← Samekh Ayin Pe →
Phoenician	Hebrew	Aramaic	Syriac	Arabic
	ע		ܥ	ع‍,‍ع‍,ع
Alphabetic derivatives		Greek	Latin	Cyrillic
		Ο	O	О
Phonemic representation:				ʕ
Position in alphabet:				16
Numerical (Gematria/Abjad) value:				70

Ayin or ʿayin (Hebrew: [ajin], Arabic: [ʕajn]^{[see below]}) is the sixteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew ע and Arabic ʿayn ع (in abjadi order). It is the twenty-first letter in the new Persian alphabet (similar to an o but silent). It represents a sound like a voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/), which has no equivalent in English.

There are many possible transliterations, most commonly ʿ, U+02BF ʿ modifier letter left half ring (HTML: ʿ). For details, see section Transliteration.

Origins[link]

The letter name is derived from Proto-Semitic *ʿayn- "eye", and the Phoenician letter had an eye-shape, ultimately derived from the ı͗r hieroglyph

. To this day, 'ayin in Hebrew, Arabic and Maltese means "eye" (‘ayno in Assyrian).

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Omicron (Ο), the Latin O, and Cyrillic (О), all representing vowels.

The sound represented by ayin is common to much of the Afrasiatic language family, such as the Egyptian, Cushitic, and Semitic languages. Some scholars believe that the sound in Proto-Indo-European transcribed h₃ was similar, though this is debatable. (See Laryngeal theory#Pronunciation.)

Transliteration[link]

ʿAyin is usually transliterated into the Latin alphabet with ʿ, (U+02BF) "modifier letter left half ring" (in the Spacing Modifier Letters range). This is true in ALA-LC romanization of Arabic. This symbol originated from Semitic romanization and Egyptological transliteration, where it was inspired by the Greek spiritus asper. Example: The name of the letter itself, ʿayin.

As a substitute for the left half ring, other symbols resembling it are sometimes used, such as a superscript c (^c), a single opening quotation mark (‘), the grave accent (`), ˁ (U+02C1 MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP), or the IPA pharyngeal symbols [ʕ] (U+0295 LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE) and [ˤ] (U+02E4 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP). However, such substitutions obviously may cause confusion, such as with the glottal stop consonant hamza.

In loanwords, ʿayin is commonly omitted altogether. Examples: Iraq العراق al-ʿIrāq, Oman عمان ʿUmān, Saudi Arabia العربية السعودية al-ʿArabiyyah as-Saʿūdiyyah, Arab or Arabic عربي, ʿArabī, Amman عمان ʿAmmān, etc.

Specifically for use in transliterating the Egyptian language, Ꜥ (U+A724 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN) and ꜥ (U+A725 LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN) were added to the Latin Extended-D range in Unicode version 5.1.

The Maltese language, which uses a Latin alphabet (and is the only Semitic language to do so in its standard form) writes the ayin as għ.

The Latin orthography for the Somali language represents the ayin with the ordinary Roman letter c.

The Arabic chat alphabet uses the digit 3 as transliteration.

Arabic ʿAyn[link]

Not to be confused with ء (hamzah) looking similar to, and derived from, initial عـ

The Arabic letter ﻉ (called ﻋﻴﻦ ʿayn) is the eighteenth letter of the alphabet. It is written in one of several ways depending on its position in the word:

Hebrew Ayin[link]

Orthographic variants
Various Print Fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi Script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
ע	ע	ע

Hebrew spelling: עַיִן

Ayin, along with Aleph, Resh, He, and Heth, cannot receive a dagesh.

Phonetic representation[link]

Ayin has traditionally been described as a voiced pharyngeal fricative ([ʕ]). However, this may be imprecise. Although a pharyngeal fricative has occasionally been observed for ayin in Arabic, and so therefore may occur in Hebrew as well, the sound is more commonly epiglottal ([ʢ]),^[1] and may also be a pharyngealized glottal stop ([ʔˤ]).

In some historical Sephardi pronunciations, `ayin represented a velar nasal ([ŋ]) sound, as in English singing, while in non-"Mizrahi" modern Israeli Hebrew it represents a glottal stop in certain cases, but is mostly silent (that is, it behaves the same as aleph). However, often changes in adjoining vowels testify to the former presence of a pharyngeal or epiglottal articulation.

Ayin is also one of the three letters that can take a vowel at the end of a word, and the vowel it takes is furtive patach / patach ganuv.

In Hebrew loanwords in Greek and Latin, ayin is sometimes reflected as /g/, since the biblical phonemes /ʕ/ (or "`") and /ʁ/ (represented by "g") were both represented in Hebrew writing by the letter ayin (see Ġain). Because of this, we get Gomorrah from the original /ʁamora/ (modern `Amora) and Gaza from the original /ʁazza/ (`Aza), which eventually gave us the English word gauze.

In Yiddish, the ‘Áyin is used to write the vowel E (when not part of the diphthong ey).

Significance[link]

In gematria, ayin represents the number 70.

Ayin is also one of the seven letters which receive special crowns (called tagin) when written in a Sefer Torah. See Shin, Gimmel, Teth, Nun, Zayin, and Tzadi.

Because the sound is difficult for most non-Arabs to pronounce, it is often used as a shibboleth by Arabic-speakers; other sounds, such as Ḥā and Ḍād are also used.^{[citation needed]}

Pronunciation[link]

ʿAyn is one of the most common letters in Arabic, and one of the most notoriously difficult sounds for Western learners to pronounce. One piece of advice for people trying to make the ʿayn sound is to "sing the lowest possible note, then one lower".

