a fishing resource. The Min and Jiulong Rivers empty into the strait.
There have been discussions about the strategic importance of the Taiwan Strait. Some Japanese politicians claimed that the Taiwan Strait is an essential sea route for oil shipment from the Middle East via the Malacca Strait to Japan. However, some have argued that this is merely an excuse for intervention since the sea lane east of Taiwan is even shorter
wn.com/Taiwan_Strait -
Taiyuan Station
Taiyuan Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Mountain Line) located at Taichung City, Taiwan.
Bridge-cross style station house
TRA Benpu has opened on 2F concourse, and originally Giant Bicycling was closed.
Coordinates: 24°10′00.3″N 120°42′01.3″E / 24.16675°N 120.700361°E / 24.16675; 120.700361
wn.com/Taiyuan_Station -
Tanzi District
Tanzi (潭子區) is a suburban district with a population passes over 100,000 as of 2007, located north of Taichung, Taiwan. It has an area of 25.8497 km².
Taichung Tanzi Export Processing Zone is located in the township, providing a variety of employment opportunities.
Created by Tzu Chi in 2007.
Coordinates: 24°13′05″N 120°42′22″E / 24.218°N 120.706°E / 24.218; 120.706
wn.com/Tanzi_District -
Tanzi Station
Tanzi Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Mountain Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan. Elevation process has been started and will be complete in years.
Elavating
Fengyuan--Tanzi--Taiyuan
Coordinates: 24°12′47.1″N 120°42′20.7″E / 24.213083°N 120.70575°E / 24.213083; 120.70575
wn.com/Tanzi_Station -
Taoyuan City
Taoyuan City (Chinese: 桃園市; pinyin: Táoyuán Shì; Wade–Giles: T'ao-yüan Shih; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thô-hn̂g-chhī) is the county seat of Taoyuan County in Taiwan, located in the northwestern part of the island. Taoyuan city is the gateway of Taiwan: with the Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport in vicinity, and is a 30-minute ride to the capital, Taipei. After the December 25, 2010 creation of New Taipei City, the city of Taoyuan became the most populous County-controlled city in Taiwan, surpassing Banqiao, the former seat of Taipei County and once the most populous County-controlled city since the late 80s.[citation needed]
General statistics include:
Taoyuan is the native home to the Plains tribes of Taiwanese aborigines. Taoyuan's old name was Taoziyuan (Chinese: 桃仔園; pinyin: Táozǐyuán; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thô-á-hn̂g; literally "peach orchard"), since there used to be many peach blossoms in the area. In 1920 under Japanese rule, the area was renamed Taoyuan Town(Chinese: 桃園街; pinyin: Táoyuán Jiē; literally "peach garden town"), and incorporated into the Hsinchu state as a county jurisdiction. After the Chinese Civil War, it was "Taoyuan Town, Taoyuan County". Since 1971, the name has remained Taoyuan City (桃園市).
wn.com/Taoyuan_City -
Tucson, Arizona
Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn/ TOO-son) is the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and is the home to University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116, while the 2011 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan area was 989,569. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, which both anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.
Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Tanque Verde, Tortilita, New Pascua, Sahuarita and Vail. Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green Valley to the south.
wn.com/Tucson,_Arizona -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Winnipeg
Winnipegi/ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than half of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point commonly known as The Forks).
The name "Winnipeg" comes from the Cree for "muddy waters". The Winnipeg area was a trading centre for Aboriginal peoples prior to the arrival of Europeans. The first fort was built there in 1738 by French traders. A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 with a population of 1,869. Winnipeg is the seventh-largest municipality in Canada, with a population of 663,617 in the Canada 2011 Census.
Winnipeg has a diversified economy, with sectors in finance, manufacturing, food and beverage production, culture, retail and tourism. Winnipeg is a major transportation hub, served by Richardson International Airport. The city has railway connections to the United States and Eastern and Western Canada through three Class I rail carriers.
wn.com/Winnipeg -
Wuri Station
Wuri Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Mountain Line) located at Wuri District, Taichung City, Taiwan.
One island platform
There are only local trains stopping at ths station.
Coordinates: 24°06′32.1″N 120°37′20.4″E / 24.108917°N 120.622333°E / 24.108917; 120.622333
wn.com/Wuri_Station -
Xinwuri Station
Xinwuri Station (新烏日車站, former name: "New Wurih") is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Mountain Line) located in Wuri District, Taichung City, Taiwan. It is located east next to THSR Taichung Station to which it is connected via a direct passage way.
The station is a huge building whose interior construction has not been finished as of 2009. Only a single corridor is opened, leading from the HSR station to the TRA platforms. There are automatic ticketing machines and ticketing staff, but no ticket office or other infrastructure. Instead, shops, restaurants, bus stations, and parking facilities of the HSR station can be used.
Toward Beitun Depot, Under construction, schduled to open in 2015
Coordinates: 24°6′35″N 120°36′48″E / 24.10972°N 120.61333°E / 24.10972; 120.61333
wn.com/Xinwuri_Station -
Yunlin County
Yunlin County is a county in the western part of Taiwan, the Republic of China. Yunlin is located to the right of the Taiwan Strait, the east of Nantou County and sharing a border with Changhua County divided by the Zhuoshui River. Yunlin is one of the counties of Taiwan that is part of the Chianan Plain, a flat land rich for agriculture with abundant waters. Agricultural products of Yunlin county include pomelo, tea leaves, suan cai, papaya and muskmelon. Due to Yunlin's abundant waters, it has potentials for hydroelectricity. Douliu is the largest city and the capital city of Yunlin.
Taiwan Railway Administration passes through Yunlin with stations:
Taiwan High Speed Rail is building a station in Yunlin to be completed at 2015.
Highways include:
Coordinates: 23°42′18″N 120°28′34″E / 23.70489°N 120.47607°E / 23.70489; 120.47607
wn.com/Yunlin_County -
Zhongli, Taiwan
Zhongli City (also Jhongli or Jungli), formerly Chungli (and spelled Tionglek or Tiongliek in the 19th century), is a city in Taoyuan County of Taiwan, Republic of China. It became a city before Taoyuan City, the county seat of Taoyuan County. Historically, the city is the stage of the Zhongli Incident (中壢事件) of 1977, the most significant event of the democratization movements of Taiwan prior to the 1980s. Ethnically, it is considered a kind of capital city for the Hakka people who live in great numbers here and in surrounding areas. In recent years a large number of foreign workers (mainly from the Philippines and Thailand) have also settled in and around the city, making it a center for foreign laborers.
In the 19th century, the area was home to Pingpu aborigines. During the Qing Dynasty, immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong Provinces arrived along with the Hakka. The original name of the area was "Chientzuli" (澗仔壢) due to its location between Tamsui and Hsinchu.
Zhongli is served by both National Highway No. 1 and Provincial Highway No. 66. The nationally owned e-go highway buses, near the Zhongli Station, are an inexpensive means of transport to other cities. In addition, the Taiwan Railway Administration Zhongli Station provides conventional train connections to other Taiwanese cities. Zhongli also has its own Taiwan High Speed Rail station at THSR Taoyuan Station.
wn.com/Zhongli,_Taiwan -
Zhuifen Station
Jhueifen Station is a railway station of Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Western Line (Sea Line) located at Taichung, Taiwan.
The Jhueifen-Chenggong Ticket was hot sale for lucky meaning "Pursue to Success".
There are mostly local trains stopping at Zhuifen Station
Coordinates: 24°07′13.0″N 120°34′14.9″E / 24.12028°N 120.570806°E / 24.12028; 120.570806
wn.com/Zhuifen_Station
-
Babuza people
The Babuza (Chinese: 貓霧捒族; pinyin: Māowùzú; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bâ-bū-cho̍k) are a Taiwanese aboriginal people, living primarily in Changhua County and around the western part of Taiwan's Central Basin.
wn.com/Babuza_people -
Chen Yi (Kuomintang)
Chen Yi (traditional Chinese: 陳儀; simplified Chinese: 陈仪; pinyin: Chén Yí; courtesy names Gongxia (公俠) and later Gongqia (公洽), sobriquet Tuisu (退素); 1883 – June 18, 1950) was the Chief Executive and Garrison Commander (警備總司令) of Taiwan after it was surrendered by Japan to the Republic of China, which acted on behalf of the Allied Powers, in 1945. His infamous mishandling of the tension between Taiwanese locals and Mainlanders precipitated the February 28 Incident, and he was later dismissed and executed for disloyalty (though for reasons unrelated to his tenure in Taiwan).
Chen was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. After studying at Qiushi Academy (now Zhejiang University), in 1902 he went to a military academy in Japan for seven years [1]. He joined Guangfuhui while in Japan. He returned to Japan in 1917 to study in a military university for three years, then resided in Shanghai. He is said to have been a "Japanophile."
He was the first senator (總參議) and governor of Zhejiang (since October 1925). Chen was also the commander of the 19th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army (國民革命軍第十九路軍軍長). After 1927, he worked in the Military Affairs Department (軍政部), then as the chairman of Fujian in 1933, and Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan.
wn.com/Chen_Yi_(Kuomintang) -
Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress Dowager Cixi1 (Chinese: 慈禧太后; pinyin: Cíxǐ Tàihòu; Wade–Giles: Empress Dowager Tz'u-Hsi; [t͡sʰɨɕi]; Manchu: Tsysi taiheo; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908), of the Manchu Yehenara clan, was a powerful and charismatic woman who unofficially but effectively controlled the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years, from 1861 to her death in 1908.
Selected by the Xianfeng Emperor as an imperial concubine in her adolescence, she gave birth to his son, who became the Tongzhi Emperor upon Xianfeng's death. Cixi ousted a group of regents appointed by the late emperor and assumed regency over her young son with the Empress Dowager Ci'an. Cixi then consolidated control over the dynasty when, at the death of the Tongzhi Emperor, contrary to the rules of succession, she installed her nephew as the Guangxu Emperor in 1875. Although she refused to adopt Western models of government, she nonetheless supported the technological and military Self-Strengthening Movement. Cixi rejected the Hundred Days' Reforms of 1898 as impractical and detrimental to dynastic power and placed the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest for supporting reformers. After the Boxer Rebellion and the invasion of Allied armies, external and internal pressures led Cixi to effect institutional changes of just the sort she had resisted and appoint reform-minded officials. The dynasty collapsed in 1912, four years after her death.
wn.com/Empress_Dowager_Cixi -
Fujian
Coordinates: 25°54′N 118°18′E / 25.9°N 118.3°E / 25.9; 118.3
Fujian (help·info) (Chinese: 福建), formerly romanised as Fukien or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jianzhou (a former name for Jian'ou) two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. With a Han majority, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China.
Most of Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China. However, the archipelagos of Kinmen and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Thus, there are two provinces (in the sense of government organizations): the Fujian Province administered by the People's Republic of China and the Fujian Province of the Republic of China.
Recent archaeological discoveries demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics (including wheel-made-ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels, a definitive evidence of weaving.
wn.com/Fujian -
Guangxu Emperor
The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), born Zaitian of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, was the eleventh emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, under Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898. He initiated the Hundred Days' Reform, but was abruptly stopped when Cixi launched a coup in 1898, after which he was put under house arrest until his death. His regnal name means "glorious succession".
Zaitian was the second son of Yixuan, Prince Chun, and his primary spouse Yehenara Wanzhen, a younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi. On 12 January 1875, Zaitian's cousin, the Tongzhi Emperor, died without a son. Empress Dowager Ci'an suggested enthroning one of Yixin, Prince Gong's sons as the next emperor, but she was overruled by Cixi. Instead, breaking the imperial convention that a new emperor must always be of a generation after that of the previous emperor, Cixi nominated her nephew and the imperial family agreed with her choice.
wn.com/Guangxu_Emperor -
Hakka people
The Hakka (Hakka: Hak-kâ; Chinese: 客家; pinyin: Kèjiā), sometimes Hakka Han, are Han Chinese who speak the Hakka language and have links to the provincial areas of Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan and Fujian in China.
The Chinese characters for Hakka (客家) literally means "guest families". The Hakka's ancestors were often said to have arrived from what is today's central China centuries ago. In a series of migrations, the Hakkas moved, settled in their present locations in southern China, and then often migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world. The worldwide population of Hakkas is about 80 million, though the number of Hakka-language speakers is fewer. Hakka people have had a significant influence on the course of Chinese and world history: in particular, they have been a source of many revolutionary, government, and military leaders.
wn.com/Hakka_people -
Jason Hu
Jason Hu Chih-chiang (traditional Chinese: 胡志強; simplified Chinese: 胡志强; pinyin: Hú Zhìqiáng; Wade–Giles: Hú Chìh-chiáng; born 1948) is a former official in the national government of Republic of China. He is currently serving his term as mayor of the new Taichung Municipality. His current term ends in 2013. He is a member of the Kuomintang (KMT), the leading party in the Pan-Blue alliance. His daughter, Ting-Ting Hu, is a British born actress.
Hu was born in Beijing (then known as Peiping), China, and was brought to Taiwan as a young child when the Chinese Nationalists lost their civil war with the Communists.
After graduating from Taichung Municipal First High School, then known as Chu-jen (居仁, Hanyu Pinyin: Juren) High School, Jason Hu attended National Chengchi University where studied in the Diplomatic Studies Department. Following graduation in 1970, he went to study in the United Kingdom, first to the University of Southampton, where he studied International Relations, then to Balliol College, University of Oxford, where he received his PhD in International Relations in 1984.
wn.com/Jason_Hu -
Liu Ming-chuan
Liu Mingchuan (born in Hefei in Anhui Province, 1836–1896, 劉銘傳) was a Chinese official during the Qing dynasty. He adopted a style name of Xingsan (省三). Liu became involved in the suppression of the Taiping rebellion at an early age, and worked closely with Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang as he emerged as an important Huai Army officer. In the aftermath of the Sino-French War, he was appointed the first governor of the newly-established province of Taiwan. Today he is remembered for his efforts in modernizing Taiwan during his tenure as governor, and several institutions have been given his name, including Ming Chuan University in Taipei.
Liu was born into a poor family of farmers at Hefei, Anhui Province, China. His father died when Liu was 11 years old. At age 18, Liu joined a local gang of bandits in the mountains, and at 20 he took part in the early Nien Rebellion. At 23 he changed his mind and joined the Huai Army, beginning his loyalty to the Qing Empire.
In 1859 (Xianfeng 9th Year), during the Taiping Rebellion (太平天國之亂), he built his hometown’s army, encouraged people to join, and suppressed several rebellions of the Taiping Army. In 1861 (Xianfeng 11th Year), he led about 500 men to join Li Hongzhang's (李鴻章) Huai Army. He was made the head of Ming Camp (銘字營), and went with Li to Shanghai to aid Charles George Gordon's army in defeating the Taiping Army. There he learned the use of Western firearms. In 1864 Huai Army commander Li Hongzhang and vice commander Liu attacked Changzhou to recover the city. Major General Liu was promoted to Colonel General and appointed to defend the capital at Beijing.
wn.com/Liu_Ming-chuan -
Mainland China
Mainland China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The term generally excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
There are two terms in Chinese for "mainland". Namely, Dalu (simplified Chinese: 大陆; traditional Chinese: 大陸), which means "continent", and Neidi (内地 / 內地), literally "inner land". In the PRC, the usage of the two terms are generally interchangeable and there is no prescribed method of reference in any jurisdiction. To emphasize "equal footing" in cross-strait relations, the term is used in official contexts with reference to Taiwan, with the PRC referring to itself as "the mainland side" (as opposed to "the Taiwan side"). But in its relations with Hong Kong and Macau, the PRC government refers to itself as "the Central People's Government".
By 1949, the Communist Party of China's (CPC) People's Liberation Army had largely defeated the Kuomintang (KMT)'s National Revolutionary Army in the Chinese Civil War on the mainland. This forced the Kuomintang to relocate the Government and institutions of the Republic of China to the relative safety of Taiwan, an island which was placed under the control of the Republic of China after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II in 1945. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, the CPC-controlled government saw itself as the sole legitimate government of China, competing with the claims of the Republic of China, whose authority is now limited to Taiwan and other islands. This has resulted in a situation in which two co-existing governments compete for international legitimacy and recognition as the "government of China".
wn.com/Mainland_China -
Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (simplified Chinese: 马祖列岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Fuzhou dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, simplified Chinese: 马祖群岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖群島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Qúndǎo; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing) under Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Only a small area of what is historically Lienchiang County is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China (AKA "China") controls the part of the county on mainland China and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (馬祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
They are named after the goddess Mazu. Kinmen is the other archipelago on the Fujian coast controlled by the ROC.
Fujianese Mainlanders started migrating to the islands during the Yuan Dynasty. Most people on Matsu came from Houguan (侯官) (today Changle County (長樂縣 Diòng-lŏ̤h-gâing), Fujian).
wn.com/Matsu_Islands -
South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). The area's importance largely results from one-third of the world's shipping transiting through its waters, and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed.
It is located
The minute South China Sea Islands, collectively an archipelago, number in the hundreds. The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea.
South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in neighboring countries, often reflecting historical claims to hegemony over the sea.
The English name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea (Mar da China); later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea. The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as "South China Sea (Nan Hai)".
wn.com/South_China_Sea -
Sun Yat-Sen
Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and first president and founding father of the Republic of China ("Nationalist China"). As the foremost pioneer of Republic of China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in the People's Republic of China. Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun was the first provisional president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
Although Sun is considered one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fell out of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood.
wn.com/Sun_Yat-Sen -
Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
wn.com/Taiwan -
Taiwanese aborigines
Taiwanese aborigines (Chinese: 原住民; pinyin: yuánzhùmín; Wade–Giles: yüan2-chu4-min2; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gôan-chū-bîn; literally "original inhabitants") is the term commonly applied in reference to the indigenous peoples of Taiwan. Although Taiwanese indigenous groups hold a variety of creation myths, recent research suggests their ancestors may have been living on the islands for approximately 8,000 years before major Han Chinese immigration began in the 17th century (Blust 1999). Taiwanese aborigines are Austronesian peoples, with linguistic and genetic ties to other Austronesian ethnic groups, such as peoples of the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Madagascar, Polynesia, and Oceania (Hill et al. 2007; Bird, Hope & Taylor 2004). The issue of an ethnic identity unconnected to the Asian mainland has become one thread in the discourse regarding the political status of Taiwan.
For centuries, Taiwan's aboriginal peoples experienced economic competition and military conflict with a series of colonizing peoples. Centralized government policies designed to foster language shift and cultural assimilation, as well as continued contact with the colonizers through trade, intermarriage and other dispassionate intercultural processes, have resulted in varying degrees of language death and loss of original cultural identity. For example, of the approximately 26 known languages of the Taiwanese aborigines (collectively referred to as the Formosan languages), at least ten are extinct, five are moribund (Zeitoun & Yu 2005:167) and several are to some degree endangered. These languages are of unique historical significance, since most historical linguists consider Taiwan to be the original homeland of the Austronesian language family (Blust 1999).
wn.com/Taiwanese_aborigines
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
My Apartment in Taichung
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
To make the long story short (which I tried to do, unsuccessfully, in the video): In May of 2012, I decided to return to Taiwan. I went to www.tealit.com and looked to see if there might be any apartments available. I lucked out, huge, and not only got this apartment, but everything in it, as the original tenant is moving back to her home country. The apartment is 930 square feet, plus a main balcony that is 55 square feet and a secondary balcony that is 25 square feet; rent is $400US/month, making the total cost around 40-cents per square foot (including 24-hour security, weekly complex cleaning, underground parking for scooters, etc.). Everything in the apartment cost me $500US. It's probably the best deal I have ever seen in Taichung. Thanks for watching and remember to subscribe to my channel!
http://wn.com/My_Apartment_in_Taichung
To make the long story short (which I tried to do, unsuccessfully, in the video): In May of 2012, I decided to return to Taiwan. I went to www.tealit.com and looked to see if there might be any apartments available. I lucked out, huge, and not only got this apartment, but everything in it, as the original tenant is moving back to her home country. The apartment is 930 square feet, plus a main balcony that is 55 square feet and a secondary balcony that is 25 square feet; rent is $400US/month, making the total cost around 40-cents per square foot (including 24-hour security, weekly complex cleaning, underground parking for scooters, etc.). Everything in the apartment cost me $500US. It's probably the best deal I have ever seen in Taichung. Thanks for watching and remember to subscribe to my channel!
Taichung City Ride - Little Europe to Beitun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:50
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
This is a typical commute for me from my apartment in Little Europe to one of the schools I teach at in the Beitun district of Taichung City.
http://wn.com/Taichung_City_Ride_Little_Europe_to_Beitun
This is a typical commute for me from my apartment in Little Europe to one of the schools I teach at in the Beitun district of Taichung City.
- published: 08 Apr 2011
- views: 2366
- author: amrakanavrin
Night Market in Taichung City, Taiwan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:32
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
I shot this video when I was a Night Market in Taichung City, Taiwan in 2011. For more pictures and video go to www.returnlocal.com
http://wn.com/Night_Market_in_Taichung_City,_Taiwan
I shot this video when I was a Night Market in Taichung City, Taiwan in 2011. For more pictures and video go to www.returnlocal.com
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 935
- author: spottedsin
Giant Bicycles Taichung Factory Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
This is from our visit to Giant Bicycles' Taichung (Taiwan) factory and world headquarters. First part shows wheels being tensioned after being hand laced. From here, they go on to be trued and wrapped with tubes and tires. Meanwhile, workers wrap handlebars faster than any shop rat we've ever seen. It all comes together on their assembly line where a complete bike is built every 31 seconds. See the whole process at www.bikerumor.com and search "bike blogger tour".
http://wn.com/Giant_Bicycles_Taichung_Factory_Tour
This is from our visit to Giant Bicycles' Taichung (Taiwan) factory and world headquarters. First part shows wheels being tensioned after being hand laced. From here, they go on to be trued and wrapped with tubes and tires. Meanwhile, workers wrap handlebars faster than any shop rat we've ever seen. It all comes together on their assembly line where a complete bike is built every 31 seconds. See the whole process at www.bikerumor.com and search "bike blogger tour".
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 17582
- author: BikeRumor
Taichung, Taiwan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:39
- Updated: 14 Mar 2012
A weekend in Taichung, Taiwan with a friend in Taichung showing me around.
http://wn.com/Taichung,_Taiwan
A weekend in Taichung, Taiwan with a friend in Taichung showing me around.
- published: 03 Sep 2007
- views: 11819
- author: dyna74
Taichung,Taiwan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
I visited to Taichung first time from Taipei by high speed trail.
http://wn.com/Taichung,Taiwan
I visited to Taichung first time from Taipei by high speed trail.
- published: 20 Apr 2011
- views: 2876
- author: Mitsuhito Shiraha
《HongKong Style ! 》SFJ 720P HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/《HongKong_Style_!_》SFJ_720P_HD
Fritz Jou Factory, Taichung
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
This video has been made with no commercial intent and/or purpose. It is made for the sole purpose of experimentation with image and music. We do not know nor have contacted the right owners of the soundtrack. Should they feel that this video is in violation of their copyright, they are cordialy invited contact us and we'll remove it immediately. Special thanks to the workers as well as to the leaders of the Fritz Jou Factory. The music is from the OST of the stage play "Design for Living" by Chen Jian Qi - he is in no way related to the making of this video - it is only a tribute to him and an expression of my admiration for his work.
http://wn.com/Fritz_Jou_Factory,_Taichung
This video has been made with no commercial intent and/or purpose. It is made for the sole purpose of experimentation with image and music. We do not know nor have contacted the right owners of the soundtrack. Should they feel that this video is in violation of their copyright, they are cordialy invited contact us and we'll remove it immediately. Special thanks to the workers as well as to the leaders of the Fritz Jou Factory. The music is from the OST of the stage play "Design for Living" by Chen Jian Qi - he is in no way related to the making of this video - it is only a tribute to him and an expression of my admiration for his work.
- published: 20 Dec 2012
- views: 19
- author: CJouarie
Taichung 14 year old girl to help swindler possession of money stolen money bills when bookmark Strait tarde 121208
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Taichung_14_year_old_girl_to_help_swindler_possession_of_money_stolen_money_bills_when_bookmark_Strait_tarde_121208
Taiwan Special 1/3 - Tips on Travel Photography (Ep.1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:37
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
In this special video, we go to Taichung in Taiwan to make some DRTV videos. But there's a twist - the Bloody Producer has set Kai, Lok & Alamby a challenge: to visit 7 locations within the 3 days they are there or else they have to pay for the trip. Watch to see what happens. Very special thanks to Cathay Holidays for sponsoring us. Visit Cathay Holiday's website here: goo.gl
http://wn.com/Taiwan_Special_1_3_Tips_on_Travel_Photography_Ep1
In this special video, we go to Taichung in Taiwan to make some DRTV videos. But there's a twist - the Bloody Producer has set Kai, Lok & Alamby a challenge: to visit 7 locations within the 3 days they are there or else they have to pay for the trip. Watch to see what happens. Very special thanks to Cathay Holidays for sponsoring us. Visit Cathay Holiday's website here: goo.gl
- published: 02 Jun 2012
- views: 359551
- author: DigitalRevCom
NO.04 Monaliza Keleghan (Taichung NO.13)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
This video is for voting 2012 Sing a Taiwanese song, win a big prize !!
http://wn.com/NO04_Monaliza_Keleghan_Taichung_NO13
This video is for voting 2012 Sing a Taiwanese song, win a big prize !!
- published: 27 Sep 2012
- views: 973
- author: tnc20110501
NO.07 Tsenguun (Taichung NO.01)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:56
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
This video is for voting 2012 Sing a Taiwanese song, win a big prize !!
http://wn.com/NO07_Tsenguun_Taichung_NO01
This video is for voting 2012 Sing a Taiwanese song, win a big prize !!
- published: 27 Sep 2012
- views: 1294
- author: tnc20110501
BEATBREAKER @ PARIS - TAICHUNG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
DJ BEATBREAKER ASIA TOUR PARIS NIGHTCLUB - TAICHUNG, TAIWAN AUG 18, 2012 LINKS: www.djbeatbreaker.com bookings@djbeatbreaker.com
http://wn.com/BEATBREAKER_@_PARIS_TAICHUNG
DJ BEATBREAKER ASIA TOUR PARIS NIGHTCLUB - TAICHUNG, TAIWAN AUG 18, 2012 LINKS: www.djbeatbreaker.com bookings@djbeatbreaker.com
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 15979
- author: DJBEATBREAKER
Welcome to Taichung(2011國語版)台中市政府投資環境簡介
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:22
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
從〝臺灣之心〞到〝東方維也納〞， 從〝臺灣的文化沙漠〞到〝2007年全球最佳文化藝術城市〞； 臺中，正逐漸的蛻變成令人驚艷的國際城市！ 此刻，全球經濟版圖開始大幅向亞洲移轉， 臺中的經貿競爭對手當然不再只侷限於台灣境內、不再只是臺北或高雄； 而是亞洲、是新加坡、是日本的東京、是韓國的首爾、是泰國的曼谷... 臺中，正以源源不絕的創意活力，向全世界打開熱情的雙手。
http://wn.com/Welcome_to_Taichung2011國語版台中市政府投資環境簡介
從〝臺灣之心〞到〝東方維也納〞， 從〝臺灣的文化沙漠〞到〝2007年全球最佳文化藝術城市〞； 臺中，正逐漸的蛻變成令人驚艷的國際城市！ 此刻，全球經濟版圖開始大幅向亞洲移轉， 臺中的經貿競爭對手當然不再只侷限於台灣境內、不再只是臺北或高雄； 而是亞洲、是新加坡、是日本的東京、是韓國的首爾、是泰國的曼谷... 臺中，正以源源不絕的創意活力，向全世界打開熱情的雙手。
- published: 12 Sep 2011
- views: 5168
- author: sywanlin
Next TV: Lady Gaga arrives in Taichung, Taiwan for free concert
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
nexttv.com.tw Lady Gaga (or Lady Kaka as we call her here in Taiwan) is giving a free concert in Taichung, paid for by that city's government. Fans are elated. Typically, international acts make Taipei their only Taiwan stop. But Taichung is giving its norther neighbor a run for its money by exclusively hosting the pop diva. Lady Kaka was so nice, she bought all her waiting fans hamburgers. (TRANSLATION TO FOLLOW)
http://wn.com/Next_TV_Lady_Gaga_arrives_in_Taichung,_Taiwan_for_free_concert
nexttv.com.tw Lady Gaga (or Lady Kaka as we call her here in Taiwan) is giving a free concert in Taichung, paid for by that city's government. Fans are elated. Typically, international acts make Taipei their only Taiwan stop. But Taichung is giving its norther neighbor a run for its money by exclusively hosting the pop diva. Lady Kaka was so nice, she bought all her waiting fans hamburgers. (TRANSLATION TO FOLLOW)
- published: 01 Jul 2011
- views: 22879
- author: NMAWorldEdition
The Hot Toys Gallery (Taichung) Exhibition Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
The Hot Toys Gallery event in Taichung was successfully finished. Here you go the video recorded by our Taiwan distributor Beast Kingdom! Enjoy!
http://wn.com/The_Hot_Toys_Gallery_Taichung_Exhibition_Video
The Hot Toys Gallery event in Taichung was successfully finished. Here you go the video recorded by our Taiwan distributor Beast Kingdom! Enjoy!
- published: 23 Nov 2011
- views: 11895
- author: HotToysLimited
DJ EVA T - LOBBY CLUB TAICHUNG , TAIWAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
A great night partying W/ LOBBY CLUB Taichung party people !!! www.facebook.com www.djevat.com http soundcloud.com youtube.com www.facebook.com joshmarciano.blogspot.com http
http://wn.com/DJ_EVA_T_LOBBY_CLUB_TAICHUNG_,_TAIWAN
A great night partying W/ LOBBY CLUB Taichung party people !!! www.facebook.com www.djevat.com http soundcloud.com youtube.com www.facebook.com joshmarciano.blogspot.com http
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 7821
- author: Josh Marciano
Remi Panossian trio Taichung festival Atmosphere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Remi Panossian trio at Taichung jazz festival 23/10 making off atmosphere
http://wn.com/Remi_Panossian_trio_Taichung_festival_Atmosphere
Remi Panossian trio at Taichung jazz festival 23/10 making off atmosphere
- published: 01 Nov 2010
- views: 2449
- author: remipanossian
Lady GaGa -" You & I " - in TaiChung, Taiwan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
Lady GaGa -" You & I " - in TaiChung, Taiwan
http://wn.com/Lady_GaGa_You_I_in_TaiChung,_Taiwan
Lady GaGa -" You & I " - in TaiChung, Taiwan
- published: 03 Jul 2011
- views: 22486
- author: Stanley Chris Liu
Taichung Family Charity projects
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:57
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
2012 Year End Report of the projects done by Family volunteers in Taichung, Taiwan: 1. DOZO Youth Activity Center 2. Merry Heart Medicine - visiting patient in hospitals 3. EQ English programs in different schools in Taichung and Chia Yi, Taiwan
http://wn.com/Taichung_Family_Charity_projects
2012 Year End Report of the projects done by Family volunteers in Taichung, Taiwan: 1. DOZO Youth Activity Center 2. Merry Heart Medicine - visiting patient in hospitals 3. EQ English programs in different schools in Taichung and Chia Yi, Taiwan
- published: 21 Dec 2012
- author: Natalie Spark
Michael Jackson Dance Tribute- TaiChung, TAIWAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Michael Jackson Dance Tribute- TaiChung, TAIWAN
http://wn.com/Michael_Jackson_Dance_Tribute_TaiChung,_TAIWAN
Michael Jackson Dance Tribute- TaiChung, TAIWAN
- published: 19 Jul 2009
- views: 53972
- author: thesoulakang
DJ EVA T - SEXY MUSE VOL.2 AT LOBBY TAICHUNG , TAIWAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:50
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
www.facebook.com www.djevat.com http soundcloud.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/DJ_EVA_T_SEXY_MUSE_VOL2_AT_LOBBY_TAICHUNG_,_TAIWAN
www.facebook.com www.djevat.com http soundcloud.com www.facebook.com
- published: 29 Feb 2012
- views: 12192
- author: Josh Marciano
20081231 Ariel Lin & Joe Cheng: Love Taichung (English-subbed)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
Download Link: www.mediafire.com
http://wn.com/20081231_Ariel_Lin_Joe_Cheng_Love_Taichung_English-subbed
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
20 Dec 2012
Obama held a White House news conference on Wednesday to announce that Vice President Joe Biden will lead an interagency effort to craft new gun policies. The group is expected to offer its proposals in January. “We know this is a complex issue that stirs deeply held passions and political divides,” Obama said. “But the fact that this problem is complex can no longer be an excuse for doing nothing.” ... WAKE-UP CALL ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
photo: AP / Charles Krupa
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Most people reason dramatically, not quantitatively." -Oliver Wendell Holmes. On the same day that a 20-year-old, described as brilliant but remote, walked into an elementary school in Connecticut and massacred 26 children and adults, the school where I teach went on "lock-down." Four students with a handgun were arrested ... That morning before school, he had posted on Twitter and Facebook....(size: 14.0Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Joachim Huber
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When a Stanford geneticist, Gerald Crabtree, published a provocative and controversial new view on evolutionary change, namely that humans are actually getting dumber, he should have also added that humans are still developing an extermination gene ... Paleontologist Tim Flannery would more than likely agree with Crabtree ... Strange strings of gravel also overlaid some bones ... (1) Kane, Alex ... 195....(size: 9.4Kb)
photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
19 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON. US President Barack Obama backs a new bill to revive an assault weapons ban and other new gun laws, the White House said Tuesday, fleshing out his nascent response to a shocking school massacre. Obama also called an ardently pro-gun senator who has shifted his position on firearms laws since Friday's carnage in Connecticut and has begun meeting top cabinet officials to consider his options, his spokesman Jay Carney said ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
19 Dec 2012
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has said she accepts the findings of an independent panel that faulted the State Department over the deadly September attack on the US mission in Benghazi, Libya. An inquiry into the attack on the US mission, which saw the US ambassador and three other US citizens killed, found that the State Department security arrangements there were "grossly inadequate" ... 390 Source. ... Share ... Jaws ... Anaheim....(size: 19.2Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
Taichung City Government) Taichung City Labor Fun Event 2012. To help our working-class friends relax from work, the Labor Affairs Bureau of Taichung City Government held "Taichung City Labor Fun Event 2012" at the Summer Green Park on December 16, 2012 ... It was obvious that "Taichung City Labor Fun Event 2012" was very well received....(size: 2.5Kb)
Taipei Times
21 Dec 2012
A recent public poll has helped identify Greater Taichung’s top 20 attractions, with the city’s bustling night markets, iconic historic temples and the natural beauty of central Taiwan’s mountains all making the final list ... The list of “Top 20 Must-See Attractions of Greater Taichung,” included local favorites and famous tourist sites in central ......(size: 1.9Kb)
Taipei Times
21 Dec 2012
Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Chairman Su Tseng-chang (蘇貞昌) yesterday accompanied Greater Taichung Councilor Chen Shih-kai (陳世凱) to register as a candidate for a legislative by-election scheduled for Jan. 26 in Greater Taichung’s second electoral district ... Ma Ying-jeou’s (馬英九) administration is incompetent,” Su said in Greater Taichung....(size: 1.9Kb)
Taipei Times
21 Dec 2012
Lin was referring to the administrative upgrade — or expansion — of New Taipei City (新北市), Greater Taichung and Greater Kaohsiung in 2010, as well as the approved administrative upgrade of what is now Taoyuan County, which will take effect by Dec....(size: 2.7Kb)
Taipei Times
21 Dec 2012
Greater Taichung-based Full Wang International Development Co (富旺國際開發) said yesterday it may swing into profit this year after trimming land stock and downsizing its loss-making brokerage business ... The company undertakes both residential and industrial urban regeneration and property dealership projects, he said ... The company plans to roll out NT$5 billion worth of new home projects in Hsinchu and Greater Taichung next year. ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Taipei Times
21 Dec 2012
Tseng Si-ru (曾思儒) and Hung Ming-tsung (洪明聰) were executed in Taipei Prison; Chen Chin-huo (陳金火) and Kwang Teh-chiang (廣德強) in Greater Taichung Prison; Huang Hsien-cheng (黃賢正) in Greater Tainan Prison; and Tai Te-ying (戴德穎) in Greater Kaohsiung Prison, Deputy Minister of Justice Chen Shou-huang (陳守煌) told a press conference ... in then-Taichung County....(size: 3.2Kb)
The Australian
21 Dec 2012
Two were executed in the capital city of Taipei, two in the central city of Taichung, and two in the south of the island, the justice ministry said in a statement on its website. Taiwan executed five prisoners in March 2011 and four in April 2010 ... The statement did not describe how the six were executed Friday ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
noodls
20 Dec 2012
(Source. Taichung City Government). Local Tax Bureau of Taichung City Government said that the preferential tax rate for self-use residential land is limited to only one place where the land owner, his or her spouse and minor dependents live ... This noodl was issued by Taichung City Government and was initially posted at www.taichung.gov.tw ... (noodl....(size: 2.0Kb)
Taipei Times
20 Dec 2012
DIPLOMACY ... TOURISM ... The Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) has announced the nomination of Yen Kuan-hen (顏寬恆), son of former Non-Partisan Solidarity Union legislator Yen Ching-piao (顏清標), to run in the legislative by-election in the second electoral district of Greater Taichung ... Although Yen Ching-piao was an independent, he was deemed close to the KMT and his imprisonment could have an impact on the political makeup of Greater Taichung ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
Taipei Times
20 Dec 2012
Next year, SPIL plans to spend NT$11.3 billion (US$388 million) on equipment purchases and engineer training, the Taichung-based company said in a statement to the Taiwan Stock Exchange after the company’s board approved the budget plan ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
Taipei Times
20 Dec 2012
As of Wednesday enterprises and hospitals including Microlife Corp (百略醫學), Leo System Inc (國眾電腦), Far EasTone Telecommunications Co (遠傳電信), Netown Corp (真茂科技), Zoetronics Corp (觀微科技), Taiwan Adventist Hospital and Taichung Veterans General Hospital had joined the alliance ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
Taipei Times
20 Dec 2012
What would a Chthonic (閃靈) show be without a Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) flag burning? After the metal band’s sold-out concert at NeoStudio last Sunday, a few fans in the street put flame to a small KMT flag; burning it is basically an act of support for Taiwanese independence ... A week earlier on Dec ... The Mode Mall (新時代購物中心) in Taichung put out a list of Taiwan’s top 100 bands in late November, based on a fan vote ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
noodls
20 Dec 2012
(Source. Thomson Reuters Corporation) Thomson Reuters Provides PwC with Corporate Tax Technology in China. PwC signs three-year deal to use ONESOURCE Corporate Tax China ... -End-. Thomson Reuters ... About PwC - Globally ... Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Singapore, Taipei, Chongqing, Chungli, Dalian, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Hsinchu, Kaohsiung, Macau, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shenzhen, Suzhou, Taichung, Tainan, Tianjin, Xiamen and Xi'an ... Tel....(size: 5.5Kb)
| Taichung 臺中 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — Special municipality — | |||||
| Taichung City · 臺中市 | |||||
 |
|||||
|
|||||
| Nickname(s): Cultural City (Chinese: 文化城) | |||||
.svg) |
|||||
 |
|||||
| Coordinates: 24°09′N 120°40′E / 24.15°N 120.667°E / 24.15; 120.667Coordinates: 24°09′N 120°40′E / 24.15°N 120.667°E / 24.15; 120.667 | |||||
| Country |  Republic of China |
||||
| Region | Central Taiwan | ||||
| City seat | Xitun District | ||||
| Government | |||||
| • Mayor | Jason Hu (胡志強) | ||||
| Area(Ranked 6 of 22) | |||||
| • Total | 2,214.8968 km2 (855.1764 sq mi) | ||||
| Population (October 2010)[1] | |||||
| • Total | 2,629,323 | ||||
| • Density | 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi) | ||||
| Population ranked 3 of 22 | |||||
| Districts | 29 | ||||
| Bird | Little egret[2] | ||||
| Flower | Christmas Kalanchoe[3] | ||||
| Tree | Palimara Alstonia[4] | ||||
| Website | English Chinese |
||||
Taichung (臺中; literally "Central Taiwan") is a city located in west-central Taiwan, with a population of just over 2.6 million people, making it the third largest city on the island after New Taipei and Kaohsiung. On 25 December 2010, it merged with Taichung County to form a single special municipality.[5] The city's motto is "economic, cultural and international city."
Contents |
Geography[link]
Taichung City is located in the Taichung Basin[6] along the main western coastal plain that stretches from northern Taiwan along the west coast nearly to the southern tip. The city is located just north of 24° north and about 120.5° east longitude.
Taichung City borders Changhua County (彰化縣), Nantou County (南投縣), Hualien County (花蓮縣), Yilan County (宜蘭縣), Hsinchu County (新竹縣), Miaoli County (苗栗縣).
The Central Mountain Range lies just to the east of the city. Lower, rolling hills run to the north leading to Miaoli County. Flat coastal plains dominate the landscape to the south leading to Changhua County and the Taiwan Strait to the west.
Climate[link]
| Taichung | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 臺中 or 台中 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 台中 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Taichung has a warm humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cwa), with an average annual temperature of 23.0 °C (73.4 °F), and average annual rainfall of just above 1,700 millimetres (67 in).[7] The city sees an average humidity of 80%. Taichung has a milder climate than other major cities in Taiwan. Due to the protection provided by the Central Mountain Range to the east and the Miaoli hills to the north, Taichung is rarely severely affected by typhoons. However, occasional typhoons emerging from the South China Sea will pose a threat to the city as evidenced by Typhoon Wayne in 1986 which struck Taiwan from the west coast near Taichung.[8]
| Climate data for Taichung (1971-2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 22.0 (71.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.9 (89.4) |
30.1 (86.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.2 (61.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.7 (74.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 36.3 (1.429) |
87.8 (3.457) |
94.0 (3.701) |
134.5 (5.295) |
225.3 (8.87) |
342.5 (13.484) |
245.8 (9.677) |
317.1 (12.484) |
98.1 (3.862) |
16.2 (0.638) |
18.6 (0.732) |
25.7 (1.012) |
1,641.9 (64.642) |
| % humidity | 76.1 | 77.6 | 77.9 | 78.2 | 79.5 | 79.5 | 76.8 | 79.3 | 76.8 | 74.8 | 74.1 | 74.0 | 77.1 |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.4 | 9.9 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 12.7 | 14.9 | 12.7 | 15.1 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 115.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 172.7 | 134.9 | 155.8 | 153.1 | 155.4 | 169.7 | 210.6 | 191.8 | 192.8 | 201.1 | 171.4 | 175.5 | 2,084.8 |
| Source: [9] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121221165754/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
| Taichung City population by year[10] (as provincial city) |
|
|---|---|
| 1949 | 192,889 |
| 1985 | 674,936 |
| 1995 | 853,221 |
| 2000 | 965,790 |
| 2005 | 1,032,778 |
| 2010 | 1,082,163 |
| Taichung County population by year [11][12][13] |
|
|---|---|
| 1990 | 1,285,029 |
| 1995 | 1,378,000 |
| 2000 | 1,510,480 |
| 2009 | 1,562,162 |
Taichung’s population was an estimated 1,040,725 in August 2006. There are slightly more females in the city (50.97%) than males.
24.32% of residents are children, while 16.63% are young people, 52.68% are middle-age, and 6.73% are elderly.[14]
Fertility rate in Taichung City for women of childbearing age in 2007 was 1.165 for each woman according to Ministry of Interior statistics.
Educational Attainment[link]
According to the Ministry of Interior, there are 846,863 residents over the age of 15. Of those, educational attainment is as follows: graduate degrees - 33,371 (3.9%); university or college degrees - 136,076 (16.1%); junior college degrees - 122,442 (14.5%); senior high school - 55,432 (6.5%); vocational high school - 168,349 (19.9%); junior high school - 78,729 (9.3%); junior vocational school - 1,949 (0.2%); primary school - 80,004 (9,4%). The official literacy rate for the city is 99.04%.
History[link]
Early history[link]
Taiwanese aborigines, including the Babuza people, populated the plains that make up modern Taichung City. They lived by cultivating millet and taro and were hunter gatherers. Several local names in central Taiwan, including Shalu Township and Lukang Township in Changhua County contain the word for “deer.”[15]
File:Lecheng Temple.JPG
Lecheng Temple, built during the Qing Dynasty
File:Taichung Chishan Gate.JPG
Chishan Gate, built during the Qing Dynasty
Taichung was founded in 1705 as a part of Changhua County with the name of Dadun (ch: 大墩; p: Dàdūn; w: Ta-tun; lit. "large mound"). At this point in history, the Qing Dynasty, formed by invading Manchus in the 1640s, was consolidating its hold on western Taiwan, which it had wrested from the Cheng family in 1682. As a part of strengthening its control, a garrison was founded in 1721 near the site of present-day Taichung Park by Lan Ting-chen.[15]
All was not peaceful for Qing authorities in central Taiwan. North of the city, at the Dajia River, an aboriginal revolt broke out in 1731 after Chinese officials moved in and compelled them to provide labor. After being joined by other aboriginals, they drove as far south as the county seat of Changhua in May 1732 before being chased into the mountains by Qing forces.[16]
In 1786, another rebellion against the Qing authorities had its roots in the distriction of Dali. Led by Lin Shuang-wen, it began as an attempt to overthrow the Manchu government and restore the Ming Dynasty. Unfortunately, as they moved northward, they turned to slaughter and looting. They were eventually defeated by a coalition of Hakka, Quanzhou Fujianese descendants, and Aboriginal volunteers who joined with the government to defeat the rebels.[17]
Qing Dynasty rule era[link]
Taiwan became a province of Qing-dynasty China in 1885, and the city, named Dadun at the time, was designated capital of Taiwan Prefecture, one of three prefectures in the newly created Taiwan Province.[18] It was also initially designated as the provincial capital, and Qing official Liu Ming-chuan received the authority from the Guangxu Emperor to oversee development of the area. However, four years later, Liu was forced to “retire” by Empress Dowager Cixi, and the provincial capital was moved to what is now known as Taipei.
Japanese colonial era[link]
China lost the Sino-Japanese War in 1895. As a consequence, the Qing Dynasty was forced to surrender Taiwan to the Japanese in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Japanese changed the name of the city from Dadun to 台中 (Taichū in Japanese), and began to develop the city, setting themselves out to make it the first “modern” area of Taiwan.[19]
However, Taichū bore the brunt of early Japanese repression. There were many rebels who stated that they had accepted amnesty from the earlier period of rebellion when the Republic of Taiwan was declared in 1895. However, many of those same people continued anti-Japanese activities. On May 25, 1902, some 360 rebels and their families accepted invitations to surrender and receive amnesty and rewards. Instead of receiving amnesty, once inside, the Japanese locked the doors and slaughtered the former rebels.[18]
Taichung Park was completed in 1903. The old north gate, one of the few Liu-era structures to survive the Japanese reconstruction of the city was move to the new park.[citation needed] To this day, Taichung Park is one of the most popular places in the city for people to relax.
The first market in Taichū was built in 1908 along JiGuang Road between ZhongZheng and ChengGong Roads.[18] It is still used today, and is a popular spot to purchase food and other items in downtown Taichung. Taichung Middle School (now known as Taichung First Senior High School) was founded in 1913 by Lin Hsien-tang and his brother Lin Lie-tang, two wealthy Taiwanese intellectuals of the era. This was done in an effort to teach children the Culture of Taiwan and to foster a spirit of Taiwanese localization movement.[18]
Taichung Train Station was completed and began operation in 1917,[18] and still operates today.
File:Taichung Shinto Shrine at Baojue Temple.JPG
Shinto Shrine to Japan's WWII soldiers fighting overseas
Taichung was officially designated as a city by Japanese Imperial authorities in 1920, and Taichung City Hall was completed in 1924 after eleven years of construction.[18]
A Taiwanese cultural association founded in 1921 in Taipei by Lin Hsien-tang was moved to Taichū in 1927. Most of the members of this association were from Taichung and the surrounding area. The city became a center of Taiwanese culture and nationalism.[18]
The newfound prosperity of Taichung was eventually squandered by the war effort. When World War II ended in 1945, Taiwan’s economy, like Japan’s, was in shambles.
Chinese Nationalist-rule era (1945-1996)[link]
The Japanese were forced to surrender to Republic of China (ROC) forces on behalf of Allied forces on 25 October 1945, who came across the Strait on U.S. ships and accepted their surrender on behalf of the Allied Powers.
The early post-war era was one of transition and turmoil for Taiwan. Taiwanese nationalists had divided into three prominent groups, one of which was known as the Taichung Clique. These were men with relatively high social standing during the Japanese era, such as Lin Hsien-t’ang, Yang Chao-chia, Yeh Jung-chung, and others. These men attempted to take what they believed to be their rightful place as the political leaders of the island. However, the administrator of the island, Chen Yi, opposed this faction as it contained many people, especially merchants and landlords, who had opposed his policies.[20]
Under the authorities of the Republic of China, Taichung had become the center for organized crime and associated businesses.[citation needed] (http://english.tccg.gov.tw/index.php?print=print&page=government_report_01&id=1)
The Kuomintang (KMT), also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, relocated the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan upon losing the Chinese Civil War to the Communists.
Taichung was declared a special municipality in 1949 by the ROC government.
Politics[link]
Local Politics[link]
Unlike Taipei in the north, which is solidly in the Pan-Blue (pro-unification) political camp, and the southern cities of Kaohsiung and Tainan that are solidly Pan-Green (pro-independence), Taichung is far more balanced, with the urban city center area leaning Blue and the suburban and rural areas leaning Green. In fact, each of the two major political parties has won a mayoral election among the last three with at least 49 percent of the vote (Democratic Progressive Party in 1997 and the Kuomintang in 2001 and 2005.) Similarly, the Kuomintang majority in the City Council is not as large as it is in other cities, and is only negligible when one excludes Beitun District, which is solidly pro-Kuomintang. As a result of the relative moderate stand of the city residents, political upheaval and violence are far rarer in Taichung than in other large cities of the country.
Government[link]
File:Taichung City Council Building.jpg
Taichung City Council building
Taichung City’s executive branch is headed by mayor Jason Hu of the Kuomintang. Mayor Hu won re-election in December 2005 with more than fifty-eight percent of the vote.[21] This makes him the first candidate to achieve more than fifty percent of the vote in the Democratic Era of Taiwan, and represents an improvement of more than nine percent over his 2001 showing[22] despite the fact that he was one of four candidates (as opposed to there being only three in 2001.) The 1997 election was won by Chang Wen-Ying of the Democratic Progressive Party[23] Taichung’s legislative branch is a unicameral 46-member City Council. Each member is elected from one of six multiple member districts where each voter has only one vote. Thus, none of the elected council members has anywhere close to a majority of votes in their electoral district.
Council member breakdown by electoral district[24]
| Electoral District | Municipal Districts | City Council Seats |
|---|---|---|
| One | Central(中區) and West(西區) | Six |
| Two | North(北區) | Seven |
| Three | East(東區) and South(南區) | Eight |
| Four | Xitun(西屯區) | Eight |
| Five | Nantun(南屯區) | Six |
| Six | Beitun(北屯區) | Ten |
| Special | Plains Aborigines | One |
Council member breakdown by political party [24]
| Political Party | Alliance Affiliation | Elected Councilmembers |
|---|---|---|
| Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) | Pan-Blue | 24 |
| Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) | Pan-Green | 17 |
| People's First Party (PFP) | Pan-Blue | 2 |
| Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU) | Pan-Green | 1 |
| Independents | None | 2 |
Districts[link]
| Name | Hanzi | Population (2010) | Area (km2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| West District | 西區 | 117,645 | 5.7042 |
| Central District | 中區 | 22,935 | 0.8803 |
| East District | 東區 | 73,839 | 9.2855 |
| North District | 北區 | 147,779 | 6.9376 |
| South District | 南區 | 113,109 | 6.8101 |
| Beitun District | 北屯區 | 245,817 | 62.7034 |
| Nantun District | 南屯區 | 152,811 | 31.2578 |
| Xitun District | 西屯區 | 205,408 | 39.8467 |
| Dali District | 大里區 | 197,460 | 28.8758 |
| Fengyuan District | 豐原區 | 165,457 | 41.1845 |
| Taiping District | 太平區 | 172,865 | 120.7473 |
| Dajia District | 大甲區 | 78,503 | 58.5192 |
| Dongshi District | 東勢區 | 53,313 | 117.4065 |
| Qingshui District | 清水區 | 85,580 | 64.1709 |
| Shalu District | 沙鹿區 | 81,470 | 40.4604 |
| Wuqi District | 梧棲區 | 55,198 | 18.4063 |
| Da'an District | 大安區 | 20,292 | 27.4045 |
| Dadu District | 大肚區 | 55,745 | 37.0024 |
| Daya District | 大雅區 | 89,715 | 32.4109 |
| Heping District | 和平區 | 10,730 | 1037.8192 |
| Houli District | 后里區 | 54,286 | 58.9439 |
| Longjing District | 龍井區 | 74,064 | 38.0377 |
| Shengang District | 神岡區 | 63,761 | 35.0445 |
| Shigang District | 石岡區 | 16,012 | 18.2105 |
| Tanzi District | 潭子區 | 100,181 | 25.8497 |
| Waipu District | 外埔區 | 32,052 | 42.4099 |
| Wufeng District | 霧峰區 | 63,864 | 98.0779 |
| Wuri District | 烏日區 | 68,654 | 43.4032 |
| Xinshe District | 新社區 | 25,618 | 68.8874 |
- Beitun District (北屯區): Geographically, this is the largest district in the city, spreading from the north to the northeastern-most reaches of the city. It includes the comparatively rural area of Dakeng. It also includes the Taichung Folklore Park and Morrison Academy.
- Central District (中區): This is the smallest and most densely populated district in the city. It is home to the Taichung Train Station, Taichung Park, and a large number of traditional businesses in the downtown area. This district is home to the original suncake shop on Ziyou Road (自由路) and is where most of Taichung's major businesses used to be located.
- East District (東區): Literally on the other side of the tracks from the main part of the downtown area. The Taichung Central Department Store is located here.
- Nantun District (南屯區): Occupies the southwestern-most portions of the city. There is still considerable farmland in this area, but since the High Speed Rail has opened in the adjacent Wuri District there is a growing number of residents. Currently, Nantun is most well known for high property values and expensive, luxurious cottages, which have in turn attracted many large department stores into adjacent areas of Xitun District.
- North District (北區): Nestled between Central and Beitun Districts, it is home to the National Taichung First Senior High School and Yizhong Street (一中街), one of the best known shopping belt in the city. It is also home to the Natural Science Museum, Chungyou Department Store, and Zhongshan Hall.
- Xitun District (西屯區): This district spreads out to the western edge of the city and is home to Feng Chia and Tunghai Universities. It is also the location of many of the new, fashionable shopping areas in the city and is the area of greatest growth. The Taichung Industrial Park, World Trade Center, and the Chaoma Bus Station, a major embarkation point from the city. Major department stores include Idee, Shinkong Mitsukoshi, and Tiger City. The new City Hall is located near the eastern edge of this district on the major Taichung Port (Taizhonggang) Road.
- South District (南區): Occupying the southernmost part of the city, it is home to National Chung Hsing University and the Taichung Industrial High School.
- West District (西區): West District is home to the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts as well as the Municipal Cultural Center. A lot of cultural activities were held here. This area is also known for its restaurants, which have attracted many people come with their reputation for exotic cuisine. Taichung's old City Hall is here, as is National Taichung University. Sogo Department store is in the northern part of the district.
Culture and Recreation[link]
Professional Sports[link]
The Sinon Bulls is a professional baseball team playing in the four-team Chinese Professional Baseball League. While they are identified with Taichung City, many of their “home games” have been played outside of the city due to the inadequacies of the old Taichung Baseball Field. The team was expected to move into the newly completed Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium in 2008, but it turns out that no CPBL games will be played in the newly built stadium, with the exception of the annual all-star game on July 20.
Other Sporting Activities[link]
Taichung hosts two road races annually. The ING Marathon preparation 10K race is held every September in the Metropolitan Park. The Supau Cup Marathon is held on the city’s streets every autumn, either in October or November.
Museums and Cultural Centers[link]
- National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts: The National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts is located on the corner of Wuquan West Road and Meicun Road. It houses the world’s largest collection of Taiwanese art. There is a stream and nice outdoor area outside of the museum that is very popular with families when there is good weather.
- National Museum of Natural Science (NMNS): Located on Xitun Road, this is a popular local attraction with children. NMNS together with National Palace Museum in Taipei and the National Science and Technology Museum in Kaohsiung are called "the Museums of Taiwan". Across 22 acres (89,000 m2), the Museum is a six-venue complex housing the Space IMAX Theater, Science Center, Life Science Hall, Chinese Science Hall, Global Environment Hall and the Botanical Garden, excluding the Earthquake Museum in Wufong, which is dedicated to public education on seismology, located just 10 kilometers east of the main complex of NMNS. Over 30 permanent exhibit areas cover subjects on astronomy, space science, paleontology, ecology, gems and minerals, Taiwanese Aborigines, and tropical plants. Rotating special exhibits are a constant occurrence. It is also a place filled with hands-on exhibits that will delight children and adults of all ages.
- Taichung Municipal Cultural Center: The Municipal Cultural Center is located on Yingcai Road on property adjacent to the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts.
- Taichung Folklore Park: This park is dedicated to presenting a more traditional Taiwanese way of life. It includes a combination of authentic and recreated buildings and streets in an attempt to recreate a more rustic Taiwan.
- Taichung Winery: Dating back to the Japanese-era, this still- operational winery also includes a Wine Museum, which has displays on wine-making and the history of the winery.
- Stock 20: This converted railroad warehouse provides exhibition space for regular displays of modern art. Adjacent warehouses have been converted to provide studio space for local and foreign artists, and are frequently open to the public.
- Wenying Hall: A frequent venue for local art exhibitions and events. It includes an art display area along with a folk art museum and Zhongzheng Hall.
Parkways[link]
- Jianxing Parkway (健行園道)
- Meicun Parkway (美村園道)
- Jingguo Parkway (經國園道)
- Wuquan Parkway (五權園道, or 美術園道)
- Chonglun Parkway (崇倫園道)
- Shuyi Parkway (樹義園道)
- Zhongming Parkway (忠明園道)
- Xingda Parkway (興大園道)
- Dongguang Parkway (東光園道)
- ShuangShi Parkway (雙十園道)
Performance Venues[link]
- Zhongshan Hall: Zhongshan Hall is a popular venue for a variety of performances including musical, opera, ballet, dance, theatrical, and other performances. Seating capacity is 1,692.
- Fulfillment Amphitheater: This recently completed outdoor venue is located in the Wenxin Forest Park and is suitable for a wide range of outdoor performances.*Zhongxing Hall at National Taichung Library
Temples[link]
Main article: Temples of Taichung
File:Taichung Lin Shi Family Temple.jpg
Lin Family Shrine. Originally built in Dali, Taichung County during the Qing Dynasty and later moved to Taichung City.
File:Taichung Wen Chang Temple.JPG
Wen Chang Temple in the northern part of Taichung City. Built during the Qing Dynasty
Temples can be found all over the city of Taichung. While many of them are of recent construction, others are considered historic and are indicative of the changing currents through Taichung’s history.
- Confucius Temple
- Martyr’s Shrine: Adjacent to the temple is the Martyr’s Shrine, dedicated to the hero’s of the Republic of China.
- Pao Hueh Temple: This is a Buddhist temple which features the “Big Budda.” The gold, seven-floor Buddha is dedicated to Maitreya. The temple grounds also include a Japanese Shinto shrine.
- ChengHuang Temple: This temple was established during the Qing Dynasty, and has since been renovated numerous times. Its main festival is the 15th day of the sixth lunar month.
- WanChun Temple: Established during the height of the Qing Dynasty more than two hundred years ago, it is home to a couplet written by Emperor Kuangshu. It is also noted for its life-like carvings.
- Li Ancestral Shrine:
- Wen Chang Temple: Built around 1825, this temple is dedicated to the “Scholar God.” Students frequently come to pray prior to exams to get good scores.
- LeCheng Temple: Over two hundred years old, the Le Cheng temple is dedicated to the goddess Mazu, and is known locally as the “Hanxi Mazu.” It includes an ancient cauldron and other artifacts.
- WanHe Temple: This temple was built during the Qing Dynasty in thanks to the goddess Mazu. It is noted for exquisitely-designed carvings.
National and Municipal Historical Sites[link]
- National Category 2 Historical Site
Taichung Train Station, Wufeng Lin Family Mansion and Garden
- National Category 3 Historical Sites
Chang-Liao Family Shrine, Wenchang Temples, Lin Family Shrine, Chang Family Ancestral Shrine, Wanhe Temple, Lecheng Temple
- Municipal Historical Sites
Lake Pavilion in Taichung Park, Chishan Gate, Japanese-era Municipal Building
- Unclassified
Taichung City Hall
Night Markets[link]
Taichung has several open-air night markets that feature local food and diversions:[25]
- Fengjia Shopping Town - located adjacent to Feng Chia University
- Zhong Hua Night Market - located in the heart of Central District, along ZhongHua (Jung Hua) Road.
- Zhong Xiao Night Market - located south of the Taichung Railroad Station around the intersections of ZhongXiao, Taichung and GuoGuang roads.
Other Annual Activities[link]
- The Taichung Jazz Festival takes place annually through the month of October. It features a variety of acts at numerous venues throughout the city.
Economy[link]
Taichung has a vibrant, diverse economy that incorporates traditional businesses, small family-run shops and factories, large industrial areas, and a thriving commercial sector.
The heart of Taichung’s economy has long been the small business. The small business sector still thrives in the city and is in most evidence in the downtown area with small eateries, traditional markets, and other various family businesses. Taichung's Chun Shui Tang teahouse (春水堂) is where bubble tea was invented, by a teahouse owner, Liu Han Chie (劉漢介).[26] Taichung is most famous for its suncakes (taiyang bing).[27]
Taichung is an important center for a number of key industries. The city is a major manufacturer of bicycles and related parts, and sporting goods. Small metalworking, mold and die enterprises abound. During the heyday of the Taiwanese Miracle, the city hosted the famous "Shoes Nest," hundreds of small firms involved in the shoe industry, which has since moved to China. Nike's Asian design center is located in Taichung.