Depending on the region, the Arabic ʿayn ranges from a pharyngeal [ʕ] to an epiglottal [ʢ].^[1]

As in Hebrew, the letter originally stood for two sounds, the other being /ʕ/ and /ʁ/. When pointing was developed, ġayn was distinguished with a dot on top (غ) for /ʁ/. In Maltese, which is written with the Latin alphabet, the digraph għ, which is known by its Arabic name ajn, is used to write what was originally the same sound.

References[link]

v t e Arabic عربي Overviews Language Alphabet History Romanization Numerology Influence on other languages Alphabet Arabic numerals Eastern numerals Arabic braille Diacritics Hamza Tāʾ marbūṭah Letters ʾAlif Bāʾ Tāʾ Ṯāʾ Ǧīm Ḥāʾ Ḫāʾ Dāl Ḏāl Rāʾ Zayn Sīn Šīn Ṣād Ḍād Ṭāʾ Ẓāʾ ʿAyn Ġayn Fāʾ Qāf Kāf Lām Mīm Nūn Hāʾ Wāw Yāʾ Eras Ancient North Arabian Classical Modern Notable varieties Standardized Modern Standard Arabic Regional Egyptian Iraqi Levantine Maghrebi Sudanese Arabian Yemeni Ethnic/Religious Judeo-Arabic Academic Literature Names Linguistics Phonology Sun and moon letters ʾIʿrāb (inflection) Grammar Triliteral root Mater lectionis IPA Quranic Arabic Corpus

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2008)

Neşet Ertaş (born 1938 in Çiçekdağı, Kırşehir) is a Turkish folk music singer, lyrics writer and a virtuoso of the traditional Turkish instrument bağlama. His profession in Turkish is known as halk şairi, which literally means "folk poet".

He was born in 1938, in Kırtıllar, a village in Kırşehir to his father Muharrem Ertaş, also a halk şairi, and his mother Döne Koç. Neşet Ertaş went to primary school for only 2 years, Before this he used to play the violin then the saz (the Turkish national instrument, baglama).

Neşet Ertaş interprets musical pieces of the Abdal tradition, following his father. With his forceful saz, his warm voice pure and simple language has Neşet Ertaş in a short time gathered people from Central Anatolia then the whole of Turkey.

External links[link]

• Records from Kalan Muzik
• Performance on youtube

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2011)

Müslüm Akbaş (born May 7, 1953), better known as Müslüm Gürses (pronounced [mysˈlym ɟyɾˈses]) is a Turkish folk singer.^[1]

He was born in 1953 in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. He married Muhterem Nur in 1983.

He mostly sings Turkish folk and Ottoman classical music, with an arabesque style. His talent and his special style have put him to a different place among other folk singers. In his songs he mostly expresses sorrow and painful feelings. He is considered a cult figure in Turkish folk music and has a very dedicated group of fans, most of whom being young, low-income urban people. He is mostly called Müslüm Baba (means 'Papa Müslüm' in Turkish) among them.^[2]

List of Albums[link]

Sen Olmayinca - Gönül Teknem
Sandik
Topraktan Bedene
Usta Ne Yazar
Garipler
Vay Canim
Sadece
Sultanim
Muslumce 92
Paramparca
Agur Yarali-Gurbert Geceleri
Muslum' Ce Turkuler 2001
Nerelerdesin
Biz Babadan Boyle Gorduk

References[link]

Şafak Sezer (born 10 October 1970 in Sincan, Ankara) is a Turkish actor who usually appears in comedic roles.

He first acted in Haldun Taner's play Eşeğin Gölgesi at Ankara Halk Tiyatrosu (Ankara People's Theatre). At the same venue, he acted in Devri Yalan, Başımızda Pak Bulut, Sen Bu Seçimi Unut, Saddam'ı Kim Öptü, Şirinler, Edi Büdü and Uzaylı Arif’. He also appeared in Biz Bu İhtilali Niye Yaptık, Yaşar Ne Yaşar Ne Yaşamaz at Ankara Ekin Tiyatrosu (Ankara Crop Theatre). After appearing in Dario Fo's play Yüzsüz, he played in the film Bir Düğün Masalı (A Wedding Tale).

Filmography[link]

• Bir Düğün Masalı (1993)
• Dostlar Pasajı (1997)
• Baskül Ailesi (1997)
• Sıdıka (1997)
• Vizontele (2000)
• Oyunbozan (2000)
• Zalim (2002)
• Rus Gelin (2002)
• Ekmek Teknesi (2002)
• Hababam Sınıfı: Merhaba (2003)
• G.O.R.A (2004)
• Hababam Sınıfı Askerde (2004)
• Simbiyotik (2004 )
• Altın Kafes (2004)
• Hababam Sınıfı 3,5 (2005)
• Maskeli Beşler: İntikam Peşinde (2005)
• Bendeniz Aysel (2005)
• Ah Polis Olsam (2006)
• Bir Demet Tiyatro (2006)
• Maskeli Beşler: Irak (2006)
• Düş Yakamdan (2007)
• Kutsal Damacana (2007)
• Fesupanallah (2007)
• Maskeli Beşler: Kıbrıs (2008)
• Yaşar Ne Yaşar Ne Yaşamaz (2008)
• Kadri'nin Götürdüğü Yere Git (2008)
• Aynadaki Düşman (2009)
• Kolpaçino: Bir Şehir Efsanesi (2009)
• Kutsal Damacana 2 (2009)
• Türk Malı (2010)

External links[link]

• Şafak Sezer at the Internet Movie Database
• Turkish Şafak Sezer's Biography

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