Xitun District is the home of Taichung’s Industrial Zone. Taichung’s World Trade Center Building is the symbolic heart of the zone, where various trade shows and exhibitions are held throughout the year. Most of Taichung’s traditional manufacturing base is in this area, which is the area of Taichung City that is nearest the port. In the northeast part of Xitun District, along the border with neighboring Taichung County, there is a science-based Industrial Park.
The growing prosperity of Taichung residents has resulted in the explosive growth of the upscale retail sector, with the opening of massive up-market department stores, as well as the construction of several luxurious condo complexes in the rapidly developing areas near a newly constructed government complex, as well as the growth of up-market neighborhoods in Beitun District.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Taichung
File:National Taichung University.JPG
National Taichung Educational University 國立台中教育大學
Taichung City offers a full range of educational opportunities for its residents. From kindergartens to national universities, Taichung has schools that fit nearly every need from bilingual kindergartens to world class public and private university education.
Below is an accounting of the schools that can be found in Taichung City:
- 3 public universities
- 6 private universities
- 3 junior colleges
- 7 public senior high schools
- 7 private senior high schools
- 4 vocational high schools
- 2 special education schools
- 25 public junior high schools
- 7 private junior high schools
- 58 public elementary schools
- 7 private elementary schools
- 3 international schools
- 3 Chinese language training centers (including Taichung County)
- undeterminable number of kindergartens and cram schools
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Taichung
Rail[link]
In Taichung, there are two railways in parallel, one is Mountain Line which passes through urban area, and the other is Coastal line which passes through rural area.
Along Mountain Line, there are (from south to north):
Chenggong Station (成功車站)
Xinwuri Station (新烏日車站)
Wuri Station (烏日車站)
Daqing Station (大慶車站)
Wuchuan Station (五權車站) - under construction
Taichung Station (台中車站)
Jingwu Station (精武車站) - under construction
Taiyuan Station (太原車站)
Songzhu Station (松竹車站) - under construction
Toujiacuo Station (頭家厝車站) - under construction
Tanzi Station (潭子車站)
Fengnan Station (豐南車站) - under construction
Fengyuan Station (豐原車站)
Houli Station (后里車站)
Tai'an Station (泰安車站)
Along Coastal Line, there are (from south to north):
Zhuifen Station (追分車站)
Dadu Station (大肚車站)
Longjing Station (龍井車站)
Shalu Station (沙鹿車站)
Qingshui Station (清水車站)
Taichung Port Station (台中港車站)
Dajia Station (大甲車站)
Rinan Station (日南車站)
Taichung Station is located on Jianguo Road (建國路). There is a small square in the front of the station, and numerous bus companies have stations within a three-minute walk of the station. They provide comprehensive local bus service along with long-distance bus services, many of which are to towns not served by trains.
Taichung Station lies on the Taiwan Railway Administration Mountain Line, which splits from the coastal line from Changhua City to the south of Taichung, to Jhunan, near Hsinchu, to the north.
The first southbound train departs for Pingtung at 6:05 in the morning while the first northbound train departs for Taipei at 6:10 am. The last trains in the early morning depart at 2:37 am and 2:46 for Pingtong and respectively.
There are two other local train stations within the city limits of Taichung. They are Taiyuan Station located in Beitun District and Daqing Station in South District. Both are only serviced by local trains.
The new Taiwan High Speed Rail was recently completed, allowing travel to Taipei and Kaohsiung in 40 minutes. The THSR Taichung Station is located in Wuri and is served both by local trains as well as free shuttle buses into the city.
Sea Port[link]
Taichung Harbor, located on the coast in Taichung County, is the second largest cargo facility on the island capable of handling container shipping.
Despite being the second largest port on the island of Taiwan, there are no passenger ferry services available and the port is closed to unauthorized personnel.
Inner City Traffic[link]
Unlike other major cities, Taichung has no expressway crossing the city. The heaviest traffic congestion is on Taichung Harbor Road (台中港路), which can come to a stand still not only during rush hour, but also on weekends or late evenings as many of the most popular shopping centers and movie theaters are on that stretch of road. Other busy stretches of road include SanMin Road near Chungyou Department Store and Yizhong Street, especially during late evening, when local cram schools and baseball games typically let out.
The downtown area is roughly a grid pattern with Ziyou Road (自由路) and SanMin （三民路） running southwest to northeast while Zhongzheng Road (中正路) and Linsen Road (林森路) run northwest from the center of the city, in addition to the more narrow one-way roads that follow the grid pattern as well.
A large number of multi-lane roads lead out of the downtown area in all directions. Some of these roads are divided by a physical barrier or median to enhance safety. These roads include Taichung Harbor Road (台中港路), Wuquan West Road (五權西路), Beitun Road (北屯路), Taiyuan Road (太原路), Hanxi Road (旱溪路), Guoguang Road (國光路), Zhongqing Road (中清路,) Wuquan South Road (五權南路) and Wenxin South Road (文心南路).
Stop lights and lane indicators are generally observed on major streets, but are often viewed more as suggestions rather than legally enforced traffic rules unless traffic police officers are present. Speed limits are often not enforced, except where specifically designated speed detection cameras are present and marked with signs, making traffic conditions some of the most dangerous on the island. Most major intersections have traffic signs with Romanized names. However, despite the fact that Taichung City has recently declared Hanyu Pinyin the official romanization system for the city, there are numerous signs leftover from previous romanizations while the a large number of minor intersections have no romanization of any kind. Navigation in Taichung City is extremely difficult for those who are unable to read Chinese characters.
Mass Rapid Transit[link]
See also: Taichung Metropolitan Area MRT System
The city currently does not have any type of rapid transit system, though construction on the first line of the municipal MRT system is scheduled to begin in October 2009 with completion of the Wurih-Beitun line schedule for completion in 2014 or 2015.[citation needed]
While a bus system exists covering parts of the city, it is not reliable in all places. Among the bus companies providing local service are Taichung Bus Company (台中客運), Fengyuan Bus Company (豐原客運), Changhua Bus Company (彰化客運), and Presidential Bus Company. While heavily congested areas have buses, other areas have intermittent to no service. While there is theoretically a schedule when buses are to arrive, they are often not reliable. Signs at bus stops are not bilingual, not complete and often, not current.
Freeways and Expressways[link]
National Highway No. 1 (國道一號), also known as the Sun Yat-Sen Freeway, passes through the western part of downtown Taichung and has five interchanges. The northernmost is in Houli District (甲后路), the second in Fengyuan District (中山路), the next two are in Xitun District (中清路 and 中港路), another in Nantun District (五權西路), and the southernmost is in Dadu District (沙田路). It also has one junction with National Highway No. 4 in Shengang District.
The second most important North-South freeway, the National Highway No. 3, passes through the city, it has four interchanges, the first in Dajia District (甲后路), the next in Shalu District (明德路), another in Longjing District (中興路), and the northernmost in Wuri District (環中路).
The only national highway completely within the city limits of Taichung is the National Highway No. 4, connecting (from East to West) the districts of Fengyuan, Shengang and Qingshui, and has two junctions, one with Highway No. 1 and the other with Highway No. 3.
Taichung-Changhua Expressway (中彰快速道路,) is the main stretch of Provincial Highway No. 74 that runs from northwestern Taichung City into the northern part of Changhua City just to the south of Taichung. At some points, it is just a few dozen meters east of the Sun Yat-Sen Freeway. While it does not connect directly to that highway, it does have an interchange with National Highway No. 3 (國道三號) in Wuri District, where one can then access it in a couple of minutes.
Taichung-Nantou Highway (中投公路,) also known as Provincial Highway No. 63, runs from Dali District to Nantou County. It can be accessed by driving on Wuquan South Road. While there is no direct interchange with National Highway No. 3, one can get off in Wufeng and, after about two minutes on surface roads, easily access the highway.
Taichung International Airport[link]
Main article: Taichung Airport
The Taichung International Airport is the third and newest international airport in Taiwan. The Taichung International Airport civilian terminal is located on the western corner of Ching Chuan Kang Air Base (CCK), about 20 kilometers (12 mi) from downtown Taichung City. The main road linking Taichung and the airport is Zhongqing Road (Provincial Route 10). The airport is located within a kilometer (1,100 yd) of the Shalu (沙鹿) Exit on National Highway Number 3.
In 2002, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications began working on a plan to move air traffic from Taichung's ShuiNan Airport to the CCK Air Force base as a first step to converting CCK into a new international airport to facilitate larger aircraft.
The airport opened in early 2004, and the expanded facility at CCK Air Force Base has a much longer runway capable of handling larger aircraft. International charter flight service from the city began the same day.
The opening of The Taichung International Airport did spark a spat of partisan controversies about being incomplete and safety concerns were raised.[28] The fact that Taiwan has more airports per capita than any other country in the region and prohibits private airplanes fell on deaf ears because the anticipated and protracted opening of direct links with the Chinese mainland are expected to require an increase in air traffic.
Taichung's airport currently handles daily scheduled flights between Taichung and the cities of Taipei and Hualian, as well as the offshore islands of Penghu (Pescadores) and Kinmen. Airlines operating out of Taichung include Mandarin and UNI. International air services are expected to continue growing to include charter flights between Taichung and South Korea, plus special charter flights to other destinations and possibly the Chinese mainland.
Romanization[link]
Taichung City is in the process of implementing Hanyu Pinyin on road signs throughout the city. However, there are still signs displaying spellings from previously-used romanization systems as well as Tongyong Pinyin and systems that do not conform to any standard system.[29] Unlike Taipei which uses a capital letter at the beginning of every syllable, Taichung City uses the standard form of Hanyu Pinyin on street signs erected in recent years. However, the municipal website uses the Taipei system. Most major intersections have at least one sign containing some form of romanization. Nearly every intersection in the downtown area has signs in Hanyu Pinyin. However, outside of the downtown area, while coverage by Hanyu Pinyin signs is improving, many intersections have signs in other romanization systems (especially Wade-Giles and MPS2) or no Romanized signs at all.
International relations[link]
Taichung has signed sister city agreements with nineteen cities in nine countries since 1965. They are listed below along with the dates that the agreements were signed.[30]
New Haven, Connecticut, USA (March 29, 1965)
Chungju, Republic of Korea (November 27, 1969)
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (November 21, 1978)- Tucson, Arizona, USA (August 31, 1979)
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (April 18, 1980)
- Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA (October 8, 1981)
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (April 2, 1982)
Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (December 9, 1983)- San Diego, California, USA (November 19, 1983)
- Reno, Nevada, USA (October 8, 1985)
- Austin, Texas, USA (September 22, 1986)
- Manchester, New Hampshire, USA (May 8, 1989)
North Shore City, New Zealand (December 17, 1996)[Note 1]- Tacoma, Washington, USA (July 19, 2000)
Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands (July 19, 2002)
San Pedro Sula, Honduras (October 28, 2003)
City of Makati, Philippines (July 27, 2004)- Columbus, Georgia, USA (November 11, 2007)
References[link]
- ^ "Taichung's Population". http://webeng.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=10&pid=5. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
- ^ "Taichung's City Bird: Little Egret". http://webeng.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=7&pid=9. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
- ^ "Taichung's City Flower: Christmas Kalanchoe". http://webeng.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=8&pid=8. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
- ^ "Taichung's City Tree: Palimara Alstonia". http://webeng.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=9&pid=7. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
- ^ http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xitem=53774&ctnode=413&mp=9
- ^ "Taichung Geography". http://webeng.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=3&pid=10. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
- ^ "Districts & Landmarks". http://webeng.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=2&pid=12. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Typhoon Wayne (12W)" (PDF). http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1986atcr/pdf/wnp/12w.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
- ^ "Statistics > Monthly Mean". Central Weather Bureau. http://www.cwb.gov.tw/eng/index.htm.
- ^ http://www.tccg.gov.tw/sys/SM_theme?page=41448784
- ^ http://www.stat.gov.tw/public/Attachment/511914132171.doc
- ^ http://www.stat.gov.tw/public/Attachment/0761118271.pdf
- ^ http://www.fengyuan.gov.tw/service/information_work/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7ALL.pdf
- ^ "Taichung's Population". http://webeng.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=10&pid=5. Retrieved 2006-09-26.
- ^ a b Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Cornell University. p. 27.
- ^ Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Cornell University. p. 22.
- ^ Gardella, Robert (1999). "From Treaty Ports to Provincial Status, 1860-1894". In Rubinstein, Murry A.. Taiwan: A New History. M.E. Sharpe. p. 164.
- ^ a b c d e f g "From Aboriginal Homeland to Modern City: A Look at Taichung's Rich History". http://english.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=5&pid=1. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
- ^ Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Cornell University. p. 36.
- ^ Phillips, Steven (1999). "Between Assimilation and Independence: Taiwanese Political Aspirations Under Chinese Nationalist Rule, 1945-1948". In Rubinstein, Murry A.. Taiwan: A New History. M.E. Sharpe. p. 286.
- ^ R.O.C. Central Election Commission. "R.O.C. 2005 County/City Magistrate/Mayoral election results". http://210.69.23.140/vote3.asp?pass1=F2005A0000000000aaa. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
- ^ R.O.C. Central Election Commission. "R.O.C. 2001 County/City Magistrate/Mayoral election results". http://210.69.23.140/vote3.asp?pass1=F2001A0000000000aaa. Retrieved 2006-10-14.
- ^ R.O.C. Central Election Commission. "R.O.C. 1997 County/City Magistrate/Mayoral election results". http://210.69.23.140/vote3.asp?pass1=F1997A0000000000aaa. Retrieved 2006-10-14.
- ^ a b Taichung City Council. "Introduction to City Council members". http://www.tccn.gov.tw/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
- ^ Chiu, Lisa (1998). "ABOUT TOWN: Hitting the Night Markets". Compass Magazine (Taichung, Taiwan) 5 (5). http://www.taiwanfun.com/central/taichung/articles/9808/9808AboutTown.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-10
- ^ "台式茶文化登陸──春水堂". Taiwan Panorama. 2006-12. http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/show_issue.php?id=2006129512026c.txt&cur_page=2&table=0&h1=%C0%F4%B9%D2%A5%CD%BAA&h2=&search=&height=&type=&scope=&order=&keyword=&lstPage=&num=&year=2006&month=12. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ^ "Let’s Go On a Backpacking! – The Must-buy Taichung Local Specialties". Tra News. http://en.tw.tranews.com/Show/Style203/News/c1_News.asp?SItemId=0271030&ProgramNo=A000203000002&SubjectNo=74863. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ^ "New Taiwan airport sparks political squabble". March 4, 2004. http://archives.californiaaviation.org/airport/msg29475.html. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
- ^ "Romanization of Taichung's top 50 Main Roads". http://webeng.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=15&pid=15. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
- ^ "Taichung City Diplomacy". http://webeng.tccg.gov.tw/general.php?page=general_brief_01&id=16&pid=16. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Taichung |
- Taichung City Government Website (Chinese) (English)
- Taichung Harbor Website
- National Taichung Library
|
|
|||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Taichung
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Taichung
http://cs.wn.com/Tchaj-čung
http://id.wn.com/Kota Taichung
http://es.wn.com/Taichung
http://ru.wn.com/Тайчжун
http://nl.wn.com/Taichung
http://pt.wn.com/Taichung
http://pl.wn.com/Taizhong
http://fr.wn.com/Taichung
http://de.wn.com/Taichung
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Lady Gaga | |
|---|---|
 Lady Gaga performing on The Monster Ball Tour in 2010 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta |
| Born | (1986-03-28) March 28, 1986 (age 26) New York, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, dance, electronic |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, performance artist, record producer, dancer, businesswoman, activist |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Labels | Def Jam, Cherrytree, Streamline, Kon Live, Interscope |
| Website |
 Lady Gaga's signature |
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.
Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.
Influenced by David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Madonna and Queen, Lady Gaga is recognized for her flamboyant, diverse and outré contributions to the music industry through her fashion, performances and music videos. She has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time and her singles are some of the best selling worldwide.[1] Her achievements include five Grammy Awards and 13 MTV Video Music Awards. Lady Gaga has consecutively appeared on Billboard magazine's Artists of the Year (scoring the definitive title in 2010), ranked fourth in VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, is regularly placed on lists composed by Forbes magazine and was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.[2][3] In 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing more than $25 million.[4]
Contents |
Biography[link]
1986–2004: Early life[link]
Lady Gaga was born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on March 28, 1986 in New York City to parents Cynthia (née Bissett) and Joseph Germanotta, an Internet entrepreneur.[5][6] Descending from Italian and more distant French-Canadian roots, Gaga is the elder of two children.[7][8] Her sister, Natali, a fashion student, was born in 1992.[9][10] Despite her seemingly affluent upbringing in the family home in Manhattan's Upper West Side, Gaga has stressed that she did not come from a wealthy background, stating that her parents "both came from lower-class families, so we've worked for everything—my mother worked eight to eight out of the house, in telecommunications, and so did my father."[11][12]
From the age of 11, Gaga – who was raised Roman Catholic – attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school on Manhattan's Upper East Side.[13][14][15] She described her academic life in high school as "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined" but also "a bit insecure": "I used to get made fun of for being either too provocative or too eccentric, so I started to tone it down. I didn't fit in, and I felt like a freak."[16][17] Acquaintances dispute that she did not fit in at school. "She had a core group of friends; she was a good student. She liked boys a lot, but singing was No. 1," recalled a former high school classmate.[18] Gaga began playing the piano at the age of 4, went on to write her first piano ballad at 13, and started to perform at open mike nights by the age of 14.[19][20] Her passion for musical theatre brought her lead roles in high school productions, including Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.[21] She also appeared in a very small role as a mischievous classmate in the television drama series The Sopranos in a 2001 episode titled "The Telltale Moozadell" in addition to unsuccessfully auditioning for parts in New York shows.[11][22]
When her time at the Convent of the Sacred Heart came to an end, her mother encouraged her to apply for the Collaborative Arts Project 21 (CAP21), a musical theatre training conservatory at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.[11] After becoming one of twenty students to gain early admission, she eventually lived in an NYU dorm on 11th Street by the age of 17.[21] CAP21 prepared her for her future career focus in "music, art, sex and celebrity" where, in addition to sharpening her songwriting skills, she composed essays and analytical papers on art, religion, social issues and politics, including a thesis on pop artists Spencer Tunick and Damien Hirst.[20][23][24] With CAP21, she also tried out for and won auditions, including the part of an unsuspecting diner customer for MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.[11][25] But Gaga felt more creative than some of her classmates. "Once you learn how to think about art, you can teach yourself," she said.
2005–07: Career beginnings[link]
Gaga withdrew from CAP21 at 19, in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career.[26] Her father agreed to pay her rent for a year, on the condition that she re-enroll at Tisch if unsuccessful. "I left my entire family, got the cheapest apartment I could find, and ate shit until somebody would listen," she remembers.[21] Settled in a small apartment on Rivington Street towards the summer of 2005, Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel, for an audio book accompanying the children's book The Portal in the Park, by Cricket Casey.[11][27] She also began a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU – guitarist Calvin Pia, bassist Eli Silverman, drummer Alex Beckham and booking manager Frank Fredericks – in September of that year.[11][21] The band played a mixture of songs: some self-penned alongside classic rock numbers like Led Zeppelin's "D'yer Mak'er".[11] Playing in bars like the Greenwich Village's The Bitter End and the Lower East Side's the Mercury Lounge, the band developed a small fan base and caught the eye of music producer Joe Vulpis.[11] Soon after arranging time in Vulpis' studio in the months that followed, SGBand were selling their extended plays Words and Red and Blue (both 2005) at gigs around New York while becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene.[21]
SGBand reached their career peak at the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June where Wendy Starland, a musician, appeared as a talent scout for music producer Rob Fusari. Starland informed Fusari – who was searching for a female singer to front a new band – of Gaga's ability and contacted her. With SGBand disbanded, Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with the music producer.[11] While in collaboration, Fusari compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen.[28] It was Fusari who helped create the moniker Gaga after the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga". Gaga was in the process of trying to come up with a stage name when she received a text message from Fusari that read "Lady Gaga."[29] He explained, "Every day, when Stef came to the studio, instead of saying hello, I would start singing 'Radio Ga Ga'. That was her entrance song" and that the text message was the result of a predictive text glitch that changed "radio" to "lady". She texted back, "That's it," and declared, "Don't ever call me Stefani again."[29][30] The New York Post, however, has reported that this story is incorrect, and that the name resulted from a marketing meeting.[18]
Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon set up a company titled Team Lovechild in which they recorded and produced electropop tracks and sent them to music industry bosses.[11] Joshua Sarubin, the head of A&R at Def Jam Recordings, responded positively and vied for the record company to take a chance on her "unusual and provocative" performance. After having his boss Antonio "L.A." Reid in agreement, Gaga was signed to Def Jam in September 2006 with the intention of having an album ready in nine months.[11] However, she was dropped by the label after only three months – an unfortunate period of her life that would later inspire her treatment for the music video for her 2011 single "Marry the Night".[31][32] Devastated, Gaga returned to the solace of the family home for Christmas and the nightlife culture of the Lower East Side.[11]
She became increasingly experimental: fascinating herself with emerging neo-burlesque shows, go-go dancing at bars dressed in little more than a bikini in addition to experimenting with drugs.[11][14] Her father, however, did not understand the reason behind her drug intake and could not look at her for several months.[14][30] "I was onstage in a thong, with a fringe hanging over my ass thinking that had covered it, lighting hairsprays on fire, go-go dancing to Black Sabbath and singing songs about oral sex. The kids would scream and cheer and then we'd all go grab a beer. It represented freedom to me. I went to a Catholic school but it was on the New York underground that I found myself."[23] It was then when she became romantically involved with a heavy metal drummer in a relationship and break-up she likened to the musical film Grease: "I was his Sandy, and he was my Danny, and I just broke." He later became an inspiration behind some of her later songs.[33]
During this time, she met performance artist Lady Starlight, who helped mold her on-stage persona.[34] Starlight explained that, upon their first meeting, Gaga wanted to perform with her to songs she had recorded with Fusari. Like SGBand, the pair soon began performing at many of the downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece was known as "Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue" and, billed as "The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow", was a low-fi tribute to 1970s variety acts.[35][36] Soon after, the two were invited to play at the 2007 Lollapalooza music festival in August that year.[37] The show was critically acclaimed, and their performance received positive reviews.[20][35] Having initially focused on avant-garde electronic dance music, Gaga had found her musical niche when she began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock of David Bowie and Queen into her music.[38]
While Gaga and Starlight were busy performing, producer Rob Fusari continued to work on the songs he had created with Gaga. Fusari sent these songs to his friend, producer and record executive Vincent Herbert.[39] Herbert was quick to sign her to his label Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records, upon its establishment in 2007.[40] Gaga later credited Herbert as the man who discovered her, adding "I really feel like we made pop history, and we're gonna keep going."[39] Having served as an apprentice songwriter under an internship at Famous Music Publishing, which was later acquired by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Gaga subsequently struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV.[41] As a result, she was hired to write songs for Britney Spears and labelmates New Kids on the Block, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls.[41] At Interscope, singer-songwriter Akon recognized her vocal abilities when she sang a reference vocal for one of his tracks in studio.[42] Akon then convinced Interscope-Geffen-A&M Chairman and CEO Jimmy Iovine to form a joint deal by having her also sign with his own label Kon Live, making her his "franchise player."[31][43]
As 2007 came to a close, her former management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.[44] The first song she produced with RedOne was "Boys Boys Boys", a mash-up inspired by Mötley Crüe's "Girls, Girls, Girls" and AC/DC's "T.N.T.".[30][44] Gaga continued her collaboration with RedOne in the recording studio for a week on her debut album and also joined the roster of Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter Martin Kierszenbaum, after co-writing four songs with Kierszenbaum including the singles "Christmas Tree" and "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)".[41] Despite her secure record deal, she admitted that there was fear about her being too "racy", "dance-orientated" and "underground" for the mainstream market. Her response: "My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next."[15]
[edit] 2008–10: The Fame and The Fame Monster
By 2008, Gaga had relocated to Los Angeles in order to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album and set up her own creative team Haus of Gaga, modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory.[30][45] The Fame was first released on August 19, 2008 to slow radio play. Gaga supported it by performing around Europe and in small gay clubs around the US in addition to being billed as a supporting artist on the North American leg of New Kids on the Block's reunion concert tour.[46][47] A sleeper hit, lead single "Just Dance" had preceded the album's release by four months but only hit the summit of the international charts in January 2009, provoking the instant success of the album, earning her first Grammy Award nomination (for Best Dance Recording) and becoming one of the best-selling singles worldwide.[46][48] Gaga achieved a greater unexpected success when "Poker Face", another sleeper hit, reached number one in most major music markets worldwide in early 2009, selling 9.8 million singles worldwide.[49][50] The follow-up single won the award for Best Dance Recording at the 52nd Grammy Awards over nominations for Song of the Year and Record of the Year.
The Fame itself was nominated for Album of the Year while winning Best Dance/Electronica Album at the same ceremony.[51] Contemporary critics lauded the album, describing it as an exploration of her obsession with fame and the intricacies of a rich and famous lifestyle, noting its combination of genres "from Def Leppard drums and hand claps to metal drums on urban tracks", the inspiration drawn from 1980s synthpop and incorporation of dance music with clear hooks.[31] The Fame went to number one in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK and appeared in the top five in Australia, the US and 15 other countries.[52][53] It also stayed atop the Dance/Electronic Albums chart for 106 non-consecutive weeks and, since its release, has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.[54] The album's success spawned many 2009 honors including Billboard magazine's Rising Star award and the accumulation of 3 of 9 MTV Video Music Awards nominations, winning Best New Artist with the video for her single "Paparazzi" gaining Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects.[55][56] In addition to being an opening act on the Pussycat Dolls' Doll Domination Tour during the first half of 2009 in Europe and Oceania, she also embarked on her own six-month critically appreciated worldwide concert tour The Fame Ball Tour which ran from March to September 2009.[57][58]
While she traveled the globe, she wrote The Fame Monster, an EP of eight songs released in November 2009. Each song, dealing with the darker side of fame from personal experience, is expressed through a monster metaphor. Making Gaga the first artist in digital history to have three singles (alongside "Just Dance" and "Poker Face") to pass the four million mark in digital sales, its lead single "Bad Romance" topped the charts in eighteen countries and reached the top two in the US, Australia and New Zealand while accruing the Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video.[59] The second single "Telephone", which features singer Beyoncé, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and became Gaga's fourth UK number one single; its accompanying music video, although controversial, received positive reception from contemporary critics who praised her for "the musicality and showmanship of Michael Jackson and the powerful sexuality and provocative instincts of Madonna."[60][61] Her following single "Alejandro" paired Gaga with fashion photographer Steven Klein for a music video similarly as controversial – critics complimented its ideas and dark nature but the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her alleged use of blasphemy.[62] Despite the controversy surrounding her music videos, they made Gaga the first artist to gain over one billion viral views on video-sharing website YouTube.[63] At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga won 8 of her 13 nominations, including Video of the Year for "Bad Romance" (with "Telephone" also nominated), which made her the first female artist to be nominated twice for the award.[64][65] In addition, The Fame Monster garnered a total of six nominations at the 53rd Grammy Awards – equating to the amount of Grammy nominations her debut received – winning Best Pop Vocal Album and earning her a second-consecutive nomination for Album of the Year.[66][67]
The success of the album allowed Gaga to start her second worldwide concert tour, The Monster Ball Tour, just weeks after the release of The Fame Monster and months after having finished The Fame Ball Tour.[68] Upon finishing in May 2011, the critically acclaimed and commercially accomplished tour ran for over one and a half years and grossed $227.4 million, making it one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time and the highest-grossing for a debut headlining artist.[69] Concerts performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a HBO television special titled Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden. The special accrued one of its five Emmy Award nominations and has since been released on DVD and Blu-ray.[70] Gaga also performed songs from the album at international events such as the 2009 Royal Variety Performance where she sang "Speechless", a power ballad, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II; the 52nd Grammy Awards where her opening performance consisted of the song "Poker Face" and a piano duet of "Speechless" in a medley of "Your Song" with Elton John; and the 2010 BRIT Awards where a performance of an acoustic rendition of "Telephone" followed by "Dance in the Dark" dedicated to the late fashion designer and close friend, Alexander McQueen, supplemented her hat-trick win at the awards ceremony.[71] Other performances may have included her participation in Michael Jackson's This Is It concert series at London's O2 Arena. "I was actually asked to open for Michael on his tour," she stated. "We were going to open for him at the O2 and we were working on making it happen. I believe there was some talk about us, lots of the openers, doing duets with Michael on stage."[72]
In 2009 she collaborated with consumer electronic company Monster Cable Products to create a pair of in-ear jewel-encrusted headphones titled Heartbeats. "They are designed to be the first ever fashion accessories that double as the absolute best sonically sounding headphones in the world," she commented.[73] Gaga also partnered with Polaroid in January 2010 as their Creative Director.[74] Excited about "blending the iconic history of Polaroid and instant film with the digital era," Gaga unveiled the first trio of new products called Grey Label: a pair of picture-taking sunglasses, a paperback-sized mobile printing unit and an updated version of the traditional Polaroid camera at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show.[75] But her collaboration with past producer Rob Fusari led to her production team, Mermaid Music LLC, being sued in March 2010 when he claimed that he was entitled to a 20% share of the company's earnings. Gaga's lawyer, Charles Ortner, described the agreement with Fusari as "unlawful" and declined to comment, but five months later, the New York Supreme Court dismissed both the lawsuit and a countersuit by Gaga.[76][77] In addition to such strife, Gaga was tested borderline positive for lupus, but claimed not to be affected by the symptoms. The revelations caused considerable dismay among fans, leading to Gaga addressing the matter in an interview with Larry King, saying she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.[78][79]
[edit] 2011–present: Born This Way
Gaga released her second studio album and third major release, Born This Way, on May 23, 2011. Described as a marriage of electronic music with metal, rock 'n' roll, pop and anthemic style melodies with sledge-hammering dance beats and referred to as an album "about what what keeps us up at night and what makes us afraid," Gaga characterized it as "something so much deeper than a wig or lipstick or a fucking meat dress" and, upon hearing it, Akon remarked that she is taking music to the "next level."[80][81] Upon release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its range of different styles and her vocals.[82][83] Born This Way sold 1.108 million copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than 20 other countries.[84] In addition to exceeding 8 million copies in worldwide sales, Born This Way received 3 Grammy Award nominations, including her third consecutive for Album of the Year.[85]
In the months prior to its unveiling, Gaga released the singles "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory" alongside promotional single "Hair". The eponymous lead single, first sung live at the 53rd Grammy Awards in a performance that saw Gaga emerge from an egg-like vessel, deals with self-acceptance regardless of race or sexual orientation. The single debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 19th number-one debut and the 1,000th number-one single in the history of the charts.[86] It sold more than 3 million digital copies in the US by October 2011, becoming her eighth consecutive single to exceed sales of 2 million and, with worldwide sales of 8.2 million copies by November 2011, one of her five best-selling singles worldwide.[87] Critics noted artistic and cultural references and praised the concept of the song's accompanying music video, in which Gaga gives birth to a new race amidst surrealistic images.[88][89] The video for "Judas", in which Gaga portrays Mary Magdalene, and Biblical figures such as Jesus Christ and Judas Iscariot are also featured, was criticized for its religious references but received acclaim for its overall delivery and praise from others who claimed that there was nothing offensive about it.[90] "Judas" also peaked within the top ten in several major musical markets, while "The Edge of Glory", first a commercial success in digital outlets, was later released as a single to critical appreciation, accompanied by a video which was notably stripped down from her usually "extravagant" efforts.[91][92] She released "You and I" and "Marry the Night" as the following singles from Born This Way. Although their "crazy and ambitious" videos were praised for their audacity, both songs failed to match the similar international success that their predecessors achieved.[93]
Gaga continued her musical endeavors by pairing with veteran artists like Tony Bennett to record a jazz version of "The Lady Is a Tramp".[94] She also recorded a duet with Cher on a "massive" and "beautiful" track, which Gaga "wrote a long time ago, and I've never put it on one of my own albums for, really, no particular reason."[95] Gaga also lent her vocals to an original duet with Elton John for the animated feature film Gnomeo & Juliet. The song, "Hello, Hello", was released without Gaga's vocals but the duet version features in the film.[96][97] She also continued her live appearances throughout 2011, performing a one-of-a-kind concert at the Sydney Town Hall on July 13 in promotion of Born This Way and at the celebration of former US president Bill Clinton's 65th birthday, wearing a blond wig as a nod to the famous performance of Marilyn Monroe for John F. Kennedy and changing the lyrics to "You and I" specifically for the performance.[98] Televised appearances comprised her own Thanksgiving Day television special entitled A Very Gaga Thanksgiving which was critically lauded, attained 5.749 million American viewers, and spawned the release of her fourth extended play A Very Gaga Holiday.[99] Her second performance on Saturday Night Live saw her singing a selection of Born This Way songs alongside appearing in number of sketches with Justin Timberlake and Andy Samberg.[100] In March 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing $25,353,039 dollars, which includes sales from Born This Way and her Monster Ball Tour.[4]
In early 2012, Gaga stated that songs for a new album were "beginning to flourish" as she worked with producer Fernando Garibay, while the accompanying tour for Born This Way was materializing.[101][102] Gaga's manager, Vincent Herbert, revealed that Gaga will is working on her upcoming album during the tour, stating that the material is "insane, great records."[103] The Born This Way Ball Tour began on April 27, 2012, at the Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea.[104] The tour was met with protests from several religious groups who denounced the tour as satanic and against religious values, resulting in protests mainly from the Islamic Defenders Front, causing a cancellation in the Indonesian city of Jakarta, where Gaga was denied a license to perform. The concert however was still in question as concert promoters were optimistic that the performance will in fact go on. However, due to threats of violence from Muslim hardliners, Gaga decided to cancel the concert although 52,000 tickets have sold out in just a few days.[105][106][107] On May 20, 2012, Gaga guest-starred on the 23rd season finale of The Simpsons entitled "Lisa Goes Gaga".[108]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Gaga's parents, who exposed her to artists like The Beatles, Stevie Wonder, Queen, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin and Elton John had significant influence on her childhood and, presently, still do.[109] "I am a real family girl. When it comes to love and loyalty, I am very old-fashioned. And I am quite down-to-earth for such an eccentric person," she insists.[110] "I'm quite traditional in the family sense. I've always been that way."[109] According to Gaga, Joanne Germanotta – her aunt who died of lupus aged 19 – lives on through her and inspires all of her music and art.[111] Joanne's date of death is tattooed on Gaga's body and, despite dying 12 years before her birth, Gaga commented, "I really believe I have two hearts. I think I actually carry two souls in my body, and that I'm living out the rest of her life and her goodness – she died a virgin, she died never having experienced all these things that we all get to love and experience in our lives."[112] Another spiritual influence on Gaga has been the Indian physician, public speaker and writer Deepak Chopra. Labeling him a "true inspiration", she stated that "he's always reminded me to work in a life of service to my fans and to fulfill my vision and my destiny" in addition to thinking about Chopra when it comes to her work as a musician: "I want so much for it to go beyond the music for my fans."[113]
Musically, Gaga takes influence from numerous musicians from dance-pop singers like Madonna and Michael Jackson to glam rock artists like David Bowie and Queen whilst employing the theatrics of artists like Andy Warhol and of her musical theatre roots in performance.[31][114][115] The Queen song "Radio Ga Ga" inspired her stage name: "I adored Freddie Mercury and Queen had a hit called 'Radio Gaga'. That's why I love the name [...] Freddie was unique—one of the biggest personalities in the whole of pop music," she commented.[18][114][116] Gaga receives regular comparisons to recording artist Madonna who admits that she sees herself reflected in Gaga.[117] In response to the comparisons, Gaga stated, "I don't want to sound presumptuous, but I've made it my goal to revolutionize pop music. The last revolution was launched by Madonna 25 years ago" in addition to commenting that "there is really no one that is a more adoring and loving Madonna fan than me. I am the hugest fan personally and professionally."[114][118] Like Madonna, Gaga has continued to reinvent herself and, over the years of her career, has drawn musical inspiration from a diverse mix of artists including Whitney Houston, Grace Jones, Cyndi Lauper, Blondie singer Debbie Harry, Scissor Sisters, Prince, Marilyn Manson, Yoko Ono, and Britney Spears.[119]
 |
 |
|
|
Gaga has been influenced by a wide-range of artists as to which she has played homages to, including Madonna (left) and Bruce Springsteen. (Right)
|
||
Gaga has mentioned Spears in several interviews, and revealed, "Britney certainly doesn’t need any freakin’ tips from me! Britney Spears is the queen of pop. I was learning from her."[120] Gaga also paid tribute to Spears during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, adding that the pop singer "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."[121]
Gaga has identified fashion as a major influence and has been stylistically compared to English eccentrics Leigh Bowery and Isabella Blow and to American recording artist Cher.[14][26][110][122] She commented that "as a child, she somehow absorbed Cher's out-there fashion sense and made it her own."[122] She has considered Donatella Versace her muse and the late British fashion designer and close friend Alexander McQueen as an inspiration, admitting that "I miss Lee every time I get dressed" while channeling him in some of her work.[14][78] Modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory, Gaga has her own creative production team, which she handles personally, called the Haus of Gaga, who create many of her clothes, stage props, and hairdos.[123] Her adoration of fashion came from her mother, who she stated was "always very well kept and beautiful."[6] "When I'm writing music, I'm thinking about the clothes I want to wear on stage. It's all about everything altogether—performance art, pop performance art, fashion. For me, it's everything coming together and being a real story that will bring back the super-fan. I want to bring that back. I want the imagery to be so strong that fans will want to eat and taste and lick every part of us."[26] The Global Language Monitor named "Lady Gaga" as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark "no pants" a close third.[124] Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade "best-of" list, saying, "Whether it's a dress made of Muppets or strategically placed bubbles, Gaga's outré ensembles brought performance art into the mainstream."[125] Gaga made her runway debut at Thierry Mugler's Paris fashion show in March 2011 where she wore items from Nicola Formichetti's debut women's wear collection.[126] In June of the same year, she won the Council of Fashion Designers of America Award for Fashion Icon.[127] Time Magazine placed Gaga on their "All-Time 100 Fashion Icons List" amongst some of Gaga's inspirations such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, and the The Beatles, stating: "Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits. After all, Gaga, born Stefani Germanotta, has sported outfits made from plastic bubbles, Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat."[128] She has since devoted her time as a fashion columnist for V magazine, where she has written about her creative process, her studying of the world of pop culture, and her ability to tune into the evolution of pop-culture meme.[129]
In August 2011 she sent to her 15 millions followers that she had at that time on Twitter, a quote about creativity from the book "Creativity"[130] by Osho,[131] which led journalists, on October 28, of the same year, on her arrival to India for the inauguration of a big Formula One motorsport event,[132] to ask her about her connection to him, to which Gaga said she was influenced by his work and that for her, "the creativity is the greatest way of rebellion": "Equality", she concluded, "is one of the most important things in my life".[133]
Musical style[link]
 |
A 30-second sample of Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" featuring the chorus sung by Lady Gaga and Colby O'Donis in the range of B3 to C♯, backed by a synth marching beat. The song became her first international hit single and sold 7.7 million copies worldwide.
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
Continually experimenting with new musical ideas and images, Gaga's musical and performance style is the subject of much analysis and scrutiny from critics. She professes that she is "liberating" herself by constantly reinventing her sound and image, insisting that she has been drawn to such a practice since her childhood.[134] Vocally, Gaga possesses the range of a contralto and exhibits "overwhelming expression, instinctive vocal phrasing, '80s rock reminiscent chest belts and animalistic vocal ticks" while being able to move through 2.4 octaves.[135][136] Refusing to lip sync, Gaga – whose range is frequently compared to those of Madonna and Gwen Stefani – has manipulated her vocal style over the course of her career yet considers Born This Way (2011) "much more vocally up to par with what I've always been capable of."[137][138] In summation of her voice, Entertainment Weekly wrote, "There's an immense emotional intelligence behind the way she uses her voice. Almost never does she overwhelm a song with her vocal ability, recognizing instead that artistry is to be found in nuance rather than lung power."[139]
Although her early lyrics have been criticized for lacking intellectual stimulation, "[Gaga] does manage to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace."[140] She admits that her songwriting has been misinterpreted; her friend and blogger Perez Hilton articulated her message in a clearer way: "you write really deep intelligent lyrics with shallow concepts." Gaga opined, "Perez is very intelligent and clearly listened to my record from beginning to end, and he is correct."[141] "I love songwriting. It's so funny – I will just jam around in my underwear or I could be washing my dishes. I wrote several songs just at the piano," she confesses.[141] Gaga believes that "all good music can be played at a piano and still sound like a hit."[142] She has covered a wide variety of topics in her songs: while The Fame (2008) meditates on the lust for stardom, The Fame Monster (2009) expresses fame's dark side through monster metaphors. Born This Way (2011) is sung in English, French, German and Spanish and includes common themes in Gaga's controversial songwriting like love, sex, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom and individualism.[143][144]
The structure of her music is said to echo classic 1980s pop and 1990s Europop.[145] Her debut album The Fame (2008) provoked The Sunday Times to assert "in combining music, fashion, art and technology, [Gaga] evokes Madonna, Gwen Stefani circa 'Hollaback Girl', Kylie Minogue 2001 or Grace Jones right now" and a critic from The Boston Globe to comment that she draws "obvious inspirations from Madonna to Gwen Stefani... in [her] girlish but sturdy pipes and bubbly beats."[146][147] Music critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s, just ruthlessly catchy naughties pop glazed with Auto-Tune and undergirded with R&B-ish beats."[148] The follow-up The Fame Monster (2009), saw Gaga's taste for pastiche, drawing on "Seventies arena glam, perky ABBA disco and sugary throwbacks like Stacey Q" while Born This Way (2011) also draws on the records of her childhood and still has the "electro-sleaze beats and Eurodisco chorus chants" of its predecessor but includes genres as diverse as opera, heavy metal, disco, and rock and roll.[143] "There isn't a subtle moment on the album, but even at its nuttiest, the music is full of wide-awake emotional details," wrote Rolling Stone, who concluded: "The more excessive Gaga gets, the more honest she sounds."[144]
Music videos and performances[link]
With constant costume changes, backup dancers, and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films.[149] "Being provocative is not just about getting people's attention. It's about saying something that really affects people in a real way, in a positive way," she professes.[149] Exploring bondage and sadomasochism in addition to highlighting prevalent feminist themes, "the three central themes that shape Lady Gaga's music videos are sex, violence, and power."[150] "Vaudevillian and carnal, Lady Gaga has got the knack of sending rape-like fantasies—in songs and videos that double as catch club hits—to the top of the charts," wrote one critic.[151] "Whether it is physical violence or sexual exploitation, these videos offer vivid depictions of male power over women's bodies," wrote another.[150] While she labels herself "a little bit of a feminist" (she rejects man-hating feminism) and asserts that she is "sexually empowering women,"[151] Gaga strives to empower young women to stand up for what they believe in.[150] She also attempts to liberate her fans so they can feel "less alone."[152] "She not only reiterates her assertion of total originality," professed pop critic Ann Powers, "but also finesses it until it's both a philosophical stance about how constructing a persona from pop-cultural sources can be an expression of a person's truth—a la those drag queens Gaga sincerely admires—and a bit of a feminist act."[153] In summation of her videos, Rolling Stone used the rhetoric: "does anyone look to a Lady Gaga video for restraint?"[93]
Her performances are described as "highly entertaining and innovative"; the blood-spurting performance of "Paparazzi" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as "eye-popping" by MTV.[154] She continued the "blood soaked" theme during The Monster Ball Tour, in which she wore a revealing leather corset and was "attacked" by a performer dressed in black who gnaws on her throat, causing "blood" to spurt down her chest, after which she lies "dying" in a pool of blood. Her performances of that scene in England triggered protests from family groups and fans in the aftermath of a local tragedy, in which a taxi driver had murdered 12 people.[155] "What happened in Bradford is very fresh in people's minds and given all the violence which happened in Cumbria just hours earlier, it was insensitive," said Lynn Costello of Mothers Against Violence.[156] Her unconventionality continued at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards: performing in drag as her male alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivering a lovesick monologue before a performance of her song "You and I".[157] Some have defended her flamboyant and provocative behavior. "Well, she's Lady Gaga," Chris Rock said. "She's not 'Lady Behave Yourself.' Do you want great behavior from a person named Gaga? Is this what you were expecting?"[158] As Gaga's choreographer and creative director, Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years. However, the pair parted in November 2011; Gaga replacing her with Gibson's assistant Richard Jackson.[159] Gaga admits to being a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows. "I'm very bossy. I can scream my head off if I see one light fixture out. I'm very detailed – every minute of the show has got to be perfect."[149]
Public image[link]
See also: Lady Gaga on Twitter
While Rolling Stone named Gaga the "Queen of Pop" in 2011, public reception of Gaga's music, fashion sense and persona are mixed.[160] Her status as a role model, self-esteem booster for her fans, trailblazer and fashion icon who breathes new life into the industry is by turns affirmed and denied.[161] Gaga's albums have received mostly positive reviews and critics have pointed out her unique place in pop music, the need for new movements in popular culture, the attention Gaga brings to modern social issues, and the inherently subjective nature of her art.[162] In view of her influence on modern culture and her rise to global fame, sociologist Mathieu Deflem of the University of South Carolina has organized a course titled "Lady Gaga and the Sociology of Fame" since spring 2011 with the objective of unravelling "some of the sociologically relevant dimensions of the fame of Lady Gaga."[163] When Gaga briefly met with US president Barack Obama at a Human Rights Campaign fundraiser, he described the interaction as "intimidating" as she was dressed in 16-inch heels making her undoubtedly the tallest woman in the room.[164]
Contrary to her outré style, the New York Post described her early look as like "a refugee from Jersey Shore" with "big black hair, heavy eye makeup and tight, revealing clothes."[18] Gaga is a natural brunette; she bleached her hair blonde because she was often mistaken for Amy Winehouse.[6] She has nine tattoos on the left side of her body (her father has banned etchings on her right): a unicorn head with a ribbon wrapped around its horn that says "Born This Way"; a small heart with "dad" written inside it; several white roses; a treble clef; three daises; "Tokyo Love" with a little heart; "Little Monsters" written in cursive; a peace symbol, which was inspired by John Lennon, whom she stated was her hero; and a curling German script on her left arm quoting the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, her favorite writer, commenting that his "philosophy of solitude" spoke to her.[116][165] In a question posed about the necessary procedure to attach the prosthetics to give the unconventional appearance of recent horn-like ridges on her cheekbones, temples, and shoulders, Gaga responded, "They're not prosthetics, they're my bones." She also clarified that they were not the result of plastic surgery, believing such surgery to only be the modern byproduct of fame-induced insecurity to which she does not subscribe. The interviewer's further probing brought Gaga to the conclusion that they are an artistic representation of her inner inspirational light and part of the "performance piece" that is her musical persona: an inevitability of her becoming who she now is.[166]
Towards the end of 2008, comparisons were made between the fashions of Gaga and recording artist Christina Aguilera that noted similarities in their styling, hair, and make-up.[14] Aguilera stated that she was "completely unaware of [Gaga]" and "didn't know if it [was] a man or a woman."[14] Gaga released a statement in which she welcomed the comparisons due to the attention providing useful publicity, saying, "She's such a huge star and if anything I should send her flowers, because a lot of people in America didn't know who I was until that whole thing happened. It really put me on the map in a way."[167][168] When interviewed by Barbara Walters for her annual ABC News special 10 Most Fascinating People in 2009, Gaga dismissed the claim that she is intersex as an urban legend. Responding to a question on this issue, she stated, "At first it was very strange and everyone sorta said, 'That's really quite a story!' But in a sense, I portray myself in a very androgynous way, and I love androgyny."[169] In addition to Aguilera's statement, comparisons continued into 2010, when Aguilera released the music video of her single "Not Myself Tonight". Critics noted similarities between the song and its accompanying music video with Gaga's video for "Bad Romance".[170] There have also been similar comparisons made between Gaga's style and that of fashion icon Dale Bozzio from the band Missing Persons. Some have considered their respective images to be strikingly parallel although fans of Missing Persons note that Bozzio had pioneered the look more than thirty years earlier.[171]
While devout followers call Gaga "Mother Monster", Gaga often refers to her fans as "Little Monsters" which has been tattooed on "the arm that holds my mic" in dedication.[172][173] Her treatment of her "Little Monsters" has inspired criticism, due to the highly commercial nature of her music and image.[174] To some, this dichotomy contravenes the concept of outsider culture. Camille Paglia in her 2010 cover story "Lady Gaga and the death of sex" in The Sunday Times asserts that Gaga "is more an identity thief than an erotic taboo breaker, a mainstream manufactured product who claims to be singing for the freaks, the rebellious and the dispossessed when she is none of those."[175][176] Writing for The Guardian, Kitty Empire opined that the dichotomy "...allows the viewer to have a 'transgressive' experience without being required to think. At [her performance's] core, though, is the idea that Gaga is at one with the freaks and outcasts. The Monster Ball is where we can all be free. This is arrant nonsense, as the scads of people buying Gaga's cunningly commercial music are not limited to the niche worlds of drag queens and hip night creatures from which she draws her inspiration. But Gaga seems sincere."[177]
Philanthropy[link]
Besides her career in music, Gaga has also contributed to various charities. For natural disasters, Gaga has helped various relief efforts. Although declining an invitation to appear on the single "We Are the World 25" to benefit victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, she donated the proceeds of her January 24, 2010 concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall to the country's reconstruction relief fund.[178] All profits from her official online store on that day were also donated. Gaga announced that an estimated total of US$500,000 was collected for the fund.[179] Hours after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan on March 11, 2011, Gaga tweeted a message and a link to Japan Prayer Bracelets. All revenue from a bracelet she designed in conjunction with the company was donated to relief efforts.[180] As of March 29, 2011, the bracelets raised $1.5 million.[181] However, attorney Alyson Oliver filed a lawsuit against Gaga in Detroit in June 2011, noting that the bracelet was subject to a sales tax and an extra $3.99 shipping charge was added to the price. She also believed that not all proceeds from the bracelets would go to the relief efforts, demanding a public accounting of the campaign and refunds for people who had bought the bracelet. Gaga's spokesperson called the lawsuit "meritless" and "misleading".[182] On June 25, 2011, Gaga performed at MTV Japan's charity show in Makuhari Messe, which benefited the Japanese Red Cross.[183]
HIV and AIDS[link]
Gaga also contributes in the fight against HIV and AIDS, focusing on educating young women about the risks of the disease. In collaboration with Cyndi Lauper, Gaga joined forces with MAC Cosmetics to launch a line of lipstick under their supplementary cosmetic line, Viva Glam. Titled Viva Glam Gaga and Viva Glam Cyndi for each contributor respectively, all net proceeds of the lipstick line were donated to the cosmetic company's campaign to prevent HIV and AIDS worldwide.[184] In a press release, Gaga declared, "I don't want Viva Glam to be just a lipstick you buy to help a cause. I want it to be a reminder when you go out at night to put a condom in your purse right next to your lipstick."[185] The sales of Gaga-endorsed Viva Glam lipstick and lipgloss have raised more than $202 million to fight HIV and AIDS.[3]
Born This Way Foundation[link]
Main article: Born This Way Foundation
As a humanitarian, she has launched her own non-profit organization, the Born This Way Foundation, which focuses on youth empowerment and issues like self-confidence, well-being, anti-bullying, mentoring, and career development. "My mother and I have initiated a passion project. We call it the Born This Way Foundation," Gaga said in a statement about the foundation, which takes its name from the 2011 single and album. "Together we hope to establish a standard of Bravery and Kindness, as well as a community worldwide that protects and nurtures others in the face of bullying and abandonment." The foundation will work with a number of partners, including the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The California Endowment and the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.[186] She also jumped into the debate surrounding SB 1070, Arizona's recently-enacted anti-immigration law, after premiering her Born This Way song "Americano" on the Guadalajara stop of The Monster Ball Tour in Mexico, telling the local press that she could not "stand by many of the unjust immigration laws" in the US.[187] A devoted advocate for the LGBT community, Gaga is also an outspoken activist for LGBT rights worldwide.[188] On February 29, 2012, Gaga and Oprah Winfrey visited Harvard University to launch her Born This Way Foundation.
LGBT advocacy[link]
Gaga attributes much of her early success as a mainstream artist to her gay fans and is considered to be a gay icon.[189] Early in her career she had difficulty getting radio airplay, and stated, "The turning point for me was the gay community. I've got so many gay fans and they're so loyal to me and they really lifted me up. They'll always stand by me and I'll always stand by them. It's not an easy thing to create a fanbase."[190] She thanked FlyLife, a Manhattan-based LGBT marketing company with whom her label Interscope works, in the liner notes of The Fame, saying, "I love you so much. You were the first heartbeat in this project, and your support and brilliance means the world to me. I will always fight for the gay community hand in hand with this incredible team."[191] One of her first televised performances was in May 2008 at the NewNowNext Awards, an awards show aired by the LGBT television network Logo, where she sang her song "Just Dance".[192] In June of the same year, she performed the song again at the San Francisco Pride event.[193]
After The Fame was released, she revealed that the song "Poker Face" was about her bisexuality. In an interview with Rolling Stone, she spoke about how her boyfriends tended to react to her bisexuality, saying "The fact that I'm into women, they're all intimidated by it. It makes them uncomfortable. They're like, 'I don't need to have a threesome. I'm happy with just you'."[33] When she appeared as a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in May 2009, she praised DeGeneres for being "an inspiration for women and for the gay community".[194] She proclaimed that the October 11, 2009 National Equality March rally on the National Mall was "the single most important event of her career." As she exited, she left with an exultant "Bless God and bless the gays,"[195] similar to her 2009 MTV Video Music Awards acceptance speech for Best New Artist a month earlier.[196] At the Human Rights Campaign Dinner, held the same weekend as the rally, she performed a cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" declaring that "I'm not going to [play] one of my songs tonight because tonight is not about me, it's about you." She changed the original lyrics of the song to reflect the death of Matthew Shepard, a college student murdered because of his sexuality.[197]
Gaga attended the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards accompanied by four service members of the United States Armed Forces (Mike Almy, David Hall, Katie Miller and Stacy Vasquez), all of whom, under the United States military's "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy, had been prohibited from serving openly because of their sexuality.[198] In addition, Gaga wore a meat dress to the ceremony which was supplemented by boots, a purse and a hat that were all fabricated from the flesh of a dead animal.[199] Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue.com UK named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 while Time magazine's named the dress the Fashion Statement of 2010, it received divided opinions – evoking the attention of worldwide media but invoking the fury of animal rights organization PETA.[200][201][202] She denied any intention of causing disrespect to any person or organization and wished for the dress to be interpreted as a statement of human rights with focus upon those in the LGBT community, adding that "If we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights, pretty soon we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones."[203]
She later released three videos on YouTube urging her fans to contact their Senators in an effort to overturn the policy. In late September 2010 she spoke at the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network's "4the14K" Rally in Deering Oaks Park in Portland, Maine. The name of the rally signified the number – an estimated 14,000 – of service members discharged under the DADT policy at the time. During her remarks, she urged members of the U.S. Senate (and in particular, moderate Republican Senators from Maine, Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins) to vote in favor of legislation that would repeal the DADT policy. Following this event, editors of The Advocate commented that she had become "the real fierce advocate" for gays and lesbians, one that Barack Obama had promised to be.[204][205]
Gaga appeared at Europride, a pan-European international event dedicated to LGBT pride, held in Rome in June 2011. In a nearly twenty-minute speech, she criticized the intolerant state of gay rights in many European countries and described homosexuals as "revolutionaries of love" before performing acoustic renderings of "Born This Way" and "The Edge of Glory" in front of thousands at the Circus Maximus.[206][207] She stated that "Today and every day we fight for freedom. We fight for justice. We beckon for compassion, understanding and above all we want full equality now".[208] Gaga revealed that she is often questioned why she dedicates herself to "gayspeak" and "how gay" she is, to which, she told the audience: "Why is this question, why is this issue so important? My answer is: I am a child of diversity, I am one with my generation, I feel a moral obligation as a woman, or a man, to exercise my revolutionary potential and make the world a better place." She then joked: "On a gay scale from 1 to 10, I'm a Judy Garland fucking 42."[209]
Discography[link]
For the full list, see Lady Gaga discography.
- The Fame (2008)
- The Fame Monster (2009)
- Born This Way (2011)
Filmography[link]
- Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden (2011)
- A Very Gaga Thanksgiving (2011)
- "Lisa Goes Gaga" (The Simpsons episode) (2012)
- Men in Black 3 (Plays the role of an alien.) (2012)[210]
Concert tours[link]
- The Fame Ball Tour (2009)
- Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (2009–10) (cancelled)
- The Monster Ball Tour (2009–11)
- The Born This Way Ball Tour (2012–13)
See also[link]
 |
Book: Lady Gaga |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- List of awards and nominations received by Lady Gaga
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of best-selling music artists
References[link]
- ^ "Lady Gaga to perform at Belfast MTV awards". BBC. 2011-10-17. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15340049. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (2010-09-12). "Lady Gaga Is Billboard's 2010 Artist of the Year, Ke$ha Takes Top New Act". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-is-billboard-s-2010-artist-of-1004134049.story.
- ^ a b "Lady Gaga Profile". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/profile/lady-gaga. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ a b "Music's Top 40 Money Makers 2012". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/top-40-money-makers-2012-1006415552.story. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- ^ "Lady GaGa: Biography". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/lady-gaga/bio/294098. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ a b c Warrington, Ruby (2009-02-22). "Lady Gaga: ready for her close-up". The Sunday Times (News International). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5746827.ece. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ "Mom accompanies Gaga to control her wild ways". Sify.com. http://www.sify.com/movies/mom-accompanies-gaga-to-control-her-wild-ways-news-hollywood-leeokdibddf.html. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
- ^ Weiss, Shari (2011-05-14). "Lady Gaga is related to Madonna: Documents show pop singers are ninth cousins once removed – New York Daily News". Articles.nydailynews.com. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-14/gossip/29558003_1_lady-gaga-william-and-kate-middleton-cousins. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
- ^ FitzSimons, Amanda. "Lady Gaga's Little Sister, Natali Germanotta Tells All". Teen Vogue. http://www.teenvogue.com/style/2011/09/natali-germanotta#intro. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ "Lady Gaga's Sis Makes Cameo in "Telephone" Video". uk.eonline.com, E! Online. http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b171698_lady_gagas_sis_makes_cameo_in_telephone.html. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Morgan, Johnny (2010). Gaga. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-4027-8059-1.
- ^ Barber, Lynn (2009-12-06). "Shady lady: The truth about pop's Lady Gaga". The Sunday Times (London: News International). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6940885.ece. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ Montogomery, James (2010-06-09). "Lady Gaga's 'Alejandro' Director Defends Video's Religious Symbolism". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1641149/lady-gagas-alejandro-director-defends-videos-religious-symbolism.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hattie, Collins (2008-12-14). "Lady GaGa: the future of pop?". The Sunday Times (London: News International). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5325327.ece. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
- ^ a b Sturges, Fiona (2009-05-16). "Lady Gaga: How the world went crazy for the new queen of pop". The Independent (Independent News & Media). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/lady-gaga-how-the-world-went-crazy-for-the-new-queen-of-pop-1684375.html. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ Bream, Jon (2009-03-21). "Don't Gag on Gaga". Star Tribune (The Star Tribune Company). http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/music/41533957.html. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
- ^ Poppell, Seth (2009-12-22). "Lady Gaga was surprisingly normal". In Touch Weekly (Bauer Media Group). http://www.intouchweekly.com/2009/12/in_touch_exclusivelady_gaga_wa.php. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
- ^ a b c d Callahan, Maureen; Stewart, Sara (2010-01-22). "Who's that lady?". New York Post (News Corporation). http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/music/who_that_lady_CBlHI927dRlLmIwjVfGrwK. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
- ^ "Musicians @ google interview". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNa_-1d_0tA. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ a b c "Lady Gaga angers Beatles fans by playing John Lennon's piano". Daily Mail. 2010-07-10. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1293648/Lady-Gaga-angers-Beatles-fans-playing-John-Lennons-piano.html. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
- ^ a b c d e Grigoriadis, Vanessa (2010-03-28). "Growing Up Gaga". New York (New York Media Holdings). http://nymag.com/arts/popmusic/features/65127. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ Ditzian, Eric (2010-10-11). "Lady Gaga's 'Sopranos' Cameo Surfaces". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1649702/lady-gagas-sopranos-cameo-surfaces.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
- ^ a b Carlton, Andrew (2010-02-16). "Lady Gaga: 'I've always been famous, you just didn't know it'". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/7221051/Lady-Gaga-Ive-always-been-famous-you-just-didnt-know-it.html. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ Florino, Rick (2009-01-30). "Interview: Lady GaGa". Artistdirect. Artistdirect, Inc.. http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/news/article/0,,4931544,00.html. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ Anitai, Tamar (2009-10-05). "Vintage Lady Gaga! Watch Gaga On MTV's 'Boiling Points' In 2005". MTV. http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2009/10/05/vintage-lady-gaga-watch-gaga-on-mtvs-boiling-points-in-2005/. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
- ^ a b c Harris, Chris (2008-06-09). "Lady GaGa Brings Her Artistic Vision Of Pop Music To New Album". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589013/20080609/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ Musto, Michael (2010-01-19). "Lady Gaga Did a Children's Book In 2007!". The Village Voice. http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2010/01/lady_gaga_did_a.php. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ Gregory, Jason (2009-05-28). "Lady GaGa gets naked for Rolling Stone cover shoot". Daily Mirror (Trinity Mirror). http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/05/28/lady-gaga-gets-naked-for-rolling-stone-cover-shoot-see-her-sexy-pictures-here-115875-21396568/. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
- ^ a b Rose, Lisa (2010-01-21). "Lady Gaga's outrageous persona born in Parsippany, New Jersey". The Star-Ledger (Advance Publications). http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2010/01/lady_gaga_her_outrageous_perso.html. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
- ^ a b c d Reporter, Staff. "Lady GaGa Profile". Contactmusic.com. http://www.contactmusic.com/info/lady_gaga. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ a b c d Birchmeier, Jason (2008-04-20). "Allmusic | Lady Gaga". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lady-gaga-p1055684. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
- ^ Gower, Eleanor (2011-12-03). "Eating cereal topless, playing the piano nude and a stay in a psychiatric ward: The bizarre world of Lady Gaga's new Marry The Night video". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2068941/Lady-Gaga-Marry-The-Night-video-Topless-cereal-eating-nude-piano-playing-.html. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ a b Hiatt, Brian (2009-05-30). "The Rise of Lady Gaga". Rolling Stone (New York: Jann Wenner) 1080 (43). ISSN 0035-791X.
- ^ Cassis, Christine (2010-02-22). "Meet the woman who inspired Lady Gaga". Thaindian News. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/meet-the-woman-who-inspired-lady-gaga_100324226.html. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ a b Hobart, Erika (2008-11-18). "Lady GaGa: Some Like it Pop". Seattle Weekly (Village Voice Media). http://www.seattleweekly.com/2008-11-19/music/lady-gaga-some-like-it-pop/. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
- ^ Lee, Ann (2009-01-06). "Just Who Is Lady GaGa?". Metro (Associated Newspapers). http://www.metro.co.uk/metrolife/461127-profile-just-who-is-lady-gaga. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- "Lady Gaga". Broadcast Music Incorporated. 2007-07-09. http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/535267. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- Martin, Charlotte (2009-01-21). "GaGa: On stripping, drugs and No 1s". The Sun (News International). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/article2148146.ece. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- ^ D'Souza, Nandini (2007-10-18). "Going Ga-Ga for Lady Gaga". W Magazine (Condé Nast Publications). http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/2007/10/lady_gaga. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- ^ Thrills, Adrian (2009-01-09). "Why the world is going gaga for electro-pop diva Stefani". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1110125/Why-world-going-gaga-electro-pop-diva-Stefani.html. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ a b Haus of GaGa (2008-12-16). Transmission Gaga-vision: Episode 26. Lady Gaga Official website.
- ^ Mitchell, Gail (2007-11-10). "Interscope's New Imprint". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc) 119 (45): 14. ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.com/?id=xw4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&dq=%22vincent%20herbert%20launches%20streamline%22&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q=. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ a b c Harding, Cortney (2009-08-15). "Lady Gaga: The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-the-billboard-cover-story-1004001347.story. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Cowing, Emma (2009-01-20). "Lady GaGa: Totally Ga-Ga". The Scotsman (Johnston Press). http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/features/Lady-GaGa-Totally-GaGa.4891798.jp. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-06-05). "Akon Calls Lady Gaga His 'Franchise Player'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1613350/20090605/akon.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ a b "Interview With RedOne". HitQuarters. 2009-03-23. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_RedOne_Interview.html. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ Herbert, Emily (2010). Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-963-4.
- ^ a b Paramor, Jordan (2010). "Smash Hits Special: Lady Gaga". Smash Hits.
- ^ Reporter, Staff (2009-01-08). "International Pop Star Lady Gaga Set to Tour With New Kids on the Block". Thomson Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/04/idUS16002+04-Oct-2008+PRN20081004. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ "The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Nominations List". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. http://www2.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ "Lady Gaga – Poker Face – World Charts". aCharts.us. http://acharts.us/song/37371. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- ^ "Lady Gaga World Tour". Press Association. http://www.viagogo.co.uk/News/Lady-Gaga-Tour-Outfits. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- ^ "List of Grammy winners". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System. 2010-02-01. http://www.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/31/grammys.winner.list/index.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Williams, John (2009-01-14). "Lady GaGa's 'Fame' rises to No. 1". Jam! (Canadian Online Explorer). http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/L/Lady_GaGa/2009/01/14/8022056-jam.html. Retrieved 2009-01-14.
- ^ "Lady Gaga – The Fame – World Charts". aCharts.us. http://acharts.us/album/37558. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ "Lady Gaga Opens Up". CBS News. CBS Interactive Inc. 2010-08-03. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/08/03/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main6739115.shtml. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (2009-10-03). "Beyonce Accepts Billboard's Woman Of the Year Award, Lady Gaga Is Rising Star". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). http://www.billboard.com/news/beyonce-accepts-billboard-s-woman-of-the-1004018301.story. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ "2009 MTV Video Music Awards Winners". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2009/winners.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ "Lady Gaga : News : Lady Gaga Doll Domination Tour Details with PCD". Interscope Records. Universal Music Group. http://www.interscope.com/artist/news/default.aspx?nid=19994&aid=599. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- ^ Menze, Jill (2009-05-29). "Lady Gaga / May 2, 2009 / New York (Terminal 5)". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003969033. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Grein, Paul (2010-06-23). "Week Ending June 20, 2010: Let's Thank Him Now". Yahoo!. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/55472/week-ending-june-20-2010-lets-thank-him-now/. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
- Grein, Paul (2010-07-23). "Chart Watch Extra: Gaga's Nice Round Number". Yahoo!. p. 2. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/59466/chart-watch-extra-gagas-nice-round-number/. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
- "Lady Gaga Returns With 8 New Songs on 'The Fame Monster'" (Press release). Interscope Records. 2009-10-08. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lady-gaga-returns-with-8-new-songs-on-the-fame-monster-63780227.html. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- "Lady Gaga – Bad Romance – World Charts". acharts.us. http://acharts.us/song/51422. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
- "53rd annual Grammy awards: The winners list". CNN. http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/13/53rd-annual-grammy-awards-the-winners-list/. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
- ^ "Lady Gaga tops UK album and single charts". BBC News. 2010-03-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8579244.stm. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ^ McCormick, Neil (2010-03-17). "Lady GaGa's Telephone video". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/7466152/Lady-GaGas-Telephone-video.html. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ^ Montgomery, James (2010-06-08). "Lady Gaga's 'Alejandro' Video: German Expressionism With A Beat!". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1641026/20100608/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ^ Whitworth, Dan (2010-10-26). "Lady Gaga beats Justin Bieber to YouTube record". BBC (BBC Newsbeat). http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/11626592. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- ^ "MTV Video Music Awards | 2010". MTV. 2010-09-12. http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2010/. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ "Lady Gaga, Eminem Top VMA Nominations". MTV. 2010-08-10. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1644956/lady-gaga-eminem-top-vma-nominations.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ "53rd annual Grammy awards: The winners list – The Marquee Blog – CNN.com Blogs". Marquee.blogs.cnn.com. http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/13/53rd-annual-grammy-awards-the-winners-list/. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
- ^ "Nominations list for the 53rd annual Grammy awards". USA Today. 2010-12-01. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/grammys/2010-12-01-grammy-nominations-list_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip.
- ^ Herrera, Monica (2009-10-15). "Lady Gaga Unveils 'The Monster Ball'". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-unveils-monster-ball-tour-dates-1004022735.story. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ Nestruck, Kelly (2009-11-30). "Lady Gaga's Monster Ball, reviewed by a theatre critic". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2009/nov/30/lady-gaga-monster-ball. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- Adams, Jeremy (2009-12-02). "Live Review: Lady Gaga Brings Her Pop Theatricality to Boston in First U.S. "Monster Ball" Show". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). ISSN 0035-791X.
- "Top 25 Tours 2010". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). 2010-12-13. http://www.billboard.com/#/features/top-25-tours-2010-1004134022.story. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
- Waddell, Ray (2011-05-05). "Lady Gaga's Monster Ball Tour Breaks Record for Debut Headlining Artist". Billboard. billboard.com, Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/events/lady-gaga-s-monster-ball-tour-breaks-record-1005172562.story. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- ^ "Lady GaGa Presents The Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden". Emmy Awards. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. http://www.emmys.com/shows/lady-gaga-presents-monster-ball-tour-madison-square-garden. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ Lawter, Daniel (2009-12-08). "Lady GaGa meets the Queen at Royal Variety Performance". Daily Mirror (Trinity Mirror). http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/12/08/lady-gaga-meets-the-queen-at-royal-variety-performance-115875-21881111/. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
- Smith, Lizzie (2010-02-01). "Elton John gets dirty with Lady Gaga as they duet at the Grammys". Daily Mail. London. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1247638/Grammy-Awards-2010-Elton-John-Lady-Gaga-duet-sing-Your-Song-Speechless.html. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- Smith, Lizzie; Todd, Ben (2010-02-16). "Lady Gaga throws Brit Awards into chaos as she ditches plans for big performance". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1251380/Brit-Awards-2010-Lady-Gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- "Lady Gaga wins Brit Awards triple". BBC News. 2010-02-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8517579.stm. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- ^ Herrera, Monica (2010-06-01). "Lady Gaga Talks Michael Jackson, Lupus Diagnosis with Larry King". New York. http://www.billboard.com/column/news/lady-gaga-talks-michael-jackson-lupus-diagnosis-1004094911.story. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ Williams, Martyn (2009-09-07). "Lady Gaga Storms IFA With New Headphones". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/171537/lady_gaga_storms_ifa_with_new_headphones.html. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ Swash, Rosie (2010-01-08). "Lady Gaga to become Polaroid's creative director". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jan/08/lady-gaga-polaroid-creative-director. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ O'Dell, Jolie (2011-01-06). "Polaroid & Lady Gaga Launch New Line at CES [PICS"]. Mashable. http://mashable.com/2011/01/06/polaroid-lady-gaga-launch-new-line-at-ces/.
- ^ Reporter, Staff (2010-03-20). "Lady Gaga bites back at music producer". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media LLC). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/7486678/Lady-Gaga-bites-back-at-music-producer.html. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ "Lady Gaga and jilted producer drop legal dispute". Thomson Reuters. 2010-09-10. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/10/us-ladygaga-idUSTRE6895NZ20100910. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
- ^ a b Moran, Caitlin (2010-05-23). "Come party with Lady Gaga". The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article7129672.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ Temple, Sarah (2010-06-02). "Gaga was to open Jackson's This Is It tour". ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/02/2916101.htm?section=entertainment. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ Dinh, James (2010-11-09). "Lady Gaga Says Born This Way Will Be 'Greatest Album Of This Decade'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1653141/20101129/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2010-11-18). "Lady Gaga's Born This Way Will 'Grab All The Monsters,' Akon Says". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1652537/20101117/akon.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
- ^ Markovitz, Adam (2011-05-25). "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc.. http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/05/24/lady-gaga-born-this-way-album-review/. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Cinquemani, Sal (2011-05-21). "Lady Gaga: Born This Way | Music Review". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/lady-gaga-born-this-way/2508. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Montgomery, James (2011-06-02). "Lady Gaga Crashes Billboard With 1.1 Million". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1664888/lady-gaga-billboard.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- ^ IBTimes Staff Reporter (2011-10-05). "Lady Gaga Biopic: 5 Stars Who Could Play the Role". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/225749/20111005/lady-gaga-biopic.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-02-15). "Lady Gaga Talks Grammy 'Vessel,' Born This Way Details". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1658027/lady-gaga-vessel-egg-grammy-seacrest.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way': The New Gay Anthem?". MTV. 2011-02-11. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1657772/lady-gaga-born-this-way.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
- Trust, Gary (2011-02-16). "Lady Gaga Claims 1,000th Hot 100 No. 1 with 'Born This Way'". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-claims-1-000th-hot-100-no-1-with-1005036702.story. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ "IFPI Digital Music Report 2012" (PDF). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. 2012-01-23. http://ifpi.com/content/library/DMR2012_key_facts_and_figures.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
- Trust, Gary (2011-10-07). "Ask Billboard: J. Cole Helps Bring R&B/Hip-Hop Back To No. 1". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-j-cole-helps-bring-r-b-hip-1005395392.story?page=2#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-j-cole-helps-bring-r-b-hip-1005395392.story?page=2. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- Grein, Paul (2011-07-06). "Week Ending July 3, 2011. Songs: Sons Of A Legend". Yahoo! music. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/74385/week-ending-july-3-2011-songs-sons-of-a-legend/. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- ^ Montgomery, James (2011-02-28). "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way' Video: A Pop-Culture Cheat Sheet". MTV (MTV Networks). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1658903/lady-gaga-born-this-way.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Montgomery, James (2011-02-28). "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way' Video Premieres". MTV (MTV Networks). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1658858/lady-gaga-born-this-way-video.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ O'Neil, Lorena (2011-04-08). "Catholic League On Gaga's 'Judas': 'If She Had More Talent, We'd Be More Offended'". The Hollywood Life. http://www.hollywoodlife.com/2011/04/08/lady-gaga-judas-mary-magdalene-catholic-talentless-offended-bill-donohue/. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- Rose, Philip Fox (2011-05-06). "Lady Gaga's Judas video: sacrilege or sacred art?". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/guest-voices/post/lady-gagas-judas-video-sacrilege-or-sacred-art/2011/05/06/AFyvp17F_blog.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- McCall, Tris (2011-05-05). "Lady Gaga 'Judas' video debuts: Is it as blasphemous as they say?". The Star-Ledger (Advance Publications). http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2011/05/lady_gaga_judas_video_debuts_i.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Corner, Nick (2011-05-11). "Lady Gaga Makes Edge Of Glory Official Single?". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a318892/lady-gaga-makes-edge-of-glory-official-single.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Young, Eleanor (2011-06-17). "FIRST LOOK! LADY GAGA'S EDGE OF GLORY VIDEO". Marie Carie. http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/celebrity/528955/first-look-lady-gaga-s-edge-of-glory-video.html. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ a b Perpetua, Matthew (2011-09-16). "Video: 'Yo and I' | Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/videos/new-and-hot/lady-gaga-youe-and-i-20110816. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- Perpetua, Matthew (2011-12-02). "Video: 'Marry the Night' | Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/videos/new-and-hot/lady-gaga-marry-the-night-20111202. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- Daw, Robbie (2011-12-12). "Lady Gaga's "Marry The Night": Will Facebook Campaign Help It Chart Better?". Idolator. http://idolator.com/6108621/lady-gaga-marry-the-night-facebook-campaign-chart. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-09-14). "Lady Gaga Is 'The Biggest,' Tony Bennett Says". MTV (MTV Networks). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1670271/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-lady-is-a-tramp.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Lady Gaga preserves 'massive', 'beautiful' hit for duet with Cher". The Times of India (Bennett and Coleman Ltd). 2011-09-20. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-25/news-and-interviews/29926348_1_poker-face-singer-lady-gaga-greatest-things. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Herrera, Monica (2011-01-28). "Lady Gaga, Elton John Duet Won't Appear On Film Soundtrack". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/#/news/lady-gaga-elton-john-duet-won-t-appear-on-1005017032.story. Retrieved 2011-02-04.
- ^ Michaels, Sean (2010-10-25). "Elton John and Lady Gaga record duet". The Guardian. London. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/oct/25/elton-john-lady-gaga-duet. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ Lady Gaga (2011-05-30) (FM radio broadcast). The Kyle & Jackie O Show. (Radio interview). The Kyle & Jackie O Show. 104.1FM. Sydney. http://www.2dayfm.com.au. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- Mrkic, Mike (2011-05-30). "Gaga confirms Oz visit". Sydney Star Observer. http://www.starobserver.com.au/celebrity-2/2011/05/30/gaga-confirms-oz-visit/53176. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- Perpetua, Mathew (2011-10-17). "Lady Gaga, Bono Rock For Clinton Foundation". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-bono-rock-for-clinton-foundation-20111017. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
- ^ Tucker, Ken (2011-11-25). "'A Very Gaga Thanksgiving' review: Singing and talking turkey with Gaga, 'America's Picasso'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/11/24/lady-gaga-thanksgivinga-very-gaga-thanksgiving/. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- Freeman, Hadley (2011-11-25). "Lady Gaga goes mainstream with a twist on Thanksgiving TV special". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/nov/25/lady-gaga-thanksgiving-special-abc-tv?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- Gorman, Bill (2011-11-25). "'A Very Gaga Thanksgiving' Ranks No. 1 And Improves Its Slot By Wide Margins". TV by the Numbers. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/11/25/tv-ratings-thursday-cbs-tops-thanksgiving-night-of-repeats-and-specials-but/111748/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tvbythenumbers+%28TVbytheNumbers%29. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- Greenwald, David (2011-11-23). "Lady Gaga Releases Holiday EP". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-releases-holiday-ep-1005564752.story#/news/lady-gaga-releases-holiday-ep-1005564752.story. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Barnes, Marcus (2011-06-20). "Now Lady Gaga 'gives birth' on stage: Outrageous singer releases gold liquid while her legs are placed in stirrups during SNL performance". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1389688/Lady-Gaga-gives-birth-stage-Saturday-Night-Live-performance.html. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-06-13). "Lady Gaga Says Next Album Is 'Beginning To Flourish'". MTV News. Viacom International Inc.. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675458/lady-gaga-next-album.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-11-28). "Lady Gaga 'Doing Prep' For Tour, Next Album". MTV News. Viacom International Inc.. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675019/lady-gaga-next-album-tour.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ "Lady Gaga's manager promises singer will deliver an 'insane' third album". NME. http://www.nme.com/news/lady-gaga/64082. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ Exclusive Info: Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way Ball' Tour to Hit Asia, Europe, Latin America This Year; North America in 2013
- ^ "'Vulgar' Lady Gaga refused entry by Indonesia for sold-out show". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ BBC TEAM. "Lady Gaga tour starts in Seoul with adults-only concert". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17867102. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
- ^ "Lady Gaga cancels Indonesia show after threat from Muslim extremists". May 27, 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2012/may/27/lady-gaga-indonesia-cancel-muslim.
- ^ "Lady Gaga On 'The Simpsons' Finale: Pop Icon Comes To Springfield To Cheer Up Lisa". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/20/lady-gaga-the-simpsons_n_1531219.html. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- ^ a b Britney, Free (2011-05-10). "Lady Gaga: Just a Normal, Family-Oriented Girl". The Hollywood Gossip. http://thehollywoodgossip.com/2011/05/lady-gaga-just-a-normal-family-oriented-girl. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ a b Van Meter, Jonathan (2011-02-10). "Lady Gaga: Our Lady of Pop". Vogue. http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/lady-gaga-our-lady-of-pop/. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ Rainey, Naomi (2011-02-19). "Lady GaGa: 'My aunt lives through me'". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a304785/lady-gaga-my-aunt-lives-through-me.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ "I have two hearts, two souls: Lady Gaga". The Times of India. 2011-02-19. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/I-have-two-hearts-two-souls-Lady-Gaga/articleshow/7526992.cms. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ "TIME 100: Lady Gaga on Her Biggest Influence". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,81660577001_1986210,00.html.
- ^ a b c Dingwall, John (2009-11-27). "The Fear Factor; Lady Gaga used tough times as inspiration for her new album". Daily Record: pp. 48–49. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/THE+FEAR+FACTOR%3B+Lady+Gaga+used+tough+times+as+inspiration+for+her...-a0213005824. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Petridis, Alexis (2010-09-09). "Lady Gaga's direct line to Andy Warhol". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2010/sep/09/lady-gaga-andy-warhol. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- Still, Jennifer (2011-05-20). "Lady GaGa: 'I was inspired by musical theatre'". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a320549/lady-gaga-i-was-inspired-by-musical-theatre.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ a b Thomson, Graeme (2009-09-06). "Soundtrack of my life: Lady Gaga". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/sep/06/lady-gaga-popandrock. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ "Madonna Talks Divorce, Lady Gaga & Being A 'Geek' In High School". Access Hollywood. 2009-10-14. http://www.accesshollywood.com/madonna-talks-divorce-lady-gaga-and-being-a-geek-in-high-school_article_24191. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ THR staff (2011-02-15). "Lady Gaa: Madonna Approves 'Born This Way'". Rolling Stone. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lady-gaga-madonna-approves-born-99711g. Retrieved 2011-07-27. [dead link]
- ^ Musical influences of Lady Gaga:
- Reporter, Staff (2010-02-10). "Britney Spears/Lady Gaga collaboration in the works". The Sun (London: Pop Crunch). http://www.popcrunch.com/britney-spears-lady-gaga-collaboration-in-the-works/. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- "Lady Gaga: I can't wait to come to India". IBN Live. 2011-04-21. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-cant-wait-to-come-to-india-lady-gaga/143405-45-75.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- Symonds, Alexandra (2009-07-10). "Lady GaGa: "Grace Jones, Androgynous, Robo, Future Fashion Queen"". Prefix. http://www.prefixmag.com/news/lady-gaga-grace-jones-androgynous-robo-future-fash/26057/. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
- Tann, Remmy (2011-07-11). I was born this way: Lady Gaga. Yahoo!. http://sg.news.yahoo.com/blogs/what-is-buzzing/born-way-lady-gaga-145116015.html. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- Smith, Liz (2009-10-25). "Debbie Harry Would Love To Perform With Lady Gaga". Evening Standard (Daily Mail and General Trust). http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-23694934-debbie-harry-would-love-to-perform-with-lady-gaga.do. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- Gallo, Phil (2011-05-18). "Lady Gaga Reflects on Springsteen Influence for 'Inside the Outside' Doc". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-reflects-on-springsteen-influence-1005187662.story. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- Dingwall, John (2011-04-24). "It's so exciting to know we influenced Lady Gaga, admits Jake Shears of Scissor Sisters". Daily Record. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/music-news/2011/04/24/it-s-so-exciting-to-know-we-influenced-lady-gaga-admits-jake-shears-of-scissor-sisters-86908-23084149/. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- Slomowicz, DJ Ron. "Lady Gaga Interview – Interview with Lady Gaga". Abut.com. http://dancemusic.about.com/od/artistshomepages/a/LadyGagaInt.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- Van Meter, Jonathan (2011-02-10). "Lady Gaga: Our Lady of Pop". Vogue. http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/lady-gaga-our-lady-of-pop/. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ "Lady GaGa: I don't have time for dating". Now. IPC Media. 2009-02-09. http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/300123/lady-gaga-i-don-t-have-time-for-dating/1. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Britney Spears Accepts Video Vanguard VMA – And A Kiss From Lady Gaga". MTV. MTV Networks. 2011-08-28. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1669862/britney-spears-lady-gaga-kiss-vmas.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ a b Dresdale, Andrea (2011-09-26). "Lady Gaga Says Cher's Outfits Inspired Her Own Crazy Style". ABC. http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2011/9/26/lady-gaga-says-chers-outfits-inspired-her-own-crazy-style.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Garcia, Cathy (2009-03-08). "Lady Gaga Burning Up Album Charts". The Korea Times (Hankook Ilbo). http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/03/143_40885.html. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ Silva, Horatio (2010-03-04). "The World According to Gaga". The New York Times. http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/the-world-according-to-gaga/. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Geier, Thom (2009-12-11). "The 100 Greatest Movies.. Trends That Entertained Us Over The Past 10 Years". Entertainment Weekly (Time Inc.) 1079/1080 (74): 84. ISSN 10490434.
- ^ Abraham, Tamara (2011-03-03). "Facing the muse: 'Nervous' Lady Gaga does Nicola Formichetti proud in modelling debut on Thierry Mugler catwalk". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1362369/Lady-Gaga-does-stylist-Nicola-Formichetti-proud-Thierry-Mugler-catwalk.html. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ "CFDA Awards 2011: Lady Gaga, Marc Jacobs & Proenza Schouler Take Top Honors (PHOTOS, POLL)". The Huffington Post. 2011-06-07. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/07/cfda-awards-2011-lady-gaga-marc-jacobs-proenza-schouler_n_872257.html. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ "All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons". http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2110513,00.html.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-05-13). "Lady Gaga Talks About Fashion Obsession In V Magazine". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1663768/lady-gaga-v-magazine.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
- ^ Osho (1999). Creativity: Unleashing the Forces Within (1 ed.). ISBN 0-312-20519-8. http://www.amazon.com/Creativity-Unleashing-Forces-Within-insights/dp/0312205198/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_4. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ "I read Osho because I love his work". OSHO International Media and Publishing News. October 28, 2011. http://oshomedia.blog.osho.com/2011/10/lady-gaga-i-read-osho-because-i-love-his-work/. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "Lady Gaga Reveals Love of Books by Indian Philosopher Osho: 'I Am Kind of an Indian Hippie'". The Hollywood Reporter. October 28, 2011. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lady-gaga-reveals-love-books-254661. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "Lady Gaga cantará ante un público selecto en el GP de Fórmula 1 de la India". EFE. October 28, 2011. http://www.google.com/hostednews/epa/article/ALeqM5hVwlynMQyNRRrnlSSI67L6tNK7vA?docId=1641323. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "Lady Gaga liberated through reinvention". The Times of India. 2011-09-08. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/news-and-interviews/30129686_1_lady-gaga-outrageous-outfits-latest-album. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Chatterjee Shukla, Ishani (2010-11-18). "Lady Gaga's biography". Buzzle (California: Buzzle.com, intelligent life on the web). http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biography-of-lady-gaga.html.
- ^ "Ranking the Voices of 10 Women in Pop". Bark Bite. 2011-06-01. http://www.barkbiteblog.com/2011/06/women-in-pop-voices.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Sciarretto, Amy (2010-10-21). "Lady Gaga Doesn't Lip Sync". Artist Direct. http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/news/article/0,,7709013,00.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Copsey, Robert (2011-02-10). "Lady GaGa announces next single title". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a303046/lady-gaga-announces-next-single-title.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Blauvelt, Christian (2011-02-23). "Lady Gaga talks early struggles, denies lip-synching, shouts-out Liza Minnelli and Marisa Tomei at Madison Square Garden". Entertainment Weekly. http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/02/23/lady-gaga-talks-early-struggles-denies-lip-synching-shouts-out-liza-minnelli-and-marisa-tomei-at-madison-square-garden/. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Sawdey, Evan (2009-01-12). "Lady GaGa The Fame". PopMatters. http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/68939-lady-gaga-the-fame/. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
- ^ a b Blasco, Jason. "Special Interview: Lady Gaga (in 2008) Tells How She Got Started, And Discusses Her Songwriting". Songwriter Universe. http://www.songwriteruniverse.com/ladygaga123.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Love, Ryan (011-03-23). "Lady GaGa: 'LP shows songwriting ability'". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a310662/lady-gaga-lp-shows-songwriting-ability.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ a b "Lady Gaga: Album Guide". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/lady-gaga/albumguide. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ a b Sheffield, Rob (2011-05-20). "Lady Gaga, 'Born This Way'". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/editors-picks/lady-gaga-born-this-way-20110520. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Petridis, Alexis (2009-01-03). "Lady Gaga: The Fame". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jan/09/lady-gaga-the-fame. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Hajibageri, Sarah (2008-12-14). "Lady GaGa: the future of pop?". The Sunday Times (London: News International). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5325327.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
- ^ Rodman, Sarah (2008-10-27). "Lady Gaga". The Boston Globe. http://articles.boston.com/2008-10-27/ae/29278306_1_lady-gaga-disco-interscope. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (2010-01-22). "The 1980s revival that lasted an entire decade". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2010/jan/22/eighties-revival-decade. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^ a b c Parvis, Sarah (2010). Lady Gaga. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-9795-6.
- ^ a b c Fogel, Curtis; Andrea Quinlan (2011). "Lady Gaga and Feminism: A Critical Debate". Cross-Culture Communication. http://cscanada.net/index.php/ccc/article/view/j.ccc.1923670020110703.360/1947.
- ^ a b Smith, Emily Esfahani (2010-04-07). "The Pop Singer as Ultimate Predator". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303411604575167821091223394.html. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ Juzwiak, Rich (2010-01-19). "Lady Gaga Approximately". The Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-01-19/music/lady-gaga-approximately/. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ Powers, Ann (December 13, 2009). "The Cultural Critic; Lady Gaga". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-09-13). "Lady Gaga Lets It Bleed During Eye-Popping VMA Performance". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621395/20090913/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ Roberts, Sorya (2010-06-03). "Fans protest Lady Gaga's blood-spattered Monster Ball show in England after shooting spree". Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2010/06/03/2010-06-03_fans_protest_lady_gagas_bloodspattered_monster_ball_show_in_england_after_shooti.html. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
- ^ "Gaga's bloody stage show sparks fury". Hindustan Times. 2010-06-04. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Gaga-s-bloody-stage-show-sparks-fury/Article1-552890.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
- ^ Dinh, James (2011-09-28). "Lady Gaga Bends Gender, Minds With VMA Monologue". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1669859/lady-gaga-jo-calderone-video-music-awards.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
- ^ Patrick, Dan (2010-07-09). "Q&A with Chris Rock". CNN. http://www.danpatrick.com/?/blog/116941/index.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ Kennedy, Gerrick (2011-11-14). "Lady Gaga dismisses longtime creative director Laurieann Gibson". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/11/lady-gaga-dismisses-longtime-creative-director-laurieann-gibson.html. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ Molanphy, Chris (2011-06-29). "Introducing the Queen of Pop". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/introducing-the-queen-of-pop-20110629. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Buckner, Michael (2009-12-28). "The Year in Style | Lady Gaga". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/12/24/style/YEARGAGA1227_index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- Caramanica, Jon (2009-05-03). "An Artist Whose Chief Work Is Herself". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/04/arts/music/04gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- Vineyard, Jennifer (2009-07-07). "Lady Gaga, You Are No Grace Jones". MTV. http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/07/27/lady-gaga-you-are-no-grace-jones/. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- Lewis, Luke (2009-08-09). "Lady Gaga Vs. Roisin Murphy – Spot The Difference". Yahoo!. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/newmusicalexpress/2110/lady-gaga-vs-roisin-murphyspot-the-difference/. Retrieved 2010-06-18. [dead link]
- "Kylie Minogue thinks there's an element of her in Lady Gaga". Hollywood News. 2010-06-13. http://www.hollywoodnews.com/2010/06/15/kylie-minogue-thinks-theres-an-element-of-her-in-lady-gaga/. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ "Lady Gaga: The Fame". Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/music/the-fame. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
- Browne, David (2010-01-09). "Is Lady GaGa a saviour of Pop?". Entertainment Weekly 1091 (2). ISSN 1049-0434.
- Andres, Joanna (2010-04-09). "Heather Cassils: Lady Gaga's Prison Yard Girlfriend". Out. http://out.com/detail.asp?id=26601. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- "Lady Gaga Fashion – Vote on 15 of Lady Gaga's Outfits". Elle. 2009-12-01. http://www.elle.com/Fashion/Fashion-Spotlight/Celebrity-Fashion-Lady-Gaga. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2010-10-30). "US College Offering Lady GaGa Degree". MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/lady-gaga/news/244144-us-college-offering-lady-gaga-degree. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- Deflem, Mathieu. "SOCY 398D – Lady Gaga and the Sociology of the Fame". University of South Carolina. http://www.cas.sc.edu/socy/faculty/deflem/gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- Katharine Q. Seelye (October 28, 2010). "Beyond ABCs of Lady Gaga to the Sociology of Fame". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/us/29gaga.html.
- ^ Dwyer, Devin. "President Obama Calls Lady Gaga 'A Little Intimidating'". ABCNews. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/10/president-obama-calls-lady-gaga-a-little-intimidating/. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
- ^ "Lady GaGa Only Allowed To Tattoo Left Side Of Her Body". MTV. 2011-03-24. http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/lady-gaga/263359-lady-gaga-tattoos-father-google. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- Odell, Amy (2009-08-11). "Lady Gaga shows off new German quote tattoo while on tour in Japan". Daily News (News Corporation). http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/08/11/2009-08-11_lady_gaga_shows_off_new_german_quote_tattoo_while_on_tour_in_japan.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- Swerling, Hannah (2011). "Gaga". Elle.
- ^ Blasberg, Derek (April 13, 2011). "Lady Gaga: The Interview". Harper's Bazaar (New York: Hearst Communications) (3594): 156–162. ISSN 0017-7873. OCLC 719731102. http://www.harpersbazaar.com/magazine/feature-articles/lady-gaga-interview. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ Reporter, Daily Mail (2009-02-03). "So who copied who? Lookalikes Lady GaGa and Christina Aguilera". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1135704/So-copied-Lookalikes-Lady-GaGa-Christina-Aguilera-embroiled-style-row.html. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
- ^ Temple, Sonic (2008-12-31). "GaGa: I'm thankful for Christina". OK! (Northern & Shell). http://www.ok.co.uk/celebnews/view/6299/GaGa-I-m-thankful-for-Christina/. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ Walters, Barbara (2009-12-30). "Lady Gaga: 'I Love Androgyny'". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=9640579. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- ^ Thrills, Adrian (2010-05-02). "Christina Aguilera Copies Lady GaGa". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1269136/Christina-Aguilera-copies-Lady-GaGa-dons-PVC-outfit-new-video.html. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
- ^ Tarradell, Mario (2009-12-14). "Dale Bozzio should be flattered...maybe". The Dallas Morning News. http://musicblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2009/12/dale-bozzio-should-be-flattere.html. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- ^ Hattenstone, Simon (2011-05-14). "Lady Gaga: Lording it". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/14/lady-gaga-interview. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- ^ Odell, Amy (2010-02-03). "Lady Gaga dedicates her new 'Little Monsters' tattoo to her fans". Daily News (News Corporation). http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/02/03/2010-02-03_lady_gaga_dedicates_her_new_little_monsters_tattoo_to_her_fans.html. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
- ^ Caramanica, Jon (2009-05-03). "An Artist Whose Chief Work Is Herself". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/04/arts/music/04gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- ^ Paglia, Camille (2010-09-12). "Lady Gaga and the death of sex". The Sunday Times. http://www.shakenstir.co.uk/index.php/features/gaga-and-the-death-of-sex/features/20608/. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Fynes-Clinton, Jane (2010-09-15). "Lady Gaga's grab for attention enough to make you gag". The Courier-Mail. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/opinion/lady-gagas-grab-for-attention-enough-to-make-you-gag/story-e6freri6-1225923966643. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Empire, Kitty (2010-02-21). "Lady Gaga at MEN arena, Manchester". The Guardian (london). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/feb/21/lady-gaga-men-arena-manchester. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2010-02-05). "Lady Gaga Explains Her Absence From 'We Are The World' Recording". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1631353/lady-gaga-explains-her-absence-from-we-world-recording.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (2010-01-27). "Lady Gaga Says She Raised $500,000 For Haiti Relief". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630614/20100127/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-03-21). "Lady Gaga Designs Japanese Tsunami Relief Wristband". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1659769/japanese-tsunami-bracelet-lady-gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Mangalindan, JP (2011-03-29). "Today in Tech: Lady Gaga gives to Zynga, Apple delaying iPhone 5?". CNN. http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/29/today-in-tech-lady-gaga-gives-to-zynga-apple-delaying-iphone-5/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Lady Gaga sued over fundraising for Japan". Associated Press. MSNBC. June 29, 2011. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43582514/ns/us_news-giving/t/lady-gaga-sued-over-fundraising-japan/. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
- ^ Schwartz, Rob (2011-04-14). "Lady Gaga to Appear at MTV Japan Charity Event". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-to-appear-at-mtv-japan-charity-1005135862.story. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Wilson, Benji (2010-04-10). "Lady Gaga gets lippy: The pop star teams with Mac to raise Aids awareness". Daily Mail. London. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1264165/Lady-Gaga-gets-lippy-The-pop-star-teams-Mac-raise-Aids-awareness.html. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Chao, Ning (Undated). "Going Gaga". Marie Claire. http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity-lifestyle/celebrities/interviews/lady-gaga-interview. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-11-02). "Lady Gaga Launches Born This Way Foundation". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1673633/lady-gaga-born-this-way-foundation.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- ^ Latina Staff (2011-05-10). "From Fernando to Alejandro: the Latinos Behind Lady Gaga" (in Spanish). Latina. http://www.latina.com/entertainment/music/fernando-alejandro-latinos-behind-lady-gaga. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
- ^ Zak, Dan (2009-10-12). "For Gay Activists, The Lady Is a Champ". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/11/AR2009101101892_2.html. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
- ^ Thomas, Matt (2009-07-09). "Going Gaga". Fab (Pink Triangle Press) 54 (9): 45.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-05-07). "Lady Gaga On Success: 'The Turning Point For Me Was The Gay Community'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1610781/20090506/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ The Fame (Liner notes). Lady Gaga. Interscope Records. 2008. 2726601.
- ^ "NewNowNext Awards". 2008-05-03. http://www.logotv.com/video/franchise.jhtml?ctid=1956. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ "2008 Main Stage Line-Up". San Francisco Pride. 2008-06-13. http://www.sfpride.org/celeb/mainstage_08.html. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ "Lady GaGa's wacky headgear almost knocks out chat show host Ellen DeGeneres". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). 2009-05-13. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1181210/Lady-GaGas-wacky-headgear-knocks-chat-host-Ellen-DeGeneres.html. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ Brand, Fowler (2009-10-12). "Kanye Who? Lady Gaga Teams Up With President Obama". E! Entertainment Television (E! Online). http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b148428_kanye_who_lady_gaga_teams_up_with.html. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-08-14). "Lady Gaga's Shocking 2009 VMA Fashion Choices". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621407/20090914/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ Carter, Nicole (2009-12-10). "Lady Gaga performs her version of 'Imagine' at the Human Rights Campaign dinner in Washington D.C". Daily News. News Corporation. http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/10/12/2009-10-12_lady_gaga_performs_her_version_of_imagine_at_the_human_rights_campaign_dinner_in.html. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Zezima, Katy (2010-09-20). "Lady Gaga Goes Political in Maine". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/us/politics/21gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ Roberts, Laura (2010-09-14). "Lady Gaga's meat dress divides opinion". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8001267/Lady-Gagas-meat-dress-divides-opinion.html. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ VOGUE.COM UK VOGUE.COM UK – The Best Dressed People of the Year 2010
- ^ Luscombe, Belinda (2010-12-09). "Lady Gaga – The Top 10 Everything of 2010 – TIME". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2035319_2034464,00.html. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ Winterman, Denise; Kelly, Jon (2010-09-14). "Five interpretations of Gaga's meat dress". BBC (BBC Online). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11297832. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Lee, Ann (2010-09-14). "Lady Gaga defends meat dress by claiming she's no 'piece of meat'". Metro. http://www.metro.co.uk/music/840850-lady-gaga-defends-meat-dress-by-claiming-shes-no-piece-of-meat. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "Gaga: We've Found Our Fierce Advocate". The Advocate. 2010-09-28. http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/09/21/Lady_Gaga_Weve_Found_Our_Fierce_Advocate/. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ McGann, Laura (2008-12-08). "Obama: I'm a 'Fierce Advocate' for Gay and Lesbians". The Washington Independent. http://washingtonindependent.com/22526/obama-im-a-fierce-advocate-for-gay-and-lesbians. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
- ^ Blauvelt, Christian (2011-06-13). "Lady Gaga speaks out at massive Europride event in Rome: Can she meaningfully affect gay rights? – VIDEO". Entertainment Weekly. http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/06/13/lady-gaga-rome-europride-gay-rights/. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "Lady GaGa Performs At EuroPride In Rome". MTV. 2011-06-13. http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/lady-gaga/news/276972-lady-gaga-europride-italy-gay-rights. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "Lady Gaga champions gay rights at EuroPride". Metro. London. 2011-06-12. http://www.metro.co.uk/music/866055-lady-gaga-champions-gay-rights-at-europride. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Wockner, Rex (2011-06-16). "Australians accept marriage equality". The Bay Area Reporter. http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=5784. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Review: Unnecessary ‘Men in Black 3’ just O‘K’ compared to predecessors - a-e - The Lantern - Ohio State University
Further reading[link]
- Herbert, Emily (2010). Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-963-4.
- Goodman, Elizabeth (2010). Lady Gaga: Critical Mass Fashion. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-66840-6.
- Morgan, Johnny (2010). Gaga. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-4027-8059-1.
- Parvis, Sarah (2010). Lady Gaga. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-9795-6.
- Phoenix, Helia (2010). Lady Gaga: Just Dance—The Biography. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4091-1567-0.
- Monster Anthems (2011) by Robert Christgau
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lady Gaga |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lady Gaga |
- Official website
- Lady Gaga at Allmusic
- Lady Gaga at AllRovi
- Lady Gaga discography at Discogs
- Lady Gaga on Facebook
- Lady Gaga at the Internet Movie Database
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Works by or about Lady Gaga in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Slide show Vanity Fair
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Germanotta, Stefani Joanne Angelina |
| Alternative names | Lady Gaga |
| Short description | American pop singer |
| Date of birth | March 28, 1986 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Lady_Gaga
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://es.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://ru.wn.com/Леди Гага
http://cs.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://pt.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://pl.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://hi.wn.com/लेडी गागा
http://it.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://id.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://nl.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://fr.wn.com/Lady Gaga
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation).
| Michael Jackson | |
|---|---|
 Jackson at the White House in 1984 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michael Joseph Jackson[1] |
| Also known as | King of Pop, MJ |
| Born | (1958-08-29)August 29, 1958 Gary, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | June 25, 2009(2009-06-25) (aged 50) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1964–2009 |
| Labels | Motown, Epic, Legacy, MJJ Productions |
| Associated acts |
 Michael Jackson's Signature |
| Website | www.michaeljackson.com |
Michael Joseph Jackson[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ,[2] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.
In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B, pop and rock artists.
Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.[3] He was also one of the world's most prominent humanitarians and philanthropists; personally, and through his Heal the World Foundation, he donated more than $300 million in charity, and held the Guinness World Record for having supported the most charities out of any pop star.[4][5]
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series titled This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.[6]
Life and career[link]
Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)[link]
Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,[7] an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy.[8] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.[9]
Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.[10][11][12] Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.[12] Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.[10] Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.[13] In fact, Michael Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to remain child-like throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.[14]
In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".[15][16]
In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5.[8] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel Good)", led by Michael.[17]
The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.[8] Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."[18] The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as "Got to Be There", "Ben", and a remake of Bobby Day's "Rockin' Robin".
The Jackson 5 "became a cutting-edge example of black crossover artists... five working-class black boys with afros and bell bottoms, and they really didn't have to trade any of that stuff in order to become mainstream stars."[19]
The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.[20]
[edit] Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)
In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records[20] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.[21] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "This Place Hotel", and "Can You Feel It".[17] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.[22] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.[23]
Jones and Jackson produced the Off the Wall album together. Songwriters for the album included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Released in 1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".[24][25] It reached number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[26] In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[27][28] That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[24] Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.[29] Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.[30] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.[31]
[edit] Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–83)
In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows.[32][33] These awards were thanks to the Thriller album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album worldwide[34][35] and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,[36] as well as the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 110 million copies so far.[37] The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[38] Thriller was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work.[39] Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.[40] Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that, "Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple."[41] In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.[32] In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller" was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, "Thriller" is the first music video ever to be inducted.[42][43][44]
Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".[40] The New York Times wrote that, "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".[45]
On March 25th 1983, Michael Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance which was taped for a Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of 47 million viewers, and featured the Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean". Wearing a distinctive black sequin jacket and golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.[46] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."[47]
Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)[link]
On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial, overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry,[48] from ad agency BBDO and Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, Alan Pottasch at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.[23] Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in honor of his donation.[49] Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising.
On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.[50] Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year. Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984 Victory Tour, headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around $8 million) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.[51] He also co-wrote the charity single "We Are the World" in 1985 with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In 1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year). American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognized it with two special honors (one for the creation of the song and one for the USA for Africa idea). They are the only AMAs that Jackson won as non-solo artist.[52][53][54][55]
In 1984, ATV Music Publishing, which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs, including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon–McCartney compositions recorded by The Beatles, was put up for sale by Robert Holmes à Court.[56] Jackson had become interested in owning music catalogs after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s: Jackson had learned McCartney made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.[57] In 1981,[58] McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million).[57][59] According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each.[57][59] When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.[58][59]
According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."[60] Also, an attorney for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey".[57][58] But there were several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.[56] Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate.[56] In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after having spent over $1 million on four months of due diligence and on the negotiations.[56]
In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million.[56] But in early August, Holmes à Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.[56] He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.[56][60] Jackson's purchase of ATV Music was finalized August 10, 1985.[56]
[edit] Appearance, tabloids, Bad, films, autobiography and Neverland (1986–90)
See also: Michael Jackson's health and appearance
File:Michael Jackson King of Pop 1988.jpg
Jackson two years after he was diagnosed with vitiligo, here in the early stages of the disease
Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but starting in the mid 1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he might be bleaching his skin.[61] According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo and lupus; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could appear very pale.[62] Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.[63] By the mid 1990s several surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift, thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he only had surgery on his nose.[64] Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple created in his chin.[65] Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".[65] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa; periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.[66]
During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. Arnold Klein, and Klein's nurse Debbie Rowe. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. Long before becoming romantically involved with her, Jackson relied heavily on Rowe for emotional support. He also relied heavily on Klein, for medical and business advice.[67]
Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself.[68][69] When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called Bubbles from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.[70] It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "elephant man") and although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.[68][69] Although initially he saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.[69][71][72] These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise.[73] Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:
Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."[74]
Jackson collaborated with George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute 3-D film Captain EO, which debuted in September 1986 at both the original Disneyland and at EPCOT in Florida, and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro Disneyland after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: Paris' installation was the last one to close, in 1998.[75] The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.[76]
In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to their disapproval of the Thriller video.[77] With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated.[78] It did not top Thriller as a commercial or artistic triumph, but Bad was still a substantial success in its own right.
The Bad album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including Thriller.[79] Although the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "Beat It", the "Bad" video still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the New York City Subway system, with costuming and choreography inspired by West Side Story. As of 2012, the album sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86] Thanks to the Bad album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989.[32][39] In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the US, the first album to top in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.[87][88][89][90] In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.[91]
The Bad World Tour began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.[92] In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.[93] Jackson broke a Guinness World Record when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium. He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii.
In 1988, Jackson released his first and only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.[94] Jackson wrote about his childhood, The Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.[95] He also wrote about his facial appearance, saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a dimple created in his chin.[65] He attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.[65] Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers' list.[96] The musician then released a film called Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and Joe Pesci. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters but due to financial issues, the film was released direct-to-video. It saw a theatrical release in Germany, though. It debuted atop the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues.[97]
In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km2) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.[18][98] In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.[99] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union.[97]
His success resulted in his being dubbed the "King of Pop".[100][101][102][103] The nickname was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."[104] President George H. W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".[105] From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, and all of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.[106][107] Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration received an Emmy nomination.[97]
[edit] Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)
In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,[108] displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.[109] He released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide. The Dangerous album was co-produced by Teddy Riley, one of the pioneers of "new jack swing" which convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time, the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that movement.[110][111][112] In the United States, the album's first single "Black or White" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.[113] The album's second single "Remember the Time" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[114] At the end of 1992, Dangerous was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded 1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the '80s.[115] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.[116] In the UK and other parts of Europe, "Heal the World" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.[114]
Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts.[114][117] He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.[118]
Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.[119][120] In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited several countries, among them Gabon and Egypt.[121] His first stop to Gabon was greeted with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."[121] In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.[121] He then thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.[121]
In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless "clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the album chart.[61] Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.[114] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.[32][39][122]
First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)[link]
Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey on February 10, 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.[16][61][114]
In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.[123][124][125] The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.[126] Dr. Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.[125] Jackson later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer.[125]
Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson submitted to a 25-minute strip search.[127] Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a description of Jackson's intimate parts, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged penis was circumcised; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually uncircumcised,[128] a fact confirmed in his autopsy.[129] His friends said he never recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were ever filed.[130][131] Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.[123][127][132] On January 1, 1994, Jackson's insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994 without indicting Jackson.[133] After which time the Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.[134][135][136] The out-of-court settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.[137] The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".[138] A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without his consent.[135]
In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. They had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a mutual friend.[139] According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."[140] They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.[141] Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."[142] She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover.[141]
Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"[141] They married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.[143] The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".[144] At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.[143] The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.[145] In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.[146]
[edit] HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)
In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company, earned $95 million upfront as well as the rights to even more songs.[147][148] He then released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001, while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained 15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.[149] It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.[113][150] HIStory received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.[151]
The first single released from the album was the double A-side "Scream/Childhood". "Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".[151] "You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[99] It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".[151] In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack.[152] "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.[151] The track "They Don't Care About Us" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.[153] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.[32][154]
The album was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour. The tour began on September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed up a total of $165 million. The show, which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in terms of audience figures.[92] During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.[155] Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998.[145][156] The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.[157][158]
In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.[159] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.[159][160] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.[110][151] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.[98] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.[161] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO.[162]
[edit] Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)
At the turn of the century, the American Music Awards honored Jackson as Artist of the '80s.[163] Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins, as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album Invincible, released in October 2001. Invincible was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive. The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and he would also be able to keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented him in the deal was also representing Sony.[160] Jackson was also concerned about the fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.[164] Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.[160] Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola, that he was leaving Sony.[160] As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were suspended.
In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, 'N Sync, Destiny's Child, Monica, Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.[165] The second of the two shows took place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.[166] After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "What More Can I Give" as the finale.[164] Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV special titled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration: The Solo Years which debuted in November 2001.
In spite of the events preceding its release, Invincible came out in October 2001 to much anticipation. Invincible proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the US.[110][113][167] However, the sales for Invincible were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general.[164] The album cost $30 million to record, not including promotional expenditures.[168] Invincible spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own personal gain.[164] He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger".[169] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.[168]
In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.[170] In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.[171] The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm.[157] On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".[172] Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the US, the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units.[110][173]
Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)[link]
Further information: Living with Michael Jackson and People v. Jackson
Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, and painted an extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer.
In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.[174] As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13 year old boy shown in the film.[174] Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria, California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.[175][176][177] After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.[178] Bahrain was also where the family intended to send Jackson if he was convicted (though Jackson did not know about the plan), according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in The Times of London in September 2011.[179]
[edit] Closure of Neverland, final years and This Is It (2006–09)
In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.[180] There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year.[181] Bank of America sold the debt to Fortress Investments. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).[148] Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.[182] Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record label at the time.
In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, Guy Holmes, later stated that the deal had never been finalized.[183][184] Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.[158] In October 2006, Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.[184][185]
In November 2006, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and MSNBC broke the story that he was working on a new album, produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas.[113] Jackson performed at the World Music Awards, in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over 100 million records.[113][186] Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown's funeral in Augusta, Georgia. He gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."[187] In the spring of 2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company: Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. This deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira and Beck, among others.[188] Jackson recorded extensively during this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas with producers Akon and RedOne.[189][190] In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as Charles Dickens would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."[191]
In September 2007, Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album was apparently never completed.[192] However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller. This album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired by his work.[193] Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am) and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" (with Akon). The first single was based on an early demo version, without Paul McCartney. The album itself was a hit, however.[193][194][195][196] In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called King of Pop. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.[197] King of Pop reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)[198][199]
In the fall of 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra $35 million from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.[200][201][202] In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and April 25.[203] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.[204]
In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O2 Arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.[205] The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.[206] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.[207] The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.[208] Some time before his death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier; due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.[209][210]
Jackson's first posthumous single was a song titled "This Is It" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released.[211] Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.[212] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.[213] The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled "Planet Earth".[214] At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.[215][216]
Death and memorial[link]
Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service
File:MJ's tomb.jpg
Michael Jackson's Tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
On June 25, 2009, Jackson died while in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful.[217] Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location.[218][219] He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed.[220] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).[221][222] Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.[217]
The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages.[223] Google initially believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant that the search engine was under DDoS attack, and blocked searches related to Michael Jackson for 30 minutes. Twitter reported a crash, as did Wikipedia at 3:15 p.m. PDT (22:15 UTC).[224] The Wikimedia Foundation reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.[225] AOL Instant Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."[226]
Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 tweets per minute—reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke,[227][228] compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year.[228] Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.[227][229] MTV and Black Entertainment Television (BET) aired marathons of Jackson's music videos.[230] Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British soap opera EastEnders added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another about the news, to the June 26 episode.[231] Jackson was the topic of every front-page headline in the daily British tabloid The Sun for about two weeks following his death.[232] During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—ABC World News, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News—devoted 34% of their broadcast time to him.[233] Magazines including Time published commemorative editions.[234] A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film Brüno out of respect toward Jackson's family.[235]
Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people,[236][237] the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.[238]
Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson gave eulogies, while Queen Latifah read "We had him", a poem written for the occasion by Maya Angelou.[239] The Reverend Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."[240] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, Paris Katherine, cried as she told the crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."[166] Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.[241] On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.[242][243] At the time of death, Jackson had been administered propofol, lorazepam and midazolam.[244] Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician, Conrad Murray.[245] On February 8, 2010, Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter by prosecutors in Los Angeles.[246] Jackson was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[247]
On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans traveled to Los Angeles to pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.[248][249] Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World".[250][251] On June 26, there was a protest march in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice was delivered.[252][253] The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye".[254][255][256]
Death aftermath[link]
After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009. In the United States selling over 8.2 million albums and a total of 35 million albums worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death.[257][258] Following this surge in sales, Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.[259] On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its Columbia/Epic Label Group division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of Michael, the first posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single released to the radios on November 8, titled "Breaking News".[260] The deal was unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying $250 million for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of royalties for all works released.[259][261] Video game developer Ubisoft announced it would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season. The game titled Michael Jackson: The Experience will be among the first to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the respective motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 due out later that year.[262]
On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch "Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas.[263] The 90-minute US$57M production will combine Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.[264] The tour was written and directed by Jamie King[265] and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked."[266] On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album Immortal was announced to have over 40 Jackson’s original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes.[267]
In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham F.C., unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's stadium, Craven Cottage.[268] Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.[269] Al Fayed however defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.[270]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Jackson's music took root in R&B, pop and soul. He had been influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, David Ruffin, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis, Jr., The Isley Brothers, the Bee Gees and the West Side Story dancers, to whom he made a tribute in "Beat It" and in the "Bad" video.[271] According to David Winters, who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV Special "Diana!", (which was also Jackson's first solo debut outside of The Jackson 5), Jackson watched West Side Story almost every week and it was his favorite film.[272][273][274] While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,[275][276] James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."[277]
The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."[278] But Jackson owed part of his enduring style—especially his use of the oooh interjection—to Ross. From a young age, Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of oooh. Diana Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with The Supremes.[279]
Musical themes and genres[link]
Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.[280] In most of his songs, such as "Billie Jean", "Who Is It", and "Tabloid Junkie", he would beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line, or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice was able to replace any instrument convincingly. Steve Huey of Allmusic said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.[281] As a musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to techno and house-edged new jack swing to work that incorporates both funk rhythms and hard rock guitar.[18][282][283]
According to Huey, Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.[281] Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature" and "The Girl Is Mine"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"; and the post-disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".[281][282][283][284][285] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.[285] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[283] In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.[281] In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.[285] "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.[18][281] He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years.[281] In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.[281]
|
|
One of Jackson's signature pieces, "Thriller", released as a single in 1984, utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger.[22]
A single from the album Bad, released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.[286]
|
| Problems listening to these files? See media help. | |
In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".[290] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.[78] "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.[78] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual.[291] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World".[291] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time".[292] The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.[292] Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet".[292] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.[292] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.[292] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.[293]
HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.[294] Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.[295] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.[294][295] In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".[296] Invincible found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.[281] It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".[297][298]
Vocal style[link]
Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.[299] His vocal range as an adult was F2-E♭6. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It Together album.[300] Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video.[20] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly".[301][302] 1982 saw the release of Thriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".[285]
A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.[303] The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".[292] When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.[292] When commenting on Invincible, Rolling Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".[304] Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".[286]
Music videos and choreography[link]
Jackson has also been referred to as the King of Music Videos,[305] Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.[281] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.[306] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.[307] MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.[308] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.[309][307] His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.[310] Short films like Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.[311] The choreography in Thriller has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines.[312] The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.[99]
In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; Time magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.[71][313] For "Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.[314] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards;[315] the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[97]
He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor.[114] "Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video.[113] It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.[316] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt. It helped usher in morphing as an important technology in music videos.[317]
"Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in ancient Egypt, it featured groundbreaking visual effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson, along with a distinct complex dance routine.[318] The video for "In the Closet" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.[114]
The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".[319] The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.[320] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.[151][321]
"Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.[151][322] Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.[151][160][323][324]
Legacy and influence[link]
Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson in 2003 as "extremely important" and a "genius".[239] For much of his career, he had an "unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian contributions.[153] Jackson's music and videos, such as Thriller, fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous hip hop, rock, pop and R&B artists, including Patrick Stump,[325] Jennifer Lopez,[326] Beyoncé,[327] Mariah Carey,[328] Mýa,[329] Usher,[330] Adam Lambert,[331] Green Day,[332] Justin Timberlake,[333] Britney Spears,[334] Madonna,[335] Alien Ant Farm[164] and Ludacris, among others.[336]
Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".[281] In the mid-1980s, Time magazine's pop music critic, Jay Cocks, noted "Jackson is the biggest thing since The Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".[40] In 1990, Vanity Fair cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.[97] In 2007, Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."[337]
Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.[338] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.[339] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".[340][341][342]
In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into academia, and was detectable in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject matter.[343][344] The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and compiled an annotated bibliography of those writings that appeared to meet at least one of several criteria. Among these criteria were appearance in a peer-reviewed journal, and the provision of insight into the nature of "popular icons including Jackson".[345] The bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music, popular culture, and an array of other topics. The bibliographers identified as their most peculiar finding an argument that certain aspects of chemistry can be effectively taught by altering and imitating elements of Jackson's singing.[346] One of the research librarians later reflected that "the fact that someone would take a Michael Jackson song and co-opt it as a means to convey chemistry concepts just shows the pervasiveness of Jackson's influence".[343]
Honors and awards[link]
Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of The Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.[165][347] He was a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as The Jackson 5 member) in 1999, Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and Hit Parade Hall of Fame (with his brothers) in 2009.[165][348] In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.[349] His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone),[350] 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (24 only as a solo artist, including the "Artist of the Century", but not the poll of "Artist of the '80s")—more than any artist—, 13 number one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era[351]—and estimated sales of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him the world's best selling male solo pop artist.[32][99][113][163][215][216][352][353][354][355][356] On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It."[357] Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund[358] and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University.[359]
Lifetime earnings[link]
His total lifetime earnings from royalties on his solo recordings and music videos, revenue from concerts and endorsements have been estimated at US$500 million; some analysts have speculated that his music catalog holdings could be worth billions of dollars.[98][360] This speculation however is contradicted by financial documents obtained by the Associated Press, which showed that as of March 31, 2007, Jackson's 50 percent stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing catalog (his most prized asset) was worth $390.6 million and Michael Jackson's net worth was $236 million.[361] Billboard has estimated that Jackson has generated at least $1 billion in revenue in the year following his death.[362]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography, Michael Jackson singles discography, and Michael Jackson videography
See also: Jackson 5 discography
- Got to Be There (1972)
- Ben (1972)
- Music & Me (1973)
- Forever, Michael (1975)
- Off the Wall (1979)
- Thriller (1982)
- Bad (1987)
- Dangerous (1991)
- HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)
- Invincible (2001)
Filmography[link]
Main article: Michael Jackson videography
| Year | Film | Role | Director |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | The Wiz[363] | Scarecrow | Lumet, SidneySidney Lumet |
| 1986 | Captain EO[364] | Captain EO | Coppola, Francis FordFrancis Ford Coppola |
| 1988 | Moonwalker[365] | Himself | Kramer, JerryJerry Kramer |
| 1997 | Michael Jackson's Ghosts[366] | Maestro/Mayor/Ghoul/Skeleton | Winston, StanStan Winston |
| 2002 | Men in Black II[367] | Agent M (cameo) | Sonnenfeld, BarryBarry Sonnenfeld |
| 2004 | Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls[368] | Agent MJ (cameo) | Stoller, Bryan MichaelBryan Michael Stoller |
| 2009 | Michael Jackson's This Is It[369] | Himself | Ortega, KennyKenny Ortega |
Tours[link]
- Bad World Tour (1987–89)
- Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)
- HIStory World Tour (1996–97)
- This Is It (2009–10) (cancelled)
See also[link]
|
Book: Michael Jackson |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- Michael Jackson-related games
- List of awards received by Michael Jackson
- List of best-selling albums
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best-selling music artists in the United States
- List of most expensive music videos
- List of unreleased Michael Jackson material
- List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs
References[link]
- ^ a b County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services. (2009). Michael Jackson death certificate.
- ^ "Biography for Michael Jackson". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001391/bio. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ^ Lewis, Monica (June 14, 2007). "20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/AP/story/139458.html?storylink=mirelated&referer=www.clickfind.com.au. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ^ "Humanitarian: Guinness Book Of Records Names Michael "Most Support Charities"". CNN. June 30, 2009. http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-288836. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ^ "Michael Jackson’s Charity Work". The Gholston Post. July 9, 2009. http://simmerdown3.wordpress.com/2009/07/09/michael-jacksons-charity-work/. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ^ By Daniel Kreps (March 16, 2010). "Michael Jackson Estate, Sony Strike Massive 250 Million Deal to Release King of Pop's Music | Music News". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/michael-jackson-estate-sony-strike-massive-250-million-deal-to-release-king-of-pops-music-20100316. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
- ^ Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. p. 26. ISBN 0-307-71698-8.
- ^ a b c d George, p. 20
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 14
- ^ a b Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood, VH1, June 20, 2008.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 20–22
- ^ a b Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained?, BBC, June 27, 2009.
- ^ Jackson interview seen by 14m, BBC News, (February 4, 2003)
- ^ Daniel Schechter, Erica Willheim (2009). The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children. In Charles H. Zeanah (Ed.). Handbook of Infant Mental Health—3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, Inc. pp. 197–214.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 602
- ^ a b Lewis, pp. 165–168
- ^ a b The Jackson Five, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, accessed May 29, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Michael Jackson: Biography, Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ Alban, Debra (June 28, 2009). "Michael Jackson Broke Down Racial Barriers". Black in America 2 (CNN). http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/28/michael.jackson.black.community/. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ a b c George, p. 22
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 138–144
- ^ a b George, p. 23
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 205–210
- ^ a b George, pp. 37–38
- ^ "Michael Jackson is born — History.com This Day in History — 8/29/1958". The History Channel. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/michael-jackson-is-born. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ Michael Jackson: Off the Wall, Virgin Media. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ "Donna Summer and Michael Jackson sweep Annual American Music Awards". Lakeland Ledger. (January 20, 1980). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=wYEsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0_oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6776,1201107&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Donna No. 1, Pop and Soul; Michael Jackson King of Soul". The Afro American. (February 2, 1980). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=EaMkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Zf4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3100,419518&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Few Surprises In Music Awards". Sarasota Herald. (February 1, 1981). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=sPIcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3GcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6226,95260&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 188
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 191
- ^ a b c d e f Grammy Awards Past Winners Search, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "Michael Jackson sweeps American Music Awards". Daily News. (January 17, 1984). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=eQUbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E0gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5127,2841948&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "MICHAEL HE'S NOT JUST THE ROCK STAR OF THE YEAR, HE'S THE ROCK STAR OF THE '80S". Philadelphia Inquirer. (December 20, 1983). http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB296D5B072064E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
- ^ "Cash register's ring sweet music to record industry". Gasden Times. (March 26, 1984). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d9EfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cdYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1419,4981079&dq=best+selling+album+1983+worldwide&hl=en. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
- ^ RIAA Diamond Awards, Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Photo Gallery 迈克•杰克逊影集". BBC China. http://www.bbc.co.uk/china/learningenglish/specials/1430_jackson_photo/page7.shtml. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ Lewis, p. 47
- ^ a b c Grammy Awards Past Winners Search, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ a b c Cocks, Jay (March 19, 1984). "Why He's a Thriller". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950053-1,00.html. Retrieved April, 25 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 226
- ^ "Michael Jackson". CNN. December 30, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/30/national.film.registry/index.html. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Alex Dobuzinskis (December 30, 2009). "Jackson "Thriller" film picked for U.S. registry". Reuters (Thomas Reuters). http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/30/us-thriller-idUSTRE5BT43W20091230?type=musicNews. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ Dave Itzkoff (December 30, 2009). "'Thriller' Video Added to U.S. Film Registry". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/arts/music/31arts-THRILLERVIDE_BRF.html. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
- ^ Pareles, John. Michael Jackson at 25: A Musical Phenomenon, The New York Times, January 14, 1984.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 238–41
- ^ Kisselgoff, Anna. Dancing feet of Michael Jackson, The New York Times, March 6, 1988.
- ^ Story, Louise (December 31, 2007). "Philip B. Dusenberry, 71, Adman, Dies". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/31/business/media/31dusenberry.html. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 279–287
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 304–307
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 315–320
- ^ Grammy Awards Past Winners Search, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "Bruce shows who's Boss". The Montreal Gazette. (January 28, 1986). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=MRgiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7aUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1658,3425033&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ Lisa D. Campbell (1993). Michael Jackson: the King of Pop. Branden Books. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-8283-1957-7. http://books.google.com/?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=Michael+Jackson+won+American+Music+Awards+Appreciation&q=Michael%20Jackson%20won%20American%20Music%20Awards%20Appreciation. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 340–344
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hilburn, Robert (September 22, 1985). "The long and winding road". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story.
- ^ a b c d Doyle, Jack (July 7, 2009). "Michael & McCartney, 1990s–2009". The Pop History Dig. http://www.pophistorydig.com/?p=2517.
- ^ a b c Taraborrelli, pp. 333–338
- ^ a b c "Paul McCartney refused an offer to buy the ATV Catalog for £20 million". Audio & transcript of McCartney at a 1990 press conference. November 13, 2010. http://mjjinfo.blogspot.com/2010/11/paul-mccartney-refused-to-buy-atv.html.
- ^ a b "Michael Jackson 1958–2009". Today Tonight. 2009-06-25. Coverage of the sale of ATV Music at 2:36 minutes in. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3htpIVyUtec. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c Campbell (1995), pp. 14–16
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 434–436
- ^ "Michael Jackson case report". TMZ.com. http://tmz.vo.llnwd.net/o28/newsdesk/tmz_documents/0208_mj_case_report_wm.pdf. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ Surgeon: Michael Jackson A 'Nasal Cripple', ABC News, February 8, 2003.
- ^ a b c d Jackson, pp. 229–230
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313
- ^ "Michael Jackson Secret Boyfriend Claims Draw Fury". National Ledger. May 8, 2010. http://www.nationalledger.com/pop-culture-news/michael-jackson-secret-boyfrie-227202.shtml. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 355–361
- ^ a b c "Music's misunderstood superstar". BBC. June 13, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4584367.stm. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
- ^ Goldberg, 1Michael; Handelman, David (September 24, 1987). "Is Michael Jackson for Real?". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC).
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 370–373
- ^ "Newswatch Magazine – The Man, His Weird Ways". Newswatchngr.com. July 5, 2009. http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1080&Itemid=1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- ^ Jackson, Michael (September 12, 1997). Interview with Barbara Walters. 20/20. ABC.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. vii
- ^ George, p. 41
- ^ "Captain EO is Back to Change the World – Movies News at IGN". Movies.ign.com. February 23, 2010. http://movies.ign.com/articles/107/1071393p1.html?RSSwhen2010-02-23_111800&RSSid=1071393. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ Ebony, Vol. 42, No. 11, September 1987, and Vol. 45, No. 12, October 1990.
- ^ a b c Cocks, Jay. The Badder They Come, Time, September 14, 1987.
- ^ Leopold, Todd (June 6, 2005). "Michael Jackson: A life in the spotlight". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/30/jackson.life/. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Bad album set for re-release". Telegraphy. 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/8879265/Michael-Jackson-Bad-album-set-for-re-release.html. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ "50 fastest selling albums ever". NME.com. 2011. http://www.nme.com/photos/50-fastest-selling-albums-ever/213617/40/1. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ Gil Kaufman (2010). "Michael Jackson's New Album Cover Decoded Painting is packed with iconic MJ images". mtv.com. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651633/michael-jacksons-new-album-cover-decoded.jhtml. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ Piya Sinha-Roy (2012). "Michael Jackson is still "Bad," 25 years after". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/21/entertainment-us-michaeljackson-bad-idUSBRE84K0Z120120521. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ Piya Sinha-Roy (2012). "Michael Jackson is still "Bad", 25 years after album". Chicagotribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-22/entertainment/sns-rt-us-michaeljackson-bad25bre84l17s-20120522_1_conrad-murray-dirty-diana-grammy-winning-album. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ "25th Anniversary Of Michael Jackson’s Landmark Album Bad Celebrated With September 18 Release Of New Bad 25 Packages". Yahoo. 2012. http://news.yahoo.com/25th-anniversary-michael-jackson-landmark-album-bad-celebrated-140242006.html. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
- ^ contactmusic (2012). "Michael Jackson - Michael Jackson's Bad To Get 25Th Anniversary Release". contactmusic. http://www.contactmusic.com/news/michael-jacksons-bad-to-get-25th-anniversary-release_1330641. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ "Michael, Travis top Music Award winners". Lodi News-Sentinel. (January 30, 1989). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lZozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,3617735&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "American Music Awards Monday". The Modesto Bee. (January 27, 1989). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mfIqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=39cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3513,3619658&dq=michael+jackson+american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
- ^ Lisa D. Campbell (1993). Michael Jackson: the King of Pop. Branden Books. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-8283-1957-7. http://books.google.com/?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&pg=PA251&dq=Michael+Jackson+Moonwalker+251&q=Michael%20Jackson%20Moonwalker%20251. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
- ^ "JACKSON TOUR ON ITS WAY TO U.S.". San Josè Mercury News. (January 12, 1988). http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB72CE855E5ADB3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
- ^ "Winners of American Music Awards". Lodi News-Sentinel. (January 26, 1988). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=pqxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sDIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4496,2784310&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b Lewis, pp. 95–96
- ^ Harrington, Richard.Jackson to Make First Solo U.S. Tour, The Washington Post, January 12, 1988.
- ^ Shanahan, Mark and Golstein, Meredith (June 27, 2009). "Remembering Michael". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
- ^ Jackson, pp. 29–31
- ^ George, p. 42
- ^ a b c d e George, pp. 43–44
- ^ a b c Gunderson,, Edna (February 19, 2007). "For Jackson, scandal could spell financial ruin". USA Today (Gannett Co. Inc). http://www.usatoday.com/life/2003-11-24-jackson-finances_x.htm. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Jackson receives his World Records". Yahoo!. (November 14, 2006). http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&e=l_news_dm. Retrieved November 16, 2006. [dead link]
- ^ Press references to Jackson as a music "king" appeared as early as 1984 after he swept the Grammy Awards, and "king of pop" appeared as early as 1987. MTV and Fox used the title in joint press releases and ads for the "Black or White" video at Jackson's request, but MTV denied a report that VJs were required to use it on-camera. Writers described the title as self-proclaimed from then on.
- ^ Arar, Yardena (February 29, 1984). "Michael Jackson coronated latest king of rock 'n' roll". Boca Raton News: p. 7A.
- ^ Staff writer (July 27, 1987). "Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?". Sacramento Bee: p. B3.
- ^ Browne, David (November 29, 1991). "Michael Jackson's Black or White Blues". Entertainment Weekly.
- ^ Campbell (1993) pp. 260–263
- ^ Remarks on the Upcoming Summit With President Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, April 5, 1990.
- ^ "Blacks who give back'". Ebony. March 1990. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n5_v45/ai_8540117. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 382
- ^ "Michael Jackson's Life & Legacy: The Eccentric King Of Pop (1986–1999) – News Story | Music, Celebrity, Artist News | MTV News". Mtv.com. July 6, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615214/20090702/jackson_michael.jhtml. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ Gray, Chris; Shah, Saeed (October 3, 2002). "Robbie swings historic record deal with EMI". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-613061.html. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Gold and Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Michael%20Jackson&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=100. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Michael Jackson sulla sedia a rotelle". Affari Italiani. August 11, 2008. http://www.affaritaliani.it/entertainment/micheal-jackson110708.html. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
- ^ Carter, Kelley L. (August 10, 2008). "New jack swing". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-08-10/news/0808080318_1_new-edition-new-jack-city-swing. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The return of the King of Pop". MSNBC. (November 2, 2006). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15529981/. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g George, pp. 45–46
- ^ "Garth Brooks ropes in most Billboard awards". Allegheny Times. December 10, 1992. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w7QiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DbUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3124,2012493&dq=best+selling+album+1992+worldwide&hl=en. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 459
- ^ Harrington, Richard (February 5, 1992). "Jackson to Tour Overseas". The Washington Post.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 452–454
- ^ "Stars line up for Clinton celebration". Daily News of Los Angeles. (January 19, 1993).
- ^ Smith, Patricia (January 20, 1992). "Facing the music and the masses at the presidential gala". The Boston Globe.
- ^ a b c d Johnson, Robert (May 1992). "Michael Jackson: crowned in Africa". Ebony. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n7_v47/ai_12288831. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ "Cyrus, Bolton please the fans". Toledo Blade. (January 27, 1993). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=mBIVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TQMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6811,6756235&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b "1993: Michael Jackson accused of child abuse". BBC. (February 8, 2003). http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/24/newsid_2512000/2512077.stm. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 485–486
- ^ a b c Taraborrelli, pp. 477–478
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 496–498
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 534–540
- ^ "Michael Jackson Never Recovered from 1993 Police Strip Search". Blogspot.com. July 2, 2009. http://wendyista.blogspot.com/2009/07/michael-jackson-never-recovered-from.html.
- ^ "Autopsy of Jackson, Michael Joseph" (PDF). http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2010/images/02/09/mj_autopsy.pdf.
- ^ "Photos May Contradict Michael's Accuser USA Today (pre-1997 Fulltext) – McLean, Va. Date: Jan 28, 1994" (PDF). http://site2.mjeol.com/pdf/important-article/photos-may-contradict-michael-s-accuser-1994.pdf. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ "Photos May Contradict Michael's Accuser USA Today (pre-1997 Fulltext) – McLean, Va. Date: Jan 28, 1994". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. January 28, 1994. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55226686.html?did=55226686&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&desc=Photos+may+contradict+Michael%27s+accuser1. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ Campbell (1995), pp. 47–50
- ^ "Jackson Grand Jury Disbanded – 1994. May 2, 1994" (PDF). http://site2.mjeol.com/pdf/important-article/jackson-grand-jury-disbanded-1994.pdf. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
- ^ "STATEMENT OF DECLINATION ISSUED JOINTLY BY THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S OFFICES OF LOS ANGELES AND SANTA BARABARA COUNTIES. September 21, 1994". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051225151006/http://atgbook.net/abcfinal.html. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
- ^ a b Attorneys for Michael Jackson (March 22, 2005). "Objection to Subpoena of Settlement Document". Superior Court of California. http://www.sbscpublicaccess.org/docs/ctdocs/032205mjmemospprtobj.pdf.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 540–545
- ^ "Michael Jackson's Big Payoff. Agreed to pay $15 million to settle boy's 1993 sex abuse claim. The Smoking Gun, June 16". Thesmokinggun.com. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0616041jacko5.html. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ "Grand Jury to convene in Jackson Case Law: Sources close to the investigation say a panel in Santa Barbara will hear testimony next week about alleged molestation of boy. February 5, 1994|Jim Newton, Times Staff Writer". latimes.com. February 5, 1994. http://articles.latimes.com/1994-02-05/local/me-19273_1_santa-barbara/2. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 500–507
- ^ Gliatto, Tom (August 15, 1994). "Neverland Meets Graceland". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20103653,00.html.
- ^ a b c Taraborrelli, pp. 518–520
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 510
- ^ a b "She's Out Of His Life". CNN. (January 18, 1996). http://www.cnn.com/US/9601/jacko_presley/. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 562–564
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 580–581
- ^ Lisa Marie Presley Opens Up About Michael Jackson. Oprah.com. October 21, 2010.
- ^ Michael Jackson sells Beatles songs to Sony, The New York Times, November 8, 1995.
- ^ a b Leeds, Jeff (April 13, 2006). "Michael Jackson Bailout Said to Be Close". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/business/media/13music.html?ex=1302580800&en=45bff2f7a4da68fe&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ "Top 100 Albums (Page 2)". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=tblTop100&action=. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
- ^ Putti, Laura (August 24, 2001). "Il nuovo Michael Jackson fa un tuffo nel passato". La Repubblica. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/08/24/il-nuovo-michael-jackson-fa-un-tuffo.html. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h George, pp. 48–50
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 576–577
- ^ a b "ADL happy with Michael Jackson decision". Anti-Defamation League. (June 22, 1995). http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/2471_12.asp. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
- ^ "Brooks turns down award for favorite artist of the year". Rome News-Tribune. (January 30, 1996). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=LWUwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YzMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5552,8128572&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 570–586
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 597
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 599–600
- ^ a b "Jackson child custody battle ends". BBC News (BBC Online). September 30, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5394792.stm. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ a b Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. ISBN 0-7456-3683-7.
- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 610–612
- ^ "Ricky Martin, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Others To Join Pavarotti For Benefit". VH1. (May 5, 1999). http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1426933/19990505/carey_mariah.jhtml. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ "Slash, Scorpions, Others Scheduled For 'Michael Jackson & Friends'". VH1. (May 27, 1999). http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1429785/19990527/guns_n_roses.jhtml. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ a b "Lauryn Hill, Backstreet Boys, DMX Honored With American Music Awards". MTV. (January 18, 2000). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425174/20000118/backstreet_boys.jhtml. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 614–617
- ^ a b c George, pp. 50–53
- ^ a b Liveblogging Michael Jackson's funeral and memorial service, The Guardian, July 7, 2009.
- ^ Conniff, Tamara (August 30, 2009). "We Killed Michael Jackson". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/we-killed-michael-jackson_b_272174.html. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- ^ a b Burkeman, Oliver (July 8, 2002). "Jacko gets tough: but is he a race crusader or just a falling star?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jul/08/oliverburkeman. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ Jackson, Jermaine ((December 31, 2002)). Interview with Connie Chung. "Interview with Jermaine Jackson". CNN. Connie Chung Tonight. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0212/31/cct.00.html. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- ^ "Keys, Destiny's Child, McGraw win at American Music Awards". Lodi-News Sentinel. (January 10, 2002). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=5669,889435&dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson". Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/topics/michael-jackson/. Retrieved May 29, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (November 20, 2002). "Michael Jackson Calls Baby-Dangling Incident A 'Terrible Mistake'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458799/20021120/jackson_michael.jhtml. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ "BPI Searchable database—Gold and Platinum". British Phonographic Industry.
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, p. 640
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 661
- ^ Davis, Matthew (June 6, 2005). "Michael Jackson health concerns". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4612897.stm. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ "Michael Jackson jury reaches verdict". The Guardian. Associated Press (London). June 13, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/jackson/story/0,15819,1505806,00.html. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
- ^ Toumi, Habib (January 23, 2006). "Jackson settles down to his new life in the Persian Gulf". Gulf News. http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/01/23/10013403.html. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
- ^ "Jermaine Jackson reveals escape plan for Michael". Associated Press. September 10, 2011. http://hosted2.ap.org/PAPRI/a6ce7ad62f4a4c5c8250b21416094092/Article_2011-09-10-EU-Britain-Michael-Jackson/id-e252a4862bc04271938b75a1ab78bac5. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ^ McNamara, Melissa (March 17, 2006). "Jackson Closes Neverland House". CBS News. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/people/main1414450.shtml. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ Ackman, Dan (June 14, 2005). "Really Odd Facts About Michael Jackson". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2005/06/14/jackson-celebrity-trial-cx_da_0614topnews.html. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
- ^ "Jackson strikes deal over loans". BBC News (BBC Online). April 14, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4909412.stm. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Sails With Two Seas". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002345673#/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002345673. Retrieved April, 25, 2010.
- ^ a b "Jackson parts with Bahrain label". BBC News (BBC Online). September 26, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5380654.stm. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ Friedman, Roger (October 21, 2006). "Who's Funding Jackson's Retreat to Irish Recording Studio?". FOX News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,222797,00.html. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ "2006 World Music Awards". Chiff. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080204051554/http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem. James Brown Saluted By Michael Jackson at Public Funeral Service, MTV, December 30, 2006.
- ^ "Michael Jackson buys rights to Eminem tunes and more,". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC). May 31, 2007.
- ^ Wardrop, Murray (June 27, 2009). "Michael Jackson: the unreleased album". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5656918/Michael-Jackson-the-unreleased-album.html. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
- ^ "Interview With RedOne". HitQuarters. March 23, 2009. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_RedOne_Interview.html. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
- ^ Talmadge, Eric. Michael Jackson 'wouldn't change anything', Associated Press, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
- ^ "Will.i.am On Working With Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC). September 24, 2007.
- ^ a b "Zona Musical" (in Spanish). zm.nu. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080329232427/http://zm.nu/detalle.php?base=zmnews&lay=cgi&form=detalle&tok4=notici&tok5=Noticias&id=17840. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
- ^ "Thriller the best selling album of all time". digitalproducer. (February 20, 2008). http://digitalproducer.digitalmedianet.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=312105&afterinter=true. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Thriller 25". ultratop.be. http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Thriller+25&cat=a. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ Friedman, Roger (May 16, 2008). "Jacko: Neverland East in Upstate New York". Fox News Channel. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,356282,00.html#3. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
- ^ "Choose The Tracks On Michael Jackson's 50th Birthday Album!". Sony BMG. (June 20, 2008). http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do;.tomcat2?newsId=20030829005656. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
- ^ "Michael Jackson—King of Pop". acharts.us. http://acharts.us/album/37399. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ "King of Pop". www.ultratop.be. http://www.ultratop.be/nl/search.asp?search=king+of+pop&cat=a. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
- ^ "Neverland peters out for pop's Peter Pan". The Sydney Morning Herald. (November 13, 2008). http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/people/neverland-peters-out-for-pops-peter-pan/2008/11/13/1226318822205.html. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
- ^ "Jacko gives up Neverland ranch deed". Press Association. (November 16, 2008).
- ^ Adams, Susan (April 14, 2009). "Ten Most Expensive Michael Jackson Collectibles". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/04/14/michael-jackson-auction-lifestyle-collecting-michael-jackson.html. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Exhibition – 2009". Juliensauctions.com. April 25, 2009. http://www.juliensauctions.com/auctions/2009/michael-jackson/index.html. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ "Michael Jackson: The fantastic possessions revealed – Americas, World". The Independent (London). June 26, 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/michael-jackson-auction-cancelled-after-lawsuit-1668969.html. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ Foster, Patrick (March 6, 2009). "Michael Jackson grand finale curtain-raiser". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5854735.ece. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- ^ Kreps, Daniel (March 12, 2009). "Michael Jackson's "This Is It!" Tour Balloons to 50-Show Run Stretching Into 2010". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner LLC).
- ^ "Michael Jackson: The Last Rehearsal". Life. June 29, 2009. http://www.life.com/image/88744450/in-gallery/29532/michael-jackson-the-last-rehearsal. Retrieved August 28, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Michael Jackson dead at 50 after cardiac arrest". CNN. June 25, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/25/michael.jackson/index.html. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
- ^ "Christian Audigier Michael Jackson Clothing Collection Confirmed". Popcrunch.com. June 24, 2008. http://www.popcrunch.com/christian-audigier-michael-jackson-clothing-collection-confirmed/. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Christian Audigier Clothing Line Was In The Works". Popcrunch.com. July 2, 2009. http://www.popcrunch.com/michael-jackson-christian-audigier-clothing-line-was-in-the-works. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ Joyce Eng (August 10, 2009). "Judge Approves Michael Jackson Film". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Michael-Jackson-Film-1008827.aspx. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
- ^ "This is It (2009)". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=michaeljacksonthisisit.htm. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
- ^ "Judge OKs Jackson performance film deal". MSNBC. Associated Press. August 10, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32360110. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
- ^ Herrera, Monica (September 23, 2009). "New Michael Jackson Song, Album Due In October". Billboard.com. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/new-michael-jackson-song-album-due-in-october-1004015054.story. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
- ^ a b "Taylor Swift, Michael Jackson dominate American Music Awards nominations (Updated)". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). October 13, 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/10/taylor-swift-michael-jackson-dominate-american-music-awards-nominations.html. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
- ^ a b "2009 American Music Awards: Scorecard". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). November 22, 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/11/2009-american-music-awards-scorecard.html. Retrieved November 23, 2009.
- ^ a b Harvey, Michael (June 26, 2009). "Fans mourn artist for whom it didn't matter if you were black or white". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6580897.ece. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ "Los Angeles Fire Department recording of the emergency phone call made from Michael Jackson's home". BBC. June 26, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8121884.stm. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ "Transcript of 911 call". Yahoo! News. June 26, 2009.
- ^ "Singer Michael Jackson dead at 50-Legendary pop star had been preparing for London comeback tour". MSNBC. June 25, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31552029?gt1=43001. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
- ^ Moore, Matthew (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson, King of Pop, dies of cardiac arrest in Los Angeles". Telegraph.co.uk (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5643916/Michael-Jackson-King-of-Pop-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-Los-Angeles.html. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ Tourtellotte, Bob (June 25, 2009). "King of Pop Michael Jackson is dead: official". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE55O6AK20090626. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
- ^ Rawlinson, Linnie and Nick Hunt. Jackson Dies, almost takes Internet With Him, CNN, June 27, 2009.
- ^ Shiels, Maggie. Web slows after Jackson's death, BBC News, June 26, 2009.
- ^ Phoebe. The King of Pop vs. Wikipedia, The Wikipedia Signpost, June 29, 2009; see October 2009 stats
- ^ Wood, Daniel B. Outpouring over Michael Jackson unlike anything since Princess Di, Christian Science Monitor, June 27, 2009.
- ^ a b Skok, David, Internet stretched to limit as fans flock for Michael Jackson news[dead link], The Vancouver Sun, June 26, 2009.
- ^ a b Wortham, Jenna. Michael Jackson Tops the Charts on Twitter, The New York Times, June 25, 2009.
- ^ Krazit, Tim and McCullagh, Declan. Debate: Can the Internet handle big breaking news?, cnet.com, June 26, 2009.
- ^ Stelter, Brian. MTV's Jackson Marathon The New York Times, June 26, 2009.
- ^ "Jacko news spreads to Eastenders". MSN Entertainment. June 28, 2009.
- ^ The Sun, July 8, 2009, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Jacko Telethon: Primetime Broadcast Network Coverage Devotes One Third of All News to Pop Star's Death, newsbusters.org, July 10, 2009.
- ^ Time Magazine to Publish Special Jackson Issue, People, June 27, 2009.
- ^ Hill, Catey. Scene with Michael Jackson, LaToya Jackson cut from Sacha Baron Cohen's "Bruno", New York Daily News, June 26, 2009.
- ^ Bucci, Paul and Wood, Graeme.Michael Jackson RIP: One billion people estimated watching for gold-plated casket at memorial service[dead link]. The Vancouver Sun, July 7, 2009.
- ^ Leopold, todd. Jackson spectacle likely a world event. CNN, July 6, 2009.
- ^ Scott, Andrew. "Michael Jackson Memorial Earns 31 Million Viewers & More TV News – Inside TV Blog". Television.aol.com. http://television.aol.com/insidetv/2009/07/09/michael-jackson-memorial-earns-31-million-viewers/. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ a b Allen, Nick. Michael Jackson memorial service: the biggest celebrity send-off of all time, The Daily Telegraph, July 7, 2009.
- ^ Video of Sharpton's eulogy, Macleans, July 7, 2009.
- ^ Interview with Reverend Lucious Smith, one year since the death of Michael Jackson.
- ^ Burgess, Kaya (August 24, 2009). "LA coroner to treat Michael Jackson's death as a homicide". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6808546.ece. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
- ^ "Jackson 'had lethal drug levels'". BBC News. August 25, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8219362.stm. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
- ^ Doheny, Kathleen; Louise Chang, Hector Vila Jr (August 24, 2009). "Propofol Linked to Michael Jackson's Death". WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/news/20090824/propofol-linked-to-michael-jacksons-death. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Homicide Ruling". http://www.daytondailynews.com/entertainment/music/ap-source-coroner-rules-jacksons-death-homicide-263808.html. Retrieved August 24, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Michael Jackson's doctor charged with manslaughter". BBC News (BBC Online). February 9, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8499143.stm. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
- ^ Coleman, Mark (September 4, 2009). "Michael Jackson finally laid to rest in Los Angeles". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/6136376/Michael-Jackson-finally-laid-to-rest-in-Los-Angeles.html. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
- ^ Wells, Jason (June 25, 2010). "One year later: Fans gather to pay tribute to Michael Jackson". Glendale News-Press (Los Angeles). http://www.glendalenewspress.com/news/tn-gnp-0626-jackson,0,4723051.story. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ EFE (June 26, 2010). "Familia y fans de Jackson le recuerdan en el aniversario de su muerte". La Vanguardia (Los Angeles). http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20100625/53952933686/familia-y-fans-de-jackson-le-recuerdan-en-el-aniversario-de-su-muerte-los-angeles-michael-jackson-nu.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ Judd, Amy (June 25, 2010). "Gary Indiana Hosts Michael Jackson Tribute June 25, 2010". Glendale News-Press (Gary, Indiana). http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/gary-indiana-hosts-michael-jackson-tribute-june-25-2010-2633317.html. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ Baichwal, Ravi (June 25, 2010). "Fans honor Michael Jackson in Gary, Indiana". WLS (Gary, Ind.). http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7519910. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ Mccartney, Anthony (June 23, 2010). "A year after Michael Jackson's death, fan base remains committed to keeping memory alive". Associated Press. Los Angeles. http://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2010/06/23/a-year-after-michael-jacksons-death-fan-base-remains-committed-to-keeping-memory-alive-143386. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
- ^ Romero, Dennis (June 4, 2010). "MJ fans plan to march in downtown L.A. one day after anniversary". LAWeekly (Los Angeles). http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/node/841578. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
- ^ Gimenez-Llort, Lydia (June 26, 2010). "M4mj 'forever Michael' 4 For Fans Use Only! from WN". WN (Los Angeles). http://wn.com/M4MJ_'Forever_Michael'_4_For_fans_use_ONLY!. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ "An amazing tribute: The Jackson Family Foundation & VoicePlate Productions presents "Forever Michael."". Michael Jackson Official Site (Los Angeles). June 26, 2010. http://www.michaeljackson.com/de/node/842682. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ^ "Aniversario de muerte de Michael Jackson pasará sin grandes homenajes". EFE (Los Angeles). June 26, 2010. http://www.abc.com.py/abc/nota/139624-Aniversario-de-muerte-de-Michael-Jackson-pasar%E1-sin-grandes-homenajes/. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (January 6, 2010). "Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle for 2009's Top-Selling Album". Billboard.com. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/taylor-swift-edges-susan-boyle-for-2009-1004057203.story. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ "Jackson sells 35 million albums since death - Entertainment - Access Hollywood - TODAYshow.com". Today.msnbc.msn.com. June 25, 2010. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/37957972/ns/today-entertainment/. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
- ^ a b Smith, Ethan (March 16, 2010). "Sony Places Big Bet on a Fallen 'King'". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704588404575124023860735864.html. Retrieved March 17 2010.
- ^ "MICHAEL Album Announcement". Breakingnews.michaeljackson.com. http://breakingnews.michaeljackson.com/IE/pressrelease.html. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson in 'record' $200m music deal". BBC News. BBC Online. March 16, 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/business/2010/03/100316_jackson_biz_music_deal.shtml. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
- ^ Up for Discussion Jump to Forums (September 14, 2009). "Michael Jackson Fans Will Moonwalk In Motion-Sensing Game". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/news/michael-jackson-fans-will-moonwalk-in-motion-1004098077.story#/news/michael-jackson-fans-will-moonwalk-in-motion-1004098077.story. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ By Tony HicksContra Costa Times. "People: Cirque du Soleil mounting Michael Jackson tour – San Jose Mercury News". Mercurynews.com. http://www.mercurynews.com/entertainment-headlines/ci_16517946?nclick_check=1. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ^ "CBC News – Music – Cirque plans $57M touring Jackson show". Cbc.ca. November 3, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2010/11/03/cirque-michael-jackson-immortal-tour.html#ixzz14SQrjPED. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ^ "Where to see Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson tour – News & Advice, Travel". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/where-to-see-cirque-du-soleils-michael-jackson-tour-2125812.html. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson 'Immortal' tour opens advance ticket sales – Music, Arts & Entertainment". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/michael-jackson-immortal-tour-opens-advance-ticket-sales-2125212.html. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ^ "IMMORTAL, the highly anticipated musical tapestry for Cirque du Soleil’s Michael Jackson THE IMMORTAL World Tour". Sony Music Entertainment. http://m.fans.sonymusicemail.com/nl/jsp/m.jsp?c=3176d0f1a67d41fce6. Retrieved October 4, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "English Premier League: Fans can 'go to hell', says Fulham owner Mohamed Al Fayed". Sports Haze. April 4, 2011. http://sportshaze.com/england/english-premier-league/english-premier-league-fans-can-go-to-hell-says-fulham-owner-mohamed-al-fayed-2659. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- ^ Barney Ronay. "Fulham fans cry foul over 'bizarre' Michael Jackson statue". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/apr/01/fulham-michael-jackson-statue-fans. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Fulham FC statue defended by Al Fayed". BBC. April 3, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-12950708. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- ^ Jones, Jel D. Lewis (June 1, 2005). Michael Jackson, the king of pop: the big picture : the music! the man! the legend! the interviews : an anthology. Amber Books Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9749779-0-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=LuEPnk7irOMC. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
- ^ "David Winters remembers Michael Jackson " Magick Papers & Nightlife Thailand". Magickpapers.com. http://www.magickpapers.com/blog/?p=400. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
- ^ "Thank you BigBearJohn: here's also David Winters". Democratic Underground. http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=389&topic_id=5935191&mesg_id=5935451. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
- ^ "Remembering Michael Jackson, On Screen". indieWIRE. http://www.indiewire.com/article/michael_jackson_on_screen/. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
- ^ "Michael Jackson saved my life". Scarborough Evening News. http://www.scarborougheveningnews.co.uk/news/39Michael-Jackson-saved-my-life39.5407768.jp. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^ IMDb Search
- ^ "James Brown – Jackson Attends Brown's Public Funeral – Contactmusic News". Contactmusic.com. January 2, 2007. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/jackson%20attends%20browns%20public%20funeral_1017673. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 60
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 64
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 209–210
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Huey, Steve. "Michael Jackson—Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4576. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
- ^ a b Heyliger, M., Music - Help - Web - Review - A State-of-the-Art Pop Album (Thriller by Michael Jackson): "Not many artists could pull off such a variety of styles (funk, post-disco, rock, easy listening, ballads) back then...". Consumerhelpweb.com Retrieved on March 12, 2011
- ^ a b c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Thriller Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r10089/review. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- ^ Henderson, Eric (2003). "Michael Jackson:Thriller". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=358. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Connelly, Christopher (January 28, 1983). "Michael Jackson: Thriller". Rolling Stone.
- ^ a b George, p.24
- ^ Sony Music (2001). "Michael Jackson Dangerous Review". Sony Music Entertainment. Archived from the original on December 4, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051204230345/http://www.sonybmg.com.au/cd/releaseDetails.do?catalogueNo=5044242000. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
- ^ Jeans (1993). "Peligroso regreso". Michael Jackson: Un mito indescifrable (in Spanish). Revista Jeans. p. 7. "En "Black or white" Michael Jackson solicitó la participación del guitarrista de Guns N' Roses, Slash, para darle a esta canción de hard rock una línea más agresiva, además cuenta con la participación de Tim Pierce en la guitarra heavy metal; y el resultado es una mezcla de hard rock, dance y rap"
- ^ Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings. Allyn and Bacon. p. 491. ISBN 0-205-31745-6. http://books.google.com/?id=nDnUQkn28lUC&q=%22black+or+white%22+%22rock+'n'+roll+dance+song%22+%22michael+jackson%22&dq=%22black+or+white%22+%22rock+'n'+roll+dance+song%22+%22michael+jackson%22. Retrieved July 14, 2009. "'Black or White', described by the record company as 'a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony'"
- ^ Pareles, Jon (September 3, 1987). "How good is Jackson's Bad?". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1DC1F38F930A3575AC0A961948260&scp=5&sq=Michael+Jackson+Bad+review&st=nyt. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Dangerous Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r10095. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pareles, Jon (November 24, 1991). "Michael Jackson in the Electronic Wilderness". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D6143DF937A15752C1A967958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fJ%2fJackson%2c%20Michael. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ Harrington, Richard (November 24, 1991). "Jackson's `Dangerous' Departures; Stylistic Shifts Mar His First Album in 4 Years". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Michael Jackson HIStory Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r216079. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- ^ a b Hunter, James (August 10, 1995). "Michael Jackson HIStory". Rolling Stone.
- ^ "Thomas W. (Tom) Sneddon, Jr". ndaa.org. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080102103101/http://www.ndaa.org/ndaa/profile/tom_sneddon_jan_feb_2003.html. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Michael Jackson:Invincible". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r553140/review. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
- ^ Beaumont, Mark (November 30, 2001). "Michael Jackson: Invincible". NME. http://www.nme.com/reviews/michael-jackson/5780. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ Brackett, pp. 414
- ^ The Complete Guide To The Music of Michael Jackson & The Jackson Family by Geoff Brown. 164 pages, Omnibus Press
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Off the Wall Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r10088/review. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- ^ Holden, Stephen (November 1, 1979). "Off the Wall: Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone.
- ^ Lewarne, Rory (July 26, 2004). "Pink Grease". Music News. http://www.music-news.com/ShowReview.asp?nReviewID=363&nType=4. Retrieved August 10, 2008.
- ^ Hunter, James (December 6, 2001). "Michael Jackson: Invincible". Rolling Stone.
- ^ Chery, Carl: XXL: Michael Jackson Special Collecters Edition, page 95. American Press.
- ^ "Michael Jackson, "Billie Jean," directed by Steve Barron, produced by Simon Fields & Paul Flattery,". Blender. October 2005.
- ^ a b Gundersen, Edna (August 25, 2005). "Music videos changing places". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2005-08-25-mtv_x.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ "Why it took MTV so long to play black music videos | Jet | Find Articles at BNET". Findarticles.com. October 9, 2006. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_14_110/ai_n16807343/. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ Robinson, Bryan (February 23, 2005). "Why Are Michael Jackson's Fans So Devoted?". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/LegalCenter/story?id=464753&page=1. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ Inglis, Ian (2006). Performance and popular music: history, place and time. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 119, 127. ISBN 978-0-7546-4057-8.
- ^ Jackson, Michael. Thriller Special Edition Audio.
- ^ "Philippine jailhouse rocks to Thriller". BBC. (July 27, 2007). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6917318.stm. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ Corliss, Richard (September 6, 1993). "Who's Bad?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979177,00.html?internalid=ACA. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
- ^ US Michael J. Jackson, Michael L. Bush, Dennis Tompkins: "Method and means for creating anti-gravity illusion", filed June 29, 1992, issued Oct 26, 1993 5255452
- ^ Lisa D. Campbell, Michael Jackson: The King of Pop, p. 273.
- ^ Michael Jackson Dangerous on Film VHS/DVD
- ^ Campbell (1993), p. 303
- ^ Campbell (1993), pp. 313–314
- ^ Boepple, Leanne (November 1, 1995). Scream: Space Odyssey, Jackson-Style.(video production; Michael and Janet Jackson video). 29. Theatre Crafts International. p. 52. ISSN 1063-9497.
- ^ Bark, Ed (June 26, 1995). Michael Jackson Interview Raises Questions, Answers. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 06E.
- ^ Guinness World Records 2006
- ^ Michael Jackson HIStory on Film volume II VHS/DVD
- ^ Lewis, pp. 125–126
- ^ Guinness World Records 2004
- ^ "Justin Timberlake, Usher, Ne-Yo Talk About Michael Jackson's Influence". MTV.com. July 1, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615102/justin-timberlake-usher-talk-about-michael-jacksons-influence.jhtml. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ "Free Services for PR :: News :: Press Releases". Pr-inside.com. http://www.pr-inside.com/lopez-amp-anthony-honoured-in-new-r1951409.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ "Beyoncé, Top Stars Tip Their Hats to Michael Jackson". People. June 27, 2009. http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20287787_20288067,00.html. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ "Mariah Carey - Artists influenced by Michael Jackson - Pictures - Music". Virgin Media. http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/profiles/michael-jackson-influence.php?ssid=8. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ "mya performance at michael jackson 30th anniversary - Mýa video". Fanpop. http://www.fanpop.com/spots/mya/videos/22390177/title/mya-performance-michael-jackson-30th-anniversary. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Jean-Louis, Rosemary (November 1, 2004). "Usher, Usher, Usher: The new 'King of Pop'?". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/01/usher/. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
- ^ Hicklin, Aaron (2011-12-07). "Adam Revisited". http://www.out.com/out-exclusives/out100/2011/11/07/adam-revisited?page=0%2c1. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
- ^ "Green Day Look Forward To Janet Jackson's VMA Tribute To Michael". MTV. September 13, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621362/20090913/green_day.jhtml. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "Justin Timberlake: ‘Michael Jackson Will Always Will be The King of Pop’ « Showbiz Spy – celebrity news, rumors & gossip". Showbizspy.com. 2009-07-01. http://www.showbizspy.com/article/188706/justin-timberlake-michael-jackson-will-always-will-be-the-king-of-pop.html. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Reid, Antonio. "Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner LLC).
- ^ "Michael Jackson Is The Reason". AZcentral. July 4, 2009. http://www.azcentral.com/ent/celeb/articles/2009/07/04/20090704madonna-inspired-by-jackson.html. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
- ^ "Ludacris Says Michael Jackson Inspired Him to 'Shoot for the Sky'". MTV. June 27, 2009. http://www.spinner.com/2009/06/27/ludacris-says-michael-jackson-inspired-him-to-shoot-for-the-sky/. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ Monroe, Bryan (December 2007). "Michael Jackson in His Own Words" (Print/Magazine). Ebony.
- ^ Barnes, Brokes (June 25, 2009). "A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
- ^ "More adds, loose ends, and lament". The 120 Minutes Archive. July 25, 2009. http://altmusictv.blogspot.com/2009/07/more-adds-loose-ends-and-lament.html. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
- ^ "Farewell to a King". People. July 20, 2009.
- ^ "Berry Gordy-Brings Mourners To Their Feet With Jackson Tribute". Contact Music. July 7, 2009. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/gordy-brings-mourners-to-their-feet-with-jackson-tribute_1108973. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ "Michael Jackson hailed as greatest entertainer, best dad". Reuters UK. July 8, 2009. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5615KN20090708. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ a b Chandler, Cory. "Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature". Texas Tech University. http://today.ttu.edu/2010/05/librarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature/. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ^ Hidalgo, Susan and Weiner, Robert G. (2010). "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin': MJ in the Scholarly Literature: A Selected Bibliographic Guide". The Journal of Pan African Studies 3 (7): 14–28. http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol3no7/3.7MJ-Wanna-3.pdf.
- ^ Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 15.
- ^ Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 25.
- ^ "Michael Jackson and Halle Berry Pick Up Bambi Awards in Berlin". Hello!. (November 22, 2002). http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/2002/11/22/michaeljackson/. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ "Jackson 5 with Michael Jackson". Hit Parade Hall of Fame. http://www.hitparadehalloffame.com/Inductees_all/Jackson5withMichaelJackson.html. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "Photos: Michael Jackson induction ceremony". NewsTimes. August 15, 2010. http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Photos-Michael-Jackson-induction-ceremony-617034.php. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Named Most Successful Entertainer Of All Time". CityNews. Rogers Broadcasting Limited. November 15, 2006. http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/entertainment/music/article/24523--michael-jackson-named-most-successful-entertainer-of-all-time. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
- ^ "Most No. 1s By Artist (All-Time)". Billboard.com. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/specials/hot100/charts/most-no1s-overall.shtml. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson to add concerts after sellout". Reuters. March 11, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52A44W20090311. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
- ^ "GRAMMY Legend Award". Grammy. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/legends. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "List of American Music Awards winners". Sun Journal. (January 18, 2000). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=ZMwgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tmoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3529,2860414&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Santana wins top album honors at American Music Awards". Times Daily. (January 18, 2000). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=essyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bskEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3817,2301247&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ Serjeant, Jill (December 29, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Death Among 2009's Major Moments". ABC News (The Walt Disney Company).
- ^ "Michael Jackson Achievements". Michael Jackson. http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/node/985184. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ "Pop Star Michael Jackson Influenced Academics, Received PhD". Discovery.com. June 23, 2010. http://news.discovery.com/human/pop-star-michael-jackson-influenced-academics-received-phd.html. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ "Witness: Jacko Lived Way Above Means". Fox News Channel. (May 3, 2005). http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,155356,00.html. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ "Family: Michael Jackson Had A Will" CBS News (June 30, 2009). Retrieved on July 12, 2009.
- ^ Christman, Ed, Ann Donahue, Gail Mitchell, Glenn Peoples and Ray Waddell (June 21, 2010). "How Michael Jackson Made $1 Billion Since His Death". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/how-michael-jackson-made-1-billion-since-1004099450.story#/news/how-michael-jackson-made-1-billion-since-1004099450.story. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
- ^ Jones, pp. 229, 259
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 355–356
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 413–414
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 610
- ^ Scott, A. O (July 3, 2002). "Defending Earth, With Worms and a Talking Pug". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/03/movies/03BLAC.html?ex=1234155600&en=1e9c4a5a1eafc54f&ei=5070. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ Chaney, Jen (July 19, 2005). "'Miss Cast Away': You Know It's Bad". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/18/AR2005071800641_pf.html. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ Le, Danny (August 11, 2009). "'Michael Jackson's "This Is It," to be Presented In Theaters Around The World". MichaelJackson.com. http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/news/michael-jacksons-it-be-presented-theaters-around-world. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- Bibliography
- Brackett, Nathan; Christian Hoard (2004). The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
- Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X.
- Campbell, Lisa (1995). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop's Darkest Hour. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-2003-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&lpg=PP1&dq=michael%20jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
- Guinness World Records (2003). Guinness World Records 2004. Guinness. ISBN 1-892051-20-6.
- Guinness World Records (2005). Guinness World Records 2006. Guinness. ISBN 1-904994-02-4.
- Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=E9sGl5P8vQMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Moonwalk&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-31745-6.
- Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2009). Michael Jackson: The Magic, The Madness, The Whole Story, 1958–2009. Terra Alta, WV: Grand Central Publishing, 2009. ISBN 0-446-56474-5, 9780446564748.
Further reading[link]
- Dineen, Catherine (1993). Michael Jackson: In His Own Words. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3216-6. http://books.google.ca/books?id=DEspWj_IN_UC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20In%20His%20Own%20Words&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Grant, Adrian (1994, 1997, 2002 and 2005). Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-432-2.
- Jackson, Michael (2006). My World, The Official Photobook, Vol. 1. Triumph International. ISBN 0-9768891-1-0.
- Jones, Bob (2005). Michael Jackson: The Man Behind the Mask. Select Books Inc. ISBN 1-59079-072-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=8j4ILUllObsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20The%20Man%20Behind%20the%20Mask&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Jefferson, Margo; Brown (2007). On Michael Jackson. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27765-7. http://books.google.com/?id=WJiPk-3oPGkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Noonan, Damien (1994) (Audio book). Michael Jackson. Carlton Books. ISBN 1-85797-587-1.
External links[link]
| Find more about Michael Jackson on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jackson, Michael Joseph |
| Alternative names | Jackson, Michael Joe; Jackson, Michael J. |
| Short description | Singer |
| Date of birth | August 29, 1958 |
| Place of birth | Gary, Indiana, United States |
| Date of death | June 25, 2009 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
http://wn.com/Michael_Jackson
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Michael Jackson
http://fr.wn.com/Michael Jackson
http://es.wn.com/Michael Jackson
http://ru.wn.com/Джексон, Майкл
http://cs.wn.com/Michael Jackson
http://pt.wn.com/Michael Jackson
http://pl.wn.com/Michael Jackson
http://hi.wn.com/माइकल जैक्सन
http://it.wn.com/Michael Jackson
http://id.wn.com/Michael Jackson
http://nl.wn.com/Michael Jackson
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
| Ariel Lin | |
|---|---|
 Ariel Lin in 2010 |
|
| Chinese name | 林依晨 |
| Pinyin | Lín Yī Chén (Mandarin) |
| Origin | Republic of China (Taiwan) |
| Born | (1982-10-29) 29 October 1982 (age 29) Taipei, Taiwan |
| Other name(s) | Lin I Chen |
| Occupation | Actress, Singer |
| Genre(s) | Mandopop |
| Label(s) | Avex Taiwan (2009–present) |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Official Website | Ariel Lin's official website |
|
Awards
|
|
Ariel Lin (Chinese: 林依晨; pinyin: Lín Yī Chén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm I-sîn, Hakka: Lim Yi Sen) was born 29 October 1982. She is a Taiwanese actress and singer, who won Best Leading Actress in a Television Series at the 43rd Golden Bell Awards. She majored in Korean and Literature at National Chengchi University, Taiwan.[1]
Contents |
Career[link]
Acting[link]
Lin was first discovered in a Taiwanese variety show Guess Guess Guess and was the champion of the pretty subway girl contest in the show. She was paired with Mike He in the television drama series Love Contract. After starring in several television roles in Taiwanese dramas and two films during the early 2000s, she rose to fame in 2005 for her role as Yuan Xiangqin in It Started With a Kiss. Lin was also praised for her work in Tokyo Juliet (2004) as Lin Laisui with Wu Chun and Simon Yam. Her performances in The Little Fairy (2005) as The Seventh Fairy Maiden and The Legend of the Condor Heroes (2008) as Huang Rong brought her increased popularity in Mainland China. In October 2008, Lin won Best Leading Actress in a Television Series for They Kiss Again at the 43rd Golden Bell Awards.[2] In 2008, she reunited with Joe Cheng, her co-star for It Started With a Kiss and They Kiss Again, in Love or Bread.
In November 2008, Lin was confirmed to play Kyōko along side Jerry Yan as Tsuruga Ren, in a live-adaption of Japanese shōjo manga Skip Beat! (スキップ・ビート!, Sukippu Bīto!?) by Yoshiki Nakamura, titled Extravagant Challenge (Chinese: 華麗的挑戰; pinyin: Hua Li De Tiao Zhan).[3] However the production was postponed indefinitely[4] and subsequently re-cast.
In April 2011, Lin is scheduled to film a Gala Television (GTV) production, titled In Time with You (Chinese: 我可能不會愛你), co-starring Bolin Chen and directed by Chu Yu-ning (瞿友寧)[5]
Music[link]
As a singer, Lin has recorded a number of songs since the mid-2000s, many of which are featured in her television series.
In May 2009, she signed a three-year, three-album contract with Avex Taiwan. Her debut album, titled Blissful Encounter, was released on 10 July 2009. The first music video of the first lead track "甜蜜花園" (Sweet Garden) was released in mid-June and music video for the second lead track "螢火蟲" (Firefly), was released in early July. It features appearances by Donghae and Siwon of Korean boy band Super Junior. Her second solo album, A Wonderful Journey was released in 2010.
Filmography[link]
Films[link]
| Year | Title | Chinese title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Kung Fu Girls | 空手道少女組 | Ye Lizhu (葉麗珠) | |
| Love Me, If You Can | 飛躍情海 | Lin Xiaoying (林小英) | Nominated for Best Leading Actress at the 40th Golden Horse Awards |
|
| 2004 | Free as Love | 浮生若夢 | ||
| 2011 | Love Sick | 戀愛恐慌症 |
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Chinese title | Role | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | True Love 18 | 十八歲的約定 | Xia Xiaotong (夏曉彤) | ||
| Purple Corner | 紫色角落 | Stacy | guest star | ||
| 2003 | Seventh Grade | 七年級生 | Wu Yali (吳雅莉) | ||
| My Secret Garden | 我的秘密花園 | Fan Xiaomin (范小敏) | |||
| Friends | 名揚四海 | Yanru (小燕如) | guest star | ||
| 2004 | Love Contract | 愛情合約 | Cheng Xiaofeng (成曉風) | ||
| My Secret Garden II | 我的秘密花園2 | Fan Xiaomin (范小敏) | |||
| 2005 | It Started With a Kiss | 惡作劇之吻 | Yuan Xiangqin (袁湘琴) | ||
| 2006 | Tokyo Juliet | 東方茱麗葉 | Lin Laisui (林瀨穗) | ||
| The Little Fairy | 天外飛仙 | Seventh Fairy (七仙女) | |||
| 2007 | They Kiss Again | 惡作劇2吻 | Yuan Xiangqin (袁湘琴) | Awarded Best Leading Actress in a Television Series at the 43rd Golden Bell Awards |
|
| 2008 | Love or Bread | 我的億萬麵包 | Zeng Shanmei (曾善美) | ||
| The Legend of the Condor Heroes | 射雕英雄傳 | Huang Rong (黃蓉) | |||
| 2011 | In Time with You | 我可能不會愛你 | Cheng You Qing （程又青） | ||
| TBA | Lanling Wang[6] | 蘭陵王 | Yang Xuewu (楊雪舞)[7] | in production |
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
| Year | Title | Chinese title | Released date | Label |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Adventure Of Lunia | 路尼亞戰記 | 19 November 2007 | |
| 2009 | Blissful Encounter | 幸福遇見 | 10 July 2009 | Avex Taiwan |
| 2010 | A Wonderful Journey | 美好的旅行 | 21 August 2010 | Avex Taiwan |
Others[link]
| Year | Title | Translation | OST |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | "孤單北半球" | Lonely Northern Hemisphere | Love Contract ending theme song |
| 2005 | "歸途" | The Way Home | April Snow original soundtrack (Chinese version) |
| 2006 | "非你莫屬" | It Had to Be You | Tokyo Juliet Original Soundtrack ending theme song |
| 2007 | "你" | You | They Kiss Again ending theme song |
| "路尼亞戰記主題曲" | Theme from Lunia: Record of Lunia War | Lunia: Record of Lunia War theme song | |
| 2008 | "麵包的滋味" | The Taste of Bread | Love or Bread ending theme song |
Books[link]
- Ariel Lin's New York Bagel Diary (林依晨的紐約貝果日記 Lín Yīchén de Niǔ Yuē bèiguǒ rìjì) March 2008
- Ariel's Blog (林家女孩依晨的青春部落格 Lín jiā nǚhái Yīchén de qīngchūn bùluògé) 2005
- Ariel's A wonderful Journey" (美好的旅行) August 2010
Awards and nominations[link]
| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 40th Golden Horse Awards | Best Leading Actress | Love Me, If You Can | Nominated |
| 2008 | 43rd Golden Bell Awards | Best Leading Actress in a Television Series | They Kiss Again | Won |
| 2009 | 2009 Modern Shanghai Awards 2009摩登上海精彩在沃年度大賞[8] |
Female Artist of the Year | Ariel Lin | Won |
| 2009 Yahoo! Asia Buzz Awards (HK) Yahoo!搜尋人氣大獎 2009 (香港)[9] |
International Female Actress | Ariel Lin | Won | |
| Asia's Most Appealing Female Actress | Ariel Lin | Won | ||
| 2010 | 2010 Sprite Original Music Billboard Awards | Best New Talent Award | Ariel Lin | Won |
| 2010 Sprite Original Music Billboard Awards | Media Recommended Award | Ariel Lin | Won |
References[link]
- ^ (Chinese) Ariel Lin's profile Retrieved 2010-12-4.
- ^ (Chinese) Taiwan Television TTV 43rd Golden Bell Awards homepage Retrieved 25 Sept 2010
- ^ (Chinese) 林依晨不演新《流星花園》 新劇攜手言承旭 26 November 2008. retrieved 2010-11-16
- ^ (Chinese) 新劇《華麗的挑戰》延拍 言承旭林依晨合作破局 8 January 2009. Retrieved 2010-11-16
- ^ (Chinese) 林依晨破金鐘魔咒 接八大新戲 15 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-06
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ (Chinese) 林依晨頒獎禮過生日 唐禹哲周筆暢人氣旺 29 October 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-04
- ^ (Chinese) 2009 Yahoo! Asia Buzz Awards Retrieved 2010-12-04
External links[link]
- (Chinese) (English) Ariel Lin's official website
- Ariel Lin at the Internet Movie Database
- (Chinese) Ariel Lin@Avex Taiwan
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lin, Ariel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | October 29, 1982 |
| Place of birth | Taipei, Republic of China |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ariel_Lin
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Ariel Lin
http://pt.wn.com/Ariel Lin
http://de.wn.com/Ariel Lin
http://it.wn.com/Ariel Lin
http://id.wn.com/Ariel Lin
http://es.wn.com/Ariel Lin
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Lin
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
|
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
| Joe Cheng | |
|---|---|
 Joe Cheng at 2008 Taipei International Book Exhibition They Kiss Again autograph event |
|
| Chinese name | 鄭元暢 (Traditional) |
| Chinese name | 郑元畅 (Simplified) |
| Pinyin | Zhèng Yuánchàng (Mandarin) |
| Origin | Republic of China (Taiwan) |
| Born | (1982-06-19) 19 June 1982 (age 30) Taichung, Taiwan |
| Other name(s) | Joe Cheng, 小綜 (Xiǎo Zōng) |
| Occupation | model, Actor , Singer, |
| Genre(s) | Mandopop |
| Label(s) | Avex Taiwan (2009–present) |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Official Website | http://www.joesfamily.com.tw/ |
Joseph Cheng, also known as Joe Cheng, (traditional Chinese: 鄭元暢; simplified Chinese: 郑元畅; pinyin: Zhèng Yuánchàng) was born on 19 June 1982. He is a Taiwanese model, actor and singer. Although he started his career as a model, Cheng is well known for his role as Jiang Zhishu in Taiwanese drama serial version of Japanese manga Itazura Na Kiss, It Started with a Kiss. Cheng has gained much recognition as an actor in most parts of Asia, particularly Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines and Japan. Cheng released his debut EP, Sing a Song, in October 2009. The title of the EP as well as its title track is a play on the third word in his name, Chang (暢) as a homophone of the word “Sing” (唱) in Chinese.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Joe Cheng, who was previously (prior to 2005) known as Bryan Cheng, grew up in Beitun District, Taichung, Taiwan. Since his parents’ divorce when he was in primary school, he has lived with his father. He also has an elder sister, who lives with their mother. Cheng has once professed that his parents’ divorce influenced his lack of faith in love and made him rather embarrassed by his mother’s absence as a child.
Acting career[link]
Cheng began his career in the entertainment industry with Catwalk Modelling Agency. He reportedly achieved success as a model within one year of signing on and is currently still under the management of the company. Cheng is based in Taiwan and also counts China, Hong Kong and Japan as his main target markets.
As a model, Cheng was featured in several music videos, including one of Heavenly King Jacky Cheung's. In 2003, he took on the role of the second male lead in The Rose, a Taiwanese drama serial which also starred Taiwanese girl band S.H.E. and renowned actress Cecilia Yip. It was this role that kick-started his acting career. Following his rising popularity and the success of his first acting role, Cheng was asked to make a guest appearance as Lucifer in Taiwanese boyband Energy’s first-ever idol drama, Dance with Michael, in the same year. Cheng starred as the main lead in two dramas, Nine-ball and Magic Ring in 2004. Although these two serials achieved lukewarm success, Cheng took the role of the main lead in It Started with a Kiss in the following year. This serial achieved high ratings in Taiwan and was popular with audiences throughout Asia. Cheng’s popularity rose tremendously as a result. It Started with a Kiss was also Cheng’s first collaboration with actress Ariel Lin. The two, who are often touted as one of Taiwan’s most compatible on-screen couples, paired up again in the 2007 sequel to It Started with a Kiss, They Kiss Again; as well as Love or Bread (2008) which is unrelated to the Kiss series. Cheng has starred in numerous drama serials produced in Taiwan,China and Japan, but remains most well known for his roles in The Rose and the Kiss series.
As a model, Cheng has modelled for several big-name brands including Puma AG (2003–2005) and adidas (2006–present). He has starred in numerous runway shows for brands such as Marc Jacob’s (2003), Timberland, Levi’s and Christian Dior (2007) He often also appears at flagship store openings including Hugo Boss (2009). Cheng also endorses several food, jewellery and clothing brands; the most recent being Chinese green tea brand Kang Shifu (for which Cheng starred and recorded a song with Mike He and Taiwanese actress Joe Chen) as well as casual wear brand N+a (with Taiwanese singer-actress Cyndi Wang). He also worked as a spokesperson for Shiatzy Chen.
Excluding drama serial memorabilia, Cheng has released three pictorial books in addition to four calendars and one mini pictorial in conjunction with the release of his EP in 2009. He has also authored two books and co-authored another on his hometown Taichung. He was also featured in a 2006 book on Catwalk Modelling Agency.
Cheng has won multiple awards as a model and as a performing artiste. The most notable include one at the Asia Model Festival Awards 2009, in which he won the Asia Special Award.
Cheng, together with Sylvia Chang and Mike He, was appointed as an ambassador for World Vision in December 2009.
Music career[link]
2009 was a quiet year for the television star, who spent the year busy with his theatre debut, Design for Living, starring opposite stage veterans Sylvia Chang and David Wang, under the directorship of Hong Kong stage director Edward Lam. The troupe made several sell-out shows in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and Singapore. Cheng said that it has always been one of his goals to star in a stage play and was very honoured to have been able to star in the same production as Sylvia Chang. In the same year he also released his first EP, Sing a Song. Cheng is known by his friends in the industry as one who loves to sing. Album sales were fair and the EP topped certain charts in Taiwan but Cheng failed to convince music critics of the industry. Much to the dismay of his fans, Cheng did not star in any drama series in 2009.
In addition to his entertainment career, Cheng is completing his part-time university studies in tourism management at Hsing Wu College. As all males in Taiwan have to enlist for National Service, Cheng is due to enlist as soon as he completes his education.
In 2010 Cheng represented Taiwan and performed at the 7th Asia Song Festival, organised by Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, at the Seoul Olympic Stadium.[1]
Filmography[link]
Television series[link]
| Year | Chinese Title | English | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 蔷薇之戀 | The Rose | Han Kui (韓葵) |
| 米迦勒之舞 | Dance With Michael | Lu Xi Fu / Lucifer | |
| 2004 | 愛情魔戒 | Magic Ring | Du Jing Hang (杜競航) |
| 2005 | 撞球小子 | Nine-Ball | Kuai Da |
| 惡作劇之吻 | It Started With a Kiss | Jiang Zhi Shu (江直樹) [Irie Naoki] | |
| 2006 | 第一桶金 | Di Yi Tong Jin | Ah Sheng |
| 庚子風雲 | War and Destiny | Chen Ran | |
| 2007 | 熱情仲夏 | Summer x Summer | Ouyang Lei (歐陽累) |
| 惡作劇2吻 | They Kiss Again | Jiang Zhi Shu (江直樹) [Irie Naoki] | |
| 2008 | 蜂蜜幸運草 | Honey and Clover | Den Zhen Shan (鄧真山) [Mayama Takumi] |
| 我的億萬麵包 | Love or Bread | Cai Jing Lai (蔡進來) / Frank | |
| 2010 | 欢迎爱光临 | That Love Comes | Xia Tian (夏天) |
| 國民英雄 | Channel-X | An Zai Yong (安在勇) |
Music videos[link]
- 2003 - 葉子" (Leaf) - The Rose OST by Ah San (阿桑)
- Bu Chao Bu Nao (不吵不鬧)- Landy 溫嵐
- Ji Ta Shou (吉他手)- 陳綺貞
- Gift - Jacky Cheung
- Leaf/Ye Zi - A Sun
- E Zuo Ju (It Started With a Kiss OST) - Wang Lan Yin
- Bu Si Xin (Unwilling to Give Up) - Joe Cheng
- Sing a Song (Chang Yi Shou Ge) - Joe Cheng
Discography[link]
| Album Info | Tracklisting |
|---|---|
| Sing a Song
Chang Yi Shou Ge (暢一首歌)
|
|
Books[link]
- Yuan Wei Chang Kuai《元味暢快》(2005)
- Always Smile 《籃球偶像事件簿》(2003)
- My Color My Style 《我型我色——鄭元暢配色寶典》(2003)
References[link]
- ^ KOFICE 7th Asia Song Festival 23 October 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-12
- ^ "Joe Cheng". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3138348/. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
- ^ "Joe Cheng". chinesemov.com. http://chinesemov.com/actors/Joseph%20Cheng.html. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Joe Cheng |
- (Chinese) Joe Cheng's site
- (Chinese) Joe Cheng@Avex Taiwan
- (Chinese) Profile at Catwalk Modeling Agency
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cheng, Joe |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | June 19, 1982 |
| Place of birth | Taichung, Taiwan |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Joe_Cheng
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Joe Cheng
http://it.wn.com/Joe Cheng
http://es.wn.com/Joe Cheng
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cheng
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
More Videos
Wiki Summary
Taichung (臺中; literally "Central Taiwan") is a city located in west-central Taiwan, with a population of just over 2.6 million people, making it the third largest city on the island after New Taipei and Kaohsiung. On 25 December 2010, it merged with Taichung County to form a single special municipality. The city's motto is "economic, cultural and international city."
Taichung City is located in the Taichung Basin along the main western coastal plain that stretches from northern Taiwan along the west coast nearly to the southern tip. The city is located just north of 24° north and about 120.5° east longitude.
Taichung City borders Changhua County (彰化縣), Nantou County (南投縣), Hualien County (花蓮縣), Yilan County (宜蘭縣), Hsinchu County (新竹縣), Miaoli County (苗栗縣).
The Central Mountain Range lies just to the east of the city. Lower, rolling hills run to the north leading to Miaoli County. Flat coastal plains dominate the landscape to the south leading to Changhua County and the Taiwan Strait to the west.